2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer Sine Cosine Algorithm
based Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of
PV Systems under Uniform Irradiance and Partial
Shading Condition
2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE) | 978-1-6654-0374-0/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECE51984.2021.9406309
Muhammad Hamza Zafar
Electrical Department Electrical Department
Capital University of Science and Capital University of Science and
Technology, Islamabad Technology, Islamabad
Pakistan
hamzauetms@gmail.com dr.umeramir@cust.edu.pk
Abstract—Non-uniform irradiance levels, and drastically
changing weather and climate conditions cause PV systems to
fall in partial shading (PS) category. Under uniform irradiance
conditions, conventional MPPT techniques provide a viable
solution, however under PS conditions, such techniques fail to
perform. Many bio-inspired MPPT control techniques are
presented in literature but drawbacks observed in these
techniques are high tracking time, oscillations at global maxima
(GM) and falling in local maxima (LM) trap under PS. A novel
hybrid grey wolf optimizer sine cosine algorithm (HGWOSCA)
based MPPT control technique is presented in this paper.
Enhancement in performance of PV systems, less convergence
time, little or no oscillations around global maxima (GM) are
improvements observed in the proposed technique during
comparative analysis with other bio inspired techniques. These
enhancements are also validated with experimental setup by
implementing proposed technique on low cost microcontroller.
Comparison also shows the tracking of GM of proposed
technique with high efficiency greater than 99.9%, 10-40% less
tracking time and less than 0.5 W oscillations at GM under PS
conditions. Superiority of proposed technique in terms of
sensitivity, solidity and cogency is presented using statistical
analysis.
Keywords— Hybrid grey wolf optimizer sine cosine algorithm,
Maximum power point tracking, Partial shading, Global maxima,
Grasshopper optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
It comes as no surprise that with rapidly changing
world, new regions are being developed which require
massive amount of energy. Traditional sources of energy
cannot fulfill these requirements without having an
unpropitious effect on the environment. Energy sources such
as fossil fuels leave behind a terrible foot print that is not only
harmful to the nature but to the humans as well. In a similar
fashion, nuclear energy, even though it is appear to be highly
efficient source of energy, it is not free from their harmful
impacts due to their hazardous nature as well the cost they
incur in development and maintenance. A solution to these
problematic and harmful sources of energy is provided by
renewable sources of energy which are clean, safe, abundant
and environmental friendly and they are becoming more and
more affordable due to rapid researches which are being made
in the mentioned field [1].Amount of energy produced by the
photo voltaic (PV) systems depends upon the amount of solar
978-1-6654-0374-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Umer Amir Khan Noman Mujeeb Khan
Electrical Department
Capital University of Science and
Technology, Islamabad
Pakistan Pakistan
naumanmujeebk@gmail.com
Fig. 1. A typical PV system
energy they receive. It therefore is quite straightforward to
understand that any shading upon these systems will in turn
reduce the amount of energy being produced.
There exists a single operating point under certain
ambient conditions. That operating point is a maximum power
point (MPP) which has a certain value of current and voltage.
This MPP is the point at which the solar panel operates thus
proving the max net power, which brings into account the
MPPT whose aim is towards the harnessing of maximum
power. Utilization of MPPT in PV system is an important and
an efficient way to obtain to maximum output. PV system
shown in Fig. 1 comprises of a PV arrays connected with boost
converter, which controls the output of the PV system by using
current and voltage as a feedback witch current and voltage
sensors.. Here MPPT controls the Boost converter switching
using duty cycle as control variable generated by MPPT
technique. Moreover, a driver is connected to boost converter
whose task is to normalize the low power of microcontroller.
In order to guarantee smooth enactment of the system, MPPT
techniques needs to be modified accordingly.
Shading of PV modules gives rise to complex peaks
with respect to power voltage characteristics. These peaks
leads to difficulties in tracking the MPP due to a high current
