PHYSICS 4. The main loss of heat from Earths by. Which term best represents the relation between & blackbody and radiant energy? A blackbody is an Ideal_of radiant enorey? Heinesen 4. tfyou place your hand underneath, but not touching 2 kettle of hot water, you mainly feel the prasance of heat from aaa at {6 When the first aw of thermodynamics is applied 102 = the Qand W stand for wnat? ‘oon ites eda end 8. Asanideal ga is compressed at constant temperature \What happen when the substances being heated? 30, tenhapoers aah tenserae m cms 2 12, This\s defined as the amount of eneray needed to ‘aise the temperature of the substance by 1. degree Celsius 2 ibn nisin 14, ncalorimety, the system ofthe sample and the waters isolated the principle of conservation of ‘energy requires thatthe amount of energy that leaves ‘the sample equal to the amount of energy enters the water? -Isallthe energy ofa system thats associated ‘with ts microscopic components ~atom and molecules when viewed from a reference frame at rest with respect to the center of mass ofthe system. HEAT. is defined asa process of transfering energy cross the boundary ofa system because of a temperature difference between the system ands surroundings EATING -heatinga substance energy is being transferred to tby placing i In contact withthe suoundings tht havea Pigher temperature. {CALORIE - intial notions of heat were based on afd, calorie that flowed from one substance to anather and caused changes in temperature apa“ which canbe seen nthe nuttion facto food Products isequvaen to “ne unitof ferey nthe US. customary sytem i eaied trae he tomperature of ib of watr by TF Since eat sone o the forms tf cre, hu Joules nather un of witha conversion actor tie ta hacen is known a3 the methanol ‘SPECIFIC HEAT - of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass. CALONIETER-To measur the exchange of eat between he Substances clrmety employed andthe device seta the process LATENT HEAT- A substance often undergoes @ change in temperature when enerystancered between Rand is surroundings. isthe term used when the phase change 's from slid to liquid (to fuse means “to combine by melting"), the term used when the phase ‘changes from fiqud to gas (the quid *vaporizes") ‘The fist law of thermodynamics is a special case ofthe law of conservation of energy that encompasses changes in internal energy and energy transfer by heat and work. is a aw that can bbe applied to many processes and provides a connection between the microscopic and macroscopie worlds. (Cyclic process - the net work done on the system per cycle equals the ares enclosed by the path representing the process on a PV diagram. ISOBARIC PROCESS =A process that occurs at constant pressure ISOVOLUMETRIC PROCESS -A process that takes place at constant volume CONOUCTIN OR THERMAL CONOUCTION-The proceso ener transfer by heat. CONVECTION Energy transferred bythe movement ofa worm ubstance, When the movement results from diferencesin eit, as with air around aire itis referred to as natural convertion. Example: Airflow of beach - Water ina lake cools and ‘Sinks Fan = Purp ~ Hot air= Hot water heating systems Beil water —Teakettle~ Room heated by radiatorIDEAL ABSORBER — is defined as an object that absorbs all the ‘energy incident on it and also an ideal radiator of energy. DEWAR FLASK is a container designed to minimize energy losses ‘by conduction, convection, and radiation. A container used to store ether cold or hot liquids for long periods of time. When mater behave inthis way thy ae sido be orto hve became Mca hab ELECTRIC FORCE ~s the fore acting between electical charged objets. ‘CONDUCTORS ~are materalin which some ofthe electron arefree electrons that are not bound to atoms and can relatively freely through the materials. INSULATOR~ are materiaisin which all electron are bound toatoms and cannot move freely through the materials. SEMICONDUCTOR ~ are third class material, and ther electrical properties are somewhere between those of insulator and those of conductors. = consider a neutral (uncharged) conducting sphere ulated from the ground. THERMAL CONTACT - with each other i energy can be exchanged ‘between them by these processes due toa temperature difference. ‘Thermal equlbm- Ia stuation In which two object would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact. Thermal equilibrium is related to the Eeroth of thermodynamic stating that PROBLEM SOLVING: Exomple. Losing Weight, the Hard Way ‘A student eats a dinner rated at 2000 Calories. He wishes an equivalent amount of work in the gymnasium by lifting a SO-kg barbell. How many times must he raise the barbell to expend this ‘much energy? Assume he raises the barbell 2.00 m each time he lifts it and he transfers no energy when he lowers the barbell? newer AU oat = West Au = mgh Av = nmgh Wee = gh 2000 Cal CER a) GooK (08%) @oom\ Calorie) reat = 854.x 10? times EXAMPLE. Fun Time for a Cowboy ‘A cowboy fires a silver bullet with a muzzle speed of 200 mis into the pine wall ofsaloon. Assume that all the intemal energy generated bby the impact remains with the billet. What is the temperature ‘change ofthe bullet? Answer Example. Cooling a Ht Ingot ‘40.050 0-kg ingot of meal is heated to 200.0°C and then dropped into beaker containing 0.400 kg of water initially at 20.0°C. Ifthe final equilibrium temperature of the mixed system is 224°C, find the specific eat ofthe metal Answer Meu (Ty ~ Ty) = ~MCx(Ty — Te) (0400 kg) (4186. a a) (224°C - 200°C) = ~(0.0500 ka)e,(22.4°C - 2000°C) J 6455500 ‘LATENT HEAT EXAMPLE Example. Cooling the Stearn What mass of steam intially at 130°C is needed to warm 2009 of water ina 100g glass container from 20.0% to 50.0%? meat =m, (201.10? 25) (-200%) =-m,(603% 10°) = =m, (226210°2) tl = (419x108 Ta) Cs00%) = nefometd) ae = O:+ 02 + 05 = m, (253.1082) (@.200kg) (4.19 108 Pr 1) (300%) + (0.100 kg) (837: a ea) 00") 277104) cout = ~Qrotm, = 1.09x 10? kg = 10.9.9 An isothermal Expansion A1.0 mol sample of an ideal gas is kept at 0°C during an expansion from 3.0L to 1.0L. (@) How much work is done on the gas during the expansion’? (b) How much energy transfer by heat occurs between the gas and its surroundings in this process? (©) If the gas is retumed to the original volume by means of an isobaric process, how much work is done on the gas? Answer « Fora): w =narin(¥) Ww =(10mol)(a314- K)@73 Kin Wa -27x107] For (6): AE ge = + W o=qtw For (©): w=-P(y, (3.0 x 10-*m3 — 10.0x10-#m?) = Example, Suppose 1.00 g of water vaporizes isobarically at atmospheric pressure (1.01325 x 108 Pa). Its volume in the liquid state is V; = Vuguia = 1.00 cm, and its volume in the vapor state is Vj = Veapor = 167 10m. Find the work done in the expansion and the change in internal energy of the system. Ignore any mixing of the steam and the surrounding air; imagine that the steam simply pushes the surrounding air out of the way. W=-PU;-¥) W = ~(1.01325 x 105Pa)(1671 x 10" = -169) — 1.00 x 10-6m?) Q = LyAm, = mly = (1.00 x 10-%g) (226x10¢2) = 2260) Eine = Q + W = 2260) + (-169J) = 2.09 ky