Carroll Quigley

Carroll Quigley (/ˈkwɪɡli/; November 9, 1910 – January 3, 1977)

Carroll Quigley
was an American historian and theorist of the evolution of
civilizations. He is remembered for his teaching work as a
professor at Georgetown University, and for his writing about
global conspiracies, in which he argued that an Anglo-American
banking elite have worked together for centuries to spread certain
values globally.[1]
Born November 9, 1910
Boston,
Life and career Massachusetts,
US
Born in Boston, Quigley attended Harvard University, where he
Died January 3, 1977
studied history and earned B.A, M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. He
taught at Princeton University, and then at Harvard, and then from (aged 66)
1941 to 1976 at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown Georgetown
University.[2] University
Hospital,
From 1941 until 1972, he taught a two-semester course at Washington, D.C.,
Georgetown on the development of civilizations. According to his US
obituary in The Washington Star, many alumni of Georgetown's
School of Foreign Service asserted that this was "the most Alma mater Harvard University
influential course in their undergraduate careers".[2] Occupation(s) Professor,
historian, author
In addition to his academic work, Quigley served as a consultant to
Known for Professor at
the U.S. Department of Defense, the United States Navy, the
Smithsonian Institution, and the House Select Committee on Georgetown
Astronautics and Space Exploration in the 1950s.[2] He was also a University
book reviewer for The Washington Star, and a contributor and Notable work Tragedy & Hope (h
editorial board member of Current History.[1]: 94 ttps://archive.org/d
etails/TragedyAnd
Quigley retired from Georgetown in June 1976 after being
HopeAHistoryOfTh
honored by the student body with its Faculty Award for the fourth
eWorldInOurTime
consecutive year.[3][2] He died the following year at Georgetown
University Hospital following a heart attack.[3] CarrollQuigley1stE
dition1966/)
(1966)
Major conclusions The Anglo-
American
Inclusive diversity Establishment (htt
ps://archive.org/de
Quigley's work emphasized inclusive diversity as a core value of tails/carrollquigley
Western civilization,[4] contrasting it with the dualism of Plato.[5] _angloamericanes
He concluded the book Tragedy and Hope with the hope that the tablishment)
West could "resume its development along its old patterns of (1981)
Inclusive Diversity".[6] From his study of history, "it is clear that
the West believes in diversity rather than in uniformity, in pluralism Spouse Lillian Fox Quigley
rather than in monism or dualism, in inclusion rather than Children 2
exclusion, in liberty rather than in authority, in truth rather than in
Awards Georgetown
power, in conversion rather than in annihilation, in the individual
rather than in the organization, in reconciliation rather than in University Faculty
triumph, in heterogeneity rather than in homogeneity, in relativisms Award (four
rather than in absolutes, and in approximations rather than in final consecutive years,
answers."[7] 1973–1976)
Georgetown
Quigley asserts that any intolerance or rigidity in the religious
University's 175th
practices of the West are aberrations from its nature of inclusivity
Anniversary Medal
and diversity. Quigley points to the tolerance and flexibility in
Aquinas's belief that theological truth is revealed over time through of Merit (1964)
dialogue within the Christian community, which allows the Website carrollquigley.net
community to adapt to a changing world.[8][9] (http://www.carroll
quigley.net)
Institutionalization and the fall of civilizations Signature

Having studied the rise and fall of civilizations, "Quigley found the
explanation of disintegration in the gradual transformation of social
'instruments' into 'institutions,' that is, transformation of social
arrangements functioning to meet real social needs into social institutions serving their own purposes
regardless of real social needs".[10]

Weapons and democracy

From a historical study of weapons and political dynamics, Quigley concludes that the characteristics of
weapons are the main predictor of democracy.[11][12] Democracy tends to emerge only when the best
weapons available are easy for individuals to buy and use.[13] This explains why democracy occurs so
rarely in human history.[14]

In the 1800s (peaking in the 1880s), guns were the best weapon available. In America, almost everyone
could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments couldn't do any better: it
became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns.[13] (Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of
the citizen soldier and of democracy[14]).

