Slovins Formula

H = n/1+ne^2

N = population
E = level of significance
H = sample size

Sampling Techniques

A. Probility Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling

Random
Avoids bias

Ex: lottery

2. Stratified
Strata- sub divided into groups

Ex: 16 girls - 50%

14 boys - 50%

3. Sytematic
5, 10, 15, 20

4. Cluster
Single Stage
Multi Stage

Types of Validity
1. COnstruct - how accurate, effective
2. Contant - what is being measured
3. Criterior - how accurate test measures

Internal Validity
- Did the experiment measure what

External Validity
- Can the findings generated be generalized to other situations outside the experimental
 Threats to
Internal Validity

- Associated with participants

1. Selection
2. Maturation
3. Attrition
4. History

- Associated with measurements

1. Regression
2. Instrumentation
3. Testing Effect

History
- Unanticipated events that can change the conditions of the study and influence the
outcome

Maturation
- Passage of time influences the dv

Testing
- The pre-test affects the results of post-test

Participant Selection
- Participants in the control group and experimental group differ substantially and cant be
compared

Attrition
- Participants dropping out caused by the experimental treatment

Regression toward mean

- Extreme scores tend to be closer to the average

Instrumentation
- Change in how the dv is measured during the study

Copyright
- The form of literature, sound recording etc.
- The right to copy

Patent
- Protect your exclusive right to your inventions
Trademark
- Protects aspects of your brand

Questionnaire

1. Respondents
Name
Address
Date
Age

2. Introduction
Purpose of the study

3. Instructions
4. Questions