Thuc Tap Tien

Electric Practice Lab Student’s Manual
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ELECTRIC PRACTICE
STUDENT'S MANUAL
TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

Electric Practice Lab Student’s Manual Last updated 30/6/2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LAB 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1

1.1 OBJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ...........................................................................................................................1
1.3 CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 Safely in electricity uses ...............................................................................................................1
1.3.1.1 Effects of the electric current on the human body ....................................................................1
1.3.1.2 Safety limits for the flowing current through the human body ...................................................2
1.3.1.3 Power source ...........................................................................................................................3
1.3.1.4 How to use the power source ...................................................................................................4
1.3.1.5 The electrical safety work process ...........................................................................................4
1.3.2 Hand tools ....................................................................................................................................5
1.3.2.1 Knife: ........................................................................................................................................5
1.3.2.2 Iron hammer .............................................................................................................................5
1.3.2.3 Rubber hammer .......................................................................................................................5
1.3.2.4 Screwdrivers.............................................................................................................................6
1.3.2.5 Pliers ........................................................................................................................................6
1.3.2.6 Electronic Drills.........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2.7 Fast Screwdrivers.....................................................................................................................7
1.3.3 Symbols of civil electrical equipment ............................................................................................7
LAB 2 CABLE CONNECTIONS ...............................................................................................................11
2.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................11
2.2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT .........................................................................................................................11
2.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................11
2.3.1 Introducing types of wires ...........................................................................................................11
2.3.1.1 Single-stranded wire...............................................................................................................11
2.3.1.2 Double-stranded wire .............................................................................................................12
2.3.1.3 Solid-core wire........................................................................................................................12
2.3.1.4 Low voltage cables .................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Wire joining methods ..................................................................................................................13
2.3.2.1 Single wire connection. ..........................................................................................................13
2.3.2.2 Cable connections ..................................................................................................................15
2.3.3 The technique of making eyelets and lead welding ....................................................................16
2.3.3.1 The technique of making eyelets ............................................................................................16
2.3.3.2 The technique of lead welding ................................................................................................17
LAB 3 WIRING A LIGHTING CIRCUIT .....................................................................................................20
3.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................20
3.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................20
3.3.1 Types of civil lighting ..................................................................................................................20

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3.3.1.1 Incandescent lamp .................................................................................................................21

3.3.1.2 Fluorescent lamp ....................................................................................................................21
3.3.1.3 Gas-discharge lamp ...............................................................................................................22
3.3.1.4 The other lamps .....................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 Lighting control circuits ...............................................................................................................24
3.3.2.1 Single light circuit ...................................................................................................................24
3.3.2.2 Parallel lighting circuit. ............................................................................................................25
3.3.2.3 Series lighting circuit ..............................................................................................................26
3.3.2.4 Control circuit for two lamps (dimming and bright) .................................................................27
3.3.2.5 Lighting Circuits for Staircase .................................................................................................28
3.3.2.6 Warehouse lighting circuit ......................................................................................................30
3.3.2.7 Fluorescent lamp circuit .........................................................................................................32
3.3.3 Wiring method in conduits ..........................................................................................................34
LAB 4 THE POLARITY DETERMINATION AND OPERATE COMMON ELECTRIC MACHINES ...........35
4.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................35
4.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................35
4.3.1 The polarity determination and connect ceiling fan wires ...........................................................35
4.3.1.1 The polarity determination of ceiling fan .................................................................................35
4.3.1.2 Connect ceiling fan wires .......................................................................................................36
4.3.2 The polarity determination and connect table fans wires............................................................37
4.3.2.1 The polarity determination of table fans .................................................................................37
4.3.2.2 Connect table fans wires ........................................................................................................38
4.3.3 The polarity and wiring diagram of the single-phase induction motor starting with a capacitor. .39
4.3.3.1 Construction ...........................................................................................................................39
4.3.3.2 Working principle ....................................................................................................................39
4.3.3.3 The polarity determination ......................................................................................................40
4.3.3.4 The wiring connection ............................................................................................................41
4.3.4 The polarity determination of the 6-terminals induction motor ....................................................42
4.3.4.1 Construction: The three-phase induction motor is an electric motor that is operated using three-
phase sources. Its basic structure consists of: .......................................................................................42
4.3.4.3 The polarity determination ......................................................................................................43
4.3.4.4 The wiring connection ............................................................................................................44
4.3.5 The polarity determination of the 9-terminals induction motor ....................................................45
LAB 5 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS IN MOTOR CONTROL STARTER ..............................................51
5.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................51
5.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................51
5.3.1 Push button ................................................................................................................................51
5.3.1.1 The normally open pushbutton (NO): NO-pushbutton has 2 pins and is labeled by two digits,
3 and 4. ...............................................................................................................................................51
5.3.1.2 The normally close pushbutton (NC): NC-pushbutton has 2 pins and is labeled by two digits,
1 and 2. ...............................................................................................................................................52

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5.3.1.3 Double switch pushbutton has 4 pins and is labeled by four digits 1, 2, 3 and 4. ...................52
5.3.2 Contactor....................................................................................................................................52
5.3.2.1 Construction ...........................................................................................................................52
5.3.2.2 Symbols: ................................................................................................................................52
5.3.3 Thermal relay .............................................................................................................................54
5.3.3.1 Symbol of heating element: ....................................................................................................55
5.3.3.2 Symbol of the protective contact ............................................................................................55
5.3.4 Intermediate relay.......................................................................................................................56
5.3.5 Time relay ..................................................................................................................................57
5.3.5.1 Output diagram of the time relay ............................................................................................57
5.3.5.2 Contact: relay has 8 terminals. Include: .................................................................................58
LAB 6 DIRECT STARTER CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ..................59
6.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................59
6.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................59
6.3.1 Single magnetic starter circuit ....................................................................................................59
6.3.1.1 Equipment and electrical instruments.....................................................................................59
6.3.1.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................60
6.3.1.3 Operating principle .................................................................................................................60
6.3.2 Dual magnetic starter circuit .......................................................................................................61
6.3.2.1 Indirect starter circuit ..............................................................................................................61
6.3.2.2 Direct starter circuit ................................................................................................................63
LAB 7 INDIRECT STARTER CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ..............66
7.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................66
7.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................66
7.3.1 The motor start circuit using a starting resistor in series with the stator. ....................................66
7.3.1.1 Equipment and electrical instruments.....................................................................................66
7.3.1.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................67
7.3.2 The starting circuit using an autonomous transformer................................................................68
7.3.2.1 Equipments and electrical instruments ...................................................................................68
7.3.2.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................69
7.3.3 The circuit starts by connecting star-triangle ..............................................................................70
7.3.3.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................71
LAB 8 DYNAMIC BRAKES CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ................73
8.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................73
8.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................73

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8.3.1 Dynamic braking principle ..........................................................................................................73

8.3.2 Dynamic braking circuit using pushbutton ..................................................................................73
8.3.2.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................74
8.3.3 Dynamic braking circuit using time relay ....................................................................................74
8.3.3.2 Circuit diagram .......................................................................................................................75
LAB 9 COMBINATION CONTROL CIRCUITS .........................................................................................76
9.1 OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................76
9.3 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................77
9.3.1 Consecutive control circuit .........................................................................................................77
9.3.1.1 Two-motor consecutive control circuit ....................................................................................77
9.3.1.2 Three -motor consecutive control circuit .................................................................................78
9.3.2 Direct starting control circuit incorporates rotary reversing and dynamic braking.......................78

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LAB 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
- Understand the electrical safety procedures and regulations.
- Know how to use electrical Tools and Equipment.
- Understand basic electrical symbols.
1.2 Tools and equipment
- Signs.
- Labor protection tools: insulated gloves, insulated boots, insulated carpets, etc.
- Hand tools: nippers, screwdriver, etc.
1.3 Contents
1.3.1 Safely in electricity uses
1.3.1.1 Effects of the electric current on the human body
When someone gets electrical shock, the electric current can flow from one phase through
the human body to the ground or from one phase through the human body to another
phase.
When the electric current flows through the human body, the entire body could be injured,
but flowing through the heart or nervous system are the most dangerous circumstances.
a. The danger of electrical shock depends on the following factors:
- The value of current flowing through the human body;
- The Path way of current through the human body;
- The duration of current flowing through the human body;
- The health condition of victims.
- The frequency of electrical current;
- The environment condition, such as wetness, dust, etc. at the accident place.
- Attention and escape skills of people who get contact to the electricity.
All of these cases are very dangerous to the victim's life. Thus, the first thing to do is to
quickly isolate the person from the electricity.
b. The cause of electric shock:
- Faulty appliances or fallen powerline incidents.
- Due to the careless in doing the maintenance job.
- Falsely turn on the power during operation or repair.
- No grounding in the electrical system.
TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

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- Due to touching the metal material having access to electricity or non-metallic

materials such as floor, walls, insulating materials.
- Due to electric arc
1.3.1.2 Safety limits for the flowing current through the human body
The value of current flowing through the human body depends on two factors, contact
voltage and body resistance as shown below:
I ng
 U tx
R ng
According to the international safety standards (IEE Standards), the dangerous current
flowing through the human body is higher 10mA for alternative current (AC) and 50mA
for DC. Table 1 describe the symptoms of human are mutated by the flowing current
values.
I (mA) Alternating current Direct current
1-3 Feeling numbness No feeling
4-6 The finger is numb No feeling
7-9 Fingers shrink and quiver Tingle pain
10-15 Difficult to leave exposed objects Hot and tingle pain
20-30 Shortness of breath Muscle shrinks
50-80 Respiratory paralysis Shortness of breath
90-100 Heart Stops Beating Respiratory paralysis
The electrical resistance of human body is Rng = 5000Ω as normal. However, without
outer layer of skin it becomes Rng = 500Ω.
For example if the contact voltage is 220VAC, the flowing current is determined as
 U tx 
220
I ng
 0,044 ( A)  44 mA
R ng
5000
Therefore from the safety standard, Ilimit = 10mA  Ung.limit = 0,01x5000 = 50V (limited
contact voltage).
Pathway of electric current through the human body affect in danger levels of the heart.