In the 1900s, expensive, specialist weapons (such as tanks and bombers) became available, and citizen
soldiers became dominated by specialist soldiers.[15] Quigley notes that the slaughter of World War I (1914-
1918) was due to the mismatch between the traditional armies (citizen soldiers) and the available weapons
(machine guns used defensively).[16]

Style

Quigley's writing style is dense, influenced by a former history professor of his:

"As we raced along, Goethe was covered in fifteen minutes, Schiller in ten, Fichte in five...he
covered any topic simply by slicing it up into a small number of parts and giving a name to
each part. The complex character and achievement of Goethe, for example, were divided into
 six portions, each was given a title, and, ever after, the whole of Goethe could be evoked
merely by reciting six words...I should like to outdare even my former professor by dividing
this greater complexity [Classical culture] into only five parts."[17]

Quigley's analytical style is scientific, stemming from his earlier training in physics.[18][19]

In this book we are concerned with the social sciences...and particularly with the effort to
apply a scientific method of observation, formulation of hypotheses, and testing to such
phenomena. The enormous size of this field has made it advisable to curtail our attention to the
process of social change, especially in civilizations.[20]

Influence on Bill Clinton

In his first year (1965) in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown, Bill Clinton took Quigley's course,
receiving a 'B' as his final grade in both semesters (an excellent grade in a course where nearly half the
students received D or lower).[1]: 94, 96 In 1991, Clinton named Quigley as an important influence on his
aspirations and political philosophy, when Clinton launched his presidential campaign in a speech at
Georgetown.[1]: 96 He said he learned from Quigley that. “The future can be better than the past, and that
each of us has a personal, moral responsibility to make it so.” Bill Clinton told his audiences, “that is what
the new choice is all about....We are not here to save the Democratic party. We are here to save the United
States of America.” It was Clinton's most effective speech, and he repeated variations time and time again
as the blueprint for his campaign message in winning the Democratic nomination and the general election
for President of the United States in 1992.[21][22]

The same remark on American greatness was recalled by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, who met her
husband in Quigley's class on African history.[23]

Quigley and the Round Table group

One distinctive feature of Quigley's historical writings is his assertion that the Round Table movement
played a significant role in recent world history. His writing on this topic has made Quigley famous among
many who investigate conspiracy theories.[1]: 96, 98

Quigley and the Milner Group

In his book The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (written in 1949 and published
posthumously in 1981),[24] Quigley aims to trace the history of a secret society. The book uses no footnotes
and does not show his sources. He focuses on the Round Table group founded in 1891 by Cecil Rhodes
and Alfred Milner. Quigley argues that "The organization was so modified and so expanded by Milner after
the eclipse of Stead in 1899, and especially after the death of Rhodes in 1902, that it took on quite a
different organization and character, although it continued to pursue the same goals." [25] Quigley greatly
admired the British Empire and lamented that the secret society was not very successful. Historian Robert
Rotberg states:

But Quigley was not opposed to what Rhodes and Milner had purportedly tried to
accomplish. Indeed, Quigley wrote more in remorse at what had failed than in antagonism
to what he believed were their mutual efforts at extending the British Empire,"[26]
The society consisted of an inner circle ("The Society of the Elect") and an outer circle ("The Association
of Helpers", also known as The Milner Kindergarten and the Round Table Group).[27] The society as a
whole does not have a fixed name:

This society has been known at various times as Milner's Kindergarten, as the Round Table
Group, as the Rhodes crowd, as The Times crowd, as the All Souls group, and as the Cliveden
set. ... I have chosen to call it the Milner group. Those persons who have used the other terms,
or heard them used, have not generally been aware that all these various terms referred to the
same Group...this Group is, as I shall show, one of the most important historical facts of the
twentieth century.[28]: ix

Quigley assigns this group primary or exclusive credit for several historical events: the Jameson Raid, the
Second Boer War, the founding of the Union of South Africa, the replacement of the British Empire with
the Commonwealth of Nations, and a number of Britain's foreign policy decisions in the twentieth
century.[28]: 5

In 1966, Quigley published a one-volume history of the twentieth century, titled Tragedy and Hope. At
several points in this book, the history of the Milner group is discussed. Moreover, Quigley states that he
has recently been in direct contact with this organization, whose nature he contrasts to right-wing claims of
a communist conspiracy:

This radical Right fairy tale, which is now an accepted folk myth in many groups in America,
pictured the recent history of the United States, in regard to domestic reform and in foreign
affairs, as a well-organized plot by extreme Left-wing elements ... This myth, like all fables,
does in fact have a modicum of truth. There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an
international Anglophile network which operates, to some extent, in the way the Radical right
believes the Communists act. In fact, this network, which we may identify as the Round Table
Groups, has no aversion to cooperating with the Communists, or any other group, and
frequently does so. I know of the operation of this network because I have studied it for twenty
years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960s, to examine its papers and secret
records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims and have, for much of my life, been
close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a
few of its policies... but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain
unknown, and I believe its role in history is significant enough to be known.[29]: 949–950

