FILIPINO 9

Teacher : Ms. Johna Toledo Time Frame : August – October, 2021

Grade : 9 – APEH Module : 1st Quarter – S.Y. 2021 –
2022

ARTS
WESTERN AND CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS

The arts of ancient Greece could still be considered very important even in this
digital age because they show us where prototypes come from. Prototypes are
the original ideas of forms in which later ideas and forms are based.

I. ANCIENT ART
Pre-historic
-People who lived thousands of years ago used pictures instead of words to
tell a story or send a message.
- Animal figures were partly drawn and cut into the rock.
- They drew how they hunted bison, rhinoceros, and the charging mammoth
II. CLASSICAL ART
- The term classical may be applied to all art and music from specific period in
history (1750-1820)
- This term is used to characterize the art, literature, and aesthetics created by
the ancient Greeks and Romans.
A. Egyptian Art
- Egyptian art and architecture are the buildings, sculptures, paintings, and
decorative arts of Ancient Egypt from about 5000 BC to the conquest of Egypt
by Rome in 30 BC.

1. Architecture
* The Egyptian Pyramids - the world’s largest and oldest tombs or burial places

* The Great Sphinx - It features a lion’s body and a human head adorned with a
royal headdress.

2. Painting - Egyptian painting shows mythological representations and

scenes of the everyday activities of the Egyptians such as hunting, fishing,
and farming.

Artistic elements: Egyptian painting tends to be linear, with very little concern for
matters of perspective or depth. Egyptian sense of line and color are excellent.
3. Folk arts
* Amulets and Jewelry - Egyptians create amulets and jewelry because they belief
of these objects’ ability to protect them. (wrong grammar ba to)

Materials: Gold, representing the flesh of the gods and the color of the sun;
non-clay ceramic material
Glaze made from quartz.
*Egyptian Pectoral - is a large necklace, which is worn on the chest and represents
a vulture

Materials: Gold. Resin and semi-precious stones

*Pottery - Egyptians’ earliest art forms.
Materials: Reddish brown clay from the Nile river

Egyptian paintings and sculptures were traditionally placed in tombs because

of the ancient belief that these assist the soul in the afterlife. Existing examples
of Egyptian art are primarily associated with tombs.

B. GREEK ART
- Architecture, paintings, sculptures, and decorative art (pottery and jewelry making)
that were produced in the ancient Greece, from about 1050 BC to 31 BC, make up
what is known as the Greek artistic legacy.panr
1. Greek architecture - it is known for tall columns, intricate detail, symmetry,
harmony and balance

Columns/Order: DORIC, IONIC, CORINTHIAN

Example:
Parthenon - The main purpose of the Parthenon was a temple for Athena (Virgin
goddess and patron of Athens).
Temple of Zeus - It was built to Honor the chief of the gods (supreme ruler of the
gods).
- God of the sky and rain
Temple of Apollo – It is dedicated to the Greek and Roman god Apollo.
- god of music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases.

2. Greek Sculpture - Sculptures of this time not only focused on fictional stories
and mythological gods, but it was also used as a way to honor people of the
time period. These people were usually rulers, kings, or in this case a scholar.
Example:
Venus de Milo - It represents Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty.
(like me char)
Laocoon and His Sons - Laocoon was a priest of Poseidon who was killed with
both his sons after attempting to expose the rise of the Trojan Horse by striking it
with a spear. The serpent killed only the two sons, leaving Laocoon himself alive to
suffer
Nike of Samothrace - It represents concepts such as Peace, Fortune, vengeance,
and Justice as goddesses at an early date.
3. Greek folk arts
Example: jewelry
: Corinthian Pottery
: Mosaic - It is a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small
colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass
C. Roman Art – refers to the visual arts made in Ancient Rome and in the territories
of the Roman Empire.
1. Roman Architecture
- adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the
purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings,
becoming a new architectural style.
- The use of vaults and arches, together with a sound knowledge of building
materials, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the
construction of imposing infrastructure for public use.

Example:
Colosseum – also known as Flavian Amphitheatre, giant amphitheater

Maison Carree - also known as Square house, it is an ancient Roman temple

Pantheon - temple for Roman gods

2. Roman Sculpture
- The Romans were great followers and collectors of Greek sculpture
- The Romans tried to capture historical events by means of their sculpture.
Example:
Capitoline Wolf - The statue that becomes the symbol of the
city of Rome. It is a Bronze sculpture of a she-wolf with suckling
twin infants.

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius - Depicts the famous

Roman Emperor on horseback.

3. Roman Painting - Roman painting portrays rituals, myths, landscapes, still-life,

and scenes of the daily activities of the Romans.

Example: The Grand Hunt - A grand hunt is when the wealthy and/ or noble decide
to go hunting.

4. Roman Folk arts - covers all forms of visual art made in the context of folk
culture. Definitions vary, but generally the objects have practical utility of some kind,
rather than being exclusively decorative.
Example: Mosaics
: Portland vase

III. MEDIEVAL ART - Art during the Middle Ages is strongly

manifested in its most inspiring buildings - the churches.
 A. Byzantine art - This is the art style that flourished at the height of the
Byzantine Empire. The art form was concerned with Christian art, but
techniques and forms of Greek and Egyptian art were still used.
- Byzantine art is almost entirely concerned with religious expression

Artistic elements of Byzantine art.

● Shapes and designs are patterned within a rigid tradition.
● Less individual expression
● Style is Sophisticated
● Strong expression of religiosity

1.Architecture

2.Sculpture

3.Painting

C. Romanesque Art
- Romanesque art was dominant in Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries
- Romanesque art had its strong foundation in Christianity that was spread to
all parts of Europe during those periods.
1. Architecture - Romanesque style of architecture was the dominant style of
many churches in Europe.
- Romanesque churches are very huge and solid.
 - Romanesque church include a campanile (bell tower) and
colonnades (series of Columns)
Design: heavy arched vaults supporting the ceilings, round arches
used for doors and windows.

2. Painting - the subject is all about biblical stories

3. Sculpture: Huge stone sculptures were revived; they display an

abundance of sculpture on their exteriors to attract worshippers
and to instruct them with religious purposes.

C. Gothic Art - It flourished during the 12th and 13th centuries. This was because
people began to want lighter and taller buildings.

1. Architecture – Large cathedrals were built. Churches that have Gothic style
are higher than the Romanesque churches. In addition, they are made to
appear lighter though in reality, they are more compact than the Romanesque
churches.

2. Painting - Paintings were entirely the product of the monasteries.

3. Sculpture - Carved stone sculptures were used as decorations of the façade
of churches or in their inner sanctuaries.

ARTS
RENAISSANCE ART IN EUROPE
The word Renaissance literally means “rebirth” and is the French translation
of the Italian rinascita. It is the term used to describe the new European attitudes and
values that took the place of medievall worldview. Renaissance art includes
paintings, sculptures, architecture, and allied arts produced in Europe between 1400
and 1600. It owed much to succession of great Italian painters and sculptors.
 A revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans

An intensified interest in Humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual

1. MICHELANGELO (1475-1564)
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, a village in Italy, in
1475. He grew up in Florence, the artistic center of Europe during the
1400s. At 13, he began to train as a painter. Michelangelo was an
artist of extraordinary ability. He was known primarily as an
outstanding painter and sculptor, but he was also an accomplished architect and
poet. He had a strong personality as well.

His extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture, and architecture made him

one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art.

PIETA, SCULPTURE, MARBLE (1497-1500) by Michelangelo

The Pieta shows Christ in his mother’s lap, just after he is taken down
from the cross. It is a remarkable sculptural piece where the flesh
under Christ’s shoulder just above Mary’s right hand seems to be soft
and pliable. It is also a work of great beauty, capable of eliciting a
deeply emotional response in the viewer.

THE CREATION OF ADAM (FRESCO, SISTINE CHAPEL, THE VATICAN, ROME)

Michelangelo placed a scene based on Genesis, the first book of
the Bible, in the center of the vast ceiling of the chapel. For almost
four years, he worked on high scaffolding as he painted the ceiling
of the Sistine chapel. Minor tasks were done by his assistants.

2. LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in the small town of Vinci,
near Florence, Italy. He had little schooling and was largely
self-taught.

He was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His

innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian
art for more than a century after his death.
Leonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect,
sculptor, engineer, and scientist. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning,
Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man.

THE LAST SUPPER (about 1495-1497) by Leonardo da Vinci

It decorates the walls at the monastery of the church of Santa
Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The figure of Christ forms the
calm center of the painting, while the disciples seated to his
right and left respond in agitation to his announcement that
“one of you shall betray me.” The fourth figure from the left end
is Judas, who betrays Christ and is shown pulling away from
him in the painting.

MONALISA (1503-1506, Louvre, Paris)

Leonardo da Vinci’s world-famous portrait was the artist’s favorite
painting.

Although there have been many theories about the origin of the calm
gaze and mysterious smile on the woman’s face, it may have been
the result of Leonardo’s interest in natural chiaroscuro. (the effect of
light and shadow on the subject).
The painting’s mistiness and fading colors illustrates Leonardo’s
technique of modifying the atmosphere through color

3.RAPHAEL (14-83-1520)
Raphael is considered to be one of the greatest and most popular
artists of all time. He was born Rafaello Santi (or Rafaello Sanzio)
in Urbino on April 6, 1483 and received his early training in art
from his father, the painter Giovanni Santi. Being younger,
Raphael was considered during his time as the next master
painter to inherit the fame of Leonardo da Vinci.

LA BELLE JARDINIERE by Raphael

Jardiniere is one of the most famous Madonna portraits of
Italian Renaissance painter, Raphael. Raphael studied the
works of Leonardo’s techniques to his own painting. Raphael’s
use of contrasting lights and darks, and the relaxed, informal
pose of the Madonna illustrate Leonardo’s influence on La
Belle Jardiniere.

4. DONATELLO (1386-1466)
Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, known as Donatello, was the
greatest sculptor of the early Renaissance. He was a master
stonecutter. In addition, he also had a great understanding of
human behavior as shown in his work title, Mary Magdalene.

MARY MAGDALENE (1454-1455) by Donatello

Customarily portrayed as a beautiful young woman with lovely long
hair, Donatello’s Magdalene, however, is different. His Magdalene is a
semi-toothless, old woman with tangled hair almost to her feet.
Donatello created this painted wooden statue of Saint Mary Magdalene
in about 1455. The expressive sculpture shows the repentant
Magdalene as a haggard, old woman.

ART AWARENESS

The rediscovery of Greco-Roman arts and sciences together with the Arabic
knowledge of algebra and navigations awakened when various city-states of Italy
were the entry points of trade in Europe in the mid-15th century.

In the 15th century, Florence in Italy was among the richest cities in Europe. Its ruler,
Lorenzo de Medici, financed a huge amount of money on research and projects
hiring scientists and artists in his speedy drive to augment European technology in
catching up with the advancement of the East. Lorenzo was great patron of the arts.
Those under his protection were Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Botticelli.

Thus, artists like Masaccio, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were

commissioned by city-state rulers like the Medicis and the Sforzas. These city- states
progressed rapidly-so much that the seat of learning revolved around these artists
and scientists. This is the revival of European lost grandeur; this is Renaissance.

Renaissance painting reflects the revival of interest in classical culture and a strong
belief in individualism. Examples of these are the works of Masaccio (1401-28), who
is one of the great innovators of the Renaissance period. This is shown in his
painting called the Expulsion of Paradise. The influence of classical sculpture is
shown on the pose of Eve whose arms attempt to cover her naked body. This
artwork is one of the fresco paintings of Masaccio. He is considered the pioneer of
Renaissance painting.

Other famous paintings produced during this period are “The Annunciation” by fra
Angelico (c.1400-55),” “The Madonna of Chancellor Nicolas Rolin” by Jan van Eyck
(c.1390-1441), and “The Birth of Venus” by Botticelli (1445-1510). The
Annunciation” is an outstanding example of the application of the laws of perspective
to the representation of space.
 Expulsion of Paradise The Madonna of The Birth of Venus
Chancellor

Renaissance sculpture shows strong interest in the ancient past. An example of this
is the work of Lorenzo Ghiberti. He cast two sets of bronze doors for the Florence
Baptistery. These bronze doors both demonstrate his knowledge of ancient
sculpture. The second set, which is known as the Gates of Paradise (1425-1452),
shows his mastery of the laws of scientific perspective, which had been discovered
only recently during that time.
BAROQUE ART

Baroque art is a style that dominated the art of Europe and some Spanish and
Portuguese settlements in the Americas during the 16 th century until 1750.
The use of curvilinear and swirling lines to convey the emotions of life subjects,
projecting them to be lifelike and real, makes “baroque” art pieces fascinating.
Furthermore, the emotional drama expressed, which is usually arranged by the use
of “chiaroscuro” (the play of dark and light), may draw the viewers to be thrilled.
THE APPROACHES OF THE ARTISTS IN APPLYING THE TECHNIQUE SEEM
TO VARY ACCORDING TO THE RELIGION WHICH THE PARTICULAR ARTISTS
PROFESSES.

In the Catholic South where Rome was the
center, painters chose religious subjects to
be executed either directly from the Bible or
from Greek mythologies or metaphors.
On the other hand, the Protestant North,
where Netherlands was the key player,
artists chose to paint mostly the economic
boom and luxurious lifestyle of the
businessmen and middle class.

In between the Northern and Southern trends of Baroque style were the paintings of
prominent personalities and the monarchies. In Protestant Netherlands, though,
people from all walks of life were included to appear as subjects of portraiture.

1. CARAVAGGIO (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian, 1573-1610)

Orphaned as a child, he struggled hard to work as an apprentice and assistant to
various artists. Passionate and hot-tempered as he was due to hardships of making
a living, he often found trouble working with his peers. However, he produced
fascinating pieces of artworks, which departed from the Renaissance style of
idealizing the human and religious experience.
ARTWORK
He was commissioned to paint for the church of San Luigi dei
Francesi. The art piece which portrayed the life of St. Matthew
(right photo) caused the public outcry. It was imposing as
life-like and dramatic.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTWORKS
Caravaggio’s Artworks
1. One of the origins of greater realism which depicts figurative figures of real life and
natural style, Caravaggio filled in what the previous Renaissance artists lack-swirling
figures that appear like moving figures.
2. The play of dark and light (chiaroscuro) on figures added the show of characters.
The position of subjects draws more viewers to be involved into the event that took
place in the canvas. This is called as the theatrical spectacle.
3. Almost all of his art pieces are symmetrical. The texture of paint is creamy and
broad often resulting in thick impasto.

2. PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577-1640)

Prometheus Bound Venus at a Mirror

Peter Paul Rubens treated art as the highest level of orderliness. His background
as a son of a rich and prominent Flemish legal adviser of Spanish administrators in
Belgium made him highly educated in arts, court etiquette, and diplomacy. But he
was not spoiled. He learned from his pious mother the virtues of empathy and
goodwill.
ARTWORKS

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTWORKS
Ruben’s Artworks
1. The lines are swirling, curving, and diagonal, conveying motion and energies.
2. The motifs are Greek myths and history to represent the social and political events
of his time.
3. Most often, voluptuous women are his favorite subject to convey his insatiable
adoration of the women whom he is related and some who patronized his art.
4. The source of line is indefinite, suggesting his mastery of tenebrism.
5. Fair skin of the main subject in the canvass is always emphasized, and whose
motion drew the other background subjects to coordinate.
6. Sometimes, the composition is asymmetrical.
3. DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVA Y VELAZQUEZ (1599-1660, Spanish-Catholic)
Born in Southern Spain, in the town of Seville where an artistic community thrives,
Velasquez grew up and was trained in the refinement of arts. Like many of his
contemporaries, he was acquainted with Italian masters of the Renaissance.

ARTWORKS
He used brushes with long bristles, which helped his rendition of “sitting” very quick.
Until this time, his mastery of human expression is unequaled.
His brushstrokes almost penetrate the character of his subject like the grim
expression of Pope Innocent X and regal bearings of the maid of honors, “Las
Meninas”. Almost all of his subjects-from man to beast-breathed life, so real and
inspiring.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTWORKS
Characteristics of Velasquez’ Artworks
1. Diego Velasquez’s firm determination to fuse form and content to convey his
subjects into the canvas reflected the style of his art. He mastered the formation of
the sitters (models) so that their arrangement always appears excellent.
2. His portraiture of Pope Innocent X is imposing. The grim red countenance
reflected the stern character of the person who comes from the family of Borgia in
Italy, known as despotic rulers.
3.He uses lines that pointed well to the overall movement of the nobility of his
subjects.

Pope Innocent X Las Meninas

4. REMBRANDT HARMENSZOON VAN RIJN, (1606-1669, Dutch-Protestant)

Descended from Jewish ancestry, Rembrandt’s individualism and compassion to the
masses and poor people was shown all through his lifetime. He seemed to
understand much the human nature that he appeared to translate them into the
canvas in lifelike and theatrical quality. Like his contemporary prolific artists, he often
used the compassion of Christ and the apostles to propagate divine virtues.

ARTWORKS
His brilliant execution of chiaroscuro is quite unorthodox since light comes from
definite source. But this approach made him effectively convey the emotions and
character of his subjects.

The Nightwatch Compassion of Christ

CHARACTERISTICS OF REMBRANDT’S ARTWORKS

1. Rembrandt meticulously washed the countenance of his subjects to reveal the
character accordingly. Light, which enveloped the scenario of his subjects, comes
from nowhere (teneberism). This is a subtle technique to put emphasis on the
character and to send off a soft mood of the atmosphere. The overall effect is a
theatrical element where subjects appear as composed, noble, and dignified.
2. The juxtaposition of light and dark spaces is always kept in balance. Unity is
achieved through the rational positioning of shapes according to perspective.
3. He uses thick paints in rough texture to convey firm yet elegant forms.

5. GIAN LORENZO BERNINI (1598-1680)

Bernini was trained under the rigid, disciplined craftsmanship of his sculptor father
himself. His comprehensive studies of ancient Greek sculptures and of works of
Michelangelo Bounarotti enabled him to convey the character and emotions of his
sculpture.

ARTWORKS
Several masterpieces of artworks established him as a prolific noble
artist who was authorized by papacy to do religious art design. In
fact, Pope Urban VIII commissioned him to build a symbolic
structure over the tomb of St. Peter’s basilica in Rome. His
architectural design of symbolic structure over the tomb of St. Peter
suggested a baroque classical music frozen to be appreciated for
an indefinite time.

Pope Urban VII

CHARACTERISTICS OF BERNINI’S ARTWORKS
1. The passionate emotions expressed in baroque art reached its highest level in
Bernini’s sculpture because viewers could look at his art pieces in an all-around
perspective.
2. The lifelike movement of his subjects seemed to draw the viewer to get involved in
the scene.
3. Symmetry and rhythm fixed his subjects to pose in theatrical spectacle as if a
noble activity was being done.
4. He was subtle in interconnecting lines, forms, and shapes of his subjects to
achieve the overall effect of their emotions. Unity was always attained like a group of
ballet dancers twirling around harmoniously on the stage in the accompaniment of
classical symphony.
5. Like all baroque artists, he brilliantly intertwined the drapery (clothes hanged in
fold) with the movement to attain a classical pose

ARTS
Introducing the Arts of the Neoclassic
and the Romantic Period
LESSON PROPER
NEOCLASSICAL ART
How did the Neoclassical movement in arts come about?
Many artists during mid-17th century profited much from the nobles and the
royals. They did this by catering to the vanities and extravagance of the rich people
during those times as they were commissioned to paint for them.
What are the characteristics of Neoclassical art?
Neoclassical art appears calm and clear. Although feelings are restrained, the
expression looks complete.
Who are the famous artists that represent the Neoclassical period? What are
the art elements and principles used in creating art pieces of the
Neoclassical period?

1. Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)-French

Although born to wealthy parents, David chose to work with the
revolutionaries of his time. He had excellent education in art and literature.
This made him the chief propagandist of the militant intellectuals who
aimed to overthrow the French monarchial system.
David was highly educated in classical culture and literature. He used his
great knowledge of Roman and Greek cultures in expressing his political views
against the French monarchial system.

Death of Socrates The Oath of Horatii

He portrayed the grandeur of In the Oath of the Horatii the patriotic

characters of the ancient Greek and three sons on the left firmly saluted in the
Romans in defining and protecting the gesture of a gladiator who is ready to die.
affairs of their particular state.
Human characters and virtuous actions are
powerfully conveyed. His subjects seem to
bulge out from his canvas; this, they
appear realistic.

Artistic Style: The lines and forms of David’s paintings are in juxtaposition of
vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines. This style is used to convey the theatrical
element. This is shown in the painting “The Death of Socrates” in which the
Philosopher Socrates made a strong upward gesture. The way it was painted by
David Showed the strength and firmness in Socrates’ steadfastness in his belief and
principle even in the face of death. The use of chiaroscuro (the play of light and dark)
is subtly employed. This style is used to emphasize the mood of courage, patriotism,
and brotherhood. The space is well-utilized so as to be balanced with colors and
shapes.
Subject: David’s subjects are his ideal heroes. His central figure in his work is
always a man or men who dominated the whole scene. These classical characters
are well-known for their virtuous actions and are worthy to be emulated.
2. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867)-French
Ingres was a student of David. Ingres, however, did not join the
militant movements like his teacher. Though not revolutionary, Ingres had
a strong admiration to the strong personality of the post-revolution leader,
Emperor Napoleon.
Ingres was a highly gifted artist. He went to Rome as a scholar. His
academic success went as far as being appointed President in the most
prestigious art university in France, the Ecole des Beaux Arts.

Oedipus and the Sphinx Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne

One of Ingres’ favorite subjects is Ingres’ admiration for the imposing

the heroes of Greek myths. He loved to personality of Emperor Napoleon I is
paint the gestures that show the ideas of shown in this majestic pose of the leader.
righteousness and courage by the Greek
and Romans.

Art Motif: Religion, history, and Greek myths as motif of almost all of his
masterpieces.
Artistic Style: The content (mood, character, and idea) of his paintings is well
combined by the colors and direction of lines. He painted objects in solid and weighty
form to convey strength. He also used smooth textures to express elegance. Ingres
is a master of using neutral earth colors to depict antiquity. This is a technique that
helps him to express the nostalgic mood of the remote past.
ROMANTIC PERIOD
Romanticism in art extends from about 1800 to 1850 in Europe and in
America.
 The word romantic originally referred to something “romance-like.” This
means one that resembles the strange and fanciful character of medieval romances.
The word came to be associated with the increasing emphasis in aesthetic theory
during those times. The term Romanticism, on the other hand, is a movement in art
and literature during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It is worthy to note that the
Romantic Movement in arts valued imagination and emotion over reason.
What are the ideas, moods, and messages that are conveyed by the artwork of
the Romantic period?
● The arts during the Romantic period were expressive of intense feelings. The
artists were highly imaginative and emotional. Their works had a kind of mystic and
dreamlike quality.
● During the 18th century, feelings or emotion began to be considered more
important than reason. This was shown in other forms of art like literature.
● In addition to reasons, feelings and imagination began to be strongly reflected
in the visual arts.

What are the influences of the Romantic Movement on the succeeding art
movement?

1. The Romantic Movement affected the moral, social, and political life of the
Europeans and Americans for almost half a century (1800-1850). It became the
visual, musical, and literary expression of man’s basic rights and his exercise of
freedom.
2. The Romantic Movement contributed in the development of nationalistic pride.
It was used as a way of expressing the superiority of the senses and emotions over
reason and intellect.
3. Romanticism highly influenced the next form of art. A line can be traced from
Englishman watercolorist John Constable through the Barbizon school to
Impressionism.
4. A more direct influence of Romanticism was Symbolism, which had refined or
intensified the romantic characteristic of highlighting emotions, imaginations, and
dreamlike qualities.
5. Romanticism continues to influence the 20th century Expressionism and
Surrealism. This is shown in Romanticism’s basic principles of originality,
self-expression, and artistic freedom.

What are the elements and art principles used during the romantic period?
1. Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828)- Spanish Artist
Jose de Goya is considered one of the greatest artists in Spain. In
his childhood, he was already tutored by a famous art teacher named
Luzan in Saragoza, Spain. He continued his art studies in Rome, which made him a
master artist.
He became the official painter of the royal court of King Charles IV when he
went back to Spain. Goya became deaf due to unknown illness during his midlife. As
he grew old, he became aloft and very critical of the social and political events of his
time. It was also noticeable that his paintings became “dark and pessimistic.” His
artistic works during this time included images of ghosts and witches. He died in
1828. He remained famous in the art world because of his ability to read human
character and effectively portray that character on his canvas.
The Third of May Isabel

Goya effectively portrayed emotions As a court painter, Goya successfully

of disappointment and disgust over the portrayed Queen Isabel’s dignified
killings of ordinary Spaniards by French elegance and composure.
soldiers in his painting “The Third of May”.
The colors he used suggest strong
aversion, cold carnage, and nauseating
horror.

Subjects: Portraits of the nobilities, socio-political events of his time, paranormal

phenomena like ghosts and witches
Artistic Style: Goya is highly skillful in using colors to reveal the characters of his
subjects. He had also special ways in handling the intensity of the values of color.
The gradation between black and purple, side by side with red, emotes the bizarre
and appalling atmosphere of his paintings. Yet, he is able to express “beauty” amidst
the darkness of his subject.
Goya’s line strokes are exceptional. His directions of diagonal, vertical, and
horizontal lines jibe well with the colors and perspective in imparting a horrible
scene. The mastery of such strokes is his tool in painting the paranormal, the
witches, the lunatic, and the depressed.
How did the artists during the Romantic period contribute to the evolution of
various forms of art?
Elements of Barbizon School Impressionism Modernism
Romantic Art That of Art (1870s-1890s) (1940s-1970s)
Stretched (1830s-1860s)
Influences
 The man with the La Grenouillere Abstraction
Hoe (by Claude Monet) (by Jackson
(by Jean-Francois Pollock)
Millet) The waves
Millet painted and ripples It is
the hard life of important to note
constantly moving
Bold, farmers. This he that the image of a
because of Monet’s
Painterly strokes successfully round and thick series of
represent conveyed by overlapping colors
strokes of paint. His
movements and making the rocks was intentionally
brilliant positioning
energies appear rough and done by the artist,
of dark reflections of
tactile. The rocks’ Pollock. It is his
images on the water
texture shows rough way of executing
helps in projecting
and hard the image of thethe art principles
sensations. movements of of unity, balance,
waters. and perspective.
His logical
presentation
showcases his
painterly strokes.
What are the influences of iconic artist belonging to the Neoclassical and
Romantic periods to the evolution of various forms of art (Expressionism,
Cubism, 3D installation Art)?
Elements of Expressionism Cubism 3D and Installation
Romantic Art That (1890s-1930s) (1910s-1960s) (1920s-present)
Stretched
Influences

The Raft of the The Starry Night La Femme qui 3D installation of

Medusa by Vincent Van pleure Guernica
by Theodore Gogh by Pablo Picasso by Pablo Picasso
Gericault
The swirling The subtle The
The swirling shapes of stars use of geometrical translation of this
movements by the seem threatening, lines makes the painting into 3D
direction lines and woman’s face seem form makes the
shapes incite emitting a strange to be completely devastating
intense emotion. feeling. scared and in horror bombing of the
Spanish City more
real-like than it
seemed.

Who are the artists that best represent the Romantic period? How did they use
their artwork to derive the traditions/history of their culture (landscapes,
images of people at work and play, portrait studies, etc.)?
EUGENE FERDINAND VICTOR DELACROIX
(1798-1863)

Subject: Delacroix used his art in expressing his sympathy and appreciation of the
works of the masses or the common men. Thus, one of his favorite subjects was the
activities of the common men.
Art Style: To display the energy that is present in the activities of common men, he
used swirling, curved lines and strong colors to convey motions. The content of his
artworks was movement. Ge was not fond of using sharp chiaroscuro in
manipulating dark and light spaces. Instead, he handled black in the range of brown
and purple.
THEODORE GERICAULT
(1792-1824)
Theodore Gericault was a major artist during the French
Romantic movement. He was well-known to portray battle through
paintings of suffering and endurance rather than heroism and
glory.

His famous painting, the Raft of Medusa

(1818-1819), is displayed in Musee due Louvre in Paris,
France. Looking at it, one could feel the suffering of men
on a makeshift life raft. Gericault’s inspiration of the
painting was based on a real-life tragic incident of the
French government ship, the Medusa, that sank off the
coast of West Africa. The hundreds of men on board had The Raft of the Medusa
to transfer to a raft in order to survive.
JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET
The French artist Jean Francois
Millet is famous for painting scenes of
rural life. Aside from the famous
painting, “The Man with the Hoe,” he
also painted “The Gleaners (1857).”
Millet’s bold and thick strokes of paint
make the scene appear as harsh as
the difficult life of the farmers in his
community.
The Gleaners, 1857

J.M.W TURNER
J.M.W. Turner is considered as the
first major artist to paint outdoor. This
manner or style of painting in the open air
or “plein-air” in French became popular in
France in mid-19th century. By using bright
and luminous colors combined with his
bold, thick brushwork, Turner succeeded
in translating his great artist’s vision. Neapolitan Fisher
Neapolitan Fisher Girls, Surprised, Girls, Surprised,
Bathing in Moonlight is Turner’s oil painting late in life. In this Bathing in Moonlight
painting, he made use more of abstraction of form and
space. He also remained true to his style of using loose
washes in order to express emotion rather than to tell a
story.
What is the difference between the arts of the Neoclassic and Romantic
periods?
Neoclassic Period
Painting Style Painting features a linear style
Features smooth areas of color,
no brushstrokes can be seen
Objects are sharply defined.
Controlled brushstrokes
Subject Usually a town or cultivated
landscape
Romantic Period
Painterly style
Color takes precedence over
sharply defined forms.
Brushstrokes are less
restrained.
Of the has visible brushstrokes
Country scene, especially
untouched nature

ASSESSMENT 1
Direction: Identify who is being described in the sentence. Write your answer on the
space provided.
THEODORE GERICAULT 1. He was well-known to portray battle through paintings
of suffering and endurance rather than heroism and glory.
FRANCISCO JOSE DE GOYA Y LUCIENTES 2. He is considered one of the
greatest artists in Spain.
THEODORE GERICAULT 3. He was the major artist during the French Romantic
movement.
JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET 4. He is an artist famous for painting scenes in rural life.
J.M.W TURNER 5. He is considered as the first major artist to paint outdoor.

