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10
SCIENCE
QUARTER 3
Week 2

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
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SUBJECT & Science

QUARTER 3 WEEK 2 DAY ____________________________________
GRADE/LEVEL 10 dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC The Menstrual Cycle and Feedback Mechanism

3. Discuss the menstrual cycle.
LEARNING
4. Describe the feedback mechanism involved in regulating menstrual
COMPETENCY
cycle. (S10LT-IIIc-35)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Do not forget to answer all the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs).

UNDERSTAND
The Menstrual Cycle
What is Menstruation? Hi there! This is your Pal Minzy! I’ll
be your working buddy throughout
Menstruation is also called a menstrual period. your learning adventure in
About once a month, females who have gone through discussing the menstrual cycle.
puberty will experience menstrual bleeding. This
occurs every month from the first onset which could
happen when a female is between 10 to 13 years old.
Bleeding usually lasts for 3-8 days.
Let’s start by knowing more
about the menstrual cycle.
Start reading Pal!

The lining of the uterus has prepared itself for a

possible pregnancy, by becoming thicker and richer
in blood vessels. If pregnancy does not occur, this
thickened lining is shed, accompanied by bleeding.

What is menstrual cycle? Pal! Let’s familiarize

some terminologies!
A Menstrual cycle is the monthly hormonal cycle a
female’s body goes through to prepare for pregnancy. .
The cycle is counted from the first day of the period up to
the first day of the next period. The hormone levels Puberty-is the time in life when a
(estrogen and progesterone) usually change throughout boy or girl becomes sexually
the menstrual cycle and can cause menstrual symptoms. mature.
The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 days. Pituitary gland-referred to as the
However, it varies greatly among women (ranging from body's 'master gland' because it
21 to 35 days). controls the activity of most other
hormone-secreting glands.
SAQ-1: Why do women have menstruation? Ovulation-is the release of an egg
from the ovaries.
During menstruation, women usually only lose a few tablespoons of
Hormones-chemicals that is affect
blood during the whole period. certain body organ.

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
 2

What are the events of the menstrual cycle?

Below is a diagram of the menstrual cycle. The diagram shows the sequence
of events that happens during the menstrual cycle.

If the egg was not The first day of menstrual bleeding is

fertilized or implantation considered Day 1 of the cycle. Your period
does not occur, hormonal can last anywhere from 3 to 8 days. The
changes signal the uterus Pituitary gland controls and starts the
to prepare to shed its cycle.
lining, and the egg
breaks down and is shed
along with the lining. This The pituitary gland releases
loss of cells from the hormones that cause the
uterine lining, blood, and egg in the ovary to mature.
egg is called The ovary itself releases a
menstruation. The cycle hormone called estrogen,
begins again on Day 1 which causes the uterine
menstrual bleeding. lining to increase in
thickness. The uterine lining
becomes thicker so that the
fertilized egg can attach to it.

The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the

maturation of the follicles causes the secretion
of progesterone. The follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the
follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen
from the follicles.
Somewhere around day 14, an egg is released from one of the
ovaries and begins its journey down the fallopian tubes to the uterus.
Assume that no sperm is present. The egg moves through the
oviduct and enters the uterus.

SAQ-2: Discuss the events of the menstrual cycle.

Pal, I guess you are now ready
for your first task. Are you
excited? Good luck and try to
finish it immediately.
Let’s Practice #1!
(Write your answer on the separate sheets.)

Hi! I’m Lolah! I am curious how the menstrual cycle happens. Will you help
me fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph about menstrual cycle? Good
thing my Grandmother left me with word clues. Hmmm… where did I put the
clues? Oh! It’s in my backpack! She told me that these clues will help me
discover the menstrual cycle. So, shall we start?

Once a ________ an egg cell is released from an _________.

