Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

College of Education, Arts, and Sciences

Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Course Code: HMN 101

Course Description: Art Appreciation

Course Intended Learning Outcome:

CILO 1. Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including their
function, value, and historical significance

Learning Material for Week #: 7

I. TITLE: Art History

II. OBJECTIVES
1. To understand why art history is important.
2. To determine the art styles of different era/period.
3. To understand our human past and its relationship to our present
III. INTRODUCTION
• Art History is the study of objects of art considered within their time period.
• Art historians analyse visual arts’ meaning (painting, sculpture, architecture)
at the time they were created.
• Art history encompasses the study of objects created by different cultures
around the world and throughout history that convey meaning, importance or
serve usefulness primarily through visual representations.
• Visual art recounts stories of our past and it gives an account of past events.
• Studying art history is really not about memorizing dates, artists’ names, art
movements, etc. Instead, it drives you to analyse paintings, photographs,
sculptures, etc.

IV. BODY
Cave Art
• Emerged around 40 – 50,000 years ago. Transition from Middle to Upper
Palaeolithic period and the advent of the modern human.
• Cave painting is considered one of the first expressions of the human animal’s
appreciation of beauty and a representation of a mystic or sacred side to life.
Hundreds of images of animals in vibrant colour and striking poses of action
can be seen in the prehistoric art gallery on rocks worldwide.
• Cave artists use a variety of techniques such as finger tracing, modeling in
clay, engravings, bas-relief sculpture, hand stencils, and paintings done in two
or three colours. Scholars classify cave art as "Signs" or abstract marks.
• According 2018 study the world’s oldest known cave art was crafted by
Neanderthals more than 20,000 years before modern humans arrived in
Europe.
• The painted cave acknowledged as being Palaeolithic, meaning from the
Stone Age, was Altamira in Spain. The art discovered there was deemed by
experts to be the work of modern humans (Homo sapiens).
• Most examples of cave art have been found in France and in Spain, but a few
are also known in Portugal, England, Italy, Romania, Germany, Russia, and
Indonesia. The total number of known decorated sites is about 400.

1
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

• The most common subjects in cave paintings are large wild animals, such as
bison, horses, aurochs, and deer, and tracings of human hands as well as
abstract patterns, called finger flutings.

Egyptian Art
• Ancient Egyptian Art refers to art produced in ancient Egypt between the 6th
century BC and the 4th century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the
Christianization of Roman Egypt.
• It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories,
architecture, and other art media.
• It is also very conservative: the art style changed very little over time.
• Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments, giving more insight
into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs.

Egyptian Painting
• Egyptian art is known for its distinctive figure convention used for the main figures
in both relief and painting, with parted legs (where not seated) and head shown as
seen from the side, but the torso seen as from the front.

Egyptian Architecture
• Ancient Egyptian architects used sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks, fine sandstone,
limestone and granite.
• Architects carefully planned all their work. The stones had to fit precisely together,
since no mud or mortar was used.
• When creating the pyramids, ramps were used to allow workmen to move up as
the height of the construction grew

Egyptian Sculpture
• Egyptian sculpture was highly symbolic and for most of Egyptian history was not
intended to be naturalistic or realistic.
• Sculptures and statues were made from clay, wood, metal, ivory, and stone - of
which stone was the most permanent and plentiful.
• Many Egyptian sculptures were painted in vivid colours.

Greek Art

• Began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical
art.
• It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations, of Roman art and its patrons, and
the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine era and absorbed Italian
and European ideas during the period of Romanticism (with the invigoration of the
Greek Revolution), until the Modernist and Postmodernist.

2
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Greek Architecture
• Ancient Greek architects strove for the precision and excellence of workmanship
that are the hallmarks of Greek art in general.
• The two principal orders in Archaic and Classical Greek architecture are the Doric
and the Ionic.

Greek Sculpture
• Greek sculpture characteristics: the proportions were awkward and the poses stiff,
they already bore many traditional traits of Greek art: primarily male, nude, well-
muscled, anonymous, and blank-faced.
• By the 6th century BCE, the realism of the figures had vastly improved.

Greek Painting
• The essential characteristic of classical Greek art is a heroic realism.
• Painters and sculptors attempt to reveal the human body, in movement or repose,
exactly as it appears to the eye.
• The emphasis will be on people of unusual beauty, or moments of high and noble
drama.