generation by un-shaded PV modules connected with the
shaded modules. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of PV
modules, their efficiency is reduced [2]. Since modules don’t
get the same level of irradiance in such scenarios, output of
PV modules in such instance is non homogenous and falls into
a PS category. I-V and P-V curves under uniform irradiance
levels and partial shading condition is shown in Fig. 2. This
Irregular irradiance results in non-uniformity current that
causes a mismatch in the current sources thereby causing hot-
 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
spot effects. To avoid mismatching effect, an alternative path
for higher current is provided by bypass diodes.
Fig. 2. I-V and P-V curves under uniform irradiance and partial shading
condition
A. Literature Review
In literature we find that several MPPT techniques
have been put forward [3]. Each technique has its own merits
and short comings depending upon their tracking speed,
complexity, accuracy and mechanism of MPPT tracking.
Some well-known conventional MPPT techniques include
perturb and observe (P&O) [4], incremental conductance (IC)
[5], modified incremental conductance [6], hill climbing (HC)
[7]. These techniques provide a simple and robust solution to
track MPP however they are only as good as when under no
shading. These algorithms suffer from major drawbacks under
rapidly changing climate and ambient conditions. Their major
drawback is that they suffer from continuous oscillations and
they lose their tracking direction under variable temperature
and climate. Moreover these methods might not differentiate
between global maxima (GM) and local maxima (LM).
In order to overcome the problems mentioned
previously, a meta-heuristic approach has been adopted i.e.
soft computing methods known as bio-inspired algorithms of
a kind like particle swarm optimization (PSO) [8], Sine cosine
algorithm (SCA) [9], particle swarm optimization gravity
search (PSOGS) [10], Ant colony optimization (ACO) [11],
Improved-Team game [12], Ten check [13], grey wolf
optimization (GWO) [14], Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO)
[15], Grasshopper Optimization (GHO) [16], Harris Hawk
Optimization (HHO) [17], modified butterfly algorithm [18]
and group teaching optimization algorithm [19] have been
proven to be much effective to optimize power. Performance
of these algorithms again, depend upon several elements such
as computation time, number of iterations, population size etc.
PSO is an algorithm which provides the solution to the
problem where a point in n-dimensional space may offer a
better solution. This algorithm utilizes several agents, where
each agent is responsible for exchanging information which is
obtained in a respective process. Here, each agent is referred
as a particle whose task is to follow another particle which is
performing best as well as traverse ahead to those conditions
that are found by the particle itself. This causes each particle
to evolve to an optimal solution. However there is a high
probability that PSO particles traverse the same scope that was
searched by the previous particles. In CS, random values are
allocated to Levy flight which causes no desirable variation to
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the control signal. Now, the problem is, a tiny number of
population has the ability to enhance the defects. The
computational power and convergence time at GM will be
severely impacted, if a sizeable figure of population particles
are resorted to. Similarly other algorithms provide a solution
to the problem of contingent oscillations around GM. Another
algorithm, grasshopper optimization (GHO) effectively tracks
GM but there are oscillations due to small decrement ‘c’,
therefore it causes the power to settle at GM slowly.
Observing all these mentioned shortfalls of existing
bio inspired techniques a new meta-heuristic technique
HGWOSCA is implemented for tracking MPP in PV systems.
This algorithm utilizes the best features and characteristics of
GWO and SCA. Characteristics of HGWSCA are mentioned
as follows:
 HGWOSCA has only few parameters to tune.
 Exploration and exploitation phases are enhanced by
SCA which avoids trapping of LM and helps to
effectively track GM.
Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Proposed MPPT
technique is described in Section II and qualitative
comparison of proposed technique with other well-known
MPPT techniques is presented in Section III. Section IV
concludes the paper with final remarks.
II. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
