III – REVIEWER
Engage in regular communication with stakeholders
Lesson 1: Molding the Sherlock Holmes in
You
RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH
What is an Inquiry or Investigation?
 to observe or study by close examination and
systematic inquiry.
 is carried out systematically to bring about new
ideas, concepts, technologies, and products for
practical applications.
5 MAJOR ELEMENTS
 Hypothesize- a proposed relationship between
two variables.
 Strategize- a step-by-step plan of action that
gives direction to the researcher’s thought
process.
 Mobilize- Knowledge mobilization.
 Synthesize- simply means “combining” of
RRLs.
 Publicize- advertising or promotional purpose.
RESEARCH
 Provide solutions to problems through new,
technological applications and developments, or
 Validate a hypothesis or a theory which lead to
an increase in knowledge and to development.
2 types of RESEARCH
1. APPLIED RESEARCH
 usually leads to new products or new
technologies that can later on be commercialized
and adopted widely.
 is a scientific method of investigation because it
applies existing scientific knowledge to practical
situations. It is useful in different fields including
thermodynamics, physics, material sciences and
microbiology.
2. BASIC RESEARCH
 may provide sufficient evidence to prove a
certain concept or principle under investigation,
resulting in new knowledge or validated
theories.
 is experimental or theoretical work undertaken
primarily to acquire new knowledge of the
underlying foundations of phenomena and
observable facts, without any particular
application.
PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. Formulating research question
2. Review of related literature
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Processing of data
5. Communicating the results
Lesson 2: Managing a Research Project
Research management technique is to identify the core
issue.
1.Simplify your timelines
2.Refrain from perfectionism
3.
4.Maintain a record sheet for effective allocation of funds
Introduction to Results-based Management
(RBM)
There are 6 good reasons to use Results-Based
Management:
1.More effective programme and project implementation
2.Better communication of results
3.More effective targeting of capacity development
interventions
4.More realistic project schedules
5.More useful evaluations
RBM
 is adopted by most research-funding institutions
in assessing research proposals.
 is a useful conceptual framework to effectively
formulate, implement, and evaluate research
programs.
 Allows you to develop a well-planned research.
*Key points – How to Plan a Research Project
1.Planning a research project is essential no matter your
academic level or field of study.
2.Orient yourself to knowledge-creation.
3.Define your research question.
4.Review previous research on your question.
5.Choose your data and methods.(Data analysis, Data
collection, Qualitative, Quantitative)
In the RBM context, consider the following guide
questions:
1.What research question are you trying to address?
2.What is the foreseeable impact of the research
project?
3.What are the possible outcomes generated at the
completion of the research study?
4.What are the expected output and deliverables?
5.How long will the research undertaking take?
6. What objectives should you meet to ensure that the
research question will be answered?
7. What necessary inputs and specific activities must be
undertaken to successfully meet these objectives?
8. What is the projected duration for each individual
activity?
9.Who will be responsible for data collection?
10. When will be the data collected?
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF RBM
Chain of connection between RBM Terminologies
Impact
Intermediate outcome
Immediate outcome
Outputs
Activities/course of actions
Inputs or Investments or Resources
Based on canadian International Development Agency’s
Results Chain.
*Impact- Pertains to changes in State or condition of
beneficiaries
*Intermediate outcome- refers to changes in
practices, performance, or behavior of stakeholders
*Immediate outcome- Observed changes in
capabilities of stakeholders
*Stakeholders- mostly yan ung mga companies or ung
tao na meron interest or concern in something, esp. sa
isang business.
*Outputs- Products or services arising from the
conduct of planned activities
*Interconnections between RBM key concepts.
While conducting an inquiry, the RBM framework
offers the following advantages:
1. Focused managing brought about by careful and
deliberate planning
2. Precise assessment leading to prompt identification
and resolution of problems.
3. Documented support to beneficiaries
4. Well-Spent funds
How to prepare an RBM-based Research
Framework
1. Outcomes- defined as observable changes that are
relevant to the fulfillment of the objectives. An outcome
could have multiple outputs. However, the outcomes are
beyond the control of the actual inquiry process.
2. Performance indicators- identified to gauge/scale
whether or not you have achieved the study’s outcomes
and objectives. A good performance indicator is tied to a
specific outcome,
*Relating to the improved outcome statement, possible
performance indicators are: 1. number of research
proposals, 2. assessment reports.
3. Data collection Methods- The RBM framework also
calls for a data collection plan that provides details
concerning people responsible for data gathering,
timeframe or schedule to complete the data collection.
4. Baseline data
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH
IN RBM
1. CONTROL- refers to the important aspect in the
design of the study aimed at minimizing the effect of
extrenous independent variables. (any variable you’re
not interested in studying that could also have some
effect on the dependent variable)
2. PROGRESS REPORT- describes the ongoing status
of the program or research undertaking. It is prepared
on a regular basis, for example weekly, monthly,
quarterly, as agreed upon by all stakeholders,
researchers, project managers and others.
3. EVALUATION- is the final important aspects of the
RBM framework. In this stage, you are to make
assessments about the results of the research, and then
communicate these results to the stakeholders.
*a research problem needs to be addresses in the
conduct of an inquiry.
*In posing a research problem, the potential impact
must be thoroughly considered.
*a research problem must address a specific target
audience.
*Its impact may be explained as the consequential
benefits over a long period of time.
Lesson 3: RESEARCH NORMS AND
MISCONDUCTS
FEDERAL LAWS ON RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
 Public concern over research misconduct initially
arose in the early 1980’s.
 At the time, research institutions sometimes
ignored or covered up potential misconduct
problems rather than investigate them
 In December 2000 the office of Science and
Technology Policy adopted a federal policy on
research misconduct.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT POLICIES
• Establish definitions for research misconduct
• Outline procedures for reporting and
investigating misconduct
• Provide protection for whistleblowers and person
accused or misconduct.
(Whistleblowers- could be anyone in a lab, in the
field or participating in another research who sees
something that does not seem right and comes
forward to report it.)
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
ETHICS
Pertains to the moral principles that govern one’s
behavior in relation to any activity.
Noncompliance with ethical standards of research can be
classified into two:
1. Research misbehavior
2. Research misconduct
 Conflict of interest.
 Poorly maintained research records and
laboratory notebooks
 Violation of animal welfare in handling
laboratory test animals
 Submitting for publication one paper to two
different journals and concealing such act from
both publishers.
 Submitting for publication one paper to two
different journals and concealing such act from
both publishers.
 Sabotaging your colleagues’ or someone else’s
work.
 Guest or ghost authorship even if a colleague
has no significant contribution to the paper
 Non-inclusion of outliers from a data set without
explaining your reasons for doing so
 Proceeding with the presentation of your results
to the public even without going through a peer-
review process.
 Enhancing the significance of your research
using appropriate statistical techniques or
analytical methods
 A discrepancy between a procedural description
and what was actually carried out
 Improper waste disposal
Research Misconduct: Fabrication and
Falsification
Fabrication- is an act of composing data or results and
recording or reporting them.