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The electric current passes through the heart %
Leg-to-leg 0,4
Hand-to-hand 3,3
Left hand to leg 3,7
Right hand to leg 6,7
1.3.1.3 Power source

Electricity is produced from power plants through generators. To transmit
electricity is far away, people use the grid which includes transmission lines and
substations.
Our national grid has many voltage levels: 0,4KV, 22KV, 110KV, 220KV and
500KV.
Voltage levels can be classified as follows:
- The extra-high-voltage 500KV
- The high-voltage 110KV and 220KV
- The medium-voltage 6KV, 10KV, 15KV, 22KV and 35KV
- The low-voltage 0,4KV
When transmitting electricity in a long distance, different voltage levels are used for
transmission systems: 500KV, 110 KV and 220 KV. The other voltage levels are used for
distributing electricity to local areas.
In our country's industry, we use the low-voltage level with 380V line voltage, 220V phase
and 50Hz frequency.
Step-up Intermediate Step-down

Source
Transmission
Load
Figure 1.1: Diagram the principle for electricity distribution
- Voltage levels: 380/220V. Where: Uline =380V, Uphase =220V

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U U
L
U
U U L
U
N
Figure 1.2. Schematic diagram of a 3-phase 4-wire system.
- The line voltage (VL)is the line-to-line voltage.

- Phase voltage (VP) is the phase-to-neutral voltage
1.3.1.4 How to use the power source
Electrical equipment classification
- Type of device using three-phase voltage, this type is supplied by 3 phase line without
using neutral line
- Type of device using single phase voltage, this type is supplied by a phase line and
neutral line or 2 phase line, so that the source voltage is equal to the nominal voltage of the
device.
When used two above type , we must carefully consider the nominal voltage of the device
specification to supply the appropriate voltage.
1.3.1.5 The electrical safety work process
When working in the electrical field, electrical safety procedures must always be
strictly followed
1.3.1.5.1 Signs
Always follow the signs when working with electrical grids and electrical equipment.
Types of popular signs are as follows:
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE
STOP HIGH VOLTAGE
The above two signs indicate that the area where the signboard is hanging is in high
danger, do not enter the area.

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NO CLIMPING - ELECTRIC HAZARD: Signs of equipment, electric tools are having

high voltage, do not climb
DO NOT TOUCH - ELECTRIC HAZARD: Signs of electrical equipment, electrical
tools are carrying electricity very dangerous. Being close, do not touching
DO NOT TURN ON ELECTRICITY: This sign is mean do not to turn on power where
the sign is hanging, because someone is repairing electricity or having an electrical
problem behind the line.
Note : If we are repairing the power, but need to disconnect the Power Source, then
after the power is off, we must hang the DO NOT TURN ON ELECTRICITY sign right at
the source circuit breaker or source Atomat.
Where there is electrical fault, we must fence and hang the DO NOT ENTER sign
around the fault area.
1.3.1.5.2 Safety procedures when operating electrical equipment
- Do not contact objects carry electricity
- Always use insulated tools while working
- Always use appropriate insulated rubber gloves and goggles while working on any
branch circuit or any other electrical circuit.
- Note that only cut a single wire, forbid to cut multiple wires.
- When connecting wires to a power source, the circuit breaker must be turned off before
operating
- When connecting wires to a power source, we have to connect first neutral line, the
following phase line.
- Power-on procedures: when turning on the power, it must be turned on from the power
source to the load
- Power-off procedures: when turning off the power, it must be turned off from the load to
the power source
1.3.2 Hand tools
1.3.2.1 Knife:
Used to cut, strip insulation of the wires.
1.3.2.2 Iron hammer
Used for nail, knock hard objects.
1.3.2.3 Rubber hammer
Used to nail and knock soft objects or objects that do not allow scratches. When closing,
we must nail so that the Hammer face is perpendicular to the object to be nail, to avoid
objects being skewed on one side when nail.

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1.3.2.4 Screwdrivers
- There are two type Pillips Screwdrivers and Flat tip Screwdrivers
- When using it, we should pay attention to the Size between Screwdrivers and the size of
the Screw Head accordingly. In addition, when screwing, we must allow the Screwdrivers
to be perpendicular to the surface of the Screw Head and press firmly, avoiding the
phenomenon of screw head ulcers, resulting in a failure of the screw head.
1.3.2.5 Pliers
- Use Pliers to clamp, hold, bend and cut wires.
- Use Needle Nose Pliers to clamp or hold the object in strait places.
- Diagonal Cutters: Dedicated to cutting wire and stripping wire's insulation.
Figure 1.3: Pliers, Needle Nose Pliers, Diagonal Cutters
Wire Strippers: Dedicated to stripping wire's insulation
Figure 1.4: Wire Strippers
1.3.2.6 Electronic Drills

Use to drill wall, ceiling, or drill some place that other drill can not reach. Besides, we can
use for tighten screw or open screw.

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Drill posture: Must hold the Drill straight to the plane or the object to be drilled, avoid
breaking the drill bit. Do not press too hard when drilling, avoid damage the drill.
1.3.2.7 Fast Screwdrivers
The Fast screwdriver consists of 4

four parts:
1) The handle
1
2) The shank 2 3
3) The blade 5
4) The tip. Figure 1.6: Fast Screwdrivers
Fast Screwdrivers is used to differentiate between phase and neutral line or used to check a
location with or not electricity.
Place a fast screwdrivers tip in the circuit to be measured, the finger placed in contact with
the metal top above the tip of the screwdrivers. If the circuit has power, the neon light on
the pen will light up.
Notes:
- Checking the place where the power is first, then checking the place where no
electricity is available.
- When using Fast Screwdrivers the human hand must touch the contact pole
- Don’t arbitrarily change the value of the current limit resistor.
- Regularly check whether the electric fast screwdrivers tip is rusted or not.
1.3.3 Symbols of civil electrical equipment
Order
Name Multi-line symbol Single line symbol
number
1 1-strand line
2 2-strand line or
2
L
3 Single-phase power source
N

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L1
4 3-phase power source L2
L3
L1
5 3-phase power source

L2
L3
N
6 Fuse
7 2-Pole Circuit Breakers

hoặc
8 3-Pole Circuit Breakers
9 3-pole disconnector
10 Watt Meter
KWh

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11 Light bulbs
12 Single-Fluorescent lamp
13 Double-Fluorescent lamp
14 Single-phase generator
G G
15 Three-phase generator
G G
16 Single-Phase Motor
M M
17 Three-Phase Motor
M M
18 2-Pole Switch

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Location 1
2
1
3
19 3-Pole Switch
Location 2 2
1
3
Location 1 1 2
20 4-pole Switch Location 2 4 3
1 2
4 3
21 2-pole socket
22 3-pole socket
 Questions:
1. Using the Fast Screwdrivers to test the electricity on the electrical panels
2. Testing the operating principle of all electrical devices on the electrical panels

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LAB 2 CABLE CONNECTIONS
2.1 Objectives
- Read and classify all kinds of electrical wires.
- Know how to connect wires and cables.
- Perform the cosse of real wire technique.
- Wiring has many types with many different sections.
- There are two types of wires: insulated wires and uninsulated wires
- Wire Strippers, Needle Nose Pliers, Diagonal Cutters, snip
- Electronic iron, solder wire, maleic hard resins
- Electrical tools
2.3 Contents
2.3.1 Introducing types of wires
Electrical wires used to transmit and distribute electricity. There are two types of wires:
insulated wires and uninsulated wires. Based on the number of cores divided into single-
conductor wires, multi-conductor cables
2.3.1.1 Single-stranded wire
Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to
form a larger conductor.
The unit of the conductor is mm2. Line index: 0.8mm2, 1.0mm2 ,1.5mm2, 2.0mm2 ,
2.5mm2…
Figure 2.1: Single-stranded wire

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2.3.1.2 Double-stranded wire

Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to
form a larger conductor.
The unit of the conductor is mm2, the cross section area of stranded wire is total size of
small wires.
Line index: 2 x 0.8mm2, 2 x 1.0mm2
Figure 2.2: Double-stranded wire
2.3.1.3 Solid-core wire

Solid-core wires are made up of a single, solid conducting wire.
The unit of the conductor is diameter in mm.
Line index 12/10, 16/10, 20/10, 26/10 và 30/10
Figure 2.3: Solid-core wire

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2.3.1.4 Low voltage cables
a b
c d
Figure 2.4: Low voltage cables (a: 3-core cable, b: 4-core

cable, c: 7-strand cable, d: 2-core cable)
Low voltage cables is a plastic-covered wire, used in low-voltage grids. There are many
types: 2-core cable, 3-core cable, 4-core cable ...
The unit of the cable is determined by the core size in mm2. It varies in a wide range
from 1.5mm2 to hundreds mm2.
Line index: 1x (2 x 1.5mm2), 1 x (3 x 2.5mm2), 1 x (4 x 5.mm2) …
2.3.2 Wire joining methods
2.3.2.1 Single wire connection.
2.3.2.1.1 Straight joining cable
Step 1: Determine the length of the connecting wire.
Step 2: Using the tools to peel off the insulation of the wire (Fig 2.5)
Step 3: Using tools to clean the wire surface
Step 4: Cross two wires together and hold them at junction point using the clamper.
Step 5: Twist wires
Using a pincer hold them at junction point, twist one wire to another and do the same at the
other side. At each junction, as least 5 twisted rings should be implemented at both sides as
shown in Figs. 2.7 and 2.8.

