1- When does The heart primordium is first

evident?

A- 19 days.

B- 18 days.

C- 17 days.

D- 21 days.

2- At witch day does the heart of the

embryo begins to beat?

A- 17 to 20 days.

B- 17 to 19 days.

C- 22 to 23 days.

D- 27 to 30 days.

3- the U shaped heart tube is caused by the

growth of 2 of the dilations faster than the

others witch tow are they?

A- Common Ventricle and Bulbus Cordis.

B- Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus.

C- Truncus Arteriosus and Common Atrium.

D- Common Atrium and Common Ventricle.

4- witch of the flowing septums form the

floor of the fossa ovalis?

A- septum primum.

B- septum secondum.

C- subendocardial cushions.

D- septum intermedium.

5- what is Roger’s disease

A- Pulmonary stenosis

B- Right ventricular hypertrophy

C- Overriding of the aorta

D- Absence of the membranous part of

interventricular septum
6- Which of the follow is NOT part of

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT:

A- Pulmonary stenosis

B- Overriding of the aorta

C- Thicked right ventricle wall

D- ASD

7. The right horn of sinus venosus forms :

A- The Rough Anterior wall of the right

atrium.

B- The smooth Posterior wall of the right

atrium.

C- Atrophy and forms coronary sinus

D- The oblique vein

8. In which vessel of the fetal circulation takes place pure arterial blood?

Umbilical vein before connection with portal circulation

Truncus pulmonalis
Descendent aota
Pulmonal veins

9. Majority of blood ejected to the truncus pulmonalis in fetal circulation continues into:

Pulmonary circulation
Ductus arteriosus
Ascendent aorta
Left atrium

10. Mesoblastic period of hematopoiesis is period of production of blood inside:

Intraembryonic mesoderm
Mesoderm of yolk sack
Liver and spleen
Bone marrow

11. What is an angiogenesis?

 Formation of new vessels independent on other vessels
Sprouting of new vessels from older vessels
Maturation of the vascular wall
Maturation of the arterial wall

12. What is a vaskulogenesis?

Formation of new vessels independent on other vessels

Sprouting of new vessels from older vessels
Maturation of the vascular wall
Maturation of the venous wall

13. When are formed blood islands?

In the 2nd week

In the 3rd week
In the 5th week
In the 4th week

14. When the embryonic heart starts to beat?

Around 16th day

Around 21th day
Around 28th day
Around 35th day

15. Where starts development of the heart? (Where is the cardiogenic area)?

In cranial part of trilaminar germ disk

In middle part of trilaminar germ disk
In caudal part of trilaminar germ disk
In anterior wall of the yolk sack