A novel technique Hybrid grey wolf optimizer sine
cosine algorithm (HGWOSCA) [20], used to locate GM in the
maximum power point tracing system. HGWOSCA utilizes
the best characteristics of grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and sine
cosine algorithm (SCA). Proposed HGWOSCA has many
advantages of being highly efficient and has fast convergences
towards global maxima.
A. Grey Wolf Optimizer
Another bio inspired algorithm based on population
for solution of optimization problems is Grey Wolf Optimizer
Presented in. The inspiration of this algorithm is the social
hierarchy ad leadership qualities of grey wolfs. Leadership
hierarchy has four categories in pack namely alpha, beta, delta
and omega. Symbolically represented as α, β, δ and Ω
respectively. Alpha is in charge for decision making in
hunting. Beta supports the alpha in commanding other pack
actions. Omega is usually called the scape goat and the last
one permissible to eat. Wolf will be called delta, if it is not
alpha, beta or omega, which is superior to omega but they have
to submit to alpha and beta. Group hunting is another
spellbinding grey wolves behaviors. The main phases of
hunting include encircling, hunting, attacking and searching
for prey. The mathematical modeling of these phases is
explained.
1) Social Hierarchy
To mathematically represent the social hierarchy,
fitness of population required. The top three fittest solutions
will be ranked as alpha (α), beta (β) and delta (δ) whereas the
rest of solutions will be considered as omega (Ω).
2) Encircling Prey
(1) and (2) are presented to model the encircling
behavior of wolves.
 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
Where current iteration is represented by t, 𝐴 and 𝐶 are the this forces the wolves to diverge from the prey to hopefully
find a better a prey.
𝐷 = |𝐶 ∙ 𝑋𝑝 (𝑡) − 𝑋(𝑡)| (1)
B. Sine Cosine Algorithm
Newly proposed sine cosine functions based
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑝 (𝑡) − 𝐴 ∙ 𝐷
(2) algorithm for exploration and exploitation phases in
optimization problems presented by Mirjalili is called sine
coefficients. 𝑋p representing position of prey and grey wolf’s cosine algorithm (SCA), For the creation of different random
position represented by 𝑥. 𝐴 and 𝐶 are calculated by (3) and solutions and fluctuations towards or outwards the optimal
(4). solution, SCA is used. Basic mathematical model of SCA is
presented in (12) and (13).
𝐴 = 2𝑎𝑟1 − 𝑎 (3)
𝐶 = 2𝑟2 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋 + 𝑟1 ∙ sin(𝑟2 ) ∙ |𝑟3 ∙ 𝑙 − 𝑥| (12)
(4)
where ‘𝑎’ is linearly reduced from 2 to 0 over the iterations 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋 + 𝑟1 ∙ cos(𝑟2 ) ∙ |𝑟3 ∙ 𝑙 − 𝑥| (13)
and 𝑟1, 𝑟2 are rand[0,1].
where 𝑥 is the current position, 𝑟1, 𝑟2 and 𝑟3 are the random
3) Hunting values in [0, 1] and ‘l’ is the optimal solution.
We accept that alpha, beta and delta have a fitter C. Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer Sine Cosine Algorithm
understanding about the probable prey’s location. In (HGWOSCA)
mathematical modeling of hunting behavior we are obliged Not fitting for highly complex functions and getting
that the other searching agents are to update their positions trapped in the local maxima are the fragility of the other well-
accordingly the position of best searching agents by the known optimization techniques. In order to overcome these
following equations: flaws and increase the searching capability, new algorithm,
which is the hybrid version of GWO and SCA is proposed
𝐷𝛼 = |𝐶1 ∙ 𝑋𝛼 − 𝑋| (5) [21].Generic behavior of HGWOSCA is shown in Fig. 3. On
the basis of distance from prey, particles are categorized into
𝐷𝛽 = |𝐶2 ∙ 𝑋𝛽 − 𝑋| (6) three categories as shown in Fig. 3(a) and movement of 𝐷α is
controlled by sine cosine algorithm shown in Fig. 3(b). In this
𝐷𝛿 = |𝐶3 ∙ 𝑋𝛿 − 𝑋| (7) variant sine cosine algorithm is used to improve movement of
alpha agent in GWO. The intention here is to enhance the
𝑋1 = |𝑋𝛼 − 𝐴1 ∙ 𝐷𝛼 | (8) global convergence, exploration and exploitation
performances. In this HGWOSCA the convergence, accuracy,
speed and position of alpha agents has been enhanced. This
𝑋2 = |𝑋𝛽 − 𝐴2 ∙ 𝐷𝛽 | (9)
SCA based movement of alpha will balance the exploration
and exploitation process represented in (14) and (15). The
𝑋3 = |𝑋𝛿 − 𝐴3 ∙ 𝐷𝛿 | (10) remaining operation of GWO is the same.
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = (11) 𝑟1 ∙ sin(𝑟2 ) ∙ |𝐶1 ∙ 𝑋𝛼 − 𝑋| ; 𝑟3 < 0.5
3 𝐷𝛼 = { (14)
𝑟1 ∙ cos(𝑟2 ) ∙ |𝐶1 ∙ 𝑋𝛼 − 𝑋| ; 𝑟3 ≥ 0.5
where 𝛸𝛼 , 𝛸𝛽 , and 𝛸𝛿 are alpha, beta and delta positions (15)
𝑋1 = 𝑋𝛼 − A ∙ (𝐷𝛼 )
assigned on fitness bases.

