techniques, trends, works, and artists that have defined • Bronze Age (2300-1000 BCE) Bronze - alloy metal
loy metal made
MODULE 7.1: ART HISTORY
READING THE IMAGE
• Semiotics is the study of works of art signs and symbols,
either individually or grouped in sign systems that can
give us more insight from the work source and meaning.
... Semiotics can translate a picture from an image into
words.
• Iconic plane. The plane of analysis that examines
signifiers as unique signs with particular and highly
nuanced meanings.
• iconic. Something that is iconic is characteristic of an
icon — an image, emblem, idol, or hero. Audrey
Hepburn was widely admired for her iconic style, her
great fashion taste. Iconic often describes something or
someone that is considered symbolic of something else,
like spirituality, virtue, or evil and corruption.
• Contextual Plane. It analyses the artwork in a
different perspective. It looks at an artwork on a
cultural, social, or political context. It is often used by
historians, art critics, or sociologists.
PERIOD OF ART – A Timeline Art by Seth Cole
OVERVIEW
Since the beginning of mankind, human beings have
attempted to demonstrate their feelings on life, love,
religion, and other topics by creating art. Whether it is
architecture and paintings, or sculpture and cave drawings,
their art has acted as a time capsule, and allowed us to see
how artists viewed the world in time.
As time and technology progressed, so did art, and
art history has been divided into periods based on
techniques and common trends. In this presentation I will
further delve into some of these periods, and explore the
humanity through art.
PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS
PALEOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC, AND NEOLITHIC ART (30,000
BC to 2,000 BC)
Even in ancient times, Homo Sapiens have created
art. These pieces of art often involved stone; whether it was
stacking them, painting them, or carving into them. Later in
the era, pottery, as well as weaving, developed.
These works shared a common theme of food,
fertility, basic human figures, and animals.
PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS
Ice Age – Stone Age
• Earliest upright human beings came into existence 4.4
million years ago.
• Homo sapiens ("wise humans") appeared about
200,000 years ago.
• Earliest humans from Africa.
• As the Ice Age glaciers receded, humans spread across
Asia, into Europe, and finally to Australia and the
Americas
Pre-Historic Periods
• Paleolithic-(35.000-8.000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Paleo
old / Lithic stone
• Mesolithic- (8.000-4.000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Meso=
middle / Lithic = stone
• Neolithic-(6.000-1500 BCE) New Stone Age
Neo = new / Lithic = stone
from tin and copper. –
• Iron Age- (1000 BCE -) Iron - cutting tools and weapons
made from iron or steel
CAVE PAINTINGS
• Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings,
and the term is used especially for those dating to
prehistoric times.
• The earliest European cave paintings date to
Aurignacian, some 32,000 years ago.
• The purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not
known.
• The evidence suggests that they were not merely
decorations of living areas, since the caves in which they
have been found do not have signs of ongoing
habitation.
• Also, they are often in areas of caves that are not easily
accessed.
• Some theories hold that they may have been a way of
communicating with others, while other theories
ascribe them a religious or ceremonial purpose.
Well known cave paintings include those of:
• Grotte de Cussac, France
• Lascaux, France
• La Marche, in Lussac-les-Châteaux, France
 • Chauvet Cave, near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
• Cave of Niaux, France
• Cave of Altamira, near Santillana del Mar, Cantabria,
Spain
• Cueva de La Pasiega, Cuevas de El Castillