Larry G.

Irorita

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Biotechnology – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: DNA and RNA
First Edition, 2020

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Published by: LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL

Science Department Head: EVA C. PEREZ, HT VI
Principal: Dr. MARIA NOEMI M. MONCADA, Ed. D.,LIB, PRINCIPAL IV

Development Team of the SLeM

Writer: LARRY G. IRORITA

Editor: IMELDA CONCEPCION B. MANUNTAG
BHABES CLEMENTE
Reviewers:
Language Validator: ARLENE V. ARTUS
Management Team: MARIA NOEMI M. MONCADA, Ed. D., LI B, PRINCIPAL IV
EVA C. PEREZ, HT VI-

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Office Address: Ascencion Road cor. Misa De Gallo St. Lagro Subd. Novaliches Q.C
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HOW TO USE THIS SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL (SLeM)
Before you start answering the SLeM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will
disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read carefully the instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every part of this
SLeM.
2. Write in your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Keep in mind that Writing
develops and enhances learning.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THIS MODULE

Expectations This provides what you should know completing
the lessons in the SLeM.

Pre-test This assesses your prior knowledge and the

concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.

Looking Back This section measures the skills that you learned
to your and understand from the previous lesson.
Lesson

Brief This section gives you an overview of the lesson.

Introduction

These are activities designed to develop your

Activities critical thinking and other competencies that you
need to master. This can be done solely or with
your partner depending on the nature of the
activity.

Remember This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

Check your
Understanding This verifies how you learned from the lesson.

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Post-test This measures how much you have learned from
the entire SLeM.

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LESSON 5: DNA and RNA

EXPECTATIONS

This Supplementary Learning Material helps you to:

• identify the function of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis;
• compare the structures of the DNA and RNA molecules; and,
• appreciate the importance of DNA and RNA molecules in the life of living
organisms.

PRETEST

Directions: Choose the letters only of the best answers that best fits the statement or
answers the questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following combination of bases cannot be presented in DNA?

A. ATCG B. ATTA C. AUCG D. GCAT
2. The instructions for the traits of an organism are coded in the arrangement of ___ .
A. bases in the DNA inside the nucleus.
B. energy- rich bonds in starch molecules.
C. fat molecules in the cell membrane.
D. glucose units in carbohydrate molecules.
3. What do you call the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which in turn
codes for a trait?
A. Chromosome C. Nitrogen base
B. Gene D. Phosphate
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about DNA and RNA?
I. DNA’s pentose sugar is deoxyribose, RNA’s sugar is ribose.
II. DNA is a single helix structure, RNA is double helix structure.
III. DNA is found mainly in nucleus, RNA is found in cytoplasm.
IV. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains Uracil.
A. II only B. I, II, III C. I, II, IV D. I, III, IV
5. Which of the following components are found both in DNA and mRNA?
A. Uracil
B. double helix polymer
C. sugar composition
D. genetic codes based on the sequence of bases

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 LOOKING BACK
Mix and Match

Directions: Remember some important events about the history of DNA. Match the scientists
with their contributions to the timeline below.

Gregor Arbrecht Friedrich Rosalind Erwin James Watson

Mendel Kossel Miescher Franklin Chargaff Francis Crick

1866 1869 1881 1944-1950 1951 1953

Suggested Credited with Identified the Worked in X-ray Discovered Published on

that naming DNA, “nuclein” by crystallography that DNA is DNA’s double
characteristic identified isolating a began when she responsible for helix structure
nuclein as a molecule from started taking X- that twists to
s are passed heredity and
nucleic acid. a cell nucleus ray diffraction form the ladder-
down from that it varies like structure we
that would later photographs of between
generation to think of when we
become known DNA. species.
generation. as DNA.
picture DNA

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

The distinguishing characteristics of a living organism depends on the complexity

of components interacting in it. Protein molecules are abundant and work in the cells of
different organisms. The more complex the structure of a living organism the more protein
it contains. So, protein determines what structures are important in a living organism. But
how are these proteins formed?

The information needed to make a protein is encoded in the cell’s DNA (

Deoxyribonucleic Acid), a long molecule that needs both develop and reproduce. It is
the information molecule where it stores different instruction to assemble large molecule
like proteins. When proteins are formed, a copy of the DNA is produced through the
mRNA (Messenger Ribonucleic Acid) that serves as a pattern and this is transported
in the ribosomes where it is interpreted and used for the assembly of amino acids during
protein synthesis.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a nucleic
acid, which is a complex organic molecule composed
of bound substance called nucleotides. And in every
nucleotide, it consists of three types of molecule
(1.) a 5- C sugar, deoxyribose; (2.) a phosphate group;
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(3.) a nitrogen base ( A-T, T-A,C-G, G-C) bonded together
by hydrogen bonds.
Ribonucleic Acid( RNA), like DNA is a nucleic acid. RNA is a polymer consisting
of nucleotides. Furthermore, RNA contains a 5- C sugar, ribose and Uracil as its Nitrogen
base instead of thymine.
The major types of RNA include:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)- it makes up about 5% of the total RNA
composition of the cell which may be found inside or outside the cell
nucleus. It transmits the genetic code from the DNA and serves as a
template for the assembly of amino acids during the process called protein
synthesis

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- it makes up about 15 %of the total cellular RNA
and its responsibility is to carry activated amino acids to the ribosomes and
has the capacity to bond to a specific type of amino acid among the many
which are found in the cytoplasm

3. Ribososmal RNA (rRNA)- it makes up about 80% of the total RNA and
mostly found like dots attached to the ribosomes (RER)-the cell machinery
that are responsible for synthesizing proteins

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Loop a Word

Objective:
Determine the basic unit and structure of DNA and RNA.

Materials:
paper and pen
Additional reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apaP9a079po

Procedures:
1. Loop a word related to DNA and RNA from the puzzle to complete the statement below.
2. The different words found in the puzzle may be used more than once to complete the
statement about the information of DNA and RNA.
3. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

In 1953 James ____(1)____ and Francis ____(2)_____ established the structure

of DNA which stands for _____________(3)_______ ________. DNA contains the
genetic information/ material found in cell’s ___(4)____ of all living things. This
information contains the______(5)_______ needed by all living things. DNA is thus the

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ultimate source of ____(6)______ and enzymes in living system. The basic unit of DNA
is _____(7)____. A molecule of DNA may contain as many as 200 000 nucleotides.

The shape of DNA is a ___________(8) _____________ which is like a

twisted ladder or closed zipper. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating 5-
carbon sugar called ______(9)______ and ____(10)_______ molecules. The rungs of
the ladder are made up of different types of ________(11)_____ _____. Two of these
bases are purines called ___(12)______ and _____(13)______ that has a two- ringed
structure. And the other two bases are pyrimidines called ______(14)______ and
_____(15)_______ which has a one- ringed structure.

RNA which stands for____(16)______ like DNA is a nucleic acid. However

RNA structure differs from the DNA structure because RNA is
__________(17____________) .They are primarily located outside the nucleus or in the
________(18)_______ It is made up a 5- carbon sugar called ____(19)_____. Its also
contain four nitrogenous bases but instead of thymine, RNA contains a similar base
called ____(20)_____.

Through the process of protein synthesis adenine and thymine will bond
together with double helix hydrogen bond cytosine and guanine.