4) Attacking Prey (Exploitation) D. Implementation of HGWOSCA as MPPT

Grey wolves will bombard the prey when they finish In order for the PV system to track maximum power
hunting and this happens when the prey stops moving. To point, population is commenced in the search space between
model the approaching prey, value of ‘ 𝑎 ’ decreases with 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
iterations. With this the range of fluctuation of ‘𝐴’ will also
decrease. Note that ‘ 𝐴 ’ represents the random number in
interval [-2a, 2a]. So the values which will decide the
upcoming location of search agent which can be anywhere
between its current position and location of the prey. So if
|𝐴| < 1, this forces the wolves to attack towards the prey.

5) Search for prey (Exploration)

In exploration phase, wolves split from each other to
hunt the prey and converge to attack the prey. As described
above, the values of ‘𝐴’ occurs between +1 and -1. If |𝐴| > 1,
Fig. 3. (a) Grey wolfs categorized according to distance from prey (b) Sine
cosine Algorithm to update 𝐷α

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 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
TABLE I. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PV PANEL initialize the population di (i=1, 2, 3,…, N)
Value Initialize a, A and C
Parameter
Calculate fitness of every agent
Power at MPP (Pmp) 320.542 W
Evaluate dα, dβ and dδ
MPP Voltage (Vmp) 54.7 V
while (T<iter_max)
MPP Current (Imp) 5.86 A for each search agent (i=1: 1, 2,…, N)
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 6.24 A update position using (11)
end for
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 64.8 V
update A & C by (3) & (4)
update Dβ and Dδ by (6) & (7)
The duty cycle is the current position of individual. Alpha, update Dα by (14)
beta, and delta positions are 𝐷α, 𝐷β and 𝐷δ. Pseudo code of update x1, x2, x3, by (8), (9) & (10)
HGWOSCA based MPPT is shown in Fig. 4.HGWOSCA is T=T+1
reinitialized when a considerable change of operating end while
conditions take place. Variations in weather conditions are Return dα
Fig. 4. Pseudo code of proposed technique
detected as the relative change of power over-passes the
threshold. GHO produce oscillations at GM due to randomness
in parameter ‘c’ and take more time to settle at GM which
|𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 | cause power loss. PSO achieves GM with high tracking time
≥ 𝑃𝑃𝑉 (%) (16) and settling time due to random numbers inherited in velocity
𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡
vectors use to update position.
To gauge the performance of fast varying irradiance,
average value is suited the best. The average power achieved
where 𝑃𝑃𝑉 is the power threshold. The considerable change
by HGWOSCA, GHO and PSO are 924.3 𝑊, 912.33 𝑊, and
triggers the re-initialization of HGWOSCA method shown in
(16). 902.66 𝑊. This shows that HGWOSCA achieved 12-22 𝑊
more power than others. The overall efficiency achieved by