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l = ( 30 –
40) d d
Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6
2.3.2.1.2 T-junction connection

Step 1: Using the tools to peel off the insulation of the wire and to clean the wire surface
Step 2: Cross the branch wire on the main wire as shown in Fig. 2.8, hold them at junction
point using a pincers.
Step 3: Implement the connection as shown in Figs. 2.9 and 2.10.
Step 4: Twist: hold the junction point by a pincers, use another to twist the branch wire to
the main. As least 10 -12 twisted rings should be implemented as shown in Figs. 2.11.
Note: the minimum diameter of the main wire has to be about 1.2 – 2mm.

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Figure 2.11
Figure 2.10
2.3.2.2 Cable connections

2.3.2.2.1 Straight connection
Step 2: Divide the bare wires as shown in Fig. 2.12, cord a part of the bunch wires bush by
a rope (1/3) and detach and then pull straight the other 2/3.
1/3 2/3
Figure 2.12
Step 3: Mix two bunch wires together as shown in Fig. 2.13.

Step 4: Hold the junction point by a pincers, use another to twist the bunch together.
Change direction and complete the whole job as shown in Figs. 2.14.

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2.3.2.2.2 T- junction connection

Step 2: Detach and then pull straight the branch, separate into two similar streams.
Step 3: Put the main between two hafts of the branch as shown in Fig.2.15.
Step 4: Hold the junction point by a pincers, twist the branch into the main at one end,
change direction and complete the whole job as shown in Figs. 2.16.
2.3.3 The technique of making eyelets and lead welding

2.3.3.1 The technique of making eyelets
Step 1: The wire with eyelets is used to connect a wire to screws on electrical panels,
power sockets, and junction box of motors, etc.
Step 2: Peel off the insulation of the wire.
Step 3: Estimate the length of the bare wire including the diameter of the screw plus about
5 – 6 mm.
Step 4: Use pliers to make an eyelet of wire, the diameter of the ring is similar to the
screw’s.
Step 5: Check the diameter of the eyelet.
Step 6: Make the eyelet on the midle of the wire.

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Figure 2.17: The technique of making eyelets
2.3.3.2 The technique of lead welding

Welds are a connection between metal materials together or another metal, its melting
temperature is often smaller than the material to be bonded.
In order to get the perfect weld, the bonding metals must be the same (copper - copper) and
clean.
- Soldering iron was made with many different technologies

- One-way soldering iron
- Temperatures range from 250°C - 300°C
- Soldering iron uses a resistance wire
- A power rating between 40 and 80 watts
- If the soldering iron capacity is too high compared to the machining point, it will destroy
the printed circuit, damage the electronic components.
- If the soldering iron capacity is too low compared to the machining point, the weld
cannot be bonded

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- Welding points must meet the requirements for mechanical strength and ensure electrical
contact, must clean the soldering iron tip before perform welding
- When welding must heat up the welding point and then put the solder wire into, note the
magnitude of the weld and welding time.
Remark:
- Lead solder wire at all solder points must be regular, ensuring connection on all sides of
the sides
- The weld switch must end at a very flat network angle of about 200
- Don’t put too much solder wire in the solder point, otherwise, it will cause the weld to
fail
- The welds must be regular and flat.
Welded point isn’t satisfactory if
- It is not sleeky, rough surface.
- Burned surface.

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 Question:
1. Implement the technique of making eyelets as shown below:
2. Implement welding techniques as shown below:

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LAB 3 WIRING A LIGHTING CIRCUIT
3.1 Objectives
- Helping students master the circuit diagrams, simple diagrams, wiring diagrams
- Present the principle of operation of each circuit
- Drawing the circuit diagram
- Operating, installing properly and safely with electricity
3.2 Tools and Equipment
- Power cord with plug connector 1.5m/1 student
- Power cord 0.8 mm2: 2m/1 Fluorescent lamp
- Disconnector 10-15A:1pc/1 Fluorescent lamp
- Fuse, switch: 1pc/1 Fluorescent lamp
- Fluorescent lamp: 1pc/4 students, High pressure mercury-vapour lamp: 1pc/2 students,
incandescent lamps: 1pc/2 students
- VOM meter: 1 pc/2 students
- Power supply and practice panel
3.3 Contents
3.3.1 Types of civil lighting
There are currently three most commonly used lamps, incandescent lamps, electric
discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps. Lighting lamp includes two parts: lamp bulb and
lamp reflector. Light bulbs are a light source and lamp reflector is used to distribute the
amount of light into space and decorate the lamp.
Indicators for assessing the types of light bulbs and light emitted by them:
- Luminous efficiency is the ratio between luminous flux and consumption power, the
unit is (lm/W). The higher the efficiency of the lamp, the better.
The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body
radiator that radiates light of a color comparable to that of the light source. Color
temperatures over 5000K are called "cool colors" (bluish), while lower color temperatures
(2700–3000K) are called "warm colors" (yellowish). The color temperature varies from
about 2000K to 7000K.
A color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source
to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light
source.
- The life of the lamp depends on the type of bulb, the number of turns on, and the
quality of the power supply. The life of the lamp is usually achieved from 1000 hours
(incandescent lamp) to 10000 hours (some electric discharge lamp).

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In order to evaluate the light reflector, people distinguish the ways of distributing light into
the environment as follows:
Narrow direct light (focused spotlight) - the intensity of the lamp reaches the maximum
value in the 0° - 40° limit and almost all of the luminous flux emitted is in this area.
Types of light distribution in the form of cosinus - the light intensity of the lamp is
distributed almost as meridians.
Type of the light distribution is uniform evenly - the light intensity of the lamp is equal
in all directions.
Type of the light distribution is wide - the light intensity reaches the maximum in the
range of 500 - 900.
The luminous efficiency of lights.
In addition, people also distinguish lamps according to anti-dazzling properties,
machining types, moisture-proof, explosion-proof lamps, etc.
3.3.1.1 Incandescent lamp
Principle of operation: The incandescent light bulb is very simple and familiar to us,
including a glass bulb containing a metal filament that glows when the current flows. This
bulb is usually pumped inert gas (azot, argon, ...) at low pressure to increase the life of the
filament.
Specifications:
- Low luminous efficiency, about 8 to 20 lm/W.
- Life expectancy is about 1000h.
- Color temperature 2500K-3000K, luminous flux changes according to the supply
voltage.
- CRI index is 100.
3.3.1.2 Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent lamps work according to the principle of electric discharge lamps.
2
5 3 4
220V
Figure 2.18: Diagram of a fluorescent lamp
1 - class bulb; 2 – Starter; 3 - Ballast ; 4 - filamet; 5 - Agron and mercury vapor

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Specifications:
- High luminous efficiency, about 40 to 105 lm/W.
- Life expectancy is about 7000h-10000h.
- Color temperature in the range of 2800K - 6500K
- CRI index in the range of 55-92.
3.3.1.3 Gas-discharge lamp
Gas discharge lamps are the types of lamps using the principle of discharge in gas,
similar to the principles of fluorescent lamps. At present, the following types is popular in
lighting systems: High pressure mercury-vapour lamp, High pressure sodium-vapour lamp,
and Low pressure sodium-vapour lamp.
The gas discharge lamp consists of a glass tube at a low pressure including two
electrodes and a metal needle vapor. When a high voltage is placed between the two poles
of the bulb, the gas layer will begin to ionize and release an electric arc producing a strong
light in a monochromatic wave (usually in the ultraviolet region). Thanks to mercury or
sodium vapor, that light will be emitted in the visible area. The ballast and stacte are
neccessary to make the discharge lamp operating.
Specifications of High pressure mercury-vapour lamp:
- High luminous efficiency about 34 to 92 lm/W.
- Color temperature in the range of 3000K-4500K
Specifications of High pressure sodium-vapour lamp
- Color temperature in the range of 2000K - 2500K
Metal vapor
I V
220V
Figure 2.19: Diagram of a electric discharge lamp
Specifications of Low pressure sodium-vapour lamp

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- Color temperature in the range of 2000K-2500K
- CRI index equal to 0.
Thus, electric discharge lamps have the high luminous efficiency, high energy
efficiency, higher power factor than fluorescent lamps, suitable for public lighting.
However, it also has the disadvantages due to complex operation principle, high
investment cost, low color rendering index and high heat emission temperature, so it is
only suitable for public or industrial lighting.
3.3.1.4 The other lamps
Now people have developed new types of bulbs to improve the lighting quality.
Halogen bulbs
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine
lamp, is a special type of the incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed
into a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of inert gas and a small
amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. Halogen bulbs have advantages compared
to normal incandescent lamps by:
- The luminous efficiency is about twice as high.
- The color temperature reaches 2900K, high CRI index reaches 100
- Life expectancy increased twice, reaching 2000 - 2500 hours.
- The smaller size and better view.
- It is possible to use a smaller voltage level (12V), or use direct current but still achieve
the hight lighting capacity.
Halogen lamps are suitable for decorative lighting, lighting for showrooms,
auditoriums, restaurants, etc.
compact fluorescent lamps.
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-
saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a special type of fluorescent lamps designed
to replace an incandescent light bulb but using the same fixtures as incandescent bulbs. In
compact lamps, the electronic ballast is integrated in the base of the lamp thus it can fit in
and use accessories similar to the incandescent bulb.
- Color temperature in the range of 2700K-4000K.
- Power consumption is lower than incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps but the
luminous flux remains the same.
- The luminous efficiency up to 85 lm/w.
- Heat generation capacity is lower than the incandescent lamp.