C D O U B L E H E L I X G D I F N U C L E O T I D E
O W A T S O N E O P L E E D G H J I L P R T T T O A S
N E F G H J I H I G H S C H O O L B E A U T Y R F V F
T N R F B N M M O O N N I T R O G E N O U S B A S E U
S O I R I C Y C C S I N E A S D T U U N C U T T O P T
I U B I A R D D Y Y P F V B G T U I C B A B Y N T O S
N S O E S I E C S T R H A F G H J K L C N U C L E U S
G G N N D C R V E G O S A R A P I T E S T K I T S R S
L L U D E K T B N I T S M T E R H T I G I I N T M A N
E A C S F A Z C A D E N I N E E N S C C C H A H I C A
S N L Y R A N I M A I N L N V E A K A K O A I Y T I T
T D E O X Y R I B O N U C L E I C A C I D D R M T L S
R D I D S D F G H J K L E R E T U I I T O T H I R S D
A H C R P H O S P H A T E I N M O O D I G U A N I N E
N E A I L P A T O P O R T U I E E N T A S F D E R G D
D Y C P I N S I N S T R U C T I O N A S E D F I T S D
L U I T A C I T I T Y N U I O M N E T P L A T E S R S
C Y T O P L A S M C T G C O R O N S G A N G R Y U I S
Y P A N D E M I S D F G H J K D E O X Y R I B O S E D
U G A D T R I B O S E T E R S C H O O L S Y R T H I P

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 Activity 2
DNA and RNA Construction Model

Objectives:
Familiarize students with the structure of DNA.
Make a model of a DNA template to determine the sequence of bases in the new
strand.
Material: art paper, scissors, paste/glue/tape
any available cardboard (long size of bond paper),
string (if needed)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw

NOTE: PLEASE BE CAREFUL IN HANDLING THE SCISSORS MOST ESPECIALLY

IN CUTTING.

Procedures:

NOTE: PLEASE READ ALL THE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE STARTING THE ACTIVITY.

1. Use the patterns that represents the components of the DNA provided in the activity.
Use the assigned color to avoid confusion, Adenine-yellow, Thymine-blue, Cytosine–
purple, Guanine –green, Phosphate – orange Deoxyribose sugar -red.

GUANINE
PHOSPHATE
CYTOSINE
5-CARBON
SUGAR

THYMINE
URACIL
ADENINE

2. Cut out the shapes of nucleotides and place them in a stack. You will need the following
numbers of each shape:
Guanine - 3
Adenine - 5
Thymine - 3
Cytosine - 3
Uracil - 2

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 Phosphate -18
5- Carbon Sugar (12 Deoxyribose sugar, 9 ribose) - 18

3. Using the appropriate pieces, build a model of strand of a DNA molecule using the
base code below.
Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
4. Tape the cut-out patterns to form the nucleotides. Use the small circle as a guide in
connecting the nucleotides.
5. Let this arrangement represent the old strand of the DNA molecule.
6. Make the complementary strand for the old strand in step number 3. Tape the cut-out
pattern to form the nucleotides that represent the new strand.
7. Match the old strand and the new strand forming the double helix DNA molecule.
8. Mount the form double helix DNA molecule in any available cardboard at home.
9. Use the remaining pieces to construct a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the
New DNA strand.
10. Mount the formed RNA molecule in any available cardboard at home.
11. Do not forget to clean up your materials and working area.
12. Answer the guide questions on a separate sheet of paper.

Observations

Constructed Model of DNA Constructed Model of RNA

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 1

Guide Questions: (Answer on a separate sheet of paper)

Q1. What is the function of DNA? And RNA?

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Q2. What are the basic nucleotides of the DNA and RNA molecule?

Q3. What is the pairing arrangement of the nitrogenous base?

Adenine pairs with ______________ and Guanine pairs with _______________

Q4. What nitrogenous base is found in RNA molecule that cannot be found in DNA
molecule?
Q5. Based on your constructed model of DNA. Describe the structure how DNA
molecule looks like? What about the RNA molecule?

Q6. Based on the constructed model of DNA molecule. In what way the two strands of
the DNA molecule similar or different?

Q7. How do you compare the structure of DNA molecule to the structure of a Zipper?

Q8. What is the primary or important role of DNA and RNA in the transmission of traits
from the parent generation to the next generation?

