DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1
MODULE 1

BY:
ENGR. JERNY D. CATIBAYAN

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

1.1.1. GOSPEL READING

1.1.2. TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1.3. INTRODUCTION

1.1.4. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.1.5. FAMIARIZATION WITH ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

1.1.6. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

1.1.7. OHM’S LAW

1.1.8. EXCERCISES

1.1.9. REFERENCES

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 I. GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God…

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit…

Proverbs 9:10

The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, and knowledge of the Holy

One is understanding.

St. John Baptist de la Salle… pray for us… Live Jesus in our hearts... Forever.

II. TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the semester, students can:

TLO1. Identifies Circuit Parameters, Power and Energy and Recognize the

significance of Basic Electrical Engineering in the Industrial Engineering

profession.

III. INTRODUCTION TO Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena

associated with the presence and motion of matter

that has a property of electric charge. In early

days, electricity was considered as being unrelated to

magnetism.

*Asynchronous Activity: Watch “The Story of Electricity - BBC Documentary FullHD

1080p” YOUTUBE Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUUeGianTKM

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IV. DEFINITION OF ELECTRICAL TERMS

• Electric Voltage

o EMF(electromotive force) ,electric potential difference,

electric pressure or electric tension is the difference in electric

potential between two points.

o The force that pushes the electrons to flow in a conductor/region

• Electric Current

o An electric current is said to exist when there is a net flow

of electric charge through a region.

• Electric Power

o Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical

energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit

of power is the watt, one joule per second.

• Electrical Energy

o is potential energy, which is energy stored in a charge

particle due to the object's position in the electric field The

charged particle will have the potential to move, or to do

work, due to the force of the electric field.

• Electrical Resistance

o the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or

restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e., electrons) through it.

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V. FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

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VI. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

• the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or

restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e., electrons) through it.

• Various Kinds of Resistors

• Resistor Color Coding

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• Laws of Resistance

The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following

factors :

• It varies directly as its length, l.

• It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor.

• It depends on the nature of the material.

• It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.

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 • Resistance Formula based on its Law:

𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
Where:

R- Resistance of the material in ohms (Ω)

ρ – resistivity or Specific resistance in ohm-meter

l – Length of the conductor in meters

A- Cross Sectional Area in sq. meters

• Resistivity

• is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how

strongly it resists or conducts electric current.

• Resistivity of Some Commonly Used Materials

• Conductance (G) is reciprocal of resistance. Whereas resistance of a

conductor measures the opposition which it offers to the flow of current, the

conductance measures the inducement which it offers to its flow.

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 • Conductivity (σ) – the reciprocal of resistivity, meaning it is the property of

material that induce current to flow in a conductor. The unit of conductance is

siemens (S). Earlier, this unit was called mho.

Example Problems

1. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1 Ω. What will be the

resistance of manganin wire of one-third the length and one-third the

diameter if the specific resistance of manganin is 30 times that of silver.

Solution:

2. Calculate the resistance of 100 m length of a wire having a uniform

cross-sectional area of 0.1 mm2 if the wire is made of manganin having

a resistivity of 50 × 10−8 Ω-m. If the wire is drawn out to three times its

original length, by how many times would you expect its resistance to

be increased?

Solution:

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 3. The resistance of a conductor 1 mm2 in cross-section and 20 m long is

0.346 Ω. Determine the specific resistance of the conducting material.

Solution:

• Inferred Temperature and Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

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 𝑻 + 𝒕𝒇
𝑹𝒇 = 𝑹𝟎 ( )
𝑻 + 𝒕𝟎
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑅𝑓 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.

𝑅0 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑡𝑓 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑡0 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑇 − 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠

o Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

the increase in resistance per ohm original resistance per °C rise

in temperature.

𝑹𝒇 = 𝑹𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜶𝟎 ∆𝒕)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑅𝑓 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.

𝑅0 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝛼0 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠

∆𝑡 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠; ∆𝒕 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡0

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Example Problems

1. A copper conductor has its specific resistance of 1.6 × 10−6 ohm-cm at 0°C

and a resistance temperature coefficient of 1/254.5 per °C at 20°C. Find (i) the

specific resistance and (ii) the resistance - temperature coefficient at 60°C.

Solution:

2. A coil has a resistance of 18 Ω when its mean temperature is 20°C and of 20

Ω when its mean temperature is 50°C. Find its mean temperature rise when its

resistance is 21 Ω .

Solution:

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 VII. OHM’S LAW

This law applies to electric to electric conduction through good conductors and may be
stated as follows :

“The ratio of potential difference (E) between any two points on a conductor to the
current (I) flowing between them, is constant, provided the temperature of the conductor
does not change.”

Mathematically,

𝑬
𝑰=
𝑹
𝑬
𝑹=
𝑰

𝑬 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝟐
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝑹
where P is the Electrical Power in Watts

Example Problems:

1. A 300 ohm resistor is across a 50 volts DC source. Find the current that circulates in
the circuit.
Solution:

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 2. Upon measurement, it was found out that the voltage across a load is 385 V. If the
load is dissipating 1000 watts of power, what is the resistance of the load and the
current passing through it?
Solution:

3. A 3 ohm load is dissipating 800 watts of power from a source. If a fuse is inserted
between the load and the source to protect both during short circuits, what is the best
rating of the fuse? Apply a safety factor of 125%.

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REFERENCES

Online References
Call Reference Material
number or
e-provider
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUUeGianTKM The Story of Electricity - BBC
YouTube Documentary FullHD 1080p

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqxzQkAdJm0&t=1248s Essential & Practical

YouTube
Circuit Analysis Part 1 – DC Circuits
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl1fDDez7QA Introduction to AC Circuit Analysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIOdSt-uQDg Effective Electrical Safety Programs -
YouTube Focus on PPE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asVQ3ncmqhY AutoCAD Electrical House

YouTube Wiring Tutorial for Electrical Engineers

On-Site References
Accession Reference Material
number
2196243 Padmanabhan, K. Swaminathan, P. (2017), Circuit Analysis, ebook, Ed.: Third edition.
New Delhi, India : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
2005299 Liu Huijuan Fan Yu (2018), Electric machinery, ebook Oxford : Alpha Science
International Ltd.
2228696 Jain, S. P. (2018). CO-RE of Electrical Engineering,ebook, Ed.: First edition. Bengaluru :
Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd
1918012 Singh, Yaduvir Verma, Mandhir (2016), Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering ebook,
Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
1825905 Loznen, Steli Bolintineanu, Constantin,Swart, Jan (2017), Electrical Product Compliance
and Safety Engineering, ebook, Boston, Massachusetts : Artech House.

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