ASSESSMENT 2
Direction: Write T if the statement/sentence is correct and F if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided.
T 1. Neoclassical art appears calm and clear.
T 2. Jacques-Louis David was highly educated in classical culture and literature.
F 3. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was a student of Michelangelo.
T 4. Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes is considered one of the greatest artists in
Spain.
F 5. The arts during the Neoclassical period were expressive of intense feelings.
T 6. Romanticism continues to influence the 20th century Expression and Surrealism.
T 7. The Romantic movement contributed in the development of nationalistic pride.
T 8. One of Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres’ favorite subjects is the heroes of the
Greek myths.
T 9. Jacques-Louis David subjects in his artwork are his ideal heroes.
F 10. Neoclassical in art extends from about 1800-1850 in Europe and in America.

ARTS
What are the theatrical forms from the different art periods?
The theatrical forms could be traced back to the Classical period, the Renaissance
period, and the Romantic period. The Greek theater represents the theatrical form of
the Classical period while Shakespearean theater best represents the Renaissance
period. The opera could well represent the Romantic period.

CLASSICAL PERIOD | GREEK THEATER

What are the characteristics of Greek theater?

In ancient Greece, the theater served as the means of the people to express their
religious belief. The Greek theater made use of music, dances, and drama.

Great dramas were produced in Athens as early in

the 5th century BC. The famous writers of tragedies
were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
Tragedies were based on their myths and ancient
heroes. Themes were focused on moral issues,
especially on the danger of arrogance, or hubris in
Greek.

Comedies, on the other hand, were their way to

comment and criticize their government and
politicians. The artist enjoyed a remarkable freedom
of speech as they criticized their government
policies and politicians by means of jokes and puns.
The famous Greek comic playwright or writer was
Aristophanes. He also wrote comedies about
powerful women.

Greek plays were usually performed outdoors during the festivities honoring the god
of harvest, wine, fertility, and theater. During these celebrations, thousands of
Greeks gathered at the theaters.

Lysistrata was a famous ancient Greek comedy written by Aristophanes during the
turn of the 4th century B.C.E. The plot revolves around a strike by the women of
Athens. The woman demanded that the leaders of their city should stop engaging in
wars or else they will refuse to sleep with their husbands.

What are the elements and principles of arts as shown in Western Classical
plays?

Oedipus Rex

Plot
Oedipus Rex is a famous ancient
Greek tragedy written by Sophocles. It
was about the life of a man called
Oedipus, who at birth was prophesied
by an oracle that he would
unintentionally kill his father and marry
 his mother.

At the beginning of the play, Oedipus is

the beloved king of Thebes. His city was
plagued, and people suffered. After
consulting the oracle of Delphi, he
learned that the plague would stop once
the murderer of the first husband of his
wife Queen Jocasta will be punished.

The middle of the play showed Oedipus

finding out who the killer of King Laius
was to be able to save Thebes from the
plague.

Finally, Oedipus found out that the old

man he killed when he was still a young
man approaching Thebes was the King
Laius. He also discovered that King
Lauis was his father and Jocasta, his
wife and mother of his children, is in
truth, his mother.

At the end of the play, Jocasta hangs

herself, while Oedipus blinds himself.

Characters
- alternate in voicing contrasting
positions.
- uses the other character’s words
and suggests other meanings.
- possesses hamartia or tragic flaw
of character; in the case of
Oedipus, hubris, or excessive
pride

Dialogs/Language - theatrical and lofty language

- use of stichomythia, a dialog
involving a dispute presented
alternating lines.
- the dialog is used as a device to
heighten the emotional intensity
of the scene.
 Costumes
- actors and chorus wore colorful
bright costumes and masks.
- colors and sizes convey
particular information.
- padded robes increased the
actors’ size while thick-soled
boots increased the height.
- use of mask with a protruding
wig-like object also tends to
increase the height.

What is the layout and form of the Greek ancient theater?

There are variations about the

exact layout of the classical
Greek theater building.
However, it has been told that a
Greek theater is composed of a
large circular orchestra, a
theatron, and a skene.

The orchestra serves as the

acting and dancing area. There
is an altar at the center of the
orchestra. A semi-circular
theatron is the auditorium or the viewing place. It is usually part of a slope of a hill.
The skene is the place to change costumes (dressing room) or a place for actors to
rest. The ancient theater, Theater of Dionysus (5th Century B.C.E) still exist at the
south slope of the Acropolis in Greece. It featured the plays of Aeschylos,
Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes during the ancient times.

RENAISSANCE | SHAKESPEAREAN THEATER

What are the characteristics of Shakespearean theater?

The Shakespearean theater is based on the plays written by

the great English playwright poet, William Shakespeare,
during the 16th century. Shakespeare is considered as the
greatest playwright in the history of English Literature.
Shakespeare had a great appreciation of the Italian
Renaissance. This is shown in the subject and setting of
many of his plays.

Shakespeare’s works are classified into three genres:

comedy, tragedy, and history. An example of his comedy is
“The Taming of the Shrew”. The drama “Julius Caesar” is
his famous tragedy. Shakespeare’s history represents
Elizabethan theater which reflects England’s rising greatness as result of defeating
the Spanish Armada. With England’s prosperity, English kings were glorified as
shown in Shakespeare’s plays like Richard II, Henry V. The drama, King Lear,
however, was about a mythical king. It is more of tragedy rather than a history.

Unlike other plays during his time, which are full of symbols and abstractions,
Shakespeare’s stories are about men and women with string and weak qualities. The
plays are vehicles to understand more about life and love, acting and nationalism.
The plays have universal appeal because they are all about huma nature, character,
and motivation. They appeal to everyone because people could relate to
Shakespeare’s characters. Until now, Shakespeare’s plays continue to delight many
modern-day theatergoers because of their richness in language, artistry, and
meaning.

A scene from Henry V directed by Kenneth Branagh

This scene from the 1989 movie version of Henry V shows the English King Henry
(Kenneth Branagh), who doesn’t speak French, courting the Princess Katherine
(Emma Thompson), who doesn’t speak English.

What are the elements and principles of arts as shown in Western Classical
plays?

Costume Men’s Clothing

- Elaborate, flamboyant, colorful,

stylish, and stunning men’s
garments.
- Decorated with feathers and
jewels.
- Those who play the role of
craftsman and ordinary people
wear a beret or a small flat cap
that has a narrow brim.
- Hair styles vary but the popular
ones are the following styles:
brushed up, curled all over head,
 or cut closely at the sides.
- Men wore hats even in indoor
scenes.

Women’s Clothing

- Intricate, stylish, colorful garment

that usually has two parts: a
bodice and a petticoat or a skirt.
- Ornamented with jewels, pearls,
lace, artificial flowers, braids,
embroidery, artificial flowers.

Theater Buildings - The shape is usually round or

octagonal.
- In Elizabethan theater buildings,
the audience surround the stage
on three sides. The commoners
are in a standing area around the
stage, and the nobility stays in
the galleries, a seating area
under a roof.
- Made usually of wood that is why
fire is a constant threat to theater
buildings.

Stage - May or may not be protected by

a canopy.
- A platform in design, it is
sometimes called as
“three-quarter round.”
- The stage provides a sense of
greater intimacy because it
allows performance to take place
in the midst of the auditorium,
while still allowing for theatrical
illusionistic effects through the
use of the upstage end and
adjacent off stage where other
characters and props are
positioned.

Acting Style - The acting style for the early

Elizabethan plays was heroic and
exaggerated, like the plays
 themselves.

Language - Magnificent poetry

- Unrivaled use of tone, color,
complex word meanings that
made the plays more dramatic
and appealing.

Did you know…

The costumes and sets of Shakespeare’s time influenced the production of the
plays? The visual effects were aided by the costumes of the plays as did the lighting
and the sound effects. The stages and sets created a realistic setting for a specific
location.

ROMANTIC & POST ROMANTIC PERIOD | OPERA

The opera gained popularity during the Romantic period. The opera’s main
characteristics are the following:

1. It uses conventional and Classical music.

2. It uses the original language by which the musical lyrics are written (mostly
Italian, Spanish, and German).
3. It has no dancing, except as required by the situation for a particular actor to
act.
4. The singer must primarily be a singer and rarely an actor or dancer
5. It has some unaccompanied dialog, but very minimal.

What is an example of an opera?

Carmen is the best operatic example of

naturalism, an art movement which is
popular in France in the late 19th century.

Carmen, the opera, is based on French

novella by the French writer, Prosper
Merimee (1903-1870). Meremee was
inspired to write the story in his trip to Spain.

What are the theatrical elements of Carmen?

Artistic Elements - It is the best example of

Naturalism, an anti-Romantic
movement in arts, which was
popular in France in the late 19th
 century.
- The libretto or the text of the
opera is an adaptation from a
literary classic written by
Merimee.
- Carmen employs a prose text
and not a poetic text. When Bizet
wrote his score, he used spoken
dialog.
- The opera shows naturalistic
scenes with colorful and vibrant
music.

Plot - At the start, Carmen is

introduced as a young gypsy girl
who works in a cigarette factory
in Seville, Spain. The seductive
girl meets Don Jose, an infantry
officer, outside the factory where
she works. Carmen gets
attracted to Don Jose and flirts
with him. However, Don Jose
ignores her.
- Later on, Don Jose becomes
infatuated with Carmen and
deserts the army for her. Carmen
and Don Jose live together in the
mountains where gypsy
smugglers live.
- In the middle of the play, Carmen
meets Escamillo, a bullfighter.
This time, she becomes
interested with Escamillo. The
two becomes a couple which
infuriates Don Jose.
- The final scene of the opera is a
murder passion. On the day of a
bullfight in Sevill, after Escamillo
enters the bullring, Don Jose also
approaches Carmen. Looking
disturbed and lost, he asks
Carmen to return to him. After
Carmen refuses, Don Jose stabs
Carmen with a dagger. Emerging
from his bullfight, Escamillo
witnesses Don Jose weeping
desperately over Carmen’s dead
 body.

What are the elements of Artistic Expression?

A musical is a kind of performing art that requires

elements for creative expression. Like the visual art
of painting, it requires the following elements for a n
integrated wholesome art: lines, color, shape,
rhythm, space, sound, texture, and movement.
However, unlike visual art, it must arouse sound and
movement-the most essential elements.

1. Lines

2. Colors - the technicalities of lighting are very important element in a

musical because it will present colors that will evoke mixed emotions upon
the audience. Accompanied by sounds and rhythm of music, lighting will
affect the audience to sympathize, to admire, to love, to side with, or to be
amused. of the earth, surrounds the pale color. The gestures and
movements of the actors who are accusing the main character will incite
the audience.

3. Shapes - shape, being the basic design element that is best described as
a closed outline that appears or occupies a certain space must be
emphasized on the stage. Whether it is two dimensional (painting) or
three-dimensional (installation or sculpture), the weight, the size, and the
texture must be pointed out.

4. Rhythm - the rhythm of the musical comes out when there is ordered
repetition of movement in the dances accompanied by songs. It comes to
light as simply repetitive, providing variations on a basic theme, or
indicating a progressive development.

5. Space - the floor space or the entire area in the stage floor is where the
cast, including their costumes and props, are presented to the open. The
area is neither large nor small but suitable enough for the cast to move
around.
 6. Sound - during the antiquity of the Greek and roman dramas, the actors
are compelled or trained to project their voice to be audible, firm, and clear
enough for the audience to be heard.

7. Texture - like visual arts, image design of backdrops, props, and

costumes may extend to the audience the feeling of roughness, hardness,
finesse and smoothness. In musicals, these are emphasized according to
the “act” where they are essential with the feelings conveyed.

8. Movement - various body movements of the cast are differentiated

according to movement yet integrated consistently for the development of
the plot.

P.E
LIFESTYLE AND WEIGHT MANAGEMENT FOR
COMMUNITY FITNESS
Lifestyle - It refers to the way a person or group of people lives.
- It is the behavioral pattern of choices from alternatives that are available to
people.
Weight Management - It refers to a set of practices and behaviors that is necessary
to keep one’s weight at a healthful level.
Classification of Weight
1. Underweight - means that a person weighs less than the healthy range for
his or her age, gender, and height.
2. Normal or healthy weight - means that a person’s weight is in the healthy
range for his or her age, gender, and height.
3. Overweight - means that a person weighs more than the healthy range for
his or her age, gender, and height.
4. Obese - means that a person weighs much more than the healthy range for
his or her age, gender, and height.
To determine your weight classification or weight status, it is not enough that you
measure your weight using a weighing scale. The weight status of a person can be
determined using the Body Mass Index (BMI) as a tool
BMI - is defined as a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her
height in meters.
BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ Height (m)²

CHART THAT SHOWS THE CLASSIFICATION OF WEIGHT IN RELATION TO

THE BMI

BMI WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION

˂ 18.5 Underweight

18.5-24.9 Normal or Healthy Weight

25.0-29.9 Overweight

30.0 or higher Obese

What is the relationship between lifestyle and weight management?

