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Statistics and probability reviewer

Statistics (Western Philippines University)

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Statistics

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VARIABLE 1
- any information, attribute, characteristic, ; if x=0
4
number, or quantity that describes a person,
place, event, thing or idea that can be P ( X )= 1 ; if x =1
measured or counted
2
- can be qualitative or quantitative (discrete or
1
; if x=2
continuous) 4
DISCRETE VARIABLE where x i s the number o heads when tossing a pair
- a quantitative variable whose value can only be of unbiased coins.
attained through counting PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION OF A
- it can be finite in number of possible values or DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
countably infinite if the counting process has o end PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE - a probability distribution function of a
- a quantitative variable that can assume an infinitely discrete random variable
many, uncountable number of real number - it assigns a probability value to each
RANDOM VARIABLE sample point
- a variable whose value is dependent to the  The probability mass function
outcome of a well-defined random event f (x) for a discrete random
or experiment variable X is specified by
SAMPLE SPACE giving the values of
- the set of all possible outcomes in an f ( x )=P( X=x ) for all
experiment
x in the range of X .
* each outcome is called sample point
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
- a table of values that shows the
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
probability of any of the outcomes of
- if the outcome in an experiment has only countable or
an experiment
countably infinite number of outcomes
Example:
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
The discrete probability distribution of getting a head
- if the outcome in an experiment can take an
in tossing a 3 unbiased coins
uncountably infinite number of possible outcomes
Number of Heads 0 1 2 3
within a specified real number interval.
POSSIBLE VALUES OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
( x)
- values that are obtained from functions that assign a P( X =x) 1 3 3 1
real number to each point of a sample space 8 8 8 8
Example:
Consider tossing a pair of unbiased coins. Let H stands Find the probability of getting 2 to 3 heads
for a head and T stands for a tail. The possible sample Number of Heads 2 3
space is { TT, TH, HT, HH }. ( x)
If we are interested in the number of heads, each P( X =x) 3 1
sample point in the sample space would become { 0, 1, 8 8
2 }. ∴ The probability of getting 2 to 3 heads
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION is
- a function P(X) that shows the relative probability
P (2 ≤ X ≤3 )=P ( X=2 ) + P( X=3)
that each outcome of an experiment will happen
3 1
Example: = +
Consider tossing a pair of unbiased coins. 8 8
S = { TT, TH, HT, HH } 4 1
= =
No Heads One Head Two Heads 8 2
T T TH H H PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
1 HT 1 - it shows the relative probabilities of the
4 21 4 sample points in a form of a bar graph
42

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Probability histogram of the sample points of getting a - it measures the variation of the values of a
head in tossing a 3 unbiased coins random variable from the mean
- the symbol used for the variance is σ 2 and
0.4 its square root σ is called standard
0.35 deviation
0.3
Formulas:
If P( X =x) is the probability of every value of
0.25
x ,
a. Mean : μ=∑ [ x ∙ P( X=x ) ]
0.2
0.15 b. Variance:
0.1 x−μ
0.05
¿
¿
0 ¿
0 1 2 3 σ 2 =∑ ¿
c. Standard deviation:
PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE RANDOM
√ variance or √ σ 2 = σ
VARIABLE
INTERPRETATION OF MEAN AND VARIANCE
The sum of the probabilities of a discrete random
OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
variable is always equal to 1.
n
In a random variable, the mean is the average
∑ P( X=x i)=1 value of all the outcomes. The mean of a random
i=1 variable weighs each outcome ( x ) according to its
Outcome of an Probability of each probability ( p) . If the random variable X is
Experiment Outcome multiplied to a value b and then increased by value
x1 X =x1 a , the mean will be affected in the same manner,
)
P¿ that is, μa+ bx=a+bμ x . this is a property of the mean
x2 X =x2 of a discrete random variable.
)
P¿ The variance describes the average square
x3 X =x3 deviation of each variable from the mean. If the mean
)
P¿ is the center of a random variable’s probability
xn X =xn distribution, then the variance is a measure of how
)
P¿ much the probability mass is spread out around this
Example center.
X 0 1 2 3 Example:
P( X ) 1 3 3 1 Students were asked to estimate the length (in
8 8 8 8 inches) of a table. The errors in the estimated values
n were recorded and tabulated as follows:
∑ P( X=x i)=P ( X=0 )+ P ( X =1 ) + P ( X=2 ) +P( X=3 Error x 3 4 5 6 7
i=1 P( X =x) 0.25 0.1 0.3 0.15 0.2
1 3 3 1
¿ + + + 1. Find the mean error of this probability
8 8 8 8
8 distribution.
¿ =1 Solution:
8
The range of X is { 0, 1,2, 3 } . Mean μ=∑ [ x ∙ P( X=x ) ]
The total probability is 1.
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A RANDOM ¿ 3 ( 0.25 ) +4 ( 0.1 )+5 ( 0.3 ) 6 ( 0.15 )+7 ( 0.2 )=4.95
VARIABLE 2. Determine the variance and the standard
MEAN of the discrete random variables deviation.
- also known as the expected value Solution:
- the weighted average of all possible values of x−μ
the random variables ¿¿
Variance ¿
- symbol used for the mean is μ ¿
Variance σ 2 =∑ ¿
- a measurement of spread or dispersion