Falsification- is an act of manipulating research
materials, equipment or processes.
*or changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the research
record.
Consequences or Research Misconduct
 It affects primarily the integrity of the whole
process of scientific inquiry.
 It would also mean retraction of journals articles
from the reputable publication circulation, if it
has already been published.
 It damages the reputation of the
 researchers involved
 The very essence of a scientific inquiry (being a
scholarly work) is tarnished.
Research Misconduct: Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Is “the appropriation of another person’s idea,
processes, results, or words without giving appropriate
credit”.
FORMS OF PLAGIARISM
IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
Strengthens your hypothesis in a research proposal.
 You will be able to address the issues at hand.
Moreover, the availability of related literature
will allow you to make comparisons and contrast
that could improve your own approach to
addressing the problem.
 *Citations, provide support with regards to the
level of expertise and the nature of work of a
researcher in his or her specific field of study.
HOW RESEARCH MISCONDUCT CAN BE AVOIDED
These Standards pertain to one’s sense of fairness,
transparency, and consistency in regard to his or her line
of work and in a business dealing.
Lesson 4: BRIDGING THE GAP: LITERATURE
SURVEY
Source of information in This Digital Age
According to LINUS PAULING “The best way to have a
good idea is to Have a lot of ideas”.
Basically, Literature search satisfies the functions of
 Establishing what knowledge is available in the
field and
 Determining the next logical step to create novel
facts.
An argument may be classified as discovery or advocacy
(McEvoy, 2009)
Discovery
Deals with realizing the concepts already found by other
researchers in the field.
ADVOCACY
Focuses on understanding the limitations of past studies.
*Discovery and advocacy both trigger an argument that
needs to be resolved through research.
Researcher take responsibility for;
• Digging deeper into the next extent of the
knowledge that was reported,
• Checking the accuracy of that knowledge
disseminated to the public, and
• Linking it to your proposed study.
Source of Information
1. PRIMARY SOURCES- are those containing firsthand
information or those that have not been edited such as
transcripts and translations.
Example: Transcripts of interviews of experts about a
certain research topic, Survey results including
questionnaires, observations derived from focus group
discussions and others.
2. SECONDARY SOURCES- are those that have been
checked for accuracy and proofread by other parties.
Examples: Books, websites, lectures and presentations,
journal article, newspaper articles, databases,
bibliographies and abstracts.
INTERVIEW
 Can be done with an expert or any individual
that they may have direct knowledge of the
subject matter.
 Interview questions have to be focused on what
you intend to find out.
 An interview can be done via e-mail, over the
phone or in person.
SURVEY
 Is a more formal means of acquiring
information.
 It enables the researcher to acquire both
qualitative and quantitative information.
PEER REVIEWING
Is done by the editors of the publication groups or
experts known in their field or discipline.
*peer reviewers evaluate the scientific merit of the
study, the reliability and appropriateness of the methods
employed, correctness of the interpretation of data at
ung overall impact dun sa contribution of the study to
existing knowledge.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Contain an abstract or a section that summarizes the
content of the paper including a significant finding.
DATABASES
Are online repositories of various sources of information.
EX. Pubchem, ProQuest, Medline, Web of Science, Wikipedia,
Google, Etc.
The credibility of the sources may be evaluated
using the following criteria:
• A clear statement of objectives
• Relevance and scope of the study
• Suitability and reliability of the methodology
• Accuracy of results.
• Appropriateness and specificity of the
interpretation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Once you have selected your materials, bibliographic
entries must be made.
In this age computer software such as ENDNOTE,
Refworks, PROCITE can be used to abstract all literature
and material to be listing down references for the
review.
CITATIONS
 To give credit to the authors of the source of
your information.
 To help readers distinguish your own thoughts
and claims from those of your sources.
 To make your writing more convincing by
showing that your information comes from a
source.
How to Use MS word 2010 to Insert Citations:
1. Open MS 2010 by double clicking the icon.
2. Click on the References dialog box.
3. Select Add New Sources.
4. Choose Style by browsing the choices.
5. Select Insert Citation by pointing the cursor on
the scroll bar. Then click,
6. The “Create Sources’’ dialog box will appear.
7. Fill in the required information. For example, for
Chicago Fifteenth Edition, the following
information is needed:
Lesson 5: RESEARCH STRATEGY:
PLANNING YOUR OWN RESEARCH
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Is a very important aspect of the research process
requiring laborious effort.
Some useful tips in preparing a research proposal
(Guyatt, 2006);
• Pose a well-founded research question.
• Identify appropriate supporting/funding
agencies.
• Demonstrate a multidisciplinary and
collaborative approach.
• Prepare high-quality well-written proposal.
• Establish your credentials, qualifications, and
expertise, and create an excellent research track
record.
• Draft a solid and an effective review of related
Literature to demonstrate that your proposed study is
feasible.
• Be accountable for every aspect of your work.
INTRODUCTION
It is the potential significance or contribution to existing
knowledge, and its scope and limitations.
A good introduction must provide answers to the
following questions:
1. What is the research problem?
2. How important is the problem? What is
the potential impact of being able to
resolve the problem?
3. How extensive is the work done in line
with the purpose of resolving this
problem?
4. What are the key issues and concerns that
are still unanswered?
5. Is your research problem the next logical
step? What are your expectations and the
anticipated results from this proposed
study?
6. What problems would you like to resolve?
7. What would be the scope of your proposed
study?(This goes back to testing the
research problem and objectives if they
meet the SMART criteria).
8. What are the limitations of the study?
How will these affect its outcome? Are the
limitations reasonable enough if you
compare them with those of the studies?
9. How do you address the research
problem? (You may mention a brief
description of the methods.)
METHODOLOGY OR EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
This gives details of your planned research approach
to address the research questions.
EXPERIMENTATION
Is undertaken to establish cause-effect relationship.
Therefore, there are instances that laboratory conditions
must be modified and controlled to check the
relationship among variables.
VARIABLES
Are factors that can be manipulated and measured.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that can be manipulated and subjected to
experiments.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that can be observed upon the subjects after they
have been influenced by independent variables.
REFERENCES
Is highly important in your proposal as it will strengthen
your argument by demonstrating traceability.