Lifestyle and weight management are interrelated. Your weight status is very much
related to your lifestyle. It means that a person who observes a lifestyle which
includes a balance of healthy eating and physical exercise may be able to manage a
healthy weight status
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE EATING HABITS OF FILIPINOS?
1. Filipinos eat more than three times a day – three full meals and two snacks.
2. Filipinos eat a lot of rice.
3. Filipinos are fond of the “eat all you can” eating habit.
4. Filipinos are great advocates of festivities.
5. Filipinos like to use condiments for dipping or sawsawan.
The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) has come up with an illustration called the “Pinggang Pinoy” to
serve as a guide for Filipinos in consuming the right amount of food in every meal.
This visual guide will help you to adopt a healthy eating habit.
PINGGANG PINOY - is a new, easy to understand food guide that uses a familiar food
plate model to convey the right food group proportions on a per-meal basis, to meet
the body’s energy and nutrient needs of Filipino adults. Pinggang Pinoy serves as a
visual tool to help Filipinos adopt healthy eating habits at mealtimes by delivering
effective dietary and healthy lifestyle messages.
GO FOODS - are the type of food that provide fuel and help us ‘go’ and be active.
(Energy-giving food)
- Go Foods are the type of food that provide fuel and help us 'go' and be active.
Examples of 'Go' foods include bread, rice, pasta, cereals and
potatoes.These foods give our muscles fuel to run, swim, jump, cycle and our
brain fuel to concentrate.
Examples:
Carrot bread, cheese bread, carbonara, california maki and cassava pudding.
GROW FOODS - are the type of food that help build our body’s bones, teeth and
muscles. (Body building food)
- These 'Grow' foods include chicken, meat, fish, eggs and milk, cheese and
yoghurt. All of these foods help to keep us feeling full so that we don't get
hungry straight away. 'Grow' foods also help keep our brain bright and
focused.
Examples:
Milkfish, roasted chicken and shrimp.
GLOW FOODS - are the type of food that supplies the body with vitamins and
minerals to keep the body healthy and functioning properly. (Body regulating food)
- All foods have some vitamins and minerals, but fruits and vegetables are
especially good GLOW foods. Eating fruits and vegetables of many colours is
an easy way to get what we need.
Examples:
Malunggay, pechay, mango, banana, papaya, oranges, okra and pumpkin.
WATER
- Helps maximize physical performance.
- Significantly affects energy levels and brain function.
- May help relieve constipation.
- May help treat kidney stones.
- Can aid weight loss.
NON-COMMUNICABLE AND LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASES
What are the risk factors for non-communicable and lifestyle diseases?
1. Smoking - cigarette smoking can harm the different organs of the body. It has
dangerous effects. It causes cancer and heart diseases that may lead to death. It
also aggravates diseases like diabetes and tuberculosis.
2. Alcohol - alcohol intake is linked to numbers of diseases and injuries. It may lead
to cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and liver.
3. Physical Inactivity - there are a lot of studies showing that physical activities had
favorable health effects. Having an inactive lifestyle could lead to different acute
disorders such as obesity and high blood pressure which may lead to different acute
disorders such as obesity and high blood pressure which may result in other
diseases such as diabetes, stroke, and heart attack.
4. Unhealthy Diet and Nutrition - good nutrition could lead to a better health and
should also be associated with physical activities.
HOW CAN WE PREVENT LIFESTYLE DISEASES?
To lessen the impact of non-communicable and lifestyle diseases on individuals and
the society, everyone must help in reducing the risk factors associated with these
diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle.
1. Engage in regular exercise
2. Eat a balanced diet
3. Get enough sleep and rest
4. Sustain the body with enough water
5. Reduce stress
6. Quit smoking
7. Assess fitness level
Lifestyle - it is a behavioral pattern of choices from alternatives that are available to
people according to their socio-economic circumstances and the ease with which
they can choose certain ones over the other.
Weight Management - It is the process of managing one’s weight.
Overweight - described as weight in excess of the average for an individual’s height.
Obesity - described as a person's weight is much more than the healthy range for his
or her age, gender, and height.

PE
 COMMUNITY FITNESS
What is community fitness?
It is the state of good health of the entire community usually attained through
nutrition, physical activities, and exercise.

What leads to community fitness?

Nowadays, more people engage in different physical activities with the hope of
becoming physically fit. They do physical activities in groups, and these group
activities somehow influence other people in the community to do same as well.
But physical fitness is not achieved by doing physical activities alone. You can
achieve physical fitness through proper nutrition, physical activity or exercise, and
rest. Observing all these will not only make individual members of the community
physically fit but the entire community as well.

What is the role of nutrition to community fitness?

Basically, you need to have a good nutrition to be physically fit. Observing
healthy eating habits will result to good nutrition. If each members of the community
promotes and observes healthful eating, then the community members gain fitness,
and in general, will have good nutritional status. As discussed, proper nutrition helps
in achieving community fitness.

DAILY NUTRITIONAL GUIDE PYRAMID

This shows you how much to eat from each group.

Another development introduced by FNRI is the “Pinggang Pinoy”.

This is a healthy food plate for Filipino adults and was developed
by FNRI, in collaboration with the World Health Organization,
Department of Health, and the National Nutrition Council. The
Pinggang Pinoy provides a set of recommendations on the
appropriate proportion of various food groups for a truly healthy
and balanced meal. The idea is to fill-up your food plate based on
the recommended amount and quality of food from the Nutritional
Guide Pyramid.
Did you know that eating too much or too little from each food group may lead to health
problems? For example, when you eat too much of the fatty, sugary, or salty foods, your body
may not be able to use up all these. These may result to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
 SOCIAL DANCES

In order to attain a physically fit body, you need to have not only good nutrition
but also to engage in physical activities such as dancing, running, biking, etc.
To promote community fitness, your physical activities must involve the
community as well. Dancing is one activity that can be done individually, with a
partner, or in groups. Dances done or performed with a partner or in groups are
called social dances.

Dance is an art that involves movement through rhythm and is

oftentimes accompanied by music. It is a social activity, a type of
communication, and a form of recreation. Dance can also tell a story,
can be used to explore an emotion, or serve as a form of
self-expression.
In modern societies, people enjoy dancing simply for entertainment.
Each generation creates new dances as an expression of its own sense
of life and fun.

There are different reasons why people dance. Dance may be classified according
to purpose. The following are the classifications of dance:
1. Social Dance - It is a dance which is intended for socialization and to get to know
other people who are present in a social event. It focuses more on the participation
and not on the performance of the dancers.
2. Ballroom Dance - It is a social and partner dance, which is enjoyed socially and
competitively because of its entertainment aspect.
3. Festival Dance - It is a dance suitable for special occasions and festivities.
4. Ceremonial or Religious Dance - It is a dance performed for religious
ceremonies.
5. Occupational Dance - It is a dance that portrays work and labor.
6. Courtship Dance - It is a dance for courting and showing one’s interest of having
someone for marriage.
7. War Dance - It is a dance for battle and war engagement.
8. Interpretative or Creative Dance - It is a dance in which the dance’s movements
interpret or depict or tell a story and emotion.

There are various reasons why you need to get involved in dancing. The following
are some of the benefits of dancing.
1. Dancing keeps both the body and the brain active
which is vital for every people of every age.
2. Dancing helps you learn about your body, improving
your posture and balance.
3. Dancing offers insights of other cultures, either through
the dance style itself or by meeting new people.
4. Dancing leads to new career opportunities or help build
vital communication skills needed in every profession.
 5. Dancing offers a creative outlet for people to express their personalities in a
safe environment.

As mentioned, there are various reasons why you need to get involved in
dancing. There are also health benefits of dancing. They are the following:
1. improved condition of your heart and lungs
2. increased muscular strength, endurance, and motor fitness
3. improved muscle tone and strength
4. weight management
5. stronger bones and reduced risk of osteoporosis
6. better coordination, agility, and flexibility
7. improved balance and spatial awareness
8. improved general and psychological well-being.
Considering the benefits, we gain from dancing, we can
conclude that dancing can reduce the risk of getting heart
disease, diabetes, and obesity.

SKILL-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS ESSENTIAL IN DANCING

Dancing gives health benefits. Thus, participation in any form of dancing activities in school or in
the community would surely benefit one’s physical and emotional health.

There are skill-related fitness components that are essential in dancing. Knowing them will help
in the enhancement of dance skill.

1. Balance - It is the ability to maintain an upright position while standing and

moving.
2. Coordination - It is the linking of senses through the brain to the different
parts of the body to produce a smooth, quick, and efficiently controlled
movement.
3. Strength - It is the muscle’s ability to generate force against physical objects.

Make sure that you are ready for your dancing activity. You need to assess your
balance, coordination, and strength before you engage in dancing. Hence, you have
to undergo the different types of fitness test.

FITNESS TEST
FITNESS COMPONENT: Strength
STRENGTH TEST: 90-degree Push-up
PURPOSE: To identify strength of the upper body
EQUIPMENT: Exercise mat or any clean mat
PROCEDURE:
 1. Lie down on the floor or mat, face down in standard push-up position: palms
on the mat under the shoulders, fingers pointing forward, legs straight, parallel
to the floor and slightly apart, with toes supporting your feet.
2. Perform as many repetitions as possible, maintaining a cadence of 20
push-ups per minute (2 seconds going down and 1 second going up)
FOR BOYS: Straighten the arms, keep the back and knees diagonally straight, then
lower the arms until you reach the 90-degree angle of your elbows (the upper arms
should be parallel to the surface of the floor).

FOR GIRLS: With knees in contact with the floor, straighten the arms, keeping the
back straight, then lower the arms until the elbow is in its 90-degree angle (the upper
arms should be parallel to the surface of the floor).

FITNESS COMPONENT: Coordination

COORDINATION TEST: Alternate Hand Wall Toss
PURPOSE: To measure the hand-eye coordination
EQUIPMENT: tennis ball
Smooth solid wall
Stopwatch
PROCEDURE:
Mark a distance of 2 to 3 feet. The performer will stand behind the specified
distance, facing the wall.
Throw the ball underarm with one hand against the wall and catch it with the other
hand.
Continue this process until the end of a 30-second set period.
Scoring: Record the number of catch within the 30-second set period.
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6251vZ7RmA

FITNESS TEST: Balance

BALANCE TEST: Stork Balance Stand test
PURPOSE: To measure the ability to balance using the ball of the foot
EQUIPMENT: flat non-slip surface
Stopwatch
PROCEDURE:
Remove the shoes. With your hands on your hips, place your non-supporting foot
against the inside knee of the supporting leg. Raise your heel and balance using the
ball of your foot.

The stopwatch should be stopped in the following instances:

1.The hand(s) fall off the hips.
2.The supporting foot hops or moves in any direction or the heel touches
the floor.
3. Th non-supporting foot loses contact with the knee
Scoring: The best among the three trials shall be recorded.
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdiIn7mtJ2s

A community dance is a dance which is directly participated in by the people who

have the same values and differences far from other communities. Basically, with the
definition itself, community dance is also considered as a dance of a group of people
or ethnicity which they are distinctive.

PANGALAY
Dance Researcher: Francisca Reyes- Aquino
Meaning: Fingernail
Dance Culture: Lowland Muslim (Coastal)
Ethno-linguistic Group: Tausug
Classification: Social Dance/ Wedding Dance

NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF PANGALAY

Pangalay originated from Malaysian dance Daling-daling or the Mengalai. It is a
traditional Tausug fingernail dance. It is distinctive Asian dance in the southern part
of the Philipines characterized by elaborate body postures and gestures, and the
graceful arm and hand movement of the dancer, amplified by the use of janggay or
metal claws. The Pangalay is mainly performed during wedding ceremony and other
festivities in Sulu.

DANCE PROPERTIES
Costumes: Dancer wears a typical Joloano costume.
Accessories: Expert and professional dancers use janggay, an
extended metal fingernail in each finger. The rich people have
janggay made of solid gold or silver.
Suggested Footwear: Dancers are in barefoot.
Music: Played as many times as necessary. Count one, two, or one
and two to a measure.
Movements/Steps Particular to Dance:
 There are no definite directions, sequence of figures, number and kinds of steps, hand
movements, and positions used when performed by the natives. For teaching purposes, the
figures of this dance may be created, and dancers may form their own combinations.

Pangalay Dance Literature

(R=right, L=left)
Entrance:
Starting with the R foot, walk to the center of the room or dancing area with both
arms down at the dancer’s sides, with palms down, fingers together, and pointed
outward. Do one count for each step. Do 4M or 8M.

Figure 1
Face the audience.
(a) Slide R foot forward with only the toes touching the floor (ct.1), put the weight
on the same foot at the end of the slide (ct.2). Knees are slightly bent and
turned outward. Place R hand in front of the eye level, L hand down in the
rear, fingers together and hyper-extended. Turn R hand (from the wrist) and
turn L hand (from the wrist) clockwise simultaneously…1M
(b) Repeat (a) seven more times. L and R foot alternately. Do the same hand
movements, L and R alternately. Do the same hand movements, L and R
alternately in front……………………..7M
(c) Repeat (a) and (b), moving backward to starting
place……………………………………………….8M
Figure II
Position R shoulder toward the audience.
(a) Repeat slide step foot movements as in Figure 1, R and L alternately, eight
times moving clockwise. Place arms in lateral position, turning hands as in
Figure I, right and left sideward alternately every two
counts……………………………………………………………………………….8
M
(b) Turn right about, repeat (a), moving counter
clockwise………………………………………8M

Figure III
Position R shoulder toward the audience.
(a) With the knees slightly bent, execute shuffling steps forward, moving
clockwise (counting 1 and 2 and every measure). Bend arms upward, elbows
close to waist, hands about 2 inches over shoulders, palms down.
Move fingers (except thumbs) up and down alternately every
count…………………8M

Saludo
Face the audience.
Place or point the R foot in front, bend the body slightly forward; head bent
forward, cross hands at wrist down in front, R hand over L, palms
down…………………………………………………………..2M
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyB39R_pQio&t=28s
 BALLROOM DANCES
Nature and Background of Cha-Cha
Cha-Cha, together with Rumba and Mambo, are dances that
originated in Cuba and became popular in the 1940s and 1950s.
Rumba is characterized by an exaggerated and fast-swaying
movement of the hips while the Mambo is a slower variation of the
Rumba. The combination of these two dances led to the development
of Cha-Cha, which has a triple beat. The partners work together to
synchronize each movement in perfect alignment.

Rhythmic Pattern: 4
4
Basic Dance Position: basic hold
Double hold
BASIC DANCE STEPS:
For Boys: Forward Left foot, Backward Right foot, and cha-cha-cha
For Girls: Backward Right foot, Forward Left foot, and cha-cha-cha

BASIC CHA-CHA STEPS:

Boys:
Step L foot forward (ct.1), step R in place (ct.2), and chasse step backward (L,R,L)
cha-cha-cha (cts.3 and
4)………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….1M
Girls:
Step R foot backward (ct.1), step L foot in place (ct.2), and chasse step forward
(R.L, R) cha-cha-cha
(cts.3 and 4)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…1M

CROSS STEP CHA-CHA

Step R foot across the L in front (ct.1) step L foot close to R foot (ct.2) and
cha-cha-cha (cts.3 and 4).
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWiLi22Cq8w

Community and ballroom dances are activities that may involve the community.
Physical activities like these, utilizing some of the skill-related fitness components,
lead to fitness. If members of the community re involved, this will also promote
community fitness.
PE
Learning More About Social Dances
for Fitness Progression
BALLROOM DANCE

What is ballroom dance?

Ballroom dance is a type of dance or a partner dance, which is
enjoyed socially and competitively because of its entertainment
aspect. This dance is intended primarily to get to know other people in
social function.
What are the essential components of dancing?
The important components of dancing are the
following:
● Movement
● Music
● Formation and Position

What do movements convey?

In dancing, the movements convey meaning. It can be an
interpretation of the dance, tradition, or culture. Movement in
dance has aesthetics and symbolic value. It can tell a story,
including the time and place where the story took place.
Movement can express love, hate, anger, sadness, depending on
the theme of the dance and the way it is interpreted by the
dancers.

How essential is music to dance?

The musical composition determines the dance composition. Music is
essential to dance because it adds flavor to the dance itself. Even if the dance can
be performed without music, it is more likely to be presented beautifully with music.
The music can change the mood and provide structure to the dance. It makes
dancing more interesting. The movements of the dancers and the music must be in
harmony for the effective presentation of the dance performance.

How Important is formation in dancing?

