ARTS

Unit I:
Western Classical Art
Tradition
Lesson 1: Paintings
a. Prehistoric Era
● Paintings were found inside caves
which have been their way of
communicating with each other.
● May also be for religious or
ceremonial purposes.
● Paintings may be more on artifact
of the archaeological evidence
than a true picture of humans’
true created arts.
b. Ancient Egypt
● Purpose is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant.
● With this mind, theme includes a journey to the underworld
introducing the dead to the Gods of the underworld by their
protective deities.
● Emphasize the importance of life after death and the
preservation of the life of the past.
● Paintings are highly stylized and use frontalism.

● C. Classical Greek
● Paintings are most commonly
found on vases, panels and
tombs.
● Most of the subjects are battle
scenes, mythological figures and
everyday scenes.
● Methods involves
○ Fresco - uses water-based pigments
on freshly applied plaster usually on
wall surfaces.
○ Encaustic - using hot wax, developed by
shipbuilders.
○ Vase Painting - Kerch style (red-figured pottery.
○ Panel painting - paintings on flat panels of
wood.
■ The Pitsa Panel (earliest known)
d. Ancient Roman
● Most paintings are copied or imitated from Hellenic Greek.
● Has a wide variety of
subjects.
● The development of
landscape painting is the
main innovation of Roman
painting.
● Mosaic - an art
process where an
image is created using
an assemblage of small
pieces of colored glass,
stones or other
materials.
e. Byzantine
● Lively styles of paintings
lived for Christians subjects.
● Greek and Oriented styles
blend together in magnificent,
imposing images, which adorned
the churches in large and small
forms.
f. Romanesque
● Has remarkable traditions
such as modeling and
treatment of faces and
draperies that follow
Byzantine convention.
● Also shows traces of
Mozarabic Influence.
g. Gothic Era
● Paintings have been confined with
the illumination of manuscript pages and
paintings on the walls of the churches.
● Subjects usually depict legends and
love stories.
● Stained glass windows were
created.
Lesson 2: Sculpture
a. Pre-Historic
● Materials used wary according to
region or locality.
● Frequently carving may have
mythological or religious significance.
● Example:
○ Venus of Willendorf
■ 28,000 BCE-25,000 BCE
■ Carved from limestone
○ Venus of Brassempouy
■ 25,000 years old
■ A sculpture a lady with a hood
made of ivory
b. Egyptian Era
● Symbolic elements were widely used such as
forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location,
materials, color, actions and gestures.
● Stones, wood and ivory are the
most commonly used materials.
● Characteristics:
○ Symbolisms were heavily
used to represent Gods.
○ Relief compositions were
arranged in horizontal lines
to record an event or
represent an action.
○ Gods are shown larger than humans,
kings larger than the followers, dead
larger than living.
○ Empty spaces were filled with
hieroglyphics.
● Examples:
○ Queen Nefertiti (painted limestone)
■ 18th dynasty, 1375-1357 BCE
○ The Pharaoh Menkaure and his Queen
■ 4th dynasty, 2548-2530 BCE
○ The Sarcophagus
○ The Great Sphinx
c. Greek Sculpture
● Early sculpture were tense and stiff, bodies were
hidden with enfolding robes.
● Showed all the points of human anatomy and
proportion.
● Hellenistic style - one of the most famous style
■ Denotes a preference in sculpture for
more elaborated patterns, mannered
arrangement of figures and groups
and an emphasis on the
representation of movements for dramatic
effects.
○ Discobolus of Myron - most
important Greek sculpture.
■ Show an attitudes of
maximum tension, full of energy and about to
explode an action.
○ Statue of Gods and Goddesses