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- Small light bulb size, compact, easy to install and maintain.

- Attractive shape: Bulb type with diameter of 7 – 12mm or long tube with the length from
12 – 20 cm (rated power up to 26W) or 50 cm (rated power up to 55W).
3.3.2 Lighting control circuits
3.3.2.1 Single light circuit
a/ Principle diagram
b/ Location diagram
c/ Single line diagram
d/ Multi-line diagram

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3.3.2.2 Parallel lighting circuit.

b/ Location diagram

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3.3.2.3 Series lighting circuit

b/ Location diagram

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3.3.2.4 Control circuit for two lamps (dimming and bright)

b/ Location diagram

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3.3.2.5 Lighting Circuits for Staircase

Using a power source:
Using two power sources:

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b/ Location diagram

Using a single power source:
Using a single power source:

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3.3.2.6 Warehouse lighting circuit


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b/ Location diagram

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3.3.2.7 Fluorescent lamp circuit

3.3.2.7.1 The Structure of Fluorescent lamp circuit
Starter: the structure consists of 2 bimetallic leaves placed in a quartz shadow
environment. The two bimetallic leaves have a degree of expansion when heated. There is
a capacitor connected in parallel with two bimetallic leaves, their two ends are taken out
with 2 contact poles.
Bimetal pieces
Quartz bulb
Bulb shell
Starter FS2 or F1GP used for fluorescent lamps 0.3 or 0.6m.

Starter FS4 or F4GP used for fluorescent lamps of 1,2m.
3.3.2.7.2 Ballast
The structure consists of a coil winding on the steel core, which stimulates the voltage
impulse during the start of the lamp and limits the current when the lamp is working.
Ballast 10W used for fluorescent lamps 0.3m

Ballast 20W used for fluorescent lamps 0.6m
Ballast 40W used for fluorescent lamps 1,2m
3.3.2.7.3 Light bulbs
The structure consists of a cylindrical glass tube, a mercury vapor inside and a few
argon gases.
Inside the tube wall of the lamp is coated with fluorescent powder. Depending on the
color of the fluorescent powder, the radiation shows different light colors.
The two ends of the bulb have a filamet, connected out by 2 poles.

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The length of the light bulb includes four types 0,3m; 0,6m; 1,2m and 1,5m.
1
2 1
2
The Structure of Fluorescent lamp

1: Pole 2: Filamet 3: Lamp tube
Today, there are many types of the light bulb of different colors. The appropriate
lighting color have been chosen depending on the purpose.
For normal lighting purposes, two common types of light colors are daylight and white
light bulbs.
3.3.2.7.4 Lamp fixtures
There are many different types of lamp fixtures serving many different uses with or
without reflectors.
3.3.2.7.5 Principle diagram
Fluorescent lamps work on the principle of discharge in rare gas environments as follows:
When the lamp has glowed the ballast will cause a voltage drop of about (80 - 90) V to
maintain the discharge.

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3.3.3 Wiring method in conduits

Power conduits are widely used in electrical networks of homes and enterprises. Its
function is to ensure the safety and aesthetics of the power lines.
Step 1: The drawings research in combination with the actual situation to choose the
appropriate construction plan.
Step 2: Based on the selected plan to measure and cut tubes appropriately.
Step 3: Perform the necessary connections, calculate and ensure enough wires in each line.
Step 4: Put the wire into the tube in the correct order.
Step 5: Put the line up in place, temporarily positioned by hanging wire or hook.
Step 6: Close the right position of the line
Step 7: Perform branching and load connection segments.
Step 8: Install the eyelets and connect the control panel
Step 9: Testing and commissioning. If the circuit works well, fix the electrical panels to the
wall. If there is an incident, it is necessary to find out the cause and propose a way to fix it.

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LAB 4 THE POLARITY DETERMINATION AND OPERATE COMMON

ELECTRIC MACHINES
4.1 Objectives
- Determining tip the wires of some common electric machines.
- Understanding the principle diagram, wiring diagram of the electric machine.
- Connecting electrical wire operates some common electric machines
- Power cord with plug connector 1.5m/1HS
- Power cord 0.8 mm2: 2m/1 fluorescent lamp
- Disconnector 10-15A: 1pc/1 Fluorescent lamp
- Fuse, switch: 1pc/1 Fluorescent lamp
- Ceiling fans: 1pc/4 students
4.3 Contents
4.3.1 The polarity determination and connect ceiling fan wires
The structure of ceiling fan consists of 2 sets of windings: primary windings and second
windings
The main accessory attached to this motor is a capacitor. The value of the capacitor
depends on the capacity of the motor. In the market, ceiling fans often use 2,5F-250VAC
capacitors, table fans often use 1,5F-250VAC to 2F-250VAC capacitors.
4.3.1.1 The polarity determination of ceiling fan
When it is impossible to determine the three tip of the fan by distinguishing by color.
We proceed to define the tips of wires according to the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the common wire
Measuring the resistance of 3 wires, we will have 3 results with 3 different resistance
values as follows:
The measurement has a minimum resistance value
The measurement has a maximum resistance value
The measurement has a medium resistance value
The two tips of the wire have the largest resistance value, which is the primary wire
(running wire) and second wire (Starter wire), the other tip is the common wire (C).

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Contents The 1-st measurement The 2-nd measurement The 3-rd measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
Step 2: Determine the Running wire and Starter wires.

- When we have the common wire (C), we review the results of step 1
- If any wire is measured with a common wire having the largest resistance value, so it is
the starter wires. The other tip wire is the running wire.
Contents Measure C-wire with 1-st Measure C-wire with 2-nd
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
4.3.1.2 Connect ceiling fan wires

Ceiling fans are usually regulated by the governor, which has two types:
Mechanical type is a type of reactor that has multiple outputs and is converted via a
mechanical interlock system. This type of speed adjustment has a level, which called a
gearbox.
Electronic type: is a voltage regulator circuit, adjusting the speed better than
mechanical type, which called dimmer
CLV
S
Dimer
220 VAC
Figure 4.1. Principle diagram

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220VAC
R C
Dimer
2MF-
250AC
Figure 4.2: Ceiling Fan Wiring Diagram
4.3.2 The polarity determination and connect table fans wires

4.3.2.1 The polarity determination of table fans
When it is impossible to determine the five tip of the fan by distinguishing by color.
We proceed to define the tips of wires according to the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the running wire and the starter wire
Measure the resistance of each pair of wires, after 10 times of resistance measurement
of 5 wires, we can determine:
- The pair of wires with the greatest resistance is the pair of running wires and starter wire.
- The 3 other wires are the wire labels of Hi, Me, Lo.
Contents The 1-st The 2-nd The 3-rd The 4-th The 5-th The 6-th
measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
Step 2: Determine the Running wire and Starter wires.

- Coupling 3 wires Hi, Me, Lo into a common wire and it was measured with running wire
and starter wire
- If any wire is measured with a common wire having the largest resistance value, so it is
the starter wires. The other tip wire is the running wire.

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Contents The 1-st measurement The 2-nd measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
Step 3: Determine 3 wire numbers

- Detaching 3 number wires and measure these 3 wires with the running wire or starter
wire
- If any wire having the largest resistance value, so it is the Lo wire. The medium
resistance value is Me wire. The smallest resistance value is Hi wire.
The 1-st The 2-nd The 3-rd

Contents
measurement measurement measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
4.3.2.2 Connect table fans wires

4.3.2.2.1 Principle diagram
S N1 N2
R S 1 2 3
Figure 4.3. Table Fans Wiring

Diagram

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4.3.2.2.2 The wiring diagram
S N1 N2
1.5F-250VAC
220VAC
Figure 4.4. Wiring diagram of a fan
4.3.3 The polarity and wiring diagram of the single-phase induction motor
starting with a capacitor.
4.3.3.1 Construction
The single-phase induction motor is an electric motor that is operated using single-
phase sources. Its basic structure consists of:
Stationary part of induction motor is called stator. A stator structure comprising at least
two magnetic conductive plates, each magnetic conductive plate having a plurality of
radial arms and pole tooth provided on ends of the radial arms, wherein the pole teeth of
the first and second magnetic conductive plates have different shapes.
Single-phase winding set: Including main winding with larger wire diameter; fewer
loops. The starting winding is deflected with the main winding at a 90 degree angle and its
wire diameter is smaller diameter; more loops. Its mission is to start the motor.
There are motors whose starting winding is replaced by short-circuited loops.
Rotating part of motor is called rotor. The most common type of rotor of an induction
motor is the squirrel cage rotor which consists of a cylinder of steel laminations, with
aluminum or copper bars are placed in the grooves on its surface and connected short-
circuit at both ends.
4.3.3.2 Working principle
When a single-phase supply is connected to the stator winding, a pulsating magnetic
field is produced. In the pulsating field, the rotor does not rotate due to inertia. Therefore, a
single-phase induction motor is not self-starting and requires some particular starting
means.