Activity 3
Compare Me: DNA and RNA

Objective
Compare the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA

Materials
Paper and pen, reference material (e.g. biology book), constructed model from
the Activity 1

Procedures

1. Study the constructed model of DNA and RNA in Activity 2. Note the differences in
their structures.

2. Watch the video presentation on the differences of DNA and RNA on the following
Website for further discussion:

3. Guide Question: (Answer on a separate sheet of paper)

Q1. Enumerate the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA by filling in the VENN
DIAGRAM below.

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 REMEMBER

• A DNA is a molecule that contains the information that determines inherited

characteristics. It has the code for proper sequence of amino acids to produce a
specific type of protein

• It is usually found in nucleus in prokaryotic organisms and cytosol in prokaryotic

organisms.

• DNA has a repeating subunit called monomers or nucleotides specifically.

• A nucleotide contains major components namely:

➢ Phosphate group
➢ 5-Carbon sugar
➢ Nitrogen base
• DNA contains four nitrogen bases namely; Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
and two of the bases are purine (Adenine, Guanine) which usually two ringed
structure while the other base is pyrimidine (Cytosine, Thymine) a one ringed
structure.

• DNA is a double helix structure that has a backbone chain composed of alternating
sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate. And inside like rung of the ladder are the
nitrogen base. Adenine and Thymine form hydrogen bond together and Cytosine
and Guanine form hydrogen bond together.

• Like the DNA, RNA is a polymer that consist of nucleotides. However, RNA is
usually single stranded and contains Ribose as its sugar and Uracil as its nitrogen
base instead of Thymine. And unlike DNA, RNA molecules can easily move from
the nucleus and into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pored. The following are
the three types of RNA:
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 ➢ Messenger RNA (mRNA)- it is found inside or outside the cell
nucleus, it transmits the genetic code from DNA and serves as a
pattern for the assembly of amino acid.
➢ Transfer RNA (tRNA) – specialized molecules that collect proper
amino acid and bring it to the ribosomes where the amino acid is then
attached to the growing proteins.
➢ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - the are formed in the nucleolus of the
nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm of the cell. Then eventually
combines with proteins to form ribosomes.

• The strand of DNA is complementary to each other allowing each strand to serve
as template during replication process.

• During replication, it makes a identical copy of DNA from the original DNA which
occurs in all living organisms

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: A. Fill in the missing parts of the DNA molecule below using your knowledge
about nucleotide structure.

Basis of Comparison DNA RNA

1. Number of strands
2.Location in the Cell
3. Type of sugar
4. Nitrogenous Bases

B. Give the complementary base of the given strand to determine its complementary
strand.
G

G
A

C
C

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 POSTTEST

Directions: Write the letters only of the best answers to complete the sentences
or answer the questions.

1. If one strand of DNA contains the nitrogenous base sequence GCATCG. Which of the
following of bases on the complementary strand of DNA is CORRECT.
A. CCUAGC C. CGTUCG
B. CGTAGC D. CGUAGC

2. Every cell contains Deoxyribonucleic Acid that serves as instructions for the traits of an
organism are coded in the arrangement of
A. fat molecules in the cell membrane
B. bases in the DNA inside the nucleus
C. energy- rich bonds in starch molecules
D. glucose units in carbohydrate molecule

3. The central dogma of the transfer of genetic information flows in one direction from ___
A. DNA to RNA to protein. C. nuclei to RNA to cytoplasm
B. genes to nuclei to ribosomes. D. ribosome to protein to DNA

4. Which of the following statements below show the differences of RNA from DNA?
I. RNA usually contains deoxyribose instead of ribose.
II. RNA usually contains ribose instead of deoxyribose.
III. RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine and usually “double stranded”.
IV. RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine and usually “single stranded”.

A. IV only B. II, IV C. I, II, III D. I, II, IV

5. DNA and RNA have something in common because they both are the following:
A. Phosphate group, Deoxyribose, Cytosine
B. Phosphate group, Guanine, Cytosine
C. Phosphate group, Guanine, Thymine
D. Phosphate group, Ribose, Adenine

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