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¿ ( 3−4.95 )2 ( 0.25 ) + ( 4−4.95 )2 ( 0.1 ) + ( 5−4.95 )2 ( 0.3 ) + ( 6 Given: μ=73

≈ 2.05 x=80
Standard deviation σ =√ σ 2 σ =3.25
¿ √ 2.05
≈ 1.43
Solution:
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND STANDARD x−μ
NORMAL VARIABLES z=
σ
80−73
Normal Probability Distribution ¿
- a data distribution where the mean, median, 3.25
7
and mode are equal and the distribution is ¿
clustered at the center 3.25
- its graph is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve ¿ 2.15
0.3
0.25 FINDING THE AREA OF A REGION UNDER
0.25 THE NORMAL CURVE
0.2
0.2 0.2 Every region under the normal curve corresponds to
0.15 the area bounded by μ or z=0 and the number
0.15 0.15
0.1
0.1 0.1
of units of the z−score is from the center
0.05 The z−table shows the areas under the normal
0 curve for every z−score from μ or z=0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What is the area under the normal curve from z=0

PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE to z=0.25 ?
• The mean, median, and mode are equal and are z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
represented by the central point along the 0.0
horizontal axis which determines the highest 0.1
point of the curve. 0.2 0.098
• The curve is symmetric around the mean and 7
is asymptotic to the horizontal axis; that is, the 0.3
curve extends indefinitely in both directions. What is the area under the normal curve from z=0
• The total area ( or probability ) under the to z=0.25 ?
normal curve is equal to 100% or 1; or 50% or The area under the curve from z=0 to
0.5 to each side from the center. z=0.25 is 0.0987. This means that 9.87% of the
STANDARD SCORE OR Z-SCORE data can be found inside this interval.
- the equivalent value of a raw score expressed
in terms of the mean ( μ) and standard What percentage of its branches have a profit of ₱73
deviation (σ ) of the distribution million to ₱80 million?
- it measures the distance of any particular raw Given: μ=73
score (x) from the mean in standard x=80
deviation units σ =3.25
x−μ
Solution: z=
Given the raw score x , the formula for its σ
equivalent standard score or z -score is ¿ 2.15
x−μ A=0.4842
z=
σ
Example: ∴ 48.42% of the DG Company’s branches have
The DG Company has 100 branches a profit of ₱73 million to ₱80 million.
nationwide. The annual profit of DG Company is
normally distributed with a mean of ₱73 million a year
and a standard deviation of ₱3.25 million. Find the
z -score pertaining to the number of branches
having a sales of ₱80 million.

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