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If the single-phase stator winding is excited and the rotor of the motor is rotated by an
auxiliary means and the starting device is then removed, the motor continues to rotate in
the direction in which it is started.
When the starting period is completed, the starting winding can be cut out of the circuit
or can be paralleled in the circuit.
4.3.3.3 The polarity determination
Step 1: Using the VOM meter to measure the pairs of wires in turn, after three
measurements, we get 3 different resistance values, based on these values we conclude:
- Measurements that receive the highest value of resistor correspond to two wires starting
and main.
- The remaining wire is the common wire
R R
1
3
C S
S
2
Fig. 4.5: Wiring diagram of the single-phase motor
The 1-st The 2-nd The 3-rd

Contents
measurement measurement measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
Step 2: Measurements that receive the highest value of resistor correspond to starting
wire
- The remaining wire is the main wire.

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Contents The 1-st measurement The 2-nd measurement
Resistance
Wire color
Conclusion
4.3.3.4 The wiring connection

4.3.3.4.1 Non-reversion of the rotation
Short-circuit loop
S S M
Single-phase motor starting with Single-phase motor starting with

an short-circuit loop an internal resistor
Fig. 4.6: Wiring diagram of the single-phase motor
4.3.3.4.2 Method of reversion of the rotation

For single-phase motor using permanent capacitors
R
R
S CLV
S CLV
Positive rotation Negative rotation
Fig. 4.7: Reversing diagram of the rotation

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For single-phase motor using starting capacitor

R
R 4 1 4
1 S S
M M
6 6
Positive rotation Negative rotation
4.3.4 The polarity determination of the 6-terminals induction motor

4.3.4.1 Construction: The three-phase induction motor is an electric motor
that is operated using three-phase sources. Its basic structure consists of:
4.3.4.1.1 Stationary part
Stationary part called stator which is a annular steel core. There are grooves on stator,
where the three-phase winding set is placed.
Three-phase winding set consisting of 3 identical windings, whose axes fit together at
an angle of 120 degrees.
Terminals A, B, C are starting terminals and X, Y, Z – ending terminals.
Furthermore, the wires may be labeled as shown in Figure 4.8
1 2 3
A U B V C W
X R Y S Z T
4 5 6
Fig. 4.8: Principle diagram of the 6-terminals three-

phase induction motor
4.3.4.1.2 Rotating part

Rotating part of motor is called rotor which consists of a cylinder of steel laminations
with the grooves on its surface. If in these grooves aluminum bars are placed and
connected short-circuit at both ends, the rotor is the squirrel cage; in another case windings
are placed – wound rotor

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When a three-phase supply is connected to the three-phase winding set, the stator will
produce a rotating magnetic field, which causes the rotor to rotate in the direction of the
magnetic field, but the rotation speed of the rotor is always smaller than the magnetic field,
so it is called an induction motor.
4.3.4.3 The polarity determination
Use Ohm-meter to measure resistance between any two terminals. On measurement
that Ohm-meter indicates the value of the resistor, the two terminals corresponding to that
measurement are belong to one winding. The remaining windings do the same.
Fig.4.9: Windings
Step 1: Determine polarity of the windings

- Suppose that the order of the windings are labeled as A, B and C as shown in Figure 4.10.
Step 2: Use 1.5VDC battery to determine polarity of the windings.
- Here, labeling A, B and C for the windings are optional, as shown in Figure 4.10
- Adjust the measurement mode of the VOM to DcmA.
1,5V
Fig. 4.10: Determine polarity of the windings
- When placed on the poles of a windings a battery, the windings will have the same
polarity as the battery, as shown in Figure 4.10, the terminal A - anode, and X - cathode
- Open – Close switch K and observe the DcmA.
- If DcmA gives a positive value (+), then the polarity of the phase B and C windings
reverse with the polarity of DcmA.

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- If DcmA gives a negative value (-), then polarity of the phase B and C windings are the
same with the polarity of DcmA.
Step 3: After determining the polarity of the windings, we label the terminals as
follows:
- Phase A: Terminal (+) is labeled as 1(A); Terminal (-) is labeled as 4(X);
- Phase B: Terminal (+) - 2(B); Terminal (-) - 5(Y);
- Phase C: Terminal (+) - 3(C); Terminal (-) - 6(Z).
4.3.4.4 The wiring connection
 Star Connection (Y)
Performed by playing together with the 3 tips with the same polarity together, the other
3 tips connect with supplies like Figure 4.11
3  
3
A X
A
Y X B
Z C
B Y C
Z
Fig. 4.11: Wiring diagram in the Y-connection
 Triangle connection (  ):
The windings are connected in order so that the ending terminal of a winding is the starting
terminal of another winding. The power supply will be put into the common match
terminals (vertices of the triangle) as shown in Figure 4.12.

3 
3
A Z X C
X C A Z
B Y Y B
Fig. 4.12: Wiring diagram in the -connection

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4.3.5 The polarity determination of the 9-terminals induction motor

The 9-terminals three-phase induction motor consists of 6 windings. In particular, each
phase is divided into 2 windings and 3 small windings in 3 phases have been connected
together in a star-connection.
Fig. 4.13: Wiring diagram of the 9-terminals

inductor motor
Step 1. Determine the contact winding and three terminals labeled 7, 8 and 9.
In this step, we draw 9 dots, representing 9 terminals as shown in Figure 4.14
Fig. 4.14: Diagram of the terminals
Use Ohm-meter to measure each pair of the terminals. We will see that there are three
terminals that have contact with each other and three pairs of the terminals of three
windings.
- Three contacting terminals are arbitrarily labeled 7,8 and 9
- Three pairs of the contacting terminals are belong to three windings 1, 2 and 3
Suppose that after searching for communication between the terminals, we get the
diagram shown in Figure 4.15

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Windings 1
Fig. 4.15: Simulation of communication between terminals
Step 2: Identify the isophasal windings

According to the principle diagram, A1-winding is in phase with 7-terminal (A2), B1-
winding is in phase with 8-terminal (B2), and C1-winding is in phase with 9-terminal (C2).
According to the magnetic circuit theory the dimension and magnitude of the induced
current in the magnetic circuit are determined as follows:
Determine the winding that is in phase with 9-terminal (C1-winding):
At first: Wiring as shown in Figure 4.16
Windings 1
mA
- K
+
Windings 2
7
Windings 3
1.5V
8
9
Fig. 4.16: Wiring diagram for identifying winding in phase with 9-terminal
Open - close K-switch and record the current value on the mA-meter.
Second: Wiring as shown in Figure 4.17.

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Third: Wiring as shown in Figure 4.18
Conclude:
By comparing the results of the three measurements, if the measurement gets the smallest
current value (assuming the coil 2 in the figure), the corresponding windings will be in
phase with the 9-terminal. That is the C1-winding in the principle diagram.

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Determine the winding that is in phase with 8-terminal:

At first: Wiring as shown in Figure 4.19
Second: Wiring as shown in Figure 4.20.
Conclude:

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By comparing the results of the two measurements, if the measurement gets the
smallest current value (assuming the winding 1 in the figure), the corresponding windings
will be in phase with the 8-terminal. That is the B1-winding in the principle diagram.
Thus, the remaining winding will be in phase with 7- terminal and called A1-winding.
Step 3: The polarity determination of the windings
Suppose that after the determination of phase windings, we get a diagram as shown in
Figure 4.21
Fig. 4.21: The windings after being labeled
Determine polarity of A1-winding

Wiring as shown in Figure 4.22
Fig. 4.22: Diagram of the polarity determination of A1-winding
If mA- meter indicates a positive value (+), then A1-winding and mA-meter have the
same polarity. If mA-meter indicates a negative value (-), then A1-winding and mA-meter
have opposite polarity.
Then, the positive terminal (+) of A1-winding is labeled as “1”, and terminal (-) is
labeled as “4”.
Determine polarity of B1-winding

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Fig. 4.23: Diagram of the polarity determination of B1-winding
If mA- meter indicates a positive value (+), then B1-winding and mA-meter have the
same polarity. If mA-meter indicates a negative value (-), then B1-winding and mA-meter
Then, the positive terminal (+) of B1-winding is labeled as “2”, and terminal (-) is
labeled as “5”.
Determine polarity of C1-winding
B1
mA K
- + C1
7
1.5V
A1
8
9
Fig. 4.24: Diagram of the polarity determination of C1 winding
If mA- meter indicates a positive value (+), then C1-winding and mA-meter have the
same polarity. If mA-meter indicates a negative value (-), then C1-winding and mA-meter
Then, the positive terminal (+) of C1-winding is labeled as “3”, and terminal (-) is
labeled as “6”.
Step 4: Wiring operation
After identifying the correct terminals, the wiring for the motor can be carried out in
series or parallel in the star-connection, depending on the rated voltage of the motor and
the source voltage.