d. Roman Sculpture
● Did not attempt to compete with the free
standing Greek works of history and
mythology but rather they produced reliefs
in the Great Roman triumphal columns
with continuous narrative reliefs around.
○ The Portonacio Sarcophagus
■ Used for burial of a Roman
General involved in the campaign of Marcus
Aurelius.
■ Depicts a battle scene
between Romans and Germans.
○ Sarcophagus from Cervetiri
■ husband and wife are
shown reclining comfortably, as if they
were on the couch.
e. Byzantine
● Religion, everyday life scenes and motifs
from nature are the dominant theme.
● Animals were used as symbols that
contained a great theological significance.
f. Romanesque
● Some of the famous sculptural pieces are
reliquaries , altar fromtasl, crucifixes, and
devotional images.
● Lightweight devotional images were usually
carried in the processions both inside and outside
the churches.
g. Gothic
● Have a greater freedom of style.
● No longer lay closely against the wall, began to
project outwards.
● Figures have given their own particular attitudes
instead of being set into particular patterns and are
more lively and realistic.
Lesson 3: Architecture
a. Pre-Historic Architecture
● Man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths (a
big rock) from a Greek word lithos
(stone) and megas (big).
● Megalithic monuments have always
ignited man’s imagination. It
provides plenty of legends and
superstitions.
● During this era, stone and rocks
were associated with divinity.
Three main types of Megalith
1. Menhir
2. Dolmens (stone tables)
3. Cromlech (crom means bent, Ilech
means slab or flagstone)
Stonehenge
● Best preserved megaliths in Europe
b. Egyptian (Pre-Dynastic Period 4,000 BCE)
● Structure has thick sloping walls with few openings to obtain
stability.
● Walls are cover with hieroglyphics
● With symbolic ornamentation
● Temples are aligned with astronomically significant events like
solstices (from Latin word sol meaning sun and stituim
meaning stoppage and Equinox (the time of night and day is
equal with precise measurements
required in determining the moments of
particular event.
The Mastaba
● Egyptian tomb in the form of a
flat-roofed, rectangular
structure, made of mud-brick or
stone.
The Great Pyramid of Giza
● Most substantial ancient
structure on the world.
● Resting place of the rules

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
● Famous for the three
architectural style or
orders
○ Doric-the
simplest
○ Ionic-with
concave and
convex features
○ Corinthian-more feminine and the tallest
● E.g. the Parthenon, Temple of Athena and Temple of Zeus.
d. Roman Architecture
● They built sturdy stone
structures both for use and to
perpetuate their glory.
● Emperors erected huge halls
and arenas for public games,
baths and procession.
● E.g. the Colosseum (70-82
AD), Roman Aqueduct.
e. Byzantine
● Has a lot in common with the early
Christian architecture.
● Advancement in developing the
dome, a new style in global
architecture.
● E.g. Hagia Sophia (537 B.C.E.,
Istanbul).
f. Romanesque
● Massive structure of
churches was built with
elaborated stone sculpture
arranged in zones to fit
architectural elements.
● E.g. Cathedral Group of Pisa

g. Gothic
● Design includes new devices
○ Pointed arch
○ Building with higher ceiling vaults and
stone vaults.
○ Stone vaulting borne on a network of
stone ribs supported by piers and clustered
pillars.
● Cathedral of Chartes (Notre Dame Cathedral)
○ Has a rich architectural and design
○ Splendid stained glass windows
○ Thousand of sculptured figures
 ARTS
UNIT II:
Renaissance and Baroque
Art
Lesson 1: Renaissance
Renaissance
● The period of economic progress, period stirred to enthusiast for
the study of ancient philosophy and artistic values.
● Began in the late 14th century (1400-1600)

Characteristics of Art
1. Ideals of Classicism- used of balance and
proportion.
2. Realistic images effects to the subject of
the art-“Still Life..”
3. Most subjects are religious and scenes in
everyday life.
4. Aimed for human perfection
5. Intellectual order became the standards of
the era.
Famous Renaissance Artist and Artworks
1. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)
● An Italian sculptor, painter, architect and
poet
● Considered as the greatest living artist in
his time
● Example of
artworks: David: Pieta,
Last Judgment (at the
ceiling of Sixteen Chapel)
2. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)
● Well-known sculptor, painter,
architect, scientist, mathematician
● The master painter of the Renaissance
period
● Trained and studies under ANDREA DEL
VERROCCHIO.
Well known for: The Last Supper, Virgin of the
Rock, Monna Lisa .
3. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael Santi) (1483-1520)
● Italian painter and architect
● Works was admired for its clarity of form
and ease of composition and for its visual
achievement of interpreting the Divine and
Incorporating Christian Doctrine.
● Formed the traditional trinity of three
masters (da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rapahel)
● Works include : The School of Athens, The
Transfiguration, The Sistine Madonna (Madonna)

4. Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi “Donatello” (1386-1466)

● An early Italian
sculptor from Florence
● Known for his work
in bas-relief, a form of
shadow relief sculpture
● This includes:
David, Prophet Habacuc, The Feast of
Herod.
Lesson 2: Baroque
Baroque Period
● Derived from the Portuguese word “barocco”
● Art reflects the tensions of the age notably in the wake of the
Protestant Reformation which is almost the same with Catholic
Counter Reformation.
● A period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension
and grandeur.
● Paintings illustrated Catholic Dogma, direct or indirect Biblical
works.
● Sculpture typically larger than life size
● Architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion.
Artist
1. Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571-1610)
● Italian artist, outcast of society because of
his actions and lack of modesty and
reverence of religious aspects in his works.
2. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
● The master artist of Baroque period
(paintings, architecture, sculpture) and also a
playwright.
● The architect who finishes the St.
Peters’ Basilica.
● Works includes: David (sculpture),
Piazza San Pietro, Ecstasy of St.
Therese.
3. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
● Flemish painter
● Known for his
paintings of mythical and figurative subjects,
landscape, portraits.
● Works include: Samson and Delilah, The
Three Graces, Helen Fourment Portrait.
4. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)
● A brilliant Dutch realist, painter and etcher
● One of the greatest painter and printmaker in European
art (produces 600 paintings, 400 etchings and 2000
drawings.
● Well-known work was his Self Portrait of Old Age.

5. Diego Velasquez (1599-1660)

● From Spain, he is one of the most important
painter of the Spanish Golden Age.
● The passion of still life frequently
emerges in his art.
● Famous works were: Surrender of
Breda, Las Meninas (The Maid of Honor),
Los Barachos (The Drinker), Maria Theresa.
 ARTS
UNIT III:
NEO-CLASSICAL AND
ROMANTIC ART
Lesson 1: Neo Classicism (1780-1840)
● The word neoclassic came from the Greek word “neos” meaning
new and Latin word “classicus”, first class .
● Also applied to literature, theater, music and architecture.
● Conceived as the Age of Reason and Age of Enlightenment.
● Characteristics:
○ Portrayal of Roman History
○ Formal composition
○ The use diagonals to show the peak on an emotion or
moment, Classic geo-structure.
○ Local color, overall lighting

a. Neo Classical Painting

⮚ Artist embraced the ideals of order and moderation.
⮚ Painters gave great importance to the costumes. Settings and
details of classical subject matter.
Artist
1. Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
● Influential French painter in the
neoclassical style.
● The Pre-Eminent Painter of the Era,
subject of painting were more on history.
● Artworks: The Death of Marat,
Napoleon Crossing Alps, Oath of the
Horatii.
2. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867)
● Pupil of Jacques-Louis David,
influenced by the Renaissance Artist
Raphael.
● Paintings usually nudes, portraits
and mythological themes.
● Regarded as the
Finest Old Master of the
Era.
● Works: Portrait of
Napoleon on the Imperial Throne,
The Apotheosis of Homer.
Lesson 2: Neo Classical Sculpture and Architecture
a. Sculpture
● Neoclassical period was one of the great ages in public sculpture.

Artist
1. Antonio Canova (1757-1822)

● A prolific Italian artist and

sculptor who became famous for
his marble sculptures that
rendered nude flesh.
● Works includes: Psyche
Awakened by Cupid Kiss,
Washington.