PROPOSED TITLE
 Usually comprises 12-15 words.
 Must be suggestive of the purpose of the
planned study and the overall goal of inquiry.
 It should be specific self-explanatory.
When developing a title, you should use words that
denote novelty, innovation, or breakthrough.
Do not use such flat phrases as “The study of… “The
effect of…. And ‘investigation of…” as they imply
weakness and lack of depth. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
Illustrate specific procedures or methodologies that may
Examples of Titles and Styles of writing
be quite difficult to visualize mentally.
References
ScienceDirect Publications
1. Kamiri, Azadeh, Brown, Greg and Hockings, Marc.
(2015) “Methods and participatory approaches for
identifying socio-ecological hotspots, “Applied Geography
63, 9-20.
American Chemical Society (ACS) Publications
2. Bolton, J. and Rzayeb, J. Tandem RAFT-ATRP
synthesis of Polystyrene Poly (Methyl Merthacrylate)
Bottlebrush Block
Copolymers and Their Self-Assembly into
Cylindrical Nanostructures. ACS Macro Lett. 2012, 1, 15-
18.
Royal Society of Chemistry Publicantions
3. A. J. Bandodkar, A. M. O’ Mahony, J. Ramirez, I. A.
Samek, S. M. Anderson, J. r. Windmiller and J. Wang.
Solid-state Forensic Finger sensor for integrated
sampling abd detection of gunshot residue and
explosives: ‘Lab-on-a-finger’ Analyst, 2013, 138, 5288-
5295.

BUDGET PROPOSAL
A research undertaking or inquiry can be costly
especially if it requires experimentation.
* Research work involving real situations would thrive
on financial support from researcher-affiliated
organization and government agencies (For instance,
The Philippines Department of Science and Technology,
Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology etc.

FLOWCHARTS
 Useful features of any research proposals.
 Included to present the proposed stages of
research project.
 Should also be labeled in accordance with what
it actually depicts.

Symbols commonly used in the presentation

flowchart