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LAB 5 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS IN MOTOR CONTROL STARTER
5.1 Objectives
- Understand the working principle of electrical instruments.
- Measuring, checking and determining the output diagram of electric devices.
- Proficient use of instruments on the practice panel.
- Power cord 0.8 mm2: 2m/1 fluorescent lights
- Pushbutton: 1set/2 students
- Intermediate relay, time relay, thermal relay: 1 pc/student
- Contactor: 1 pc/student
5.3 Contents
5.3.1 Push button
Each pushbutton usually carries a unique name and is called arbitrarily. Usually for easy
identification during use, their names are placed according to its tasks.
5.3.1.1 The normally open pushbutton (NO): NO-pushbutton has 2 pins and
is labeled by two digits, 3 and 4.
Fig.5.1: Symbol of the NO-pushbutton
When pressing on the NO-pushbutton, the 3-4 terminals are connected (turned on), when
released pushbutton is returned to the initial state and the 3-4 terminals are disconnected
(turned off).

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5.3.1.2 The normally close pushbutton (NC): NC-pushbutton has 2 pins and
is labeled by two digits, 1 and 2.
Fig.5.2: Symbol of the NC-pushbutton
When pressing on the NO-pushbutton, the 1-2 terminals are disconnected (turned off),
otherwise pushbutton is returned to the initial state and the 1-2 terminals are connected
(turned on).
5.3.1.3 Double switch pushbutton has 4 pins and is labeled by four digits 1,
2, 3 and 4.
1 3
2 4
Fig.5.3: Symbol of the double switch pushbutton
When pressing on the DS-pushbutton, the 1-2 terminals are disconnected (turned off) and
the 3-4 terminals are connected (turned on), otherwise DS-pushbutton is returned to the
initial state and the 1-2 terminals are connected (turned on) and the 3-4 terminals are
disconnected (turned off).
5.3.2 Contactor.
5.3.2.1 Construction
Contactor has many different shapes depending on the model of many different
manufacturers.
Usually each contactor has three main contacts and one or two pairs of auxiliary NC
and/or NO-contacts.
5.3.2.2 Symbols:
a. The attracted coil

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A1
coil
A2
Fig. 5.4: Symbol of the attracted coil of a contactor
The attracted coil of a contactor has two pins which are labeled by A1 and A2. Its resistance
is about several hundred Ohm.
b. Symbol of the main contact
1 3 5
contacts
2 4 6
Fig.5.5: Symbols of the main contacts
The three main contacts are always labeled by six digits as shown above. In addition, it
can be labeled by six different LETTERS, depending on the model and manufacturer as
follows:
Three numbers (1,3,5) can be replaced with three letters (T1, T3, T5) or (R, S, T) or
(L1, L2, L3).
Three numbers (2, 4, 6) can be replaced with three letters (T2, T4, T6) or (U, V, W)
The name of the three main contacts and of the attracted coil must be the same.
c. Symbols of auxiliary NC and NO contacts
The auxiliary NC-contact has two pins and labeled by pair of digits 11 and 12. If there
are multiple auxiliary NC-contacts in the contactor, the order of the pins of these contacts
will be labeled with the increase of the first digit, such as 21-22, 31-32 etc.

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13 11
NO NC
14 12
a b
Fig. 5.6a: Symbol of the Fig. 5.6b: Symbol of the

auxiliary NO-contact auxiliary NC-contact
The auxiliary NO-contact has two pins and labeled by pair of digits 13 and 14. If there
are multiple auxiliary NO-contacts in the contactor, the order of the pins of these contacts
will be labeled with the increase of the first digit, such as 23-24, 33-34 etc.
The name of the auxiliary contacts and of the attracted coil must be the same.
Example: To talk about the first auxiliary NC-contact of contactor named KM1, we call the
(11-12)KM1-contact, To say about the second auxiliary NC-contact of contactor named
KM1, we call the (21-22) KM1-contact, To say about the second auxiliary NO-contact of
contactor named KM1, we call the (23-24) KM1- contact etc.
d. Function of contacts
The main contact has the function of switching the power on/off for the consumption load
(connected in series with the load, or generally used in the dynamic circuit).
The auxiliary NC and NO-contacts have functions to participate in the process of switching
the power on/off for the attracted coil. They are used in control circuits.
e. Position the pins on contactor.
A1 A2
1 3 5
23 13
21 11
22 12
24 14
2 4 6
Fig. 5.7: Position the pins on contactor
5.3.3 Thermal relay

Thermal relay is an adjustable electrical instruments that protects the overload.

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Normally thermal relay will be used with compatible parameter contactor and same
manufacturer.
Thermal relay consists of two main parts, a heating element and a protective contact. These
contacts are also classified into two categories: NO and NC-contacts.
5.3.3.1 Symbol of heating element:
The heating element of thermal relay has six pins, and the labeling of its legs is the same as
that of the three main contacts of the contactor.
1 3 5
2 4 6
Fig. 5.8: Symbol of the heating element of the thermal relay
5.3.3.2 Symbol of the protective contact
95 97
96 98
Fig. 5.9a: Symbol of the Fig. 5.9b: Symbol of the

thermal relay’s NC-contact thermal relay’s NO-contact
The NC-contact of the thermal relay has two pins and are labeled by two pairs of digits 95-
96. The NO-contact of the thermal relay has two pins and are labeled by two pairs of digits
97-98.
1 : Heating coil
2 : Bimetallic Strip
3 : Swinging arm
4 : Latch
5 : Spring
6 + 7 : Contacts

Page 55 of 78
1 2
4
5
7
The current that needs to be protected passes through the heating element (1) of the
thermal relay, which surrounds the bimetallic Strip (2). The Bimetallic Strip consisting
of two metal strip fastened together. The strip has a coefficient of thermal expansion
smaller than the lower strip.
One end of the bimetallic strip is fixed, while the other end is attached to the 3-
swinging arm which is attached to a spring. The controlled current IKC of the circuit that
needs to be protected passes through the NC-contact (6-7).
When current I increases too much to the preset level, the bimetallic strip 2 is heated
and bent upward (dashed line). Spring 5 shrinks and the swinging arm 3 will rotate around
4-axis counterclockwise, (6-7)-contact is opened and the circuit Ikc is disconnected.
After each such thermal impact, the thermal relay needs to take a certain time to cool
down the bimetallic strip, then it is possible to press button to return the controlled circuit
to the original state.
The main disadvantage of a thermal relay is the waiting time for the cool of the
bimetallic strip is dependent on the surrounding environment.
5.3.4 Intermediate relay
The task of an intermediate relay is to amplify control signals and link different control
elements.
Intermediate relays are usually electromagnetic relays. Its construction is similar to a
contactor consisting of an electromagnetic coil and has two or more normally closed/open
contacts.
Intermediate relays are used when the number of auxiliary contacts of contactors, and
other relays in the control circuit cannot meet the control circuit. Figure 5.10 shows 2 types
of intermediate relays: 2 pairs of normally closed/open contacts and circular die.

Page 56 of 78
3
1 + 3 2 1
4 5 4
3 8 7 6 5
2 6
1 87
5
8
6
12 11 10 9
4 14 13 +
Fig. 5.10: Output diagram of intermediate relay
Using objective
- Make more flexible for control circuit.
- Act as an intermediary to switch on/off the electrical devices in the magnetic circuit with
small power contacts.
- It can be connected in parallel with the contactor attracted coil to enhance the auxiliary
contact of the contactor via the contact of the intermediate relay.
5.3.5 Time relay
Time relay is used to count switching time.
5.3.5.1 Output diagram of the time relay
Fig. 5.11: Output diagram of the time relay

Page 57 of 78
6 5 4 3
7 8 1 2
Fig. 5.12: Location of the time relay’s pins
5.3.5.2 Contact: relay has 8 terminals. Include:

- Two terminals 2-7 are the place to connect to the power supply.
- Three terminals 8, 5 and 6 create a double contact set 8-5 and 8-6
 For ON DELAY type, 8-5 is normally closed contact open slowly and 8-6 is
normally open contact close slowly.
 For OFF DELAY type, 8-5 is normally closed contact close slowly and 8-6 is
normally open contact open slowly.
- Three terminals 1, 3 and 4 create a double contact 1-3 and 1-4. Contact 1-3 is NC-contact
and 1-4 is NO-contact.

Page 58 of 78
LAB 6 DIRECT STARTER CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE

ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
6.1 Objectives
- Understand the working principle of circuit.
- Install the circuit on the practice panel
- Operate the circuit as required.
- Three-phase induction motor 1 pc/4 students
6.3 Contents
6.3.1 Single magnetic starter circuit
6.3.1.1 Equipment and electrical instruments
- In the single magnetic starter circuit, NC-button and NO-button are used to stop/start the
motor; Source CB Q1, KM1-contactor, thermal relay F2 and two indicator light H1, H2.
- H1 indicator light is used to report when there is an overload problem, H2 indicator light
is used to indicate the motor is operating.
- When S1 starting button is pressed, M1 motor will start and stop when press on S2-
button.
- Two indicator lights: H2 - indicate the motor is operating and H1 - report when there is
an overload problem
- The 6-terminals three-phase induction motor.