In dancing, transitions are essential. This is what we call change of formations
and positions. It is generally known that changing of formations adds beauty to a
dance. The formations and positions of the dancers help convey the message and
the interpretation clearer. Definitely, if there are no changes in the formation, the
audience will find it boring to watch.
 FUNDAMENTAL HAND AND FEET POSITIONS
First Position
-Place both arms in front of chest in a circular
position with the heels of the feet together and
the toes 45 degrees apart.

Second Position
-Place both arms sideward with the palm facing upward and stride
the feet sideward.

Third Position
-Place one arm on your side at shoulder level
and raise the other hand overheard with the heel
of the foot placed beside the in-step of the other
foot.

Fourth Position
-Place one arm in front of chest level with elbow slightly bent and the
other arm is raised overhead with one foot placed in front of the toe
of the rear foot.

Fifth Position
-Raise both hands overhead with the elbows
slightly bent. The heel of the foot is placed in front of
the rear foot.

WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkAUYA8hUPU
Aside from the hand and feet positions, you must also learn basic dance step. A
combination of these dance steps will form a dance.
2 3
Fundamental Dance Steps in 4
and 4
Time Signature

Dance Steps Step Pattern and Counting

2 Step Patterns and Counting
4 3
4
Bleking Heel-Place, Close
 1 2
Close, Step Step, Close Step, Close
1 2 1-2 3
Change Step Step, Close, Step
1 and 2
Hop Step Step, Hop
1 2
Slide Slide, Close Slide, Close
1 2 1-2 3
Touch, Step Point, Close Point Close
1 2 1-2 3
Brush, Step Brush, Close Brush, Close
1 2 1-2 3
Waltz Step, Close, Step
1 2 3
Mazurka Slide, Cut, Hop
1 2 3
Redoba Slide, Cut, Cut
1 2 3

WALTZ
Nature and Background of Waltz
3
Waltz is a romantic dance performed in triple time signature 4
and is usually of basic closed position. It was first introduced in
England in the 19th century, and it is caused scandal because during
that time, never before had a man clasped a lady facing him in almost
and embrace.
Waltz is a smooth progressive dance characterized by long, flowing
movements, continuous turns, and rise and fall. Graceful and elegant, waltz dancers
glide around the floor almost effortlessly.
Basic Hold Position: Close Ballroom Dance Position
Basic Step: (L=left, R=right)
Boys: Step R(L) forward (ct. 1), step L(R)foot sideward (ct. 2),
step R(L) close L foot (ct. 3)
Girls: Step L(R) forward (ct. 1), step R(L)foot sideward (ct. 2),
step L(R) close R foot (ct. 3)
Note: The basic steps may be performed either forward or
backward or turning right or left.
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBKTN6c_MEQ
SAFETY IN DANCING
When you do physical activities like dancing, no matter how careful you are,
sometimes you sustain injuries.
 Cramps and sprains are some of the usual injuries or accidents that can be
experienced when dancing, you should know to treat and apply first aid to avoid
further injury or damage.

What is a sprain?
A sprain is an injury resulting from accident that violently wrench or twist the
ligaments of an ankle wrist or joint that causes pain and swelling.
What is the first-aid treatment for sprain?
● Protection – Put a support on the injury so that no further damage will occur,
● Rest – After the injury between 48-72 hours, make sure that there are no
activities made on the affected area and have it rested.
● Ice – Apply wrapped ice for 15-20 minutes within 72 hours after the injury to
lessen swelling and reduce further damage. Do this for 20 minutes for every three
hours. Do not leave the ice touching the skin, it may cause ice burn.
● Compression – Use elastic bandage or compress to reduce movement and
swelling which can further damage the affected area.
● Elevation – Elevate the injured part to reduce swelling. Use pillow or other
materials that can support the injured part.
●
What is a cramp?
Muscle cramps occur when muscles contract and do not relax. The muscles
become hard, tight, and painful. This may occur during exercise, or when dancing; it
may also occur while you are at rest or even at night while you are asleep. This can
be a result of dehydration, fatigue or overworked muscles, or it can be due to the
lack of electrolytes such as potassium or magnesium.
Think of what may happen when you suffer from cramps in the middle of a
dance performance. If your muscles do not relax and become too painful, definitely it
will restrict your movements and your dance performance will be a disaster. This is
why it is important for you to know how to prevent and how to apply first aid when
necessary.
What can you do to prevent muscles cramps?
1. Drink enough water.
2. Do warm up exercises before and activity.
3. Do not overwork your muscles.
4. Eat food rich in magnesium or potassium.

ASSESSMENT 2
I. Direction: Give the step pattern of the following dance steps.
1. Slide (2/4) = Slide, Close
2. Change step (2/4) = Step, Close, Step
3. Bleking = Heel-place, Close
4. Hop, Step = Step, Hop
5. Close, Step= Step, Close

II. Direction: Identify the dance steps.

6. Brush, Close = Brush, step
7. Step, Close, Step (3/4) = Waltz
8. Slide, Cut, Hop = Mazurka
9. Slide, Cut, Cut = Redoba
10. Step, Close, Step (2/4) = Change step

ASSESSMENT 3
Direction: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence:
1. Movement can express love, hate, anger, sadness, depending on the theme of
the dance.
2. Ballroom dance is a type of dance or a partner dance.
3. Music is essential to dance because it adds flavor to the dance itself.
4. It is important to dancers to learn the basic hand and feet positions.
5. Waltz is a romantic dance performed in triple time signature.
6. Waltz is a smooth progressive dance characterized by long, flowing movements,
continuous turns, and rise and fall.
7. Muscle cramps occur when a England contracts and does not relax.
8-9. A sideward is an injury resulting from accident that violently wrench or twist the
bleking of an ankle wrist or joint that causes pain and swelling.
10. To prevent muscle cramps do mazurka exercises before an activity.

PE
LESSON PROPER:
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

What is Recreation?
Recreation is an activity that is intended for relaxation and enjoyment purposes.
People do recreational activities to have fun. Others do it to unwind or refresh their
mind and body after work or after a stressful task.
There are activities that are beneficial to us, like working and enjoying the work that
you do, but doing so is not a form of recreation. Even if you are happy with your
work, it should not be mistaken as form of recreation because recreation is an
activity that is performed during leisure time. It is an activity that gives you pleasure
in which you are not obliged to do instead chosen by you to perform to satisfy your
needs. It is an activity that rejuvenates your body, emotions, and mind. This could
be and indoor activity or an outdoor activity - dancing, walking, swimming, hiking,
biking, and the like.
What are the different types of recreation?
Active recreation refers to activities in which you need to participate directly, or
you are required to do the task. Examples of active recreation are swimming,
dancing, jogging, and the like.

Passive recreation includes activities that require not much of your energy,
or those that only require you to observe. Examples of these activities are
watching movies, listening to music, watching ballgames, and the like.

Oftentimes we get bummed out from all the things we do, and we also need to take a
break from the boredom or monotony from our everyday activities or routine.
Whether active or passive, as long as you enjoy the activity and it makes you feel
relaxed, it is a form of recreation.
What are the benefits of engaging in recreational activities?
1. You learn to appreciate more routine activities.
2. You gain positive effects in your views.
3. You build strong bonds with friends and family.
4. You develop leadership and social skills.
5. You're provided with relaxing experiences when you participate in
recreational activities.
6. Reducing stress from days of schooling and work can be achieved by
active participation in recreational activities.
7. Since stress can be relieved through recreation, it has great impact in
health and fitness, which is vital for everybody.
8. By practicing your favorite recreational activities, the skills associated with it are sharpened.

What are the different motives of recreation?

1. Socializing Motive – a motive recreation that includes company, like friendly
visits, going out and gathering with other people.

2. Associative Motive – a motive of recreation for collective interest like reading,

item collection and others.
3. Competitive Motive – a motive of recreation that tests the limit of the
participant which could be his/her limitations or competing against the
environment. This includes popular games and sports, performing arts
competitions, or other outdoor activities.

4. Exploratory Motive – a motive of recreation that involves level of

exploration like hiking, diving, and other activities that expose oneself to a
new environment.
How can we classify recreation?
Recreation can be classified according to its nature. There are those that involve
crafts and arts, sports and fitness. Others involve the environment, and the use of
technology. The following are examples of each of the categories.
Crafts and arts Sports and Fitness Environmental Technology Type of
Activities Recreation
Drawing Basketball Hiking Internet surfing
Painting Chess Camping Playing musical
Dancing Volleyball Mountaineering Instruments
Singing Athletics Biking Watching movies
Sculpture Football Orienteering Playing online games

Nature and Background of Indoor and Outdoor Recreation

What are the two categories of recreation?

There are two classes of recreation: the indoor and the outdoor recreation.
The indoor recreation is performed in a covered area while outdoor recreation is
carried out using the environment and the resources for it.
INDOOR RECREATION
Indoor recreation is an activity that is normally done in a covered or closed
environment free from the effects of unfavorable weather condition.
There are times that we want to do recreation activities but due to unfavorable
weather or environment, we cannot carry out the activity. You need not worry
because there are activities that can be done indoors. You just have to select an
activity that will provide equal enjoyment to you as that activity you are planning to
do outside or outdoor.
CHESS
The chess game is a tactical board game that is played by two opposing
players on a checkered board with specified rules and uses 16 game pieces, with
the objective of putting the opposing player’s king under “check” where there are
no squares for it to move to.

What are the traces 8f chess history?

These are some of the evidences that chess is played long time ago just
before other sports existed.
India Persia
It was said that the first living indication that According to history, it was played around 600
chess existed long time ago was found in India C.E. and named named
in 500 C.E. The Indian first name for chess was It Shatranj. It is where the name (Sha) which is
Chaturangga, which refers to the four-army King and (Sha Mat)
division – Cavalry, Elephant, Chariot, and the Or checkmate derived.
Infantry.

The chess game is played on a 64 equal dark

and light squares board that are alternately
placed. The board is positioned between two
competing players to make it comfortable for
them to play. The eight vertical rows of squares
are called “files” and the horizontal rows of
squares are called “ranks”.

What are the different Chess pieces?

Chess Game Pieces
Player 1 White Player 2 Black
1 White King 2 White Knights 1 Black King 2 Black Knights
1 White Queen 2 White Bishops 1 Black Queen 2 Black Bishops
2 White Rooks 8 White 2 Black Rooks 8 Black
pawns pawns

The King
It is the most significant chess piece; however, it is also considered as the weakest.
The king moves to any adjacent squares that are not under attacked by a challenger. It
can only move to 2 or 3 squares when castling.
The Queen
It is the most dominant chess piece and it can move to any place vertically, horizontally,
and diagonally provided there are no obstruction on its way going to the desired position.
The Rook
The rook can move in rank and in file meaning, vertically and horizontally if no chess
piece is blocking its way going to the desired position.
The Bishop
The bishop is a chess piece that moves diagonally depending on the color where it is
placed on board. If it is placed on a black square it can only move diagonally to black
squares and vice versa. It can move to its desired position if there is no blockage to it.

The Knight
 Its move is composed of two different steps; first, it takes one step along its rank, and the still,
moving away from the square of departure, one step of one single square diagonal.
The Pawn
The pawn moves only one step forward except for the first move if the player decides
to move it two adjacent squares forward.
What are the rules in playing chess?
The game starts with the white doing the first move forward followed by the black
on the same manner. When the player threatens the King by a check, the next
move that you need to do is to place it on safe position in which the King is not
under check. In case that there is no room for the King to move, it is called
checkmate and the game ends.
Ways of getting out of check:
1. Move the king to a square where it is out of the checking piece alignment.
2. Capture the checking piece.
3. Place another chess piece between the king and the checking piece.
Castling is a move when the king and the rook change positions and occupy the
adjacent space between them. These are the ways on how to do castling.
1. The king and the rook are in their original positions and no move has been made
by either of the two-chess pieces.
2. The squares between the two chess pieces are not occupied by other chess
piece/s.
Stalemate or Draw is a term used in chess describing a player’s king having no
room to move in any adjoining squares
but not under opponent’s check.
1. Draw by players’ consent.
2. Draw due to insufficient mating chess pieces.
3. Draw by 50-move law.
4. Draw by perpetual check: means repetition of check on the same position
thrice
Just like any other game that requires mastery of skills, you also need to
master the skills and learn strategies to appreciate and enjoy the game.
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAIQyoPcjNM
OUTDOOR RECREATION
An outdoor activity is done in an open area or outside of an enclosed space.
Like indoor recreational activity an
outdoor recreational activity provides wholesome experiences for the person to
develop his/her fitness and make good
judgement as well. Active participation in an outdoor activity may facilitate leadership
skills, good social communication,
and survival expertise.

What are some outdoor recreational activities

The following are some of the outdoor recreational activities:
 Hiking – This involves walking long distance usually
done for pleasure or exercise. This is a good activity
for a person who has a sedentary jog or job which
involves lots of sitting. This activity is not only for
leisure but also for promotion of physical fitness. This
is economical and convenient since it does not require
special equipment. A good and comfortable pair of
walking shoes will do. This allows the participant to
walk as far as he/she wants as long as he/she can
endure long walking.
Camping – This is a recreational activity in which one has to spend
a day or more living in a tent
or camp, usually away from home. Although some would lodge a
tent outside their homes just
to experience and enjoy the feel of camping.
P Biking – This is an outdoor activity that requires
special equipment like the bicycle which can be
used for downhill, cross country, and track racing.
This activity can help you improve endurance.
Orienteering – This is an outdoor recreation involving
navigation skills like using a map and compass to select
routes and navigate through an unfamiliar tract or
course. This is usually a times race, in which groups of
participants will have to find points directed in the map
the fastest way they can.

You may choose one from among the outdoor activities and
experience the fun and benefit of it as well. You have to be familiar with the
details of how the previously suggested outdoor activities are done to ensure
your safety while having fun.