According to Quigley, the leaders of this group were Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Milner from 1891 until
Rhodes' death in 1902, Milner alone until his own death in 1925, Lionel Curtis from 1925 to 1955, Robert
H. (Baron) Brand from 1955 to 1963, and Adam D. Marris from 1963 until the time Quigley wrote his
book. This organization also functioned through certain loosely affiliated "front groups", including the
Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Institute of Pacific Relations, and the Council on Foreign
Relations.[29]: 132, 950–952
In addition, other secret societies are briefly discussed in Tragedy and Hope, including a consortium of the
leaders of the central banks of several countries, who formed the Bank for International
Settlements.[29]: 323–324 Historian Robert Rotberg reports that, "Unfortunately, Tragedy and Hope lacks
the usual scholarly apparatus. It cites nothing."[30]

Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies

Soon after its publication, Tragedy and Hope caught the attention of authors interested in conspiracies.
They proceeded to publicize Quigley's claims, disseminating them to a much larger audience than his
original readership.[1]: 96, 98

This began in 1970, when W. Cleon Skousen published The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary
on Dr. Carroll Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope". The first third of this book consists of extensive
excerpts from Tragedy and Hope, interspersed with commentary by Skousen. Skousen quotes Quigley's
description of the activities of several groups — the Milner Group, a cartel of international bankers, the
Communist Party, the Institute of Pacific Relations, and the Council on Foreign Relations. According to
Skousen's interpretation of Quigley's book, each of these is a facet of one large conspiracy.[31] The
following year, G. Edward Griffin released the documentary The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of
International Banking, crediting the Skousen book: "We wish to acknowledge that this film was inspired
by Cleon Skousen's book, The Naked Capitalist, which we believe is one of the most important documents
of the decade."[32] Quigley responded directly to Skousen in a review stating that Skousen "has echoes of
the original Nazi 25 point program."[33]

In 1971, Gary Allen, a spokesman for the John Birch Society, published None Dare Call It Conspiracy,
which became a bestseller. Allen cited Quigley's Tragedy and Hope as an authoritative source on
conspiracies throughout his book. Like Skousen, Allen understood the various conspiracies in Quigley's
book to be branches of one large conspiracy, and also connected them to the Bilderbergers and to Richard
Nixon.[34] The John Birch Society continues to cite Quigley as a primary source for their view of
history.[35]

Quigley is also cited by several other authors who assert the existence of powerful conspiracies. Jim Marrs,
whose work was used as a source by Oliver Stone in his film JFK, cites Quigley in his book Rule By
Secrecy, which describes a conspiracy linking the Milner Group, Skull and Bones, the Trilateral
Commission, the Bavarian Illuminati, the Knights Templar, and aliens who posed as the Sumerian gods
thousands of years ago.[36] Pat Robertson's book The New World Order cites Quigley as an authority on a
powerful conspiracy.[1]: 98 Conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly has asserted that Bill Clinton's political
success was due to his pursuit of the "world government" agenda he learned from Quigley.[1]: 98 G.
Edward Griffin relies heavily on Quigley for information about the role Milner's secret society plays in the
Federal Reserve in his book The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve.[37]

Quigley was dismissive of the authors who used his writings to support theories of a world domination
conspiracy. Of W. Cleon Skousen's The Naked Capitalist he stated:

Skousen's book is full of misrepresentations and factual errors. He claims that I have written of
a conspiracy of the super-rich who are pro-Communist and wish to take over the world and
that I'm a member of this group. But I never called it a conspiracy and don't regard it as such.
I'm not an "insider" of these rich persons, although Skousen thinks so. I happen to know some
of them and liked them, although I disagreed with some of the things they did before 1940.[38]
On Gary Allen's None Dare Call It Conspiracy he said:

They thought Dr. Carroll Quigley proved everything. For example, they constantly misquote
me to this effect: that Lord Milner (the dominant trustee of the Cecil Rhodes Trust and a heavy
in the Round Table Group) helped finance the Bolsheviks. I have been through the greater part
of Milner's private papers and have found no evidence to support that. Further, None Dare
Call It Conspiracy insists that international bankers were a single bloc, were all powerful and
remain so today. I, on the contrary, stated in my book that they were much divided, often
fought among themselves, had great influence but not control of political life and were sharply
reduced in power about 1931-1940, when they became less influential than monopolized
industry.[39]