Every time an egg cell is released the __________ prepares
itself for implantation. This is when a thick lining of _________
vessels slowly developed. If the egg is _________ it passes into
the uterus and attaches itself to the thickened lining. If the egg
is not fertilized the uterine lining breaks down and is expelled
through the vagina. This process is called ____________ and is
often referred to as a _________. The whole sequence of
changes in developing a new uterine lining and producing an
egg is called the _________.

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
 3

The menstrual cycle is controlled

by negative and positive
Menstrual Hormones feedback mechanisms involving
ovarian and pituitary hormones.

Flowchart of Hormonal Actions During Menstrual Cycle

Figure 1. This diagram shows how hormones control the menstrual cycle with negative and positive feedback.

Feedback Loops

Physiological processes are commonly moderated via two distinct feedback mechanisms –
positive and negative feedback.

• Negative feedback involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it
functions to reduce the change).
❖ A change is detected by a receptor and an effector is activated to induce an
opposite effect – this promotes equilibrium.

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
 4

• Positive feedback involves a response that reinforces the change detected (it
functions to amplify the change)
❖ A change is detected by a receptor and an effector is activated to induce the
same effect – this promotes further change.
❖ Positive feedback loops will continue to amplify the initial change until the
stimulus is removed.

SAQ 3: How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback in terms of the menstrual cycle?

Key Events in the Menstrual Cycle

There are four key events that comprise a typical menstrual cycle: the follicular phase,
ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation.

• These events are distinguished by changes to hormonal levels, follicular development, and
the status of the endometrium.

1. Follicular Phase
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary and stimulates
the growth of ovarian follicles.
• The dominant follicle produces estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion (negative feedback)
to prevent other follicles from growing.
• Estrogen acts on the uterus to stimulate the thickening of the endometrial layer.

2. Ovulation
• Midway through the cycle (day 14), estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete
hormones (positive feedback)
• This positive feedback results in a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and a lesser
surge of FSH. LH causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release an egg (secondary
oocyte) – this is called ovulation.

3. Luteal Phase
• The ruptured follicle develops into a slowly degenerating corpus luteum.
• The corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone, as well as lower levels
of estrogen.
• Estrogen and progesterone act on the uterus to thicken the endometrial lining (in
preparation for pregnancy).
• Estrogen and progesterone also inhibit secretion of FSH and LH, preventing any follicles
from developing.

4. Menstruation
• If fertilization occurs, the developing embryo will implant in the endometrium and release
hormones to sustain the corpus luteum.
• If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum eventually degenerates (forming a corpus
albicans after ~ 2 weeks)
• When the corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, and the
endometrium can no longer be maintained. The endometrial layer is sloughed away and
eliminated from the body as menstrual blood (i.e. a woman’s period)
• As estrogen and progesterone levels are too low now to inhibit the anterior pituitary, the
cycle can now begin again.

SAQ 4: What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle?

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
 5

Let’s Practice #2! Pal! What a great start!

Now you need to move on
(Write your answer on the separate sheets.)
to the next task.

Below is a table of the phases of the menstrual cycle. Write on the

column labeled as events, a description of the feedback mechanism
involved in each phase.

NAME OF PHASE DAYS EVENTS

1. Menstrual Phase 1-4

2. Follicular Phase 5-13

3. Ovulation 14

4. Luteal Phase 15-28

REMEMBER
Key Points

✓ The loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called menstruation.
✓ The menstrual cycle is a series of changes in the reproductive system of mature
females that repeats every month.
✓ The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle.
✓ Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, which occurs at about the midpoint
of the cycle. This would be around day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
✓ The ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the uterine lining
to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized egg
can attach to it.
✓ If the egg was not fertilized or implantation does not occur, the thick uterine lining is
no longer necessary, so the cells of the thickened uterine lining break off and leave
the vagina. After menstruation, the cycle starts again.
✓ In negative feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland to decrease the production of the hormones. In positive feedback, rising
levels of hormones feedback to increase hormone production.
✓ During most of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone provide negative
feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This keeps their levels more or less
constant. During days 12–14, however, estrogen provides positive feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the production of
estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation.

WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS

TRY
Directions: Read and understand the question.
Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
(Write you answer on the separate sheets.)
1. What do you call the process of shedding the 7. Which hormone is responsible for the
inner lining of the uterus?
A. Ovulation C. Menstruation
B. Luteal phase D. Follicular phase
2. Which of the following days in the menstrual
cycle is a woman most fertile?
A. Days 1-5 C. Days 17-21
B. Day 9-16 D. Days 22-28
3. Which of the following symptoms indicate that
a woman is about to ovulate?
I. Increase in basal temperature.
II. Thinning of cervical mucus.
III. Stimulation of estrogen production.
A. I only C. I and III
B. II only D. I and II
4. The length of an average menstrual cycle is cycle?
28 days, however, a 'normal' cycle can range
anywhere from 23 to 35 days in length,
depending on the woman. What part of the cycle
is counted as day 1?
A. A day before a period starts.
B. The day of ovulation
C. The last day of menstrual bleeding
D. The first day of menstrual bleeding
5. Which of the following statements are true
about menstruation?
I. In a normal 28-day menstrual cycle you cycle?
would expect menstruation to last
approximately 3-5 days.
II. During menstruation, only the
functional layer of the endometrium is
shed, with the basal layer remaining
intact.
III. The uterine lining becomes thicker.
IV. During menstruation, the entire
endometrium is shed.
A. I and IV C. I, II, and III
B. I and II only D. I, III, and IV
WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS
6
This time let’s check how
much you have learned from
the lesson. Enjoy answering!
growth of the ovarian follicles before
ovulation?
A. FSH C. LH
B. Estrogen D. Progesterone
8. Do the levels of FSH and progesterone
increase or remain low during the first 5
days of the menstrual cycle?
A. Progesterone remains low but FSH
increases
B. Progesterone increases but FSH
remains low
C. Progesterone and FSH both remain
low
D. Progesterone and FSH both
increase
9. Which of the following demonstrates
positive feedback during the menstrual
A. High levels of estrogen produce
more FSH receptors on follicle cells
which allows them to produce more
estrogen
B. High levels of progesterone inhibit
FSH and LH
C. High levels of estrogen eventually
inhibit FSH
D. High levels of LH inhibit estrogen
10. Which of the following demonstrates
negative feedback during the menstrual
A. High levels of estrogen produce
more FSH receptors on follicle
cells which allows them to
produce more estrogen
B. High levels of oxytocin cause
contractions which lead to the
release of more oxytocin
C. High levels of estrogen eventually
inhibit FSH
D. High levels of progesterone lead
to menstruation
JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS
 7

6. Which of the following is the correct order of

the production of hormone during the menstrual
cycle?

A. LH, estrogen, FSH, progesterone

B. Estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH
C. FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone
D. FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

"All About Periods (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth." KidsHealth.

October 2018. Accessed October 25, 2020.
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/menstruation.html?fbclid=IwAR04v
YG4xcBvaSI6GpGGgX7FRlQ3SVt66eW2Te7E3rN2Ts4Ho_HPTki
siiA.

"Brent Cornell." BioNinja. Accessed October 24, 2020.

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-
physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/menstrual-
cycle.html?fbclid=IwAR1FQ1cERc1t0Umd_12dnCZOyv7n5nOgLh
REFERENCE/S V5cnKkhLXnK5kGXnSPY3gqYt0.

Foundation, CK-12. "12 Foundation." CK. Accessed October 26, 2020.

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-
concepts/section/17.82/.

"Your Period." Menstrual Cycle Basics – Your Period. Accessed

October 26, 2020. https://www.yourperiod.ca/normal-
periods/menstrual-cycle-
basics/?fbclid=IwAR0Mw04rlOQPU2y39WJcqYDV5_MFFtIyrHgM
MnADF7JUiiMM_iYvenwo6UU.
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WRITTEN BY: SHERMELYN P. GABATAN, SST III, Recodo NHS

JEROME L. CALUMBA, SST III, Sinunuc NHS