Part 2  Transformatory Approach

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION Voice

RESEARCH Inc. health capacity
-People will do, not you as a nurse Change them into active participants in health
- COPAR aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and Productive as a community
voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory and politically GOAL OF COPAR: LOCAL SELF RELIANCE
responsive community.
- process by which a community identifies its needs and Note: 5 years lang pwede monang iwan
objectives, develops confidence to take action in respect to
them and in doing so, extends and develops cooperative and Phases of COPAR
collaborative attitudes and practices in the community (Ross COPAR has four phases namely: Pre-Entry Phase, Entry
1967). Phase, Organization-building phase, and sustenance and
strengthening phase.
Emphasis
 Community working to solve its own problem.
 Direction is established internally and externally.
 Development and implementation of a specific
project less important than the development of the
capacity of the community to establish the project.
 Consciousness raising involves perceiving health and
medical care within the total structure of society.
Importance
 COPAR is an important tool for community
development and people empowerment as this helps
the community workers to generate community
participation in development activities.
 COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually take
over the management of a dvelopment.programs in
the future.
 COPAR maximizes community participation and
involvement; community resources are mobilized for
community services.
Principles
 People especially the most oppressed, exploited and
deprived sectors are open to change, have the
capacity to change and are able to bring about
change.
 COPAR should be based on the interest of the
poorest sector of the community.
 COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and
society.
Community
1. Rural
2. Urban (Ex. Bacolod)
3. Sub-Urban (Ex. Sagay, Bago)
Usually mga problem nila, they are:
 Voiceless
 Passive recipient of care
 Less health action potential
 Poor
Approach: To Community Development
 Welfare-direct augmentation “bibigyan kung
ano ang kinaglan nila”
 Project Development Approach/ Modernization
approach
Note: nagiging passive lang sila/ temporary help ang
first two
 PRE ENTRY “site selection” ENTRY “social preparation” Do the same process as in selecting municipality. model.
 Consult key informants and residents.  Avoid raising the conscio
-Is the initial phase of the organizing process where the community Crucial in determining which strategies for Coordinate with local government and NGOs for future activities. community residents; ad
organizing would suit the chosen community. profile.
organizer looks for communities to serve and help. Activities include:
Success of the activities depends on Choosing
how muchFinal Community
the community organizer has integrated with the Activities in the Entry Phase
community.
 Conduct informal interviews with community residents and key
informants. Integration. Establishing rapport wit
 Determine the need of the program in the community. in continuing effort to imbibe comm
PRELIMINARY SOCIAL INVESTIGATION  COUTESY CALL-Brgy. Captain  Take note of political development.
 TRAINING- human resource development personnel  Develop community profiles for secondary data.  living with the communit
 CRITERIA SETTING DEEPENING SOCIAL INVESTIGATION  seek out to converse with
 Develop survey tools.
 COURTESY CALL-mayor  Pay courtesy call to community leaders. where they usually congr
 LONG-LIST Note: tinatanong mo ang tao na nasa society, to  lend a hand in household
know if tuod ang halin sa Phase 1  Choose foster families based on guidelines
 COURTESY CALL –MHO  avoid gambling and drink
Municipal Health Officer Identifying Host Family
 COURTESY CALL-people Deepening social investigation/com
Alam niya ang health problem
 SPOTTING OF POTENTIAL LEADERS
 SHORT-LISTING-in terms of output, simplest ito  House is strategically located in the community.
(Purpose)  verification and enrichme
 Should not belong to the rich segment.
 OCCULAR VISIT collected from initial surv
 Respected by both formal and informal leaders.
What kind of leaders do we need?  conduct baseline survey b
Preparation of the Institution  Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the house.
:Informal Leader “wala position sa results relayed through c
 No member of the host family should be moving out in the
 Train faculty and students in COPAR. barangay” assembly
community.
 Formulate plans for institutionalizing COPAR.  TRAINING OF PRIMARY LEADERS
 Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program. Core Group Formation
Self-awareness
 Coordinate participants of other departments
leadership training
Site Selection
once trained called:
 Initial networking with local government.
 Conduct preliminary special investigation.
 Make long/short list of potential communities.
 Do ocular survey of listed communities. Core Group Formation

Criteria for Initial Site Selection
 Must have a population of 100-200 families.
 Economically depressed. No strong resistance from the
community.
 No serious peace and order problem.
 No similar group or organization holding the same program.
Identifying Potential Municipalities
 Make long/short list of potential municipalities
Identifying Potential Community
Gage na effective in entry phase if you already
done making CGF
Guidelines for Entry
 Recognize the role of local authorities
by paying them visits to inform their
presence and activities.
 Her appearance, speech, behavior and
lifestyle should be in keeping with
those of the community residents
without disregard of their being role
 Other Phases of COPAR man 1. CBR
COPAR: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL 2. MMR
I. Community Analysis 3. CFR “of covid”
:Meron ng data board and place, diritso na with community
4. PMR “of TB”
analysis
: No need to go to old phases/ usually nga gina use 5. AR “of covid”
:That’s why diretso na community analysis 6. PR “of covid”
II. Design & Initiation 7. IMR
III. Implementation 8. CSPR “of covid”
IV. Program Maintenance
V. Dissemination
Let’s practice!!!
Choices answer

a) Design & 1. Groundwork

integration 2. Final program
b) Pre entry planning
c) Community 3. Meeting with LGU
analysis 4. Social mobilization
d) Entry 5. Training of
e) Sustenance committee member
f) Community 6. Ratification of
Research organizational by
g) Community laws
action 7. Ocular inspection
8. Networking
9. Identification of host
family
10. Integration “also
called as immersion”