Page 59 of 78
6.3.1.2 Circuit diagram
Fig. 6.1: Circuit diagram of the single magnetic starter circuit
6.3.1.3 Operating principle

 Starting motor
- Close the Q1-circuit breaker
- Press on S2-button: (3-4)S2-contact is connected and (A1-A2) KM1- coil is powered.
- After supplying power to KM1- coil.
 (13-14)KM1-contact is closed, the current flow in the (A1-A2)KM1-coil is
sustained (This contact is called sustainning contact). Therefore, the (A1-A2) KM1-
coil is still powered even released.
 At the same time, the three main contacts of Contactor KM1 closed: Power supply
for M1 motor to operate.
 Thus, the circuit is operating and the M1 motor is also operating.
 Stopping motor

Page 60 of 78
Press S1-button: The (1-2) S1-contact of the control circuit is opened, the power is
disconnected from the control circuit so the (A1-A2) KM1- coil is also disconnected. Then,
the contacts of the KM1 contator will return to their original state, the entire circuit is
disconnected from the source and the motor stops working.
 Overload
- When an overload occurs, the (97-98)F1-contact opens, The control circuit is completely
disconnected. The (A1-A2) KM1-coil is disconnected from the power, so the motivative
circuit also loses power and the motor stops working.
- At the same time, (95-96) F1-contact closed. At the same time contact (95-96) F1 closed.
The H1-indicator light indicates that the motor is overloaded, is powered.
- After overcoming the overload, we press the Reset button on F1 to close the (97-98) F1-
contact and the circuit will work again.
6.3.2 Dual magnetic starter circuit
6.3.2.1 Indirect starter circuit
6.3.2.1.1 Electrical instruments and equipments of the indirect starter circuit
- The circuit using two contactors K1 and K2 to energize the DC Motor operating in either
positive or negative direction.
- Stopping button S0 is NC-button.
- Two buttons to select the positive or negative rotation S1 and S2 are two NO-
pushbuttons.
- One F1-circuit breaker (CB) to turn the power on/off.
- One thermal relay F3 use for overload protection.
- Three indicator lights: H1 indicate positive direction, H2 - negative direction, H3 -
overload indicator light.
- Three-phase 6-terminals inductor motor.

Page 61 of 78
6.3.2.1.2 Circuit diagram
Fig. 6.2: Indirect rotation reversing circuit diagram
6.3.2.1.3 Working principle

Close F1-CB to power the motivative circuit and controlled circuit
 The motor rotates in the positive direction
- Push on positive pushbutton S1 to energize the attracted coil and H1-light is bright (H1 –
on)
- When the attracted coil K1 is powered, the normally open K1-contacts (1-2, 3-4, 5-6) will
close, causing the motivative circuit to be closed and the motor is connected to the three-
phase source to operate in the positive direction.
- At the same time the normally open contact in the control circuit K1 (13-14) closes to
maintain the attracted coil K1 always has power, K1 (21-22) opens and K2 is cross-locked
(K1 and K2 do not work at the same time)
 The motor rotates in the negative direction
- In order for the motor to run in the opposite direction (negative rotation), first press S0 to
stop the engine, then perform a reversal (called an indirect reversing circuit).
- Press the reverse pushbutton S2, the attracted coil K2 is powered, the D2 light is on.

Page 62 of 78
- When there is an electric current running in the attracted coil, the normally open contacts
K2 (1-2, 3-4, 5-6) of the motivative circuit are closed and the motor is connected to the
three-phase source to operate in the negative direction (the power supply to the DC is
reversed phases A and C).
- At the same time, the contact normally open on the control circuit K2 (13-14) closed to
(K1 and K2 do not work together)
 Process to stop the engine
When the stop button is pressed S0, coil K1 or K2 is disconnected from the source, the
contacts K1 or K2 at the motor circuit open and the motor stops working
 Motor protections
- Overload protection: When an overload (OL) occurs, the motivative circuit is responsible
for disconnecting the power supply to the motor and open the OL F3 (95-96) contact, so
the engine stops working. At the same time, OL F3 (97-98)-contact is closed and the D3
light is on.
- Short circuit protection: When a short-circuit problem in the motivative circuit or control
circuit occurs, the CB Q is responsible for interrupting the power supply to these circuits,
so the motor is disconnected from the source and stopped working.
6.3.2.2 Direct starter circuit
6.3.2.2.1 Electrical instruments and equipments of the direct starter circuit
- The circuit using two contactors K1 and K2 to energize the DC Motor operating in either
positive or negative direction.
- Stopping button S0 is NC-button
- Two buttons to select the positive or negative rotation S1 and S2 are two NO-
pushbuttons.
- One F1-circuit breaker (CB) to turn the power on/off
- One thermal relay F3 use for overload protection.
- Three indicator lights: H1 indicate positive direction, H2 - negative direction, H3 -
overload indicator light.
- Three-phase 6-terminals inductor motor.

Page 63 of 78
6.3.2.2.2 Circuit diagram
Fig. 6.3: Direct rotation reversing circuit diagram
6.3.2.2.3 Working principle

Close F1-CB to power the motivative circuit and controlled circuit
 The motor rotates in the positive direction
- Push on positive pushbutton S1 to energize the attracted coil and H1-light is bright (H1 –
on)
- When the attracted coil K1 is powered, the normally open K1-contacts (1-2, 3-4, 5-6) will
close, causing the motivative circuit to be closed and the motor is connected to the three-
phase source to operate in the positive direction.
- At the same time the normally open contact in the control circuit K1 (13-14) closes to
(K1 and K2 do not work at the same time)
 The motor rotates in the negative direction
- In order for the motor to run in the opposite direction (negative rotation), it is not
necessary to press S0 to stop the motor and can directly press S2 (direct reversing circuit).

Page 64 of 78
- When the motor is rotating in the positive direction, press the reverse open button S2,
normally close S2 open, turn off the power K1. At the same time the main contacts K1 (1-
2, 3-4, 5-6) open, the motor stops working.
- Then, the contacts K1 (13-14), K1 (21-22) return to the initial state, the attracted coil K1
is disconnected from the source.
- And the attracted coil K2 is connected to the source, the D2 light is on.
- When the attracted coil K2 has electricity, the normally open contacts K2 (1-2, 3-4, 5-6)
close the motivative circuit to supply 3-phase power to the motor operating in the opposite
direction (the power supply to the phase A and phase C are reversed.
- At the same time the normally open contact on the control circuit K2 (13-14) is closed to
(KT and KN does not work simultaneously)
 Process to stop the motor
When we press the stop button S0, the coil K1 or K2 is open, the contacts K1 or K2 of the
motivative circuit open causing the motor to stop working.
 Protect the engine motor
- Overload protection: When an overload (OL) occurs, the motivative circuit is responsible
for disconnecting the power supply to the motor and open the OL F3 (95-96) contact, so
the engine stops working. At the same time, OL F3 (97-98)-contact is closed and the D3
light is on.
- Short circuit protection: When a short-circuit problem in the motivative circuit or control
circuit occurs, the CB Q is responsible for interrupting the power supply to these circuits,
so the motor is disconnected from the source and stopped working.

Page 65 of 78
LAB 7 INDIRECT STARTER CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE

ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
7.1 Objectives
- Operate the circuit as required
7.3 Contents
7.3.1 The motor start circuit using a starting resistor in series with the
stator.
7.3.1.1 Equipment and electrical instruments
- Source CB Q1; thermal relay F1; S1 and S2 pushbutton are used to start and stop the
motor.
- A starter resistor R (resistance value and power of these 3 resistors must be the same)
-Contactor KM1 is used to power M1 motor
- Contactor KM2 is used to remove the starting resistor R from the circuit.
- Time relay TP1 is ON DELAY type, used to count the time to switch at the end of the
starting process.
- The relay KA1 is used to energize the attractive coil of contact KM2 after the specified
time of the time relay. In the case of using a large capacity contactor, because its attractive
coil is large in size, so to ensure the safety of the relay contact, KA1 relay must be used.
Therefore, for a small power circuit, we do not need to use KA1 as in this circuit, but use
the contact of the time relay to close/open directly to the attractive coil of the contactor.

Page 66 of 78
Figure 7.1: Diagram of motor starting circuit using resistor

 Startup
- Close Q1-CB
- Press S2(3-4)-button to power the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor and the time relay
TP1.
- When the coil of the KM1 powered, contact (13-14) KM1 is closed, the power supply for
the KM1 contactor coil is maintained, and the three KM1 main contacts are closed. The
task of these contacts is to provide a 3-phase power supply for the starting process of the
motor M1 via resistors R.
- When the coil of TP1 Time Relay is energized, after a predetermined period of time, the
normally open contact - slow closing TP1 (67-68) is closed and the coil of the KA1
intermediate relay is powered.