Roman Art
• Roman Art refers to visual arts that were designed in ancient Rome, during the
time of the Roman Empire.
• Roman Art comprises of architecture, sculpture, and mosaic works. In the
modern world, luxury objects in the form of metal works, gem engravings, ivory
carvings, and glass are considered minor forms of Roman Art.
• Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest form of art by Romans, but
figure painting was also highly regarded.
• A very large body of sculpture has survived from about the 1st century BC
onward, though very little from before, but very little painting remains, and
probably nothing that a contemporary would have considered to be of the
highest quality.

Roman Sculpture
• the Romans worked stone, precious metals, glass and terracotta but favoured
bronze and marble above all else for their finest work.
• However, as metal has always been in high demand for re-use, most of the
surviving examples of Roman sculpture are in marble.

Roman Architecture
• Roman architecture made use of arches, vaulting, and concrete to enable
interior space to be much larger in its buildings.

Roman Painting
• Romans refined the technique of painting mosaics and murals and
emphasized natural themes such as landscapes and narrative themes drawn
from literature and mythology.
• The primary colors used in Roman painting were deep red, yellow, green,
violet and black.

3
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Medieval Art
• The medieval period of art history began at the time of the fall of the Roman
Empire in 300 CE and continued until the beginning of the Renaissance in
1400 CE.
• The Middle Age is Divided into three parts:
1) Byzantine
• Some of the world’s greatest mosaic were created during this time.
• Mosaics were intended to publicize Christianity.
• Imagery incorporated halos spotlighting sacred figures.
• Human figures were flat, stiff, symmetrically placed, with no
movement.
2) Romanesque
• Roman Catholic faith is established
• Builder construct churches borrowing elements from Roman
architecture, like rounded arches and columns.
• This borrowing gave way to the name Romanesque
• Churches were built using the layout of the crucifix.
3) Gothic
• The height of the Middle Ages artistic achievement are the Gothic
cathedrals, characterized by soaring vertical pointed arches
• The 2 new engineering breakthroughs made these intricate
structures possible:
1.) Ribbed vaulting (arched ceilings)
2.) Flying Buttresses
• A buttress is a support –usually brick and stone---built against a wall
to support or reinforce it.
• A flying buttress is a free-standing buttress attached to the main
structure by an arch or a half arch.
• The use of the flying buttress means that the load bearing walls can
contain cut-outs, such as for large windows, that would otherwise
seriously weaken the vault.

Chinese Painting
• is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world.
• Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as guó huà meaning
"national painting" or "native painting", as opposed to Western styles of art
which became popular in China in the 20th century.

Gong Bi
• (Fine strokes), that is, drawing details with fine strokes and rich colours

Yi Bi
• (Rough strokes), drawing with rough strokes and light colours.

Ukiyo – e (Japanese Print)

• Literally meaning " Pictures of the Floating World".
• Ukiyo-e refers to a style of Japanese woodblock print and painting from the Edo
period depicting famous theatre actors, beautiful courtesans, city life, travel in
romantic landscapes, and erotic scenes.
• Early ukiyo-e artists brought with them a sophisticated knowledge of and
training in the composition principles of classical Chinese painting; gradually
these artists shed the overt Chinese influence to develop a native Japanese
idiom.

4
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Renaissance Art
• is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European
history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy
in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in
philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.
• Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity,
perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition
by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by
applying contemporary scientific knowledge.

Renaissance Painting
Elements of Renaissance Painting:
• Linear perspective
• Landscape
• Light
• Anatomy
• Realism
• Figure composition
• Altarpieces
• Fresco cycles

Renaissance Architecture
• Features of Renaissance buildings include the use of the classical orders
and mathematically precise ratios of height and width combined with a
desire for symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches
and domes are imaginatively used in buildings of all types.

Renaissance Sculpture
• An equally important feature of Renaissance art was its naturalism.
• In sculpture, this was evident in the increase of contemporary subjects,
together with a more naturalistic handling of proportions, drapery, anatomy,
and perspective.
• A third feature was the reemergence of classical subjects and forms.

Mannerism Art
• also known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged
in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading
by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy,
when the Baroque style largely replaced it. Northern Mannerism continued
into the early 17th century.
• Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced
by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early Michelangelo.

Mannerism Painting
• As a whole, Mannerist painting tends to be more artificial and less
naturalistic than Renaissance painting.
• This exaggerated idiom is typically associated with attributes such as
emotionalism, elongated human figures, strained poses, unusual effects of
scale, lighting or perspective, vivid often garish colors.