HEALTH
COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
What makes a community?
Health - It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Community - It is a group of people living in a large place, sharing a common
environment.
Community Health - It is the health status of a group of people situated in the same
geographical area.
Environment - It refers to all things, conditions, and influences that affect the
growth, health, and progress of living and non-living things.
Environmental Health - Consist of prevention and control of disease, injury, and
disability associated with interactions between people and their environment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
1. Clean and safe physical environment.
2. An environment that meets everyone’s basic needs.
3. An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone.
4. An understanding of local and environmental issues.
5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems.
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of
interaction, and communication.
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities.
8. There is a promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage.
9. A sustainable use of available resources for all.
Why is a healthy environment important?
Environment is composed of all external conditions, circumstances, and influences
surrounding a person. The air you breathe in, the water you drink, the land you live
in, and even the noise you hear are part of the environment.
You interact with the environment constantly. A person’s health is a product of his or
her environment. The condition of the environment will somehow dictate your health
status and of the people living in that environment. A polluted environment, for
instance, can make people’s health at risk. On the other hand, a clean and safe
environment can result in good human health.
COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
1. Improper waste disposal - waste improperly disposed of contaminates the
soil, air, and water. This brings risks to humans, animals, and plants.
Effects of improper waste disposal
- People who live near or within dumpsites are susceptible to various diseases.
- Insects and pests in open dumpsites are disease vectors.
- Result to increase flooding
2. Pollution - the presence in or introduction into the environment of a
substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
Types of Pollution
a. Air pollution - refers to the contamination of the air that occurs when harmful
gases, dust, and smoke are mixed with the air in the atmosphere making it
dangerous to living things.
Causes of Air Pollution:
- Emissions from vehicles
- Improper waste disposal such as burning of garbage
- Exhaust from factories and industries
- Household products like paint, insect spray, and others
- Agricultural activities such as spraying of pesticides on plants
Effects of Air Pollution:
- Decrease lung function
- Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and
possibly cancer.
Prevention:
- Reduce the number of trips you take in your car
- Avoid burning of leaves, trash, and other materials
- Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.
b. Water pollution - refers to the contamination of bodies of water usually by
human activities which negatively affect living things.
Causes of Water Pollution:
- Agricultural wastewater
- Industrial wastewater
- Improper waste disposal
Effects of Water Pollution:
- Can cause diseases and bring danger to humans
Prevention:
- Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints, and medicines down the sink drain or the
toilet.
- Use environmentally safe cleaning liquids at home and other public places.
- Do not overuse chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms.
c. Land pollution - refers to the contamination of the land or soil by deposition
of solid or liquid waste materials.
Causes of Land Pollution:
- Wastes improperly disposed of on land and overcrowded landfills.
- Use of toxic fertilizers and pesticide on land.
- Deforestation and soil erosion
- Waste from industries dumped on soil
- Waste materials from mining operations
Effects of Land Pollution
- Can cause the spread of diseases
Prevention:
- Observe the 3 R’s-reduce, recycle, and re use
- Buy biodegradable products
- Do not litter on the ground and observe proper waste disposal.
- Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers on plants.
 - Creates dumpsites away from residential area
3. Disease Control

4. Drug Abuse, Prevention and Control - Habitual taking of addictive and

illegal drugs and substances.
5. Peace and Order
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. Illegal mining
2. Pesticide Drift
3. Deforestation
4. Oil spill
5. Coral Reef Degradation
6. Climate change
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
1. Solid Waste Management
2. Zero Waste Management
3. Community Recycling
Disaster Preparedness - it is a long-and short-term measures that save lives and
reduce damage.
Deforestation - clearing forests on a massive scale.
Climate change - change in the global climate brought about by human activities.
Recycle - converting waste into reusable material.
Improper Waste Disposal - can be avoided by proper segregation, recycling, and
composting.
Pollution - environmental contamination that causes harmful effects on health.
Cyanide Fishing - using cyanogen compound to stun and catch fishes.
Illegal Mining - toxic wastes from this activity poison land and water.
Oil Spill - oil or liquid petrol is released to the environment, soil, or water.
Pesticide Drift - movement of chemicals from one place to another expose’s
humans, animals, and plants.
HEALTH
DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES

Drug use and abuse is a growing problem worldwide. In the Philippines, it has
increased dramatically, and most drug users are alarmingly young people. In 1972,
there were only about 20,000 drug users in the Philippines. In 2004, this figure has
climbed to an astounding 6.7 million but declined in 2012, with an estimated 1.3
million drug users. The decline in the number of drug users from 2004 to 2012 is a
result of the joint efforts of government authorities, as well as the cooperation of the
people in the community, in fighting against drug use and abuse. In his first State of
the Nation Address, President Rodrigo Duterte said that, based on the data from the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), there were about 3 million drug
addicts in the country two or three years ago, and possibly 3.7 million now.
According to the 2015 result of the survey commissioned by the Dangerous Drug
Board under the Office of the President, the current drug use prevalence among
Filipinos aged 10 to 69 years old is at 2.3%, or an estimated 1.8 million users of the
more or less 100 million population of the Philippines. The survey was conducted
nationwide from Dec.5,2015 to Feb.5, 2016. The result of the survey is a picture of
the worsening drug use and abuse in the country. Considering the numbers
presented, drug abuse is really alarming in the country. This is the reason why the
government is steadfast in the fight of eradicating the supply and demand of illegal
drugs. President Rodrigo R. Duterte launched an all-out war against drug abuse and
drug trade because these are destroying the lives and future of the people.

DRUGS

A drug is any substance that is used in the diagnosis, cure, relief or prevention of
diseases. This chemical or substance affects a person physically, mentally, and
emotionally. Drugs can be beneficial to man. However, you have to know which
drugs are harmful, when, and why they are harmful.

Drugs may be classified as legal or illegal, prescription, or classified based on their

effects to the systems of the body

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS

A. Prescription and Non-prescription

1. Non-prescription or Over the counter (OTC) drugs are drugs which do not
need prescription from a doctor in order to buy.
2. Prescription drugs are restricted drugs that can only be purchased legally
when prescribed by physicians.

B. Legal and Illegal

1. Legal drugs are substances that are not prohibited by law in a country
2. Illegal drugs are those substances that are prohibited by law in a country. The
laws may prohibit the selling, buying, using, possessing, or manufacturing of
the drugs. Any of these acts carry penalties.
There are drugs that are considered legal in other countries but are illegal in the
Philippines, like marijuana. If in a country, the use or even possession of a certain
drug carry penalties, then that drug is considered illegal. If you are found in
possession or using illegal drugs, you have to face legal actions and the possibility of
going to prison.

C. Pharmacological Classification

1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Hallucinogens
4. Narcotics
5. Inhalants

These drugs, however classified, are dangerous when not properly used. Most of
these substances are psychoactive drugs affecting the central nervous system. They
change moods, feelings, personality, and behavior.

SUBSTANCE OR DRUG USE, MISUSE, ABUSE, AND DEPENDENCE

The use of drugs has become a major help in the field of medicine. Drugs help
prevent or control many diseases as they relieve pain and help the body function
properly. However, even good things have their drawbacks. They also present us
with some of our worst problems and greatest challenges. A misuse of drugs has led
to abuse and addiction, the widespread illegal use of drugs has become a major
problem of the society. Drugs can become a substance of abuse. These substances
can turn harmful and fatal when not properly taken, that is, when there is abuse,
misuse, and dependence on the drug.

Substance/Drug Use

Have you ever been sick? Have you taken medicines? Medicines are legal drugs.
Your doctor may have described medicines for you to take to get well. If the medicine
was prescribed by a doctor, the patient must take the medicine as prescribed. If the
medicine can be bought over the counter, it must be used according to its intended
use so that you can benefit from the use of the drugs. That’s the positive side of drug
use. S

Substance Misuse - substance misuse is the intentional or unintentional use of a

prescribe medication in a manner that is contrary to directions, regardless of whether
a harmful outcome occurs.

Substance Abuse - substance abuse is an intentional self-administration of

medications, whether prescribed or not, to alter one’s state of consciousness.

Substance Dependence - this is a condition in which a person is accustomed to the

drug that relies on it to function normally. Usually, the drug is taken to treat an illness
or relieve pain.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE

It is greatly important to protect and prevent the youth from getting into drugs. There
are risk factors that can lead to drug use. These factors can increase person’s
chances of abusing drugs or substances. There are also factors that may keep you
away from drug use which are called protective factors. These factors can reduce
the chances of drug or substance abuse.

RISK FACTORS

1. Lack of self-respect and self-esteem

2. Peer pressure
3. Peer rejection
4. Not active in school activities and sports
5. Low grades
6. Bullying
7. Drug-dependent biological family member
8. Problems in family relationships
9. Unable to express emotions in healthful ways
10. Role models who are drug users
11. Using drugs early in life
12. Disrespect for authority and the law
13. Accessibility to drugs

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

1. High self-respect and self-esteem

2. Practice resistance skills and being able to say “NO”
3. Friends not involved in drug misuse and abuse
4. Involvement in school activities and sports
5. Having good grades
6. Good stress and anger management skills
7. Being resilient
8. Healthful family relationships
9. Social skills
10. Positive role models
11. Respect for authority and the law.

SUBSTANCE OF ABUSE

You have to understand that not only dangerous and illegal drugs are misused and
abused. Non-prescription or over the counter and legal drugs can also be abused as
well. Even the household products that we use every day can be misused and
abused. Whether legal or illegal, prescribed or non-prescribed drugs, when abused,
will be harmful to the body. Substances that are abused are classified according to
their characteristics and general effects to the body.

STIMULANTS

1. What are stimulants?

 - These substances, also referred to as “uppers”, are psychoactive drugs
which stimulates the central nervous system. They increase energy,
alertness, and attention.
2. What are stimulants for?
- These substances are prescribed by doctors for medical purposes
such as for treatment of neurological disorders, asthma, respiratory
ailments, mild depression, overweight, chronic sleep disorder, and
other diseases
3. Why are they considered substance of abuse?
- Through the years, its medical use for treating diseases diminished and
misuse of these drugs increased which resulted to drug abuse. Some
people use stimulants not to treat ailments but for non-medical
purposes like the desire to increase their energy, alertness, and
attention needed for their work or increase performance in a task.
4. What are the examples of stimulants?
- Cocaine: It is a powerful stimulant made from the leaves of the coca
plant.
- Methamphetamine: This substance strongly stimulates the central
nervous system.
- Caffeine: It gives most people a temporary energy boost and elevates
mood. Caffeine is in tea, coffee, chocolate, many soft drinks, and pain
relivers and other over the counter medications.
- Ecstasy: It is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational
purposes. The desired effects include altered sensations, increased
energy, empathy, as well as pleasure.

DEPRESSANTS

1. What are depressants?

- These are anti-psychotic drugs, which depress the central nervous
system. These substances slow down the brain activity. They are also
called “downers.”
2. What are depressants for?
- These substances are used for treating anxiety and sleep disorders
creating relaxation, drowsiness, and sleepiness.
3. Why are they considered substance of abuse?
- Tolerance to depressants can develop rapidly, needing larger doses to
achieve the same effects. The tendency of the user, trying to achieve
the same effect or high, may raise the dose to a dangerous level
resulting in coma or death.
4. What are the types of depressants?
- tranquilizers: mild effects used for anxiety
- barbiturates: more potent depressants used for sleep disorders and
seizures
- hypnotics: the strongest of the depressants

NARCOTICS

1. What are narcotics?

 - These substances, also known as “pain killers,” are drugs which slow
down the central nervous system and often prescribed by physicians
as analgesics or drugs that relieve pain.
2. What are narcotics for?
- They are used as analgesic to relieve pain, used as a cough
suppressant, and also used to treat diarrhea.
3. Why are they considered substance of abuse?
- Although these substances are prescription drugs and should be used
with the supervision of a physician, some people use them for other
purposes. These drugs slow down body functions like breathing and
heart rate.
4. What are the different types of narcotics?
- Opium: made from seedpod of the poppy plants which produces
euphoric effects or unconsciousness lasting for hours.
- Morphine: a widely used painkiller derived from opium
* Often used after surgery or for cancer cases
* A small dose relieves pain while a large dose induces sleep.
- Heroin: Heroin was initially developed from morphine as treatment for
tuberculosis and cure for morphine addiction.

HALLUCINOGENS

1. What are hallucinogens?

- These are psychedelic drugs that interfere with our senses, alter
perception, and cause hallucinations.
2. How do these substances affect the brain and the body?
- Some types of hallucinogens interfere with the action of chemicals in
the brain that regulates emotion, pain perception, sleep, hunger, body
temperature, learning, and memory.
3. Why are hallucinogens dangerous?
- These drugs can cause sensations and make images seem real
though they are not and may result to memory loss, personality
changes, non-performance of normal activities, or losing track of time
and surrounding. These effects may last from several hours to days.
4. How do people use hallucinogens?
- By swallowing tablets or liquids
- By injecting
- By consuming raw or dried
- By brewing into tea
- By snorting, inhaling, vaporizing, or smoking
5. What are the examples of hallucinogens?
- LSD or Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: one of the most powerful
mood-changing chemicals
- PCP or Phencyclidine, Ketamine, and Mescaline: used as anesthetic
for surgery

INHALANTS

1. What are inhalants?

 - These are chemicals that produce vapor, affecting mood and behavior
when inhaled. Non-medical inhalants are uncontrolled.
2. How do inhalants affect the body and what makes them dangerous?
- They deliver a very quick high, by sniffing, huffing, or bagging from
balloons, aerosol cans, and other containers, but usually last only for a
few minutes. Harmful effects to health of these chemicals are
permanent brain damage, leukemia, poisoning, mental dysfunction,
damaged heart and kidney, or even sudden death.
3. What are the examples of these substances?
- Some types of inhalants include rugby, nail polish remover, gasoline,
nitrous oxide or laughing gas, and furniture polish.

MOST ABUSED DRUGS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The result of the survey conducted by the Dangerous Drug Board indicates that the
most abused drugs in the Philippines are methamphetamine or shabu, marijuana,
and other drugs like cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and inhalants.

METHAMPHETAMINE

- It is a chemical substance that is an extremely addictive stimulant. This is also

known as the “poor man’s cocaine” because it is somewhat cheaper and
easier to purchase than other substances, although this substance is not
cheap.
- It is commonly called” shabu,” but has many street names such as chalk,
meth, crystal, glass, ice, or speed.

How does Shabu affect the brain?

- Shabu increases the amount of neurotransmitter, and dopamine, in the brain,

causing an intense rush of pleasure or prolonged sense of euphoria.
- Over time, shabu destroys dopamine receptors, making it impossible to feel
pleasure.
- The user, wanting to get the same effect, would increase the dosage to
stimulate the release of excess dopamine heightening the pleasure.
- Chronic abuse can lead to psychotic behavior, including paranoia, insomnia,
anxiety, extreme aggression, delusions and hallucinations, and even death.

What are the other effects of shabu in the body?

HEART
● Erratic heartbeat
● High blood pressure
● Damage blood vessels

KIDNEYS
● Damage due to improper nutrients too much chemical

LIVER
● Damaged liver
MOUTH
● Dry mouth
● Discolored and rotting teeth

MUSCLES
● Weak
● Lack of coordination

SKIN
● Dry and aged
● Sore

MARIJUANA - refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp
plant, Cannabis sativa.
kapag wala na hope sa buhay, shabu nalang HAHAH
How is marijuana used?
- Marijuana is usually used by smoking. The user rolls the marijuana into a
cigarette, called joint, or removes the tobacco from an ordinary cigarette then
stuff the marijuana into the hollowed-out cigarette. This marijuanastuffed
cigarette is called blunt. Others use vaporizers, or even mix it with foods.

What kind of drug is Marijuana?

- Marijuana, considering its effect to the body, may be classified as stimulant,
depressant, and hallucinogen. It is a stimulant because it produces a feeling
of elation and users often feel a higher level of energy and alertness. It is also
considered as a depressant because it provides a relaxing effect and feeling
of drowsiness. Users may also become withdrawn. It is considered a
hallucinogen because users may have distortions in their perception, like
hearing sounds or seeing things which seem to be real but actually do not
exist.

What does marijuana do to the brain and the body?

- Marijuana can affect almost every organ in your body. No matter how you take
in the drug, whether through smoking in your food, the body absorbs the
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active ingredient in marijuana which
goes into your bloodstream. As you know, the blood travels to the different
parts of the body and to your brain affecting its function.