Page 67 of 78
- When the coil of the intermediate relay KA1 is energized, the contact KA1 (13-14) closes
and the coil of the KM2 contactor is energized.
- When the KM2 contactor coil is energized, the three main KM2 contacts in the dynamic
circuit are closed, which are responsible for switching off the R resistor to remove the
resistor R from the dynamic circuit. At this time the engine works normally and finishes
the start-up process.
 Stop motor:
Press S1 button for the entire circuit to lose power and return to the initial state
7.3.2 The starting circuit using an autonomous transformer
7.3.2.1 Equipments and electrical instruments
motor.
- An autonomous transformer (AT)
- Contactor KM1 and KM2 to close the power supply for motor M1 to start via AT.
- Contactor KM3 is used to remove AT from the circuit.
- Time relay TP1 is ON DELAY type, used to count the time to switch at the end of the
boot process.
- The relay KA1, KA2 used to power the coil cotactor KM2, KM3 after the specified time
of the time relay.

Page 68 of 78
Figure 7.2: Diagram of motor starting circuit using AT

 Startup
- Close Q1-CB
- Press S2-button to power the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor and KA1 intermediate
relay and the time relay TP1 (TP1's timer starts to count).
- When the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor is energized, the KM1 (13-14) contact
closes to maintain the power supply of the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor,
intermediate relay KA1 and time relay TP1.
- At the same time the three KM1 main contacts are closed. The task of these contacts is to
provide a 3-phase power supply for the AT.

Page 69 of 78
- When the KA1 intermediate relay coil is energized, the KA1 (13-14) contact is closed,
and the attractive coil of the KM2 contactor is energized. At that time, the three main KM2
contacts on the dynamic circuit closed, supplying electricity from the AT for the engine to
start.
- When the setting time of Time Relay TP1 run out, the contact TP1 (55-56) opens,
disconnects the power of the KA1 relay, contacts KA1 (13-14) opens, disconnects the
attractive coil of the KM2 contactor, the KM2 (21-22) contact closes, and the three
contacts of KM2 of the motivative circuit opens. The start-up process of the motor via AT
ends
- Simultaneously the contact TP1 (67-68) is closed and the coil of the intermediate relay
KA2 is energized to make the contact KA2 (13-14) closed, and continue to maintain the
power supply for the circuit at S2 (4- 4), and contact KA2 (23-24) closed to power the
attractive coil of KM3 contactor.
- When KM3 is powered, the KM3 (11-12) contact opens, not allowing KM1 to operate
while KM3 is active. At the same time, the three main KM3 contacts in the motivative
circuit are closed, the motor is powered directly from the grid to operate. The motor is
switched to normal working mode.
 Stop motor
Press the S1 button, the entire control circuit is disconnected from the source, the circuit
returns to the initial state and the motor stops working.
7.3.3 The circuit starts by connecting star-triangle
motor.
- Contactor KM1 and KM2 to close the power supply for motor M1 to start in the mode of
star connection
- Contactor KM3 is used to switch the mode of star connection to the mode of triangle
connection
- Time relay TP1 is ON DELAY type, used to count the time to switch the star connection
to the triangle connection
- The relay KA1, KA2 used to power the attractive coil of contactor KM2, KM3 after the
specified time of the time relay.

Page 70 of 78

Rlne-
Figure 7.3: Diagram of motor starting circuit by changing the

wiring diagram Star-Triangle

 Startup
- Close Q1-CB
- Press S2-button to power the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor and KA1 intermediate
relay and the time relay TP1 (TP1's timer starts to count).
- When the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor is energized, the KM1 (13-14) contact
closes to maintain the power supply of the attractive coil of the KM1 contactor, and time
relay TP1. At the same time the three KM1 main contacts are closed. The task of these
contacts is to prepare the power supply for the starter motor. (The motor is only started
when the three KM2 main contacts close)
- When the KA1 intermediate relay coil is energized, the KA1 (13-14) contact is closed
and the attractive coil of the KM2 contactor is energized, KM2(21-22) contact opens, KM3
is cross locked (does not allow KM3 to operate while KM2 is active).
- When the setting time of Time Relay TP1 run out, the contact TP1 (55-56) opens,
disconnects the power of the KA1 relay, contacts KA1 (13-14) opens, disconnects the
attractive coil of the KM2 contactor, the KM2 (21-22) contact closes, and the three

Page 71 of 78
contacts of KM2 of the motivative circuit opens. The start-up process of the motor in the
node of star connection ends.
- Simultaneously the contact TP1 (67-68) is closed and the coil of the intermediate relay
KA2 is energized to make the contact KA2 (23-24) closed, the attracted coil of the
contactor KM3 is powered and KM3 (11-12) contact open and do not allow KM2 to
operate while KM3 is active. At the same time, the three KM3 main contacts of the
motivative circuit are closed, switch to the mode of triangle connection. Finally the motor
works in the mode of triangular connection.
- The start-up process is finished
 Stop motor
Press the S1 button, the entire control circuit is disconnected from the source, the circuit
returns to the initial state and the motor stops working.

Page 72 of 78
LAB 8 DYNAMIC BRAKES CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE

ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
8.1 Objectives
- Pushbutton: 1set/2 students.
8.3 Contents
8.3.1 Dynamic braking principle
- Dynamic braking is the supply of DC power to the Stator winding, it is necessary to cut
the AC power from the Stator winding before performing dynamic braking.
- When disconnecting the AC power from the stator winding, the rotor continues to rotate
due to inertia. When disconnecting the AC power from the stator winding, the rotor
continues to rotate due to inertia. When we supply the dc motor winding (DC), the direct
current flows in the Stator coil to create a standing magnetic field. At the time of power
cut, the stator is still rotating, the squirrel cage on the rotor still rotating the static magnetic
field at the stator will appear induction current in the short circuit. The effect of rotor
currents on the magnetic field in stator makes the torque from the rotor stand stand still.
- Dynamic braking has the advantage of low energy consumption, the motor often opens
and turns the rotation usually applies this method. The greater the speed, the stronger the
braking force, the torque reduction decreases with speed, when the speed n = 0, the braking
torque is also zero.
8.3.2 Dynamic braking circuit using pushbutton
- The electric intruments used in the dynamic braking circuit include: a power CB Q1, an
F1 thermal relay, an S1-phushbutton to stop and a S2-pushbutton start-up motor.
- Contactor KM1 and KM2 to close the power supply for motor M1 to start

Page 73 of 78
- KM3-contactor is used for dynamic braking of the motor


- Press the S3 button, KM1 and KM2 are powered, the motor is started.
- When S2 is pressed, KM1 loses power, TP3 and KM3 have power, and performs braking.
When the engine is stopped, TP3 counts at the end of its set time, and its normally closed
and slow contact opens, TP3 and KM3 lose power, ending the braking process.
8.3.3 Dynamic braking circuit using time relay
- The electric intruments used in the dynamic braking circuit include: a power CB Q1, an
F1 thermal relay, an S1-phushbutton to stop and a S2-pushbutton start-up motor.
- KM1 and KM2 contactor close the power supply for M1 starter motor.
- KM3-contactor is used for dynamic braking of the motor
- Time relay TP1 is ON DELAY type, used to count the time to brake

Page 74 of 78

Page 75 of 78
LAB 9 COMBINATION CONTROL CIRCUITS
9.1 Objectives
- Pushbutton: 1set/2 students.
- Power supply and practice panel.

Page 76 of 78
9.3 Contents
9.3.1 Consecutive control circuit
9.3.1.1 Two-motor consecutive control circuit

Page 77 of 78
9.3.1.2 Three -motor consecutive control circuit
9.3.2 Direct starting control circuit incorporates rotary reversing and

dynamic braking.

Page 78 of 78

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Electric Practice Lab Student’s Manual

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

LAB 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

3.3.1.1 Incandescent lamp .................................................................................................................21

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

8.3.1 Dynamic braking principle ..........................................................................................................73

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY - 2019

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

- Due to touching the metal material having access to electricity or non-metallic

I (mA) Alternating current Direct current

1-3 Feeling numbness No feeling

4-6 The finger is numb No feeling

7-9 Fingers shrink and quiver Tingle pain

10-15 Difficult to leave exposed objects Hot and tingle pain

20-30 Shortness of breath Muscle shrinks

50-80 Respiratory paralysis Shortness of breath

90-100 Heart Stops Beating Respiratory paralysis

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

The electric current passes through the heart %

Left hand to leg 3,7

Right hand to leg 6,7

1.3.1.3 Power source

- Voltage levels: 380/220V. Where: Uline =380V, Uphase =220V

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Figure 1.2. Schematic diagram of a 3-phase 4-wire system.

- The line voltage (VL)is the line-to-line voltage.

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

NO CLIMPING - ELECTRIC HAZARD: Signs of equipment, electric tools are having

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Figure 1.3: Pliers, Needle Nose Pliers, Diagonal Cutters

Wire Strippers: Dedicated to stripping wire's insulation

Figure 1.4: Wire Strippers

1.3.2.6 Electronic Drills

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The Fast screwdriver consists of 4

4) The tip. Figure 1.6: Fast Screwdrivers

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5 3-phase power source

7 2-Pole Circuit Breakers

8 3-Pole Circuit Breakers

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TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

20 4-pole Switch Location 2 4 3

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LAB 2 CABLE CONNECTIONS

Figure 2.1: Single-stranded wire

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2.3.1.2 Double-stranded wire

Figure 2.2: Double-stranded wire

2.3.1.3 Solid-core wire

Figure 2.3: Solid-core wire

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2.3.1.4 Low voltage cables

Figure 2.4: Low voltage cables (a: 3-core cable, b: 4-core

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Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8

2.3.2.1.2 T-junction connection

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Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9