2. Bertel Torvaldsen (1789-1838), Denmark

● The first internationally acclaimed Danish
artist.
● Executed sculptures of mythological and
religious theme character.
● Works includes: Christ, Lion Lucerne

b. Architecture
● Started in mid-18th century
● Design generally derived from the Classical Greeks and Romans
Types:
1. Temple Style- based on ancient temple
- Example: Parthenon, Paris, The British Museum, London and La
Madeleine de Paris
Palladian Style - based on Adrea Palladio’s style of villa construction
● Classical style of crowning a building that has a flat and low lying roof

Artist
1. Robert Adam (British)
● Architect who designed two well-known
American civic building.
● The White House and

United States Capitol

2. Classical
Block Style

● Features a rectangular or square plan with a flat roof and exterior rich in
classical details.
● Examples: Library of Sainte-Denevieve, Paris Opera House, new York Public
Library, Boston Public Library.

Lesson 3: Romanticism (1800-1810)

● A movement break a new ground in expression of emotion , but
subtle and stormy.
● Embraced themes such as longing of history, supernatural
elements, social injustices and nature.
● Landscape painting became more popular
● Characteristics:
○ Shows height of action, emotional extremes
○ Celebrated nature as out of control, dramatic
compositions
Romantic Painting
● Game more emphasis on emotion
● Artist expressed as much feeling and passion
Painters:
1. Jean Louis Theodore Gericault (1791-1824)
● The first French master and the leader
of the French realistic school. Masterpiece
show, energy, powerful, brilliant in color
and tightly composed.
● Works: The Raft of Medusa,
Changing Chasseur, Insane Women.

2. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

● The greatest French Romantic painter of all
● Liberty leading the People (Greatest Work)

3. Francisco Goya (1746-1828)

● Painter commissioned by the
king of Spain.
● A Printmaker, regarded as the
Old Master and the First of the
Modern.
● Works: The Third of May,
Saturn Devouring His Son.

Romantic Landscape Painting

● Depicts the physical world surrounds us and features
mountains, valleys, vegetation and bodies of water.
● The sky is another important element in shaping the mood of
landscape paintings.
Artist: Theodore Rousseau and Jean Corot
Lesson 4: Romantic Sculpture and Architecture
● Sculpture are divided into works concern with the world and
natural world
1. Francois Rude (1784-1855)
● Best known for his social art
● Works Departure of Volunteer and Jeanne d'
ARC.
2. Antoine-Louis Barye (1796-1875)
● The most famous animal
sculptor of all time.
● Famous worker: Hercules Sitting on
a Bull.

Neo-Gothic Revival Architecture

● Architectural movement that began in the late 1740's in
England.
● Buildings features castellation and invitation of medieval castle.
● Widely and for churches and civic buildings
● Bricks and stone were both commonly used

Artist
1. Charles Barry
● Behind Britain's Westminster Palace (House
of Parliament)
2. James Renwick
● St. Patrick Cathedral in New York
 Lesson 5: Neoclassicism and Romanticism in the Philippines
● Ideology can be seen through major artworks.
● Some of the well-knows contributing artist express their skills
and ideas in their own respective field.
1. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla (1855-1933)
● One of the great Filipino painter of the late 19
century.
● The Christian Virgins Being Exposed to the populace
(known work).
2. Luna y Novicio (1857-1899)
● A painter and sculptor
● The first recognized Filipino artist
● Spoliarium his best masterpiece

3. Fernando Cucto Amorsolo (1892-1972)

● A national artist in painting
● Popularly known for his craftsmanship and
mastery to use light.
● Planting Rice with the Mayon Volcano (work)

4. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (1890-1976)