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS HGWOSCA, GHO, and PSO is 99.17%, 97.88%, and
96.92%, respectively. Therefore, these techniques can be
In this section, 2 different cases has been presented
ranked as HGWOSCA > GHO > PSO. HGWOSCA settles
which represents the operating conditions of PV panel.
35% faster at GM which shows that it is robust. HGWOSCA
Performance of HGWOSCA is compared with PSO and GHO
reduces the oscillations at GM, which in turn increase the
by simulating two cases. Case 1 represents the fast varying
efficiency and helps in saving power.
irradiance condition and case 2 represents the partial shading
condition. For practical validation of proposed technique,
experimental validation section is also added in which B. Case 2: PS Condition
HGWOSCA is tested on real time conditions. Oscillations at In this case, GMPP is at 335𝑊. Irradiance pattern is
GMPP, Power tracked, tracking time, settling time, transients shown in Table II, whereas P-V and I-V curves presented in
in voltage, transients in current, duty cycle and power Fig. 2. In Fig. 6, power tracked and duty cycle comparison of
efficiency are the terms used for analysis. PV panel used for by HGWOSCA, GHO and PSO is presented under PSC,
simulation is SunPower SPR-320E-WHT-D and which shows that HGWOSCA have high explorative behavior
specifications are given in Table I. in tracking phase and settles at GM with very low oscillations.
HGWOSCA tracks GM in less iterations as compared to other
MPPT techniques.
A. Case 1: Fast changing irradiance
GHO and PSO have randomness which causes more
Under uniform irradiance, PV panels obtain same
oscillations. PSO track GMPP at 334 however with the toll of
irradiances but irradiance intensity change over the time
high settling time of 0.75 𝑠 which causes power loss and
known as rapidly changing irradiance. Table II encapsulates
the irradiance pattern for MPPT techniques in fast varying decrease efficiency. Table IV shows the highest power
irradiance and Partial shading. Power achieved by achieved by HGWOSCA with efficiency of 99.91 %. Fast
tracking of GMPP and settling time shows the robustness of
HGWOSCA is 1280𝑊, which is highest as compared to other
MPPT techniques.
techniques shown in Table III. Comparison of HGWOSCA,
GHO and PSO is presented in Fig. 5.
TABLE III. RESULTS OF TECHNIQUES FOR CASE 1
TABLE II. IRRADIANCE PATTERN FOR CASE 1 AND CASE 2
Tracking Settling Power Efficiency
Irradiances (G) of each PV module (
𝐤𝐖
) Tech Time (s) Time (s) Tracked %
Cases 𝐦𝟐
(W)
PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4
HGWOSCA 0.16 0.24 1280 99.84
Case 1 1,0.35,0.75 1,0.35,0.75 1,0.35,0.75 1,0.35,0.75
GHO 0.19 0.35 1279.9 99.82
Case 2 0.35 0.8 0.5 0.24
PSO 0.32 0.45 1278.5 99.72

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 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

Fig. 5. Comparison of Power and duty cycle of HGWOSCA, GHO and PSO Fig. 6. Comparison of Power and duty cycle of HGWOSCA, GHO and
for case 1. PSO for case 2.