Criticism

F. William Engdahl, in an overview of financial imperialism entitled The Gods of Money, criticized Quigley
for stating that the power of international bankers declined in the 1930s, and insofar as the influence of
international bankers in America was concerned, suggested that Quigley was confusing "international
finance" with Morgan interests. He suggested, like Sutton, that Quigley's papers had been vetted. Engdahl
argued that it was not the case that the power of "international finance" declined, but rather, Morgan
interests fell and were replaced by Rockefeller interests.[40]

Quigley stated that the intentions and objectives of the group he profiled, associated with Wall Street and
the City of London and Cecil Rhodes' super-imperialism, were "largely commendable". Members of the
group, in statements recorded by the New York Times in 1902, proclaimed that they formed their society for
the purpose of "gradually absorbing the wealth of the world".[41]

Quigley argued that the Round Table groups were not World Government advocates but super-imperialists.
He stated that they emphatically did not want the League of Nations to become a World Government. Yet
Lionel Curtis, who, according to Quigley, was one of the leaders of the Round Table movement, wished
for it to be a World government with teeth, writing articles with H. G. Wells urging this.[42]

Bibliography

Books written by Quigley

The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1st ed.). New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company. 1961. Hardcover. 281 pages.
La Evolucion de las Civilizaciones (in Spanish). Mexico City: Hermes. 1963.
A Evolução das Civilizações (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundo de Cultura.
1963.
The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis (https://archive.org/d
ownload/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionTo/CarrollQuigley-T
heEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionToHistoricalAnalysis1979.pdf) (PDF)
(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. August 1979.
ISBN 978-0-913966-56-3 (Hardcover) 444 pages.
ISBN 978-0-913966-57-0 (Paperback) 444 pages.
 The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis. Mountain View, CA:
Ishi Press. December 2014. ISBN 9784871873499. Paperback. 442 pages.
Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan
Publishing Company. 1966. ISBN 978-0026001304. 1,348 pages. Full text (http://www.carrol
lquigley.net/pdf/Tragedy_and_Hope.pdf).
Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. Rancho Palos Verdes, CA: GSG
& Associates. 1975. ISBN 0-913022-14-4. ISBN 0-945001-10-X
The World Since 1939: A History (1st ed.). New York: Collier Books. 1968. 676 pages. —
A reprint of the second half of Tragedy and Hope.
The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (http://www.carrollquigley.ne
t/pdf/The_Anglo-American_Establishment.pdf) (PDF) (1st ed.). New York: Books in Focus.
1981. ISBN 0-916728-50-1.
The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (eBook ed.). New York:
Books in Focus. 1981. ISBN 978-0-916728-50-2.
The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden. Rancho Palos Verdes,
CA: GSG & Associates. 1981. ISBN 0-945001-01-0.
Histoire secrète de l'oligarchie anglo-américaine (in French). Paris: Le Retour aux
sources. 2015.
Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/Weapo
ns%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability.pdf) (PDF). Washington, DC: University
Press of America. 1983. pp. 1064 pages. ISBN 978-0-8191-2947-5.

Collected Works
Lucchese, Adriano (ed.) (2015). Carroll Quigley: Life, Lectures and Collected Writings. New
York: Discovery Publisher. ISBN 978-1516922741.

Articles about Quigley

Staff writer (January 6, 1977). "Obituary." Washington Star, p. B4.
Wilkinson, David (Aug. 25, 1995). "From Mesopotamia through Carroll Quigley to Bill
Clinton: World Historical Systems, the Civilizationist, and the President." (http://jwsr.pitt.edu/
ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/59) Journal of World-Systems Research.
Wilkinson, David (Aug. 1996). "World-Economic Theories and Problems: Quigley vs.
Wallerstein vs. Central Civilization." (http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/63)
Journal of World-Systems Research, vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 117–185. doi:10.5195/jwsr.1996.63 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwsr.1996.63).
McLemee, Scott (December 1996). "The Quigley Cult." George, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 94–98.
Rotberg, Robert I. (2014). "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?" Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 551–567.