Mannerism Architecture
• Mannerist architecture appears playful, almost as if the architects are
deliberately playing with expectations put forth by Renaissance
architecture.

5
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Mannerism Sculpture
• Mannerist sculpture, like Mannerist painting, was characterized by
elongated forms, spiral angles, twisting poses, and aloof subject gazes.

Baroque Art
• The Baroque is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture,
and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the
1740s.
• In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including the
Iberian Peninsula it continued, together with new styles, until the first
decade of the 19th century.
• Baroque arts seek to represent inner feelings, passions, ways of thinking
and different emotions.
• It also includes religious topics that had been abandoned by Renaissance.
Baroque shows sense of movement, energy, tension and it has strong
contrast of light and shadows.
• It also portrays grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement,
tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between
the various arts.

Baroque Architecture
• Baroque architecture is distinguished primarily by richly sculpted surfaces.
• It is a highly decorative and theatrical style but more restrained and
characterized by its mixture of lavish details on symmetrical and orderly
buildings.

Baroque Painting
• Baroque paintings are distinguished by its colorful, ornate and dynamic style
of painting.
• Its painting style mainly focuses on motion and space of the canvas.
• Additional concepts were added like dramatic use of light, theatrical theme
and sense of time in the painting.

Rococo Art
• Rococo Arts, commonly known as Roccoco or Late Baroque, it potrays an
exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration
which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colors,
sculpted molding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion
of motion and drama.
• It is often described as the final expression of the Baroque movement.

Rococo Painting
• Rococo painting is characterized by soft colors and curvy lines, and depicts
scenes of love, nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted entertainment, and
youth.

Neo Classicism
• a Western cultural movement in the decorative, visual arts, literature, theatre,
music, and architecture that portrays inspirations from the art and culture of
classical antiquity.
• Neoclassicism was first originated in Rome because of Johann Joachim
Winckelmann writings, its popularity spread all over Europe because of a
generation of European art students finished their Grand Tour and returned
from Italy to their home countries with newly rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals.

6
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

• The main Neoclassical movement bloom within the 18th-century and continued
into the early 19th century.
• Neoclassicism influenced all of the arts categories including painting, sculpture,
the decorative arts, theatre, literature, music, and architecture.
• Basically, Neoclassicism is defined stylistically by its use of straight lines,
minimal use of colour, simplicity of form and, of course, an adherence to
classical values and techniques.

Romanticism
• Romanticism is an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that
originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas
was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
• Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism
as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather
than the classical.
• It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and
political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of
nature—all components of modernity.
• It focuses most on the visual arts, music, and literature, with a major impact on
historiography, education, chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences.
• It also gives a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers
influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism.

Realism
• Realism is an art style that focuses on making pieces look as realistic and true-
to-life as possible.
• Think of realistic portraits, landscapes, and still life paintings. These are all
forms of realism which aim to capture the subject in a realistic style, and
possibly to portray the subject in a way that captures the realities of life.
• Realism has been already in the arts at many since earliest of times and can
be in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of
stylization.

V. REFERENCES/SOURCES
• https://www.iesa.edu/paris/news-events/art-history
• https://www.britannica.com/art/cave-painting
• https://edu.rsc.org/resources/cave-art-history/1528.article
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting
• https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-art
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art
• https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grarc/hd_grarc.htm
• https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/greek-history/top-10-magnificent-
ancient-greek-architecture/
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/ancient-greek-sculpture-history-
characteristics-quiz.html
• https://theculturetrip.com/europe/greece/articles/ancient-greek-
sculptures-that-everybody-should-know/
• https://www.definitelygreece.com/greek-painters/
• https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Sculpture/

7
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

• https://www.softschools.com/facts/rome/roman_architecture_facts/281
6/
• https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/rome-history/top-10-magnificent-
ancient-roman-architectures/#1_Roman_Colosseum
• http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/egyptian.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting
• https://www.artsy.net/gene/ukiyo-e
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e#Style
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_in_Italian_Renaissance_painting
• https://www.worldhistory.org/Renaissance_Architecture/

VI. ACTIVITY / ACTIVITIES:

1. Synchronous live discussion with power point presentation.
2. Post-test on the topics discussed.
3. Class Interaction.