C. Experimental Validation D. Efficiency and performance evaluation

In this section, experimental validation of proposed Based on statistical analysis, the performance
MPPT techniques is presented. MPPT techniques are evaluation of HGWOSCA with other competing techniques
implemented on low cost microcontroller use to control the helps to understand common characteristics. GHO offers a
duty cycle of boost converter which is interfaced with the PV high efficiency of up to 99.8% but it takes almost up to 190𝑚𝑠
emulator. Experimental setup is shown in Fig. 7. ATmega 328 to track GM and 500𝑚𝑠 to settle at GM. HGWOSCA tackles
microcontroller is interfaced with MATLAB for data these short comings and its efficiency is as good as 99.9%
acquisition of voltage and current sensor. MOSFET with low
ON resistance is selected for higher efficiency and high
switching frequency schottky diode is selected for the boost
converter design. Fig. 8 shows the power tracked by PSO
under fast varying irradiance which validates that PSO takes
300ms to track the GM and 450ms to settles at GM. While in
comparison with PSO, HGWOSCA tracks the higher power
in 170𝑚𝑠. Also, HGWOSCA settles at GM in less than 250ms
causing less power loss. It validates that HGWOSCA achieve Fig. 7. Experimental Setup
high efficiency, with less tracking and settling time. Also,
proposed techniques show very low oscillations at the GM
causing low power loss at GM.

TABLE IV. RESULTS OF TECHNIQUES FOR CASE II

Tracking Settling Power Efficiency
Tech Time (s) Time (s) Tracked %
(W)
HGWOSCA 0.15 0.22 334.7 99.91
GHO 0.17 0.51 334.5 99.85
PSO 0.31 0.75 334 99.70

Fig. 8. Experimental Results of Power Tracked by HGWOSCA and PSO.

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 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
under all operating conditions. As discussed in different cases,
HGWOSCA clearly shows superior performance as compared
to other MPPT techniques. HGWOSCA’s excellent tracking
ability can be confirmed from case 1 which shows that
HGWOSCA performs better in transient phase where as in
case 2, power convergence efficiency of other techniques is
slightly low and GM is located successfully by bio inspired
techniques. In PSO and other comparative techniques, their
performances are compromised due to the fact that random
initialization is used even though they have located the GMPP.
HGWOSCA’s statistical analysis presented in Fig. 9.
Robustness and sensitivity of all techniques inspected by
relative error (RE) by (17), mean absolute error (MAE) by
(18) and root means square error (RMSE) by (19).
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑃𝑝𝑣𝑖 − 𝑃𝑝𝑣 )
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑅𝐸 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑝𝑣
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑃𝑝𝑣𝑖 − 𝑃𝑝𝑣 )
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑀𝐴𝐸 =
𝑛
2
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑃𝑝𝑣𝑖 − 𝑃𝑝𝑣 )
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √
𝑛 [7] Bahari, M.I., et al. Modeling and simulation of hill climbing MPPT
where 𝑃𝑃𝑉 represents the power at STC, 𝑃𝑝𝑣𝑖 the power
tracked and 𝑛 represents the number of samples.
Fig. 9. Comparative analysis of RMSE, RAE and RE
IV. CONCLUSION
Introduction of MPPT control enhance the efficiency of PV
systems which produce the cleanest and cost effective energy.
A novel Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer Sine Cosine Algorithm
(HGWOSCA) technique is presented for MPPT control.
Superior performance of HGWOSCA is analyzed and
compared with Grasshopper Optimization (GHO), and
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT techniques under
two cases. Case 1 represents the fast varying irradiance,
whereas case 2 shows performance of MPPT techniques under
PS condition. Comparison shows that proposed technique
locate global maxima (GM) with greater than 99.9%
efficiency and with 10-40% less tracking time as compared to
other mentioned techniques. Also, it is to be noted that in all
cases oscillations around the GM and ripples are reduced
significantly. After achieving maximum power point
effectively, no steady state oscillations are observed in
proposed technique which makes HGWOSCA better than
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others. Comprehensive statistical analysis is presented to
check the superiority of proposed technique compared to other
mentioned techniques. In the future, we will integrate the
proposed HGWOSCA MPPT technique with PV inverter to
construct the solar photovoltaic grid connected power
generation system, and hopefully improve the overall energy
harvesting efficiency.
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