Rotberg states: "Quigley nowhere proves anything. He hints, he implies, he

supposes and he presumes." (p. 554)
 Ellison, Matt (December 16, 2016). "How Carroll Quigley Came to Georgetown."
Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service. sfs.georgetown.edu. Archived from
the original. (https://sfs.georgetown.edu/how-carroll-quigley-came-to-georgetown/)

References
1. McLemee, Scott (Dec. 1996). "The Quigley Cult." George, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 94, 96, 98.
2. Staff writer (Jan. 6, 1977). Obituary. Washington Star. p. B-4.
3. Staff writer (Jan. 6, 1977). "Carroll Quigley Dies, GU Professor" (https://archive.today/20210
118230440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/01/06/carroll-quigley-dies-g
u-professor/304f0138-cdef-4d37-ab30-a9ad320e9b52/)(obituary). Washington Post (Jan. 6,
1977), p. B10. Archived from the original. (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/19
77/01/06/carroll-quigley-dies-gu-professor/304f0138-cdef-4d37-ab30-a9ad320e9b52/)
4. Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ). Macmillan. pp. 1227–34. ISBN 9780945001010.
Retrieved 20 May 2013.
5. Quigley, Carroll (1966). Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ) New York: Macmillan, p. 84. ISBN 978-
0945001010.
6. Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ). Macmillan. p. 1311. ISBN 9780945001010.
Retrieved 20 May 2013.
7. Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ). Macmillan. p. 1227. ISBN 9780945001010.
Retrieved 20 May 2013.
8. Aquinas, Thomas (October 26, 2006). Summa Theologiae: vol. 1, Christian Theology: 1a. 1
(https://books.google.com/books?id=C5SJBda4buUC&pg=PA102). Cambridge University
Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0521029094. Retrieved May 20, 2013., quoted on p1230 of
Tragedy and Hope.
9. Hogan, Harry J. (1979). Foreword to The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to
Historical Analysis. Liberty Press, p. 18. ISBN 978-0913966563.
10. Harry J Hogan in the foreword (p17) and Quigley in the conclusion (p416) to Carroll Quigley
(1979). The evolution of civilizations: an introduction to historical analysis (https://archive.or
g/details/evolutionofcivil0000quig). Liberty Press. ISBN 978-0-913966-56-3. Retrieved
26 May 2013.
11. Foreword, written by historian Harry J Hogan (http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/inde
x.xml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130901040610/http://paw.princeton.edu/mem
orials/24/79/index.xml) 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine in 1982, to Quigley's Weapons
Systems and Political Stability
12. See also: Starr, Chester G. (Feb. 1984). Review of Weapons Systems and Political Stability:
A History, by Carroll Quigley. (https://archive.org/download/starr-chester-g.-review-of-weapo
ns-systems-and-political-stability-a-history-by-/Starr%2C%20Chester%20G.%20-%20Revie
w%20of%20Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability%20-%20A%20Histor
y%2C%20by%20Carroll%20Quigley%20%28American%20Historical%20Review%2C%20v
ol.%2089%2C%20no.%201%2C%20Feb.%201984%29%2C%20pp.%2098-99.pdf)
American Historical Review, vol. 89, no. 1. pp. 98-99. (https://archive.org/download/starr-che
ster-g.-review-of-weapons-systems-and-political-stability-a-history-by-/Starr%2C%20Cheste
r%20G.%20-%20Review%20of%20Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stabilit
y%20-%20A%20History%2C%20by%20Carroll%20Quigley%20%28American%20Historica
l%20Review%2C%20vol.%2089%2C%20no.%201%2C%20Feb.%201984%29%2C%20p
p.%2098-99.pdf) JSTOR 1855933 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1855933).
13. Quigley, Carroll (1983). Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ). University Press of America. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-
0819129475. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
14. Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ). University Press of America. p. 307. ISBN 978-
0819129475. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
15. Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ). University Press of America. p. 58. ISBN 978-
0819129475. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
16. Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ). University Press of America. p. 53. ISBN 978-
0819129475. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
17. Evolution of Civilizations, pp278-9
18. foreword (by Harry J Hogan) to Evolution of Civilizations, pp.13-14
19. see also Evolution of Civilizations, chapter 1: Scientific Method and the Social Sciences
20. Evolution of Civilizations, p.47
21. Bill Clinton, My Life (2004) p. 366.
22. Bill Clinton, (July 16, 1992). "Acceptance Speech." (http://www.4president.org/speeches/bill