17. Which statement about the fetal circulation is true?

Blood which is rich on oxygen and nutrients flows though the umbilical vein
In the cranial part of inferior caval vein flows mixed blood
Ductus arteriosus connects aorta with truncus pulmonalis
Ductus venosus is later stage of venous sinus
• 18. Which mesodermal layer gives rise to the endocardial heart tubes?
o A. Paraxial mesoderm
o B. Somatic mesoderm
o C. Intermediate mesoderm
o D. Splanchnic mesoderm
o E. Somitic mesoderm
• 19. Which heart chamber does the right horn of the sinus venosus contribute
to during development of the fetal heart?
o A. Left atrium
o B. Left ventricle
o C. Right atrium
o D. Right ventricle
o E. Common ventricle
• 20. Which of the following statements concerning the aorticopulmonary
septum is INCORRECT?
o A. The aorticopulmonary septum partitions the outflow channel of the ventricles
into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
o B. The aorticopulmonary septum is largely derived from neural crest cells
o C. The aorticopulmonary septum contributes to the formation of the muscular
interventricular septum
o D. The aorticopulmonary septum contributes to the formation of the
membranous interventricular septum
o E. The aorticopulmonary septum undergoes a 180o spiral
• 21. A newborn infant presents with cyanotic heart disease and fails to
thrive. On examination of the heart, it was revealed that the aorta arose from
the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arose from the left ventricle. What
is the name given to this type of cardiac malformation?
o A. Persistent truncus arteriosus
o B. Transposition of the great vessels
o C. Tetralogy of Fallot
o D. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
o E. Atrial-septal defect (ASD)
• 22. Which part of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the pulmonary artery
and the aorta?
o A. Bulbus cordis
o B. Primitive atrium
o C. Primitive ventricle
o D. Sinus venosus
o E. Truncus arteriosus
• 23. The left sinus horn becomes the
o A. Coronary sinus.
o B. Inferior vena cava.
o C. Oblique vein of the right atrium.
o D. Main inflow of the right atrium
o E. Left sinus horn, there is no change.
• 24. The sinus venarum is
o A. Formed from the right auricle.
o B. The trabeculated part of the right atrium.
o C. Formed from tissue of the right sinus horn
o D. Formed from the pulmonary veins.
o E. A ridge of tissue between the original atrial wall tissue and the smooth part of
the atrium
• 25. Which of the following statements concerning the partitioning of the atria
is CORRECT?
o A. The septum primum is thick and muscular
o B. The septum secundum is a transient structure which degenerates by the end
of the fourth week
o C. The ostium secundum forms by apoptosis in the central part of the septum
secundum
o D. The septum primum forms the valve of the oval foramen
o E. The ostium primum is a common atrial-septal defect
• 26. True or false? The muscular portion of the interventricular septum
develops from growth of the myocardium.
o A. True
o B. False
• 27. Which of the following statements concerning the aorticopulmonary
septum is INCORRECT?
o A. The aorticopulmonary septum undergoes a 180-degree spiral
o B. The aorticopulmonary septum is formed by fusion of conal and truncal septa
o C. The aorticopulmonary septum partitions the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
o D. The aorticopulmonary septum develops from splanchnic mesoderm
o E. The aorticopulmonary septum contributes to the interventricular septum
• 28. Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to undergo the 180-degree spiral
will result in
o A. Tetralogy of Fallot
o B. Transposition of the great vessels
o C. Persistent truncus arteriosus
o D. An atrial-septal defect
o E. Pulmonary stenosis
• 29. Which of the following statements concerning the development of the
atrioventricular valves is CORRECT?
o A. The atrioventricular valves develop from mesenchyme derived from neural
crest cells
o B. The papillary muscles attached to the atrioventricular valves are formed from
mounds of tissue called endoventricular cushions
o C. Molding of the atrioventricular valves is caused by the normal turbulent flow
of blood through the ventricles
o D. The atrioventricular valve leaflets are derived from atrial wall tissue which
invaginates into the atrioventricular canals
o E. The atrioventricular valves form before the ventricles to provide a skeleton
framework for each developing ventricle
• 30. If you were a membranous interventricular septum, which of the following
tissues would you NOT need?
o A. Right sinus horn
o B. Endocardial cushion
o C. Neural crest cells
o D. Muscular interventricular septum
o E. Bulbar ridge
• 31. When does the heart start to beat?
o A. At the end of the third week
o B. During the tenth week once the heart is fully formed
o C. At the end of the fourth week after looping
o D. In the fetal period when the primitive organs mature
o E. Immediately after birth when the baby takes the first breath
• 32. The primitive heart tube develops bulges and constrictions along its
anteroposterior axis. Which part of the heart tube delivers oxygenated blood
to supply the embryo?
o A. Truncus arteriosus
o B. Sinus venosus
o C. Primitive ventricle
o D. Conus cordis
o E. Primitive atrium
• The specialized group of mesenchymal cells which aggregate to form blood
islands are called:

hemoblasts

angioblasts

fibroblasts

yolk sac endoderm

Wharton's jelly
• The cardiovascular system begins to develop during the third week.

true

false
• The primitive heart is partitioned into four separate chambers during the fourth
week.

true

false
• The heart is derived from:

splanchnic mesoderm

somatic mesoderm
 septum transversum

intermediate mesoderm

paraxial mesoderm
• The dorsal mesocardium:

disappears partially and thereby helps to form the transverse

pericardial sinus

disappears and helps to form the oblique pericardial sinus

persists as the fibrous pericardium

persists as the endocardium

fuses with the dorsal mesogastrium

• By 13-14 days of development, angiogenic cell clusters have differentiated in
the:

extraembryonic mesoderm of the chorion

splanchnic mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac

connecting stalk

cardiogenic mesoderm

all of the above

• The most superior part of the inferior vena cava is derived from:

left vitelline vein

right vitelline vein

right umbilical vein

left umbilical vein

sinus venosus
• The embryonic origin of the ligamentum arteriosum is from the:

second arch artery

third arch artery

fourth arch artery

fifth arch artery

sixth arch artery

• The bulboventricular ridge of the embryonic heart:

persists as the membranous part of the interventricular septum

 becomes the upper segment of the muscular interventricular septum

contributes to the formation of the left atrioventricular orifice

gives origin to the trabeculae carneae

disappears without a trace

• At birth, the following changes in circulation take place EXCEPT:

decrease in pressure in the pleural cavities

closure of the ductus venosus

closure of the ductus arteriosus

closure of the foramen ovale

relaxation of the thoracic diaphragm

• The embryonic branchial arch arteries give origin to all of the following
postnatal structures EXCEPT:

arch of aorta

ligamentum arteriosum

pulmonary arteries

ascending aorta

common carotid arteries

• The following are true statements with regard to the fetal circulation EXCEPT:

Since the fetal liver is a hemopoietic organ, it is large and well supplied
with oxygenated blood.

Fetal brain receives relatively pure arterial blood.

Fetal and maternal blood vessels anastomose in the placenta.

In early developmental stages, one pulmonary vein buds from the left
atrium of the heart.

Foramen primum of the interatrial septum closes after the formation of the
foramen secundum.
• The following features of the adult human body represent remnants of fetal
circulation EXCEPT:

fossa ovalis of the heart

musculi pectinati of the atria

oblique vein of the left atrium

 ligamentum arteriosum

ligamentum teres hepatis

• Each of the following statements are correctly paired EXCEPT:

right vitelline vein - inferior vena cava

left vitelline vein - liver sinusoids

right anterior cardinal vein - part of superior vena cava

right umbilical vein - definitive umbilical vein

left sinus horn - coronary sinus

• The blood vessels that carry relatively "pure" arterial blood during fetal
development are:

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava below liver

pulmonary artery

ascending aorta
• The Tetralogy of Fallot includes the following defects of the heart:

aortic stenosis

dextroposition of the aorta

left ventricular hypertrophy

atrial septal defect

• The changes that normally occur shortly after birth include:

the umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum venosum

blood flow in the pulmonary arteries is reversed

thymus gland undergoes involution

the umbilical arteries become medial umbilical ligaments

• The following embryonic structures are involved in the formation of the
definitive right atrium EXCEPT:

primitive atrium

right sinus venosus

left sinus venosus

right sinus horn

left sinus horn

• Each of the following associations correct EXCEPT:

right sinus horn - coronary sinus

right vitelline vein - inferior vena cava

right posterior cardinal vein - azygos vein

dorsal mesocardium - transverse sinus of the pericardium

umbilical veins - allantois

• The Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by the following features EXCEPT:

stenosis of the pulmonary artery

interventricular septal defect

overriding aorta

hypertrophy of the left ventricle

• Each of the following normally occurs during the neonatal period EXCEPT:

pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity

pressure increases in the left atrium

flattening of the alveolar epithelium of the lung

reversal of blood flow in the inferior vena cava

closure of the ductus venosus

• During embryonic and fetal development:

venous blood from the caudal half of the body is returned by the
posterior cardinal veins

the pulmonary arteries carry essentially oxygenated blood

the prehepatic inferior vena cava carries essentially oxygenated blood

the umbilical arteries contain oxygenated blood

• The heart is derived from:

ectoderm

endoderm

both

neither
• Each of the following ligaments in the adult are derived from fetal blood
vessels EXCEPT:

medial umbilical ligament

 median umbilical ligament

round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)

ligamentum venosum

ligamentum arteriosum
• Of the following, the one most closely associated with the ligamentum teres
hepatis is:

umbilical vein

umbilical artery

vitelline vein

3rd aortic arch

6th aortic arch

• Of the following, the one most closely associated with the portal vein is:

umbilical vein

umbilical artery

vitelline vein

3rd aortic arch

6th aortic arch

• Of the following, the one most closely associated with the common carotid
artery is:

umbilical vein

umbilical artery

vitelline vein

3rd aortic arch

6th aortic arch

• Of the following, the one most closely associated with the ligamentum
arteriosum is:

umbilical vein

umbilical artery

vitelline vein

3rd aortic arch

6th aortic arch

• Of the following, the one most closely associated with the medial umbilical
ligament is:

umbilical vein

umbilical artery

vitelline vein

3rd aortic arch

6th aortic arch

• The truncus ridges may fail to spiral resulting in transposition of the great
vessels.