● A national artist in sculpture in
1973.
● Hailed as the Father of
Philippines Art.
● Works : UP Oblation.
Pambansang Bantayog ni Andres
Bonifacio.
5 . Napoleon Isabela Velusa Abueva
● A national artist in sculpture
● Entitled as the "Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture."
● Siyam na Diwata ng Sining (work)
 ARTS
UNIT IV:
Western Classical
Play/Opera
Lesson 1: History of Theatrical Form and Evolution
● Theater began from myth, ritual and ceremony
● Theater means “place of seeing” but it is more than the building
where performance take place.
● Art of staging a play or drama
● To produce the theater, a playwright write the scripts, the
director rehearses the performers, the designer and technical
crew produce props to create scenes and the actors and
actresses perform on the stage.
A. Greek Theater
● European theater began in
Ancient Greece, around 700 B.C.E.
with festival honoring their many
Gods.
● Sophocles, Euripides and
Aeschylus are the three well known
Greek tragedy playwrights.
● Tragedy, Styr and Comedy (3
types of drama).
● Theatre buildings were called
theatron (amphitheater).
● Sophocles- Playwright, an ancient Greek tragedian
○ Written 123 plays but 7 survived with complete form:
Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex,
Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.
B. Roman Theater
● Started in the 3rd century BCE
● Etruscan actors were the first
experienced theater.
● 240 BCE, Roman drama began
with the play Livius Andronicus.
● The Triumvir Pompey was the
first permanent theaters in Rome.
● Chariot races, gladiators and
public executions were the usual theme
of Roman theater play.
● Comedy were popular from 250 to
250 BCE.
C. Middle Ages
● Theater performances were not allowed
in Europe.
● Minstrels were viewed as dangerous and
pagan.
● Churches started staging their own
performances during Easter Sunday.
● Play revolved around biblical themes
from the story of Creation to the Last
Judgment.
D. Renaissance
● Companies of players were organized y
the aristocrats and performed
seasonally in many places.
○ Gorboduc, also known as Ferrex
and Porrex was firt performed.
● William Shakespeare is the most
popular poet nd actor of the period
(4/26/1564-4/23/1616).
○ Considered as the greatest writer
and dramatist in the whole
world.
○ Well-loved play Romeo and
Juliet, Julius Caesar, Cleopatra
● Ballet was formalized form or dance which was originated from
Italian court.
● Innovation of the stage
○ Proscenium
○ Backdrop for scenery (painting of clothes)
○ Commedia dell’arte or Comedy of Profession

E. Baroque Theater
● Marked by the use of technology in
current broadway or commercial plays.
● The theater crew uses machines
for special effects and scene changes
which may be changed in a matter of
seconds with the use of ropes and
pulleys.
● Character Gods were finally able to
come down from heavens and rescue the
hero in dangerous situations.
F. Neo-Classical Theater
● Theater was characterized by its
grandiosity.
● Costume and sceneries were highly
elaborated.
● The main concept of the plays were
to entertain and to teach lessons.
○ The concept of decorum was
applied..
○ The use of spot light was use
in the US.
○ The Regulation Act of 1843
banned drinking in legitimate
theaters.
G. Romantic Playwrights and Composers
● Melodrama and operas became the most
popular theatrical forms.
● Melodrama- dramatic work that put the
character in a lot of danger in which orchestral
music or song was used to accompany the
action. Came from the Greek word melos
(music) and drame (dran-to perform).
● Opera- art form in which singers and
musicians perform a dramatic work combining
text and musical score.

1. Victor Marie Hugo (2/26/1802-5/22/1885)

● One the greatest and best known French
writers.
● A poet, Novelist and dramatist famous for his
“Le Miserables” and “Notre-Dame de Paris”.

2. Georges Bizet (10/25/1838-06/3/1875)

● Pianist and best known for his opera.
● Carmen is his most popular work (Opera).
Lesson 2: Famous Filipino Playwright
1. Francisco Balagtas (4/2/1788-2/20/2862, Bulacan)
● Also known as Francisco
Baltazar.
● His best know work is the
Florante at Laura.

2. Severino R. Reyes (2/11/1861-9/15/1942)

● Father of Tagalog Zarzuela
● A highly acclaimed as one of
the giants of Tagalog Literature.
● He co-founded the Liwayway
on 1923 that narrates s weekly series
of fairy tales “Ang Mga Kwento ni
Lola Basyang.
● Famous for his masterpiece
“Walang Sugat”.

3. Ricardo G. Abad (Director)(8/10/194)

● Involved as actor and director for 120 productions
while at the same time during sociological works and
teaching.
4. Salvador F. Bernal (1945)
● Father of the Theater Design in
the Philippines.
● He had design more than 250 productions
in ballet theater and films.
● A National Artist Awardees