COCAINE - is a powerful stimulant made from the leaves of the coca plant and sold
in fine, white, crystalline powder form. It is also called coke, rock, snow, toot, or blow.

How is it used?
- It is used by sniffing through the nostrils in powder form, but it can also be
injected into the veins in liquid form. Crack, which is a crystallized form of
cocaine, is usually smoked in a pipe.

Why is it dangerous?
 - It speeds up the heart rate and causes the blood vessels to narrow which
may lead to heart attack and serious breathing problems. It may also cause
the body temperature to rise at a very dangerous level.

How does it affect the brain?

- A chemical in the brain, the dopamine or neurotransmitter, is responsible for
stimulating the brain reward pathway. This makes a person feel pleasure.
Cocaine, when it gets into the brain, will cause dopamine to build up which
causes extra sense of pleasure for a short period of time.

UNDERSTANDING DRUG ABUSE

What are the reasons of possible substance abuse in youth?

Young individuals have different reasons of misuse or abuse of drugs. They probably
do so because of the following:

1. Curiosity – It is human nature of desire to experience something new.

2. Low self-esteem - Several individuals have poor opinions of themselves.
3. Peer pressure - Mostly in stages of adolescence, individuals have strong need
to belong to “the group.”
4. Adult modeling - Young people try to be grown-ups, and they see drug use as
a form of adult behavior to be imitated.
5. Mood alteration - Some individuals use drugs merely to change their emotions
6. Boredom - Young people who have no interest in childhood activities but are
not yet able to engage in adult activities may feel boredom.
7. Alienation - There are individuals who feel unwanted and unloved. These
people view themselves as social misfits.

How will I recognize someone using or abusing drugs?

1. Joining a gang
2. Major changes in behavior
3. Poor school performance
4. Changes in appearance
5. Having slurred speech
6. Getting into trouble
7. Giving up friends who do not use drugs
8. Having friends who are suspected of abusing drugs
9. Lying and cheating about drug use
10. Showing no interest in activities

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

Drug use and abuse does not only affect the person concerned. The immediate
family, school, and community, where the person belongs to, are also affected by the
addiction.

FAMILY
- Family pain
- Physical health problems
 - Separation of family members
- Financial troubles
- Negligence of duties and responsibilities
- Dishonor and embarrassment to the family

SCHOOL
- Reduce academic performance and achievement
- Increase violence in school
- Disrespectful to school policies and authorities.

COMMUNITY
- High prevalence of crimes
- Increased number of accidents
- Government funds loss to drug-related operations

Prevention and Control of Substance Use and Abuse

1. Have confidence in saying “NO’ to drug use.

2. Give reasons for saying “no” to drug use.
3. Use the broken-record technique.
4. Match verbal behavior with nonverbal behavior.
5. Avoid situations of being pressured to use harmful behavior.
6. Avoid drug users.
7. Resist pressure to engage in illegal behavior.
8. Influence others to have a responsible behavior.

How will I recognize someone using or abusing drugs? Drug use and abuse does not
only affect the person concerned. The immediate family, school, and community,
where the person belongs to, are also affected by the addiction. The following tips
can be used to develop resistance skill (Gagi di ito kasama sa na copy ko pero
naisama, parang katulad lang sa nangyari sa Filipino nuon kung naaalala mo pa.)

What are the alternatives of drug use?

There are many ways to keep young people active and avoid peer pressure and
situations that could lead to drug use.

SPORTS - playing physical games is a great activity that will help a person feel
energetic, positive, and confident. Participation in sports requires time and devotion.
This will not only help a person stay away from drugs, but also good for his or her
overall health.

VOLUNTEERING - volunteering and helping other people and the community will
give a person a satisfying and good feeling of himself or herself.

CLUBS OR ORGANIZATION - participating in a club or organization is a great way

for a person to meet other like-minded people. This will help a person feel a sense of
belongingness and connection to others.

HOBBY - developing a hobby is good for using the excess energy of young people.
HEALTH
Learning More About Injury Prevention, Safety,
and First Aid (Unintentional)
What are unintentional injuries?

Unintentional injuries are sometimes called accidental injuries. An accident is

a sequence of unexpected events that could result to injury, property damage, and
even death.

What is safety education?

Safety education includes knowledge, skills, and attitudes that could help
minimize or avoid risks or dangers at home, school, community, and in any
situations.

FIRST AID BASICS

First aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been
injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if
medical assistance is not available or delayed.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

To lessen the pain
To prevent further injury or danger
To preserve life
To hasten recover

Who is a first-aider?

A first aider is trained personnel who provides first aid, since accidents or
unintentional injury may happen anytime.
A good first-aider is…….
GENTLE. One who does not cause more pain.
RESOURCEFUL. One who makes use of things at hand with best capability.
OBSERVANT. One who notices all signs.
TACTFUL. One who does not make the victim worry.
SYMPATHETIC. One who comforts the victim
RESPECTABLE. One who has a professional and caring attitude.
CALM AND CONFIDENT. One who does not easily panic and knows what he or she is
doing.

What are the roles and responsibilities of a first aider?

The following are the roles and responsibilities of a first aider.
1. Bridges the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. Ensures safety of himself or herself and that of bystanders.
3. Gains access to the victim.
4. Determines any threats to patient’s life.
5. Summons advanced medical care as needed
6. Provides needed care for the patient.
7. Records all findings and care given to the patient.

What are the techniques in bandaging and dressing of wounds?

Wounds should be dressed and bandaged after Wound- an injury
bleeding is controlled. Covering wounds prevents to living tissue
infection and controls bleeding. Proper wound care caused by cut,
blow, or other
enhances healing, comforts the victim, and helps in
impact. The skin
fast recovery. Improper wound care can cause is cut or broken.
infection and may even result in loss of body parts.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRESSING AND BANDAGES

1. Triangular Bandage- commonly used to support fractures and dislocations. This
can be used to form slings and cravats. When using a triangular bandage as a sling
or cravat, use a square or reef knot to keep it secure and prevent it from slipping off.
To make a square knot, follow the illustrations that follow:
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDZGwYUxrr4

2. Cravat Bandage-is a folded triangular bandage.

WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCo4XXzZIE

TRANSPORTING A VICTIM
When providing first aid, there are times that you need to transport the victim
from one place to another. Transporting a victim or an injured person must be done
with extra care. This depends on the situation and the injury sustained by the victim.

One-Man Carry
What are the ways of transporting a victim?
Ankle Pull This is the quickest way to move a victim in a short
distance as long as the ground is flat or even.
Steps:
1.Hold the victim on his ankles or pants.
2. Pull with your legs and back as straight as
possible.
3. Keep pulling on a straight line as possible.
4. Watch over the head for possible bounce on
uneven surface.
Shoulder Pull This method supports the head of the victim. It is
more preferred than the ankle pulls. The rescuer
should bend over at the waist while pulling.
Steps:
1.Hold the victim by the clothing under the
shoulders.legs
2.Support the head by keeping your arms on both
sides of the head.
3. Keep pulling on a straight line as possible.
One-Person Lift This method is suitable for children or very light
people.
Put your arms under the victim’s knees and around
their back.

Firefighter Carry This is used to carry a victim in longer distances.

Positioning the victim demands the presence of an
experienced rescuer or another person’s assistance.
Steps:
1.Victim is placed over one shoulder.
2.Wrap one arm across victim’s legs and grip the
victim’s arm.

Blanket Pull This is an ideal way of pulling a victim as the victim is

relatively safe with a blanket.
Steps:
1.Position the victim on a blanket.
2.Make sure the victim’s head is 2 ft. from one corner
of the blanket.
3. See to it that the blanket is safely wrapped around
the victim.
4. Pull with your legs, with your back as straight as
possible.
5. As much as possible, keep pulling on a straight
line.
Pack-Strap Carry This is usually done to carry the victim in longer
distances.
Steps:
1.Place both victim’s arms over your shoulder.
 2. Cross victim’s arms, holding the wrists with arms,
close to your chest.
3. Balance load with your hips and support the victim
with your legs.

Two-Person Carry
Human Crutch/ For conscious victims, rescuers can serve as crutches in
Two-Person Drag swinging their legs.
For unconscious victims, rescuers can simply move the
victim out of immediate danger quick and easy.
Steps:
Conscious victims
1.While the conscious victim stands with rescuers’
assistance, the rescuers’ hands are wrapped around the
victim’s waist.
2. Rescuers stand on either side of the victim’s chest.
Unconscious victims
1.For unconscious victims, rescuers will have to hold the belt
or waistband of the victim’s clothing.

For both
1.Rescuer’s hand nearest the feet should grab the victim’s
wrist on their side of the victim. They should be done while
the other hand grasps the clothing of the shoulder nearest
them.
2. The victim should be in a sitting position by pulling and
lifting the victim’s arms.
3. The rescuer’s will have to squat down, while placing the
victim’s arms over their shoulders. Rescuers should face the
same direction as the victims.
4. Using their legs, they stand with the victim and move out,
dragging the victim’s legs behind.
Four-Handed Seat This is useful when there is a need for conscious victims to
be moved to moderate distances.
Steps:
1.Rescuers grab the victim’s wrists as shown forming the
seat.
2.Lower the seat using legs, not the back so the victim can
safely sit. Victim’s arms are placed around the rescuer’s
neck.
3. Rescuers should keep their back straight and stand using
their legs.

Two-Handed Seat Usually used for transporting unconscious victim in long

distances.
Steps:
 1.Both rescuers squat down on either side of the victim and
reach under the victim’s shoulders and under the knees.
2. Rescuers grasp each other’s wrist and stand with proper
lifting technique.
3. Walk in the direction where the victim is facing.

Chair Carry This is used for carrying the victim up and down the stairs or
through narrow or uneven areas, using a sturdy chair with
no wheels.
Steps:
1.Have the victim sit on the chair.
2.The rescuer positioned on the victim’s head holds the
chair with palms in. He or she then tilts the chair.
3. On short distances or stairwells, the second rescuer faces
in and holds the chair legs.
4. On longer distances, the second rescuer separates the
victim’s legs, his or her back into the chair, and both
rescuers stand using their legs.

Three-Man Carry
Hammock Carry Three or more rescuers alternately position
themselves on both sides of the victim, with the
strongest rescuer on the side with fewer rescuers.
Steps:
1.Rescuers reach under the victim and grasp one
wrist of the opposite rescuer. Rescuers on the ends
will only grasp one wrist of the opposite rescuer.
2.Rescuers at the ends will used their free hand to
support the victim’s head and feet/legs.
3. Rescuers will then squat and lift the victim using
proper lifting techniques
Three-Person Carry or This is used to lift victims on a bed or stretcher, and
Stretcher Lift for transporting them in short distances.
Steps:
1. 1. All rescuers will kneel on the knee nearest to the
victim’s feet.
2. Rescuer at the head of the victim will signal the
two others to lift the victim up and rest the victim on
2. their lifted knees.
 FIRST AID FOR COMMON UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

What are the common unintentional injuries and the appropriate first aid
procedures thag should be applied?
1. Musculoskeletal Injury- This refers to any damage of the muscular or skeletal
system usually due to strenuous activities.

a. Sprain- This is an injury to the ligaments around the joint which may be stretched
or torn. Ankle and knee sprain are the most common sprain injury.
First aid for sprain: Remember R.I.C.E
1. Rest-rest the injured part
2. Ice-apply ice packs or cold pads on the injured area.
3. Compression-wrap the injured part with elastic compression
bandage.
4. Elevation-elevate the injured part, as much as possible
above the level of the heart to prevent or limit swelling.

b. Strain-This is an injury which is caused by the twisting or pulling of a muscle or

tendon beyond normal capacity.
First aid for strain
1. Place the victim in a comfortable position taking off pressure
from strained muscles.
2. Apply ice pack or cold pads for 10 to 15 minutes every hour
for the first day, and every 3 to 4 hours after the first day. Do
this for 3 days.
3. Rest the injured area for at least a day. Do not use the
muscles while it is still painful.

c. Dislocation-This is an injury which is result of the separation of two bones at joint,

leaving the bone out of normal position.
First aid for dislocation
1. Immobilize dislocations in the position found. Splint or sling
above and below the dislocated joints to keep immobile. Do not
try to straighten or reduce any dislocation.
2. Use RICE method.
3. Keep the victim warm and quiet and in the position most
comfortable, treat for shock

d. Fracture-This is a breakage that usually happens in the bones.

First aid for fracture
1. Cover the wound with non-fluffy dressing. Apply a pressure
around the injury to control bleeding but be careful not to press
on a protruding bone. Carefully place a sterile wound dressing
or more clean padding over and around the dressing.
2. Put a bandage securing the dressing and padding. Avoid
impairing the circulation beyond the bandage.
3. Immobilize the injured part and arrange to transport casualty
to hospital.
4. Treat casualty for shock if necessary.

2. Heat-related injuries or hyperthermia-This is caused by high temperature and

humidity from exposure to hot weather and sun. There are three forms of
hyperthermia: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke.
a. Heat cramps- muscle spasms caused by loss of too much salt and other
electrolytes during too much sweating.

First aid for heat cramps

1. Have the victim rest in a cool place and administer sips of
half glass water or sports drink every 15 minutes.
2. Apply moist towels on forehead and to the cramping
muscles. Gently stretch cramped muscles.
3. Avoid victim from forcing action for at least 12 hours.

b. Heat exhaustion- This is a condition less severe than heatstroke. This occurs
when you are exposed to high temperature and you experience heavy sweating and
rapid pulse.
First aid for exhaustion
1. Move the victim to a cool place and remove as much
clothing as possible. Fan the victim lightly. Make sure the victim
does not shiver or get chilled.
2. Let the victim lie down with feet raised 8-12 inches.
3. If the victim is fully conscious, give water or sports drinks in
half glass every 10 minutes for 1 hour. Monitor the victim’s
temperature every 10-15 minutes.
4. Call emergency help if the victim vomits, temperature is
above 38.5 degree Celsius, or the victim does not improve.

c. Heatstroke- a life-threatening emergency caused by a failure to regulate body

temperature. It is characterized by extreme fever, hot and dry or moist skin, delirium,
coma, or even death.
First aid for heatstroke
1. Establish airway and if possible, move to a cool place.
Remove as much as clothing as possible.
2. Pour or spray cool water and fan vigorously. If the victim
begins to shiver, slow the cooling method as shivering
produces heat. Never use isopropyl alcohol as the skin
absorbs alcohol which can be toxic.
3. When the body cools down, seizure and vomiting may occur,
hence, position the victim for easy drainage.
4. Monitor the victim’s temperature until emergency personnel
arrives.

3.Bleeding or hemorrhage occurs when a blood vessel is damaged and

constricted. This can be life threatening if the body loses excessive amount of blood.
First aid to control bleeding.
1. Apply direct pressure.
2. Raise and support the injured part.
3. Lay the victim down.
4. Bandage dressing in place.
5. Call for emergency help.