true

false
• In the normal fetal circulation, blood from the placenta bypasses the
sinusoidal plexus of the liver by way of the ductus venosus.

true

false
• Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery results from abnormal
obliteration of the right 7th intersegmental artery.

true

false
• In aortic valvular atresia, blood passes into the aorta through a patent ductus
arteriosus.

true

false
• The valve of the foramen ovale is formed by septum secundum.

true

false
• The least serious clinical problems can be expected from which of the
following cardiac abnormalities?

patent ductus arteriosus

mitral valve stenosis

atrial septal defect

dextrocardia or right-sided heart

• In tricuspid atresia, there is usually:

a patent foramen ovale

 a ventricular septal defect

an underdeveloped right ventricle

hypertrophy of the left ventricle

all of the above are correct

• Which of the following does NOT characterize atresia of the valve of the
pulmonary artery:

a patent foramen ovale is the only outlet for blood from the right side of
the heart

the right ventricle is markedly underdeveloped

a patent ductus arteriosus offers a route of blood flow to the lungs

there is an overriding aorta

• The sinus venosus:

has a right horn which persists in the adult as the coronary sinus

has a left venous valve which develops into the valve of the coronary
sinus

forms the smooth-walled portion of the adult right atrium

receives blood directly from the portal vein

• In the development of the cardiovascular system:

angiogenic clusters appear in the yolk sac endoderm

the midline heart tube forms four chambers

the aortic arches develop in a caudal to cephalic sequence

the heart begins to beat around the 21st day

• In the development of the heart, which is NOT correct:

the heart primordium is initially located in mesenchyme in front of the

prochordal plate

common cardinal veins empty into the sinus venosus

the interatrial septum is formed from endocardial cushions, septum

primum and septum secundum

only cardiac muscle contributes to the interventricular septum

• Concerning the truncus ridges, which statement is NOT correct:

They may grow abnormally and contribute to formation of transposition of

the great vessels
 They normally spiral around each other as they grow

They form the aorticopulmonary septum

They contribute to the interatrial septum

• Ostium secundum defect:

is characterized by a large opening between left and right atria

may be caused by excessive resorption of septum primum

may be caused by inadequate development of septum secundum

may be accompanied by intracardiac shunting of blood

all of the above are correct

• In the development of the heart:

the coronary sinus is formed from the left horn of the sinus venosus

the oblique vein of the left atrium is formed from the left posterior cardinal
vein

the valve of the coronary sinus is formed from the left sinus valve

the valve of the inferior vena cava is formed from the left sinus valve
• The Tetralogy of Fallot includes all of the following EXCEPT:

pulmonary stenosis

overriding aorta

right ventricular hypertrophy

atrial septal defect

• With aortic valvular atresia:

the left atrium and left ventricle are hyperplastic, or overdeveloped

there is an overriding aorta

blood passes into the aorta through a patent ductus arteriosus

blood fails to reach the descending aorta

• Which of the following associations are correct?

ligamentum teres hepatis - umbilical vein

ligamentum venosum - posterior cardinal v.

median umbilical ligaments - umbilical a.

ligamentum arteriosum - aortic sac

• In normal fetal circulation:

the umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the
embryo

the foramen ovale shunts oxygenated blood from the left to the right side
of the heart

blood can enter the pulmonary circulation via the ductus arteriosus

blood from the placenta bypasses the sinusoidal plexus of the liver
in the ductus venosus
• At birth, increased pressure in the left atrium is directly caused by:

closure of the foramen ovale

cessation of placental blood flow

closure of the ductus venosus

closure of the ductus arteriosus

• Which of the following associations are correct?

patent ductus arteriosus - left 6th aortic arch

double aortic arch - right dorsal aorta

common carotid artery - 3rd aortic arch

double superior vena cava - left anterior cardinal vein

all of the above are correct

• Partitioning of the atrium is accomplished by growth of:

septum primum

septum secundum

both

neither
• Features of the Tetralogy of Fallot include:

interatrial septal defect

stenosis of the pulmonary artery

both

neither
• At birth, the distal branches of both internal iliac arteries collapse and persist
as the:

urachus
 lateral umbilical ligaments

both

neither
• The mesenchymal cells which aggregate to form blood islands are called:

hemoblasts

mesoblasts

fibroblasts

angioblasts

none of the above

• Closure of the foramen primum results from fusion of the:

septum secundum and the fused endocardial cushions

septum secundum and the septum primum

septum primum and the fused endocardial cushions

septum primum and the septum spurium

septum primum and the sinoatrial valves

• The most common type of cardiac septal defect is:

muscular type ventricular septal defect, or VSD

secundum type atrial septal defect, or ASD

membranous type VSD

primum type ASD

sinus venosus
• Congenital heart disease is the most common cardiac condition in childhood
and most frequently results from:

maternal medication

mutant genes

rubella virus

fetal distress

genetic and environmental factors

• The fetal left atrium is mainly derived from the:

primitive pulmonary vein

 primitive atrium

right pulmonary vein

sinus venarum

sinus venosus
• The fetal right atrium is mainly derived from:

primitive pulmonary vein

primitive atrium

right pulmonary vein

sinus venarum

sinus venosus
• The most common congenital malformation of the great vessels is:

coarctation of the aorta

Tetralogy of Fallot

patent ductus arteriosus

persistent left superior vena cava

pulmonary semilunar valve stenosis

• Neural crest forms the walls of the great vessels, but not the endothelium of
those vessels.

true

false
• The oblique vein of the left atrium is a remnant of the left common cardinal
vein.

true

false
• The bulbar portion of the developing heart is incorporated such as to form
most of the left ventricle.

true

false
• The conus of the heart forms infundibulum of the right ventricle and aortic
vestibule of the left ventricle.

true

false
• To adequately form the outflow of the heart, the aortic sac, the truncus
arteriosus and the conus cordis must all be septated, and neural crest cells
play a major role in this septation.

true

false
• The remnant of the first aortic arch artery is:

stapedial artery

internal carotid artery

maxillary artery

common carotid artery

the 1st arch artery regresses without remnants

• The left brachiocephalic vein is derived from:

left anterior cardinal vein

left posterior cardinal vein

a shunt between left and right posterior cardinal veins

left horn of the sinus venosus

none of the above

• The aortic sac:

is the area immediately distal to the ventricles

is connected to the dorsal aorta via the aortic arch arteries

is preserved as the region of the semilunar valves in the adult heart

is also known as the truncus arteriosus

none of the above

• The crista terminalis is derived from:

right horn of the sinus venosus

left horn of the sinus venosus

primitive atrium

AV canal

right cusp of the valve of the sinus venosus

• The membranous portion of the interventricular septum is formed by:

conal ridges
 truncal ridges

endocardial cushions

septum primum

more than one of the above

• The region of the atrioventricular canal develops into:

the semilunar valves

the atrial septum

the mitral and tricuspid valves

the base of the ventricle

the trabeculated portion of the right atrium

• The myocardial layer of the heart tube develops from:

the endocardial tubes

dorsal mesocardium

cardiac jelly

splanchnic mesoderm

septum transversum
• The cardiac jelly:

separates the endocardium from the myocardium

mediates interactions between endocardium and myocardium

resembles a thick basement membrane

becomes the subendocardial connective tissue layer of the heart

all of the above

• The epicardium forms from:

the epimyocardial layer of the heart

dorsal mesocardium over the sinus venosus

cardiogenic plate mesoderm

the endocardium

none of the above

• The arch of the azygos vein is derived from:

posterior cardinal vein

 anterior cardinal vein

common cardinal vein

supracardinal vein

subcardinal vein
• Which structure is most important in the formation of the valve of the foramen
ovale?

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

endocardial cushion

septum primum

septum secundum

dorsal mesocardium

truncus arteriosus

truncal ridges

bulbus cordis

sinus venosus

bulboventricular ridge

cardiac jelly
• Which of the following structures ruptures to create the transverse pericardial
sinus?

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

endocardial cushion

septum primum

septum secundum

dorsal mesocardium

truncus arteriosus

truncal ridges

bulbus cordis
 sinus venosus

bulboventricular ridge

cardiac jelly
• Transposition of the great vessels is most directly related to abnormal
development of which of the following?

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

endocardial cushion

septum primum

septum secundum

dorsal mesocardium

truncus arteriosus

truncal ridge

bulbus cordis

sinus venosus

bulboventricular ridge

cardiac jelly
• Which structure is important for atrial and ventricular septum formation, as
well as formation of the artioventricular valves?

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

endocardial cushion

septum primum

septum secundum

dorsal mesocardium

truncus arteriosus

truncal ridges

bulbus cordis

sinus venosus
bulboventricular ridge

cardiac jelly