Public Health Emergency

An occurrence or imminent threat of an illness or health condition that is
caused by bioterrorism, natural disaster, nuclear attach or that poses high
probability of large number of deaths injuries, widespread exposure to
infectious agent, and travel restrictions

2 Kinds of Notifiable Diseases under RA 11332

Category 1 - immediately notifiable
Category 2 - weekly

Vital Statistics
 Systematic study of viral events such as births, illnesses,
marriages, divorce, separation and deaths

Ratio vs Rate
 Rate - measurement of a particular events in a population during a
period of time (Crude mortality rate)
 Ratio - indicate the relationship of one to another, one quantity to
another of two random quantities (Doctor patient ratio)

Crude vs Specific rates Note:

Crude or General rates - refer to the total living population  Age of gestation 7mos and ups - ALIVE regardless how much time
example: Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate the child survive
 Less than 7 mos - if the child survives more than 24
Specific Rates - refer to a specific population class group hours, if he did BORN ALIVE, if not NOT BORN ALIVE.
Example: 
 Age-specific Exercise: Data of Carlo community
 Sex-specific  Midyear pop: 1,465
 Cause-specific  # of registered live birth: 102
 # of households: 602
 # of registered death: 19
3 Leading Causes of Deaths in Philippines Causes of death:
1. Ischemic Heart Disease
 DM: 3  SIDS: 2
2. Neoplasms
3. Stroke  Stroke: 2  Neonatal: 2
 TB: 3  Abortion: 3
COMPUTE FOR:
  Covid: 3  Eclampsia: 1 5. What are the reglementary period and place of registration of
death?
 # of people exposed to covid: 403 → a report to health officer should be submitted within 24 hours
then
 # of people submitted for covid test: 400
within 30 days, health officer will register the dead person
 RTPCR (+) with symptoms:
6. Who are responsible to report the event of death?
o Dec. 2021: 13
→ Hospital administration; Attending physician; Relative; Person
o July 2022: 12
who knows that cause of death; Any member of sanggunian/LGU
Compute for:
Field Health Services Information System (FHSIS)
1. CBR 5. PR
2. CFR 6. IMR
 It is a network of information
3. PMR 7. CSPR  It is intended to address the short-term needs of DOH and LGU
staff with managerial or supervisory functions in facilities and
4. AR
program areas.
 It monitors health service delivery nationwide.
 allows healthcare professionals to focus more in providing care
rather than recording the treatments due to requirements

Characteristic of a Population Pyramid Objectives

 Population pyramid special type of histogram  To provide summary data on health service delivery and selected
 Male population shown at the left program accomplishments indicators at the barangay
 Females right municipality/city, and district, provincial, regional and national
levels
 Youngest at base
 To provide data which when combined with data from other
 Oldest at top sources, can be used for program monitoring and evaluation
 Chronologically arranged purpose
 To provide a standardized facility-level data base that can be
accessed for more in-depth studies.
 To minimize the recording and reporting burden at the service
delivery level in order to allow more time for patient care and
promote activities

1. Expansive - a sharp triangle meaning young population due high
fertility rate, high mortality rate. (Philippines)
2. Constrictive - the bottom is narrow, stable fertility rate due to low
mortality rate (US)
3. Stationary - a pillar shape, wider in middle rather than a pyramid,
stable populow mortality and fertility rate (Austria)
VITAL OR CIVIL REGISTRATION
Vital or Civil Registration is the recording in the appropriate civil registers,
vital acts and events that affect the civil status of individuals
De facto- data is currently where you are located.
Vital acts and events
 Births
 Death
 Fetal deaths
 Marriages
 Change in civil status
QUESTIONS ON CIVIL REGISTRATION
1. Can a fetus with an intrauterine of less than 7 months be
registered as live birth?
→ It depends on hours of survival (less than 24 hours - no need)
2. Who are responsible to report the occurrence of birth to the Local
Civil Registry Office? → hospital administration = doctor or
midwife or parents; if in house = parents; airplane = captain,
parents
3. What are the reglementary period and place of registration of
births?
→ 30 days shall be registered in civil registry where the child born
(arrival or origin)
4. Can an intrauterine life of less than 7 months be registered as
Death?
→ depends, if the child born alive to have a death certificate.
There will be no death if there’s no birth.
Components:
1. Individual treatment record (ITR)
 Fundamental building block or foundation of FHSIS
 This is a document, form or piece of paper upon which
is recorded the date, name, address of patient
presenting symptoms or complaint of the patient in
consultation and the diagnosis (if available) treatment
and date of treatment.
0. Target Client List (TCL)
 masterlist, eligible person for health programs
 Second "building block" of the FHSIS and are intended
to serve several purposes:
 to plan and carry out patient care and service delivery
(most valuable and efficient)
 To facilitate the monitoring and supervision of service
delivery activities.
 To report services delivered
 To provide a clinic-level database this can be accessed
for further studies.
0. Summary Table/Tally or Reporting Forms
 only mechanism that transport from one area to another
 The reporting forms are routinely transmitted from
barangay health station to provincial health office
(prepares) → disseminated form RHUs, Regional, DOH
 Form with 12 month columns retained at the facility
(BHS) where the midwife records monthly all relevant
data
 The summary table is composed of:
1. Health Program Accomplishment this can serve as
proof of accomplishments to show LGU officials
whenever they visit the facility.
2. Morbidity Diseases the source of ten leading causes of
morbidity for the municipality/city
 This summary table will help the nurse and MHO to get
the monthly trend of disease.
0. Monthly consolidation table (MCT) / Output Report
 Essential form in the FHSIS where the nurse at the RHU
records the reported data per indicator by each BHS or
midwife.
 This is the source document of the nurse for the
quarterly form.
 The consolidation table shall serve as the output table
of the RHU as it already contains a listing of BHS per
indicator.