4.Poisoning occurs when a poison or a toxic substance is taken into or absorbed by

the body, sufficient enough to cause temporary or permanent damage. A poison can
enter the body through swallowing, skin absorption, inhalation, splashing into the
eyes, or injection.
First aid for swallowed poison
1. Monitor the victim and call for medical help. If the victim is
conscious, ask what was swallowed, how much, and when.
2. Commence CPR if necessary.
3. Monitor victim’s vital signs and keep samples of any vomit.

First aid for injected poisons

1. Seek medical help.
2. Maintain victim’s airway and be alert for vomiting. Keep
victim sitting to prevent inhalation of vomit.

First aid for absorbed poisons

1. Remove contaminated clothing.
2. Wash with cold water for 20 minutes.
3. Seek medical help.

5. Choking occurs when airway is blocked causing breathing to be difficult.

First aid for adult or older child choking
1. Stand behind the victim and wrap your one hand around
his or her waist.
2. Place thumb side of fist into the victim’s abdomen above
the navel and below rib cage, then grab fist with other hand.
3. Do five abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push
up toward the victim’s diaphragm in one smooth movement.
4. Repeat cycle of five abdominal thrusts until the object
comes out.
5. Help the victim if he/she is having breathing difficulties after
the object is dislodged.

First aid to self-choke

1. Get attention by using the universal sign for choking.
2. Give self-abdominal thrusts. Repeat until the object is out.
First aid for infant or child choke
1. Position victim for five quick blows-Victim faces down on
your upper leg. Place your hand around the lower jaw and
chest for head support. Using the heel of your hand, give
quick blows between the victim’s shoulder blades.
2. Position victim for five quick chest thrusts-Victim faces up
on your upper leg and the head lower than the trunk. Press
two to three fingers in the center of the breastbone between
the nipples.
Give five quick chest thrusts.
3. Repeat five blows and chest thrusts until object is out.
4. Help the victim if he or she is having breathing difficulties
after the object is dislodged.

6. Drowning occurs when your nose and mouth are submerged in water or other
liquids and air can’t enter the lungs, resulting to suffocation. This can result to
hypothermia when submerged for a long period of time.
First aid for drowning
1. Help the victim lie down on a rug or coat with the head
lower than the rest of the body, enabling his or her mouth to
drain water.
2. Treat for hypothermia. Remove wet clothes and change
with dry clothes, if possible. Cover the victim with dry coats or
blankets. When the victim becomes conscious, give the victim
a warm drink or chocolate.
3. Call emergency help even if the victim appears to be fully
recovered. There might be risk of secondary drowning

7.Burn happens when the skin or other tissues are damaged. This may be caused
by heat.
First aid for burn
1. Help the victim to sit or lie down. Prevent burnt body part
from ground contact.
2. Cool the injury by flooding it with plenty of cold water. But
do not prolong the transfer to a hospital. Call for emergency
help and if possible, let someone do it while you cool the
burn.
3. Continuously cool the affected area for at least 10 minutes
or until pain is relieved. Monitor signs of breathing difficulty.
Do not overcool the victim for it might lower the body
temperature to a dangerous level.
4. Do not touch the injury. Safely remove any accessories like
belts, shoes, watches, and burnt clothing. Do not remove
clothes stuck to the burn.
5. Cover the injured area and protect it from infection. Use
clean materials.

PERFORMANCE TASK:
Direction: Perform the following victim transport. (Send pictures to the Google
Classroom)
1. Blanket pull
2. Shoulder pull
3. Pack strap carry

ASSESSMENT 1
I. Identification: Identify what is being described in the sentence. Write your answer
on the blank provided.
Sprain 1. This is an injury to the ligaments around the joint which may be stretched
or torn.
Drowning 2. This occurs when your nose and mouth are submerged in water or
other liquids, causing air not to enter the lungs, resulting to suffocation.
Bleeding 3. It occurs when a blood vessel is damaged and constricted.
Poisoning 4. This occurs when a poison or a toxic substance is taken into or
absorbed by the body.
Choking 5. This occurs when the airway is blocked causing breathing to be difficult.
Heat cramps 6. This refers to muscle spasms caused by loss of too much salt and
other electrolytes during too much sweating.
Strain 7. This is an injury which is caused by the twisting or pulling of a muscle or
tendon beyond normal capacity.
Burning 8. This happens when the skin or other tissues are damaged by heat,
chemical, or electricity.
Dislocation 9. This is an injury which is a result of the separation of two bones at
joint, leaving the bone out of normal position.
Heat Exhaustion 10. This is a condition less severe than the heatstroke. It occurs
when you are exposed to high temperature and you experience heavy sweating and
rapid pulse.

ASSESSMENT 2
I. Give the characteristics of a good first aider as described by the following
statements:
Observant 1. A good first aider notices all signs.
Tactful 2. A good first aider does not worry the victim.
Gentle 3. A good first aider does not cause any pain.
Respectable 4. A good first has a professional and caring attitude.
Resourceful 5. A good first aider makes use of things at hand with his/her best
capability.
II. Write the type of transporting a victim that you are going to use given the following
situations.
Ankle pull 6. If you will move the victim in a short distance over a smooth surface.
One-person lift 7. If the victim is a child or very light person.
Fire fighter 8. If you have to carry the victim for a longer distance.
Human crutch 9. If the victim is conscious, allowing him/her to swing leg using
rescuers as crutches.
Chair carry 10. If you need to carry the victim up and down the stairs or through
narrow oe uneven areas using a sturdy chair.

HEALTH
LESSON PROPER
INTENTIONAL INJURIES

What is an injury?
Injury is a damage to the body. It can be a result of an accident or an intentional
act. That is why injuries can be considered intentional or unintentional.

What are unintentional and intentional injuries?

Intentional Injuries Unintentional Injuries

Those resulting from purposeful acts
directed to others or self.
These are preventable and controllable.
Examples: sexual harassment, fighting,
assault, rape, bullying, and domestic
violence.
Those that are without the intention to
harm.
These cannot be prevented or not
controllable.
Examples: household fires, drowning,
vehicular accidents, and poisoning.

Types of Intentional Injuries

1. Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence is a pattern of abusive and intimidating behavior used by one
person to control the other. The violence occurs in a domestic setting or at home and
the abusive person may be a partner, parent, caregiver, or a relative.

This is the reason why this is also called family violence. It includes
physical violence,
isolation from relatives or friends, emotional abuse, and financial
abuse. Victims of domestic violence often suffer not only from physical
injuries. They also suffer psychologically and emotionally as well.

Are you experiencing this kind of injury at home? You need to know that the abuse
is not your fault and you definitely don't deserve it. If this happens to you, you should
talk to someone you trust and be aware of the emergency services available to use
when necessary. Remember that children who are exposed to violence at home are
at risk of having violent relationships. The abuse will get worse if you wait for the
offenders to change.

2. Bullying
Bullying is an undesired aggressive behavior involving a real or perceived
superiority over others. This behavior is repeated or has potential to be repeated
over time.
 Acts of bullying are types of injuries that are intentionally done. Recently, bullying
has been widespread through the internet or cyber media. Familiar
incidents are also experienced in schools and both the bullied and the
bully may have serious, lasting problems.
If you are being bullied, report it immediately to an adult like your
parents or teachers. Remember that no matter what the reason is
they do not have the right to bully you.
Do not give way to someone else's bullying. If you do it would give them the idea
that it is totally fine to bully you.

The Anti-Bullying Law in the Philippines aims to keep students safe from this type of
intentional injury. You need to understand the different forms of bullying and they are
as follows:

a) Verbal Bullying - Are there people who say or write mean things about you? Acts
such as teasing, name-calling, inappropriate sexual comments, taunting, and
threatening are considered verbal bullying.

b) Social Bullying - also called relational bullying, involves hurting someone's

reputation or relationships. It includes excluding someone from a group on purpose,
influencing others not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors about someone,
and public embarrassment.

c) Physical Bullying - hurting a person's body or possession. This includes hitting,

kicking, pinching, spitting, tripping, shoving, taking or breaking other's possessions,
and making mean or rude hand gestures.

d) Cyber Bullying - bullying through electronic technology like cellular phones,

computers and communication tools like social media, text messages, chat, websites,
and online forums.

3. Gang and Youth Violence

A gang is a group of adolescents who band together. Gang
members are mostly involved in serious youth violence like
extortion, theft and robbery, and in selling drugs causing injuries to
the victims, even death. Do you want to get involved with a gang!
Once you are involved, it will not be easy to leave or quit from it,
especially if they have been involved in serious violence. This will
not just cause injury but may result to a more serious problem as
well.

4. Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence

A fraternity is a group with common purpose or interest.
Fraternities are mostly based in colleges and universities. Most
youth join fraternities for the sense of belongingness. But
becoming a part of the brotherhood would mean undergoing
physical and mental initiation rites These rites include hazing,
which is considered illegal in our country, causing a lot of injuries
and may lead to death. Do you want to be a part of a fraternity
just for the spirit of brotherhood?

You should know and learn how to choose friends and a group to go with.
Otherwise, your choice may result to a tragic situation.

5. Sexual Abuse
Sexual Abuse is an unwanted non-consensual sexual activity where the abuser
intentionally uses force, threats, and takes advantage of the victim.

The victim is not to blame and is not at fault for the non-consensual act of sexual
abuse. Immediate responses to sexual abuse include shock, fear or disbelief, and
long-term effects include anxiety, fear or post-traumatic stress disorder.
The following are some examples of sexual abuse:
● Unwanted kiss or touch
● Unwanted violent/painful sexual activity, rape or attempted rape
● Refusal to use methods for birth control (e.g., condoms)
● Sexual contact to drunk, drugged, unconscious or unable to tell a clear "yes" or
“no"
● Threatens someone into unwanted sexual activity
● Repeated pressure on someone into sex or to perform sex acts
● Repeated sexual insults

What are the forms of sexual abuse?

A. Molestation is a sexual abuse of an adult to a person, either child or adult, for

sexual pleasure or profit. The perpetrator sees the person as a sexual object
and gratifies sexual urges and fantasies by subjecting the victim to
undesirable or improper sexual advances or activity. These activities include
child pornography, child prostitution, sodomy, and fondling.

B. Rape is a sexual assault by sexual penetration without consent or when the

victim is not capable of giving consent. The rapist uses force, threaten or
intimidate the victim. Penetration may be by part of the body or an object.

C. Incest is a sexual relation between close relatives. Most incest cases happen
in the form of an older family member sexually abusing or having a sexual
relationship with a child or an adolescent. In incest, the adult offender is
always at fault and the victim needs to understand that they are not to be
blamed. A sexually abused person might not report or might be reluctant to
report about the abuse.

Here are some reasons why victims of incest are reluctant to report about
abuse:
● Fear that his or her parent will be penalized by the law or the family will break
up
● Victim does not realize the form of abuse thinking it happens normally in
families
 ● The fear of how other people will react about the abuse like accusation of
wrongdoing or that no one will believe the victim
Victims should realize the need to report the abuse for it to stop and for them to
recover.

Who are the rape victims?

Rape victims are usually female, and offenders are usually male. The Anti Rape
Law of 1997 reclassified rape as a crime against persons from its previous
classification as a crime against chastity. Based on the Philippine law, it is no longer
considered a private crime, which means anyone having knowledge of the crime
may file a case against the suspect on behalf of the victim. It is an offense
punishable by law.

It is hard to tell if a person is a rapist. Here are some warning signs you should know.
STAY AWAY FROM:
● the person who acts strangely to you and makes you feel uncomfortable
● the person who pays no attention to you when you say no or stop
● the person who tries to touch you when you do not want to be touched
● the person who pushes you to do sexual things you do not want to do.

According to Republic Act No. 8353, known as the Anti-Rape Law of 1997, rape is
committed under the following circumstances:
A man has sexual intercourse with a woman:
1. through force, threat, or intimidation
2. when the victim is deprived of reason or is unconscious
3. through fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and
4. when the victim is under 12 years of age or is demented, even if
none of the
above conditions are present (Statutory rape)
Any person who, under any of the above conditions, commits an act of sexual
assault through oral or anal sex or by inserting an instrument or object into the anal
or genital orifice of another person.
ALWAYS REMEMBER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A GOOD AND BAD
TOUCH.
6. Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself, mostly because of
extreme depression or intense pain. This act is usually planned. No
suicide can be considered unintentional. If you are depressed and in
intense pain, seek help from family and friends. Always bear in mind
that committing suicide is not a remedy to end depression and pain.
7. Homicide
Homicide is an intentional and unlawful killing of a person by another.
8. Kidnapping and Abduction
Kidnapping is a crime by taking away or forcefully transporting a
person, unlawfully, or without consent. It is usually done with the intent
to get benefits from the person or family like ransom, shield, or
hostage. Abduction is when deceit or force is used in order to take
someone from their home or relatives. The abductor does not demand
any profit or monetary gain from the victim. Kidnappers and abductors
may intentionally hurt or injure their victims just to get what they want.

9. Acts of Terror
Acts of terror is a criminal act, which aims a state of fear in the
general public, a group, or a particular person. Terrorist groups
create terror using violence, fear and intimidation, drawing
attention of the local populace, government, and the world to
their cause. In the process, people's lives are at stake. Their
actions usually result to injuries and deaths.

How can one assess one's risk of violence?

Understanding the concepts of risk factors and protective factors is very important
to protect one's self from harm. Risk factors refer only to the statistical probability
that something negative will happen and does not necessarily mean that a person
will behave violently or be harmed by others. Everyone has varying degrees of
control over risk factors. Knowing risk factors is very essential in keeping oneself
from violence
Protective Factor, on the other hand, is anything individual or environmental
safeguard, that increases a positive outcome. Protective factors concern only to
statistical chances that one's health, safety, and well-being will be safeguarded.
The more protective factors apply to a person, the more likely that the person is to
be protected. It is helpful to have RESILIENCY - the ability to adjust, recover, and
learn from change, illness, or misfortune without becoming overwhelmed.
Indicators that increase the likelihood Indicators that reduce the likelihood of
of being a perpetrator or victim of a person being a perpetrator or victim
violence: of violence.
● Non-recognition of violent ● Recognition of violent behavior
behavior ● Having self-respect, social skills,
● Lack of self-respect, social skills, and decision-making skills
and decision-making skills ● Healthy family
● Dysfunctional family ● Nurturing environment
● Adverse environment ● Able to manage anger and stress
● Unable to manage anger and
stress
● Having physical and recreational
activities
● Non-participation in physical and ● Suicide and prevention strategies
recreational activities ● Avoiding discriminatory behavior
● Suicidal tendencies ● Resistance of negative peer
● Discriminatory behavior pressure
 ● Non-resistance to negative peer ● Avoiding use of alcohol and other
pressure drugs
● Use of alcohol and harmful drugs ● Staying away from gangs
● Member of a gang ● Respect for authority and obeying
● Breaking laws laws
● Repeated violence after being a ● Behaving after being a juvenile
juvenile offender offender in the past

For Your Information

Looking confident is one of the best ways to stay safe when you’re outside. Try to
look aware and walk tall because confident individuals are less likely to be bullied or
assaulted. One way to be confident is to feel safe. Be mindful of your surroundings,
carefully plan when you go to places.