lOMoARcPSD|28345601

GIS - Geographic Information Systems Lec 5 part A

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Assiut University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)
 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Geographic Information Systems

GIS
LEC - 5
RASTERS MODEL

PART B - RASTER MODEL , ADVANTAGES

AND DISADVANTAGES

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Outline

Raster Models
Thematic data
Continuous surface
Picture Raster

Elements of Raster data

Advantages of using Raster Data

Raster Data Structure

Cell-by-Cell Encoding
Run Length Encoding
R tree and Quad Tree

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Raster Models

qIn its simplest form, a raster

consists of a matrix of cells (or
pixels) organized into rows and
columns (or a grid) where each
cell contains a value representing
information, such as temperature.

qCells are of equal size square,

rectangular.

qLines represented by sequences

of neighboring cells.
qareas represented by collections
of contiguous cells.

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Spatial Encoding - RASTER

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

1.Thematic data (discontinuous)

qDiscrete data, which is sometimes

called thematic, categorical, or
discontinuous data, most often
represents objects in both the
feature (vector) and raster data
storage systems.
q A discrete object has known and
definable boundaries: it is easy to
define precisely where the object
begins and where it ends
qA lake is a discrete object within
the surrounding landscape.
Where the water’s edge meets the
land can be definitively
established. Other examples of
discrete objects include
buildings, roads, and parcels.
Discrete objects are usually
nouns.

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

2.Continuous surface

qA continuous surface represents

phenomena in which each location on
the surface is a measure of the
concentration level or its relationship
from a fixed point in space or from an
emitting source.
qContinuous data is also referred to as
field, nondiscrete, or surface data.
q One type of continuous surface is
derived from those characteristics that
define a surface, in which each location
is measured from a fixed registration

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

point. These include elevation (the fixed

point being sea level) and aspect (the
fixed point being direction: north, east,
south, and west).
qAnother type of continuous surface
includes phenomena that progressively
vary as they move across a surface from
a source. Illustrations of progressively
varying continuous data are fluid and air
movement, spread of a disease
areas:
–unbounded: landuse, market areas, soils, rock type
–bounded: city/county/state boundaries, zoning
–moving: air masses, animal herds, schools of fish

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

3. Picture Rasters

Picture rasters are often used as

attributes in tables—they can be
displayed with your geographic

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

data and are used to convey

additional information about map
features.

A basemap provides a
background, or visual context,
for the data in a map. For
example, a basemap showing
streets can provide context
for address data.

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

AN ORTHOPHOTO (ALSO KNOWN AS

A ORTHOPHOTOGRAPH) IS AN
AERIAL IMAGE THAT HAS BEEN
GEOMETRICALLY CORRECTED
(ORTHO RECTIFIED) SO THAT THE
IMAGE IS UNIFORM FROM EDGE TO
EDGE.

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Below is a digital picture of a

large, old tree that could be
used as an attribute to a
landscape layer that a city
may maintain.

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

https://desktop.arcgis.co
m/en/arcmap/10.3/manag
e-data/raster-and-
images/raster-bands.htm

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)

 lOMoARcPSD|28345601

Downloaded by Shayma Tarek (shayma190852@hu.edu.eg)