clinton1992acceptance.htm) New York: Democratic National Convention.
23. Pelosi, Nancy (May 18, 2002). "Remarks at Georgetown University School of Foreign
Service Commencement, Washington, D.C." (https://archive.today/20210813100334/https://
pelosi.house.gov/sites/pelosi.house.gov/files/pressarchives/releases/prGeorgetown051802.
htm) Archived from the original. (https://pelosi.house.gov/sites/pelosi.house.gov/files/pressar
chives/releases/prGeorgetown051802.htm)
24. Carroll Quigley (1981). The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAMAAJ). Books in Focus, Incorporated.
ISBN 978-0-916728-50-2. Retrieved 26 May 2013..
25. The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1
26. Robert I. Rotberg (2014). "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?." Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 42, no. 3 (2014), pp. 551-567.
doi:10.1080/03086534.2014.934000 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2014.934000).
(p. 554)
27. The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAM
AAJ). p. 5.
28. Carroll Quigley (1981). The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAMAAJ). New York: Books in Focus. ISBN 978-
0916728502.
29. Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. New York:
Macmillan.
30. Rotberg, "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?" (https://www.doi.org/10.1080/0
3086534.2014.934000) p. 553.
31. W. Cleon Skousen (1970). The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll
Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope". Salt Lake City, UT: privately published. pp. 1–6, 38–44
(communists), 6–24 (bankers), 26–38 (Rhodes and Milner), 45–48 (IPR), 50–57 (CFR).
32. Vol. 1 (1971). The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking (credit at
1m:39s) (https://archive.org/details/the_capitalist_conspiracy1969) (Documentary). American
Media. OCLC 5558340 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5558340).
33. Quigley, Carroll. "Quigleys Response." (https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/upload
s/sbi/articles/V06N03_roundtable.pdf) Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol. 6, Nos.
3/4, Autumn/Winter 1971, p. 110. Full issue available. (https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-
content/uploads/sbi/issues/V06N0304.pdf)
34. Gary Allen with Larry Abraham (1971). None Dare Call It Conspiracy. Rossmoor, CA:
Concord Press. Quigley is cited on pp. 12-13, 39, 42, 57, 59, 79-82, 85; his photo is on p. 52.
35. For example, a quotation from Quigley is displayed on the back cover of John F. McManus
(2004). The Insiders: Architects of the New World Order. Appleton, WI: John Birch Society.
36. Jim Marrs (2000). Rule By Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral
Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. New York: HarperCollins. Quigley is
cited on pp. 7, 84, 86-89, 109.
37. Griffin, G. Edward. The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve.
Appleton, Wis.: American Opinion, by arrangement with American Media (Westlake Village,
Calif.), 1994. ISBN 978-0912986395.
38. Wes Christenson (Mar 1972). "Quigley ... making Birchers bark" (http://www.carrollquigley.ne
t/biography/Making-Birchers-Bark.htm). Georgetown Today. 4 (4): 12–13.
39. Rudy Maxa (March 23, 1975). "The Professor Who Knew Too Much" (http://www.carrollquigl
ey.net/biography/The-Professor-Who-Knew-Too-Much.htm). The Washington Post
Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 10. pp. 17, 22, 26–28.
40. Engdahl, F. William (2009). The Gods of Money: Wall Street and the Death of the American
Century. (https://archive.org/download/F.WilliamEngdahlGodsOfMoney2009/F.%20William%
20Engdahl%20-%20Gods%20of%20Money%20-%202009.pdf) Wiesbaden, Germany:
Edition.engdahl. pp. 81-135. (https://archive.org/download/F.WilliamEngdahlGodsOfMoney2
009/F.%20William%20Engdahl%20-%20Gods%20of%20Money%20-%202009.pdf)
41. Staff writer (Apr. 9, 1902). "Mr. Rhodes's Ideal of Anglo-Saxon Greatness—Statement of His
Aims, Written for W.T. Stead In 1890. He Believed a Wealthy Secret Society Should Work to
Secure the World's Peace and a British-American Federation." (https://timesmachine.nytime
s.com/timesmachine/1902/04/09/101945773.pdf) New York Times.
42. Wells, H. G. (Jan. 1919). "The Idea of a League of Nations." (https://www.theatlantic.com/iss
ues/19jan/leag119.htm) The Atlantic.

External links
Quotations related to Carroll Quigley at Wikiquote
Official website (http://www.carrollquigley.net)
Terrence J. Boyle's site on Carroll Quigley (http://www.tboyle.net/Catholicism/Carroll_Quigle
y.html)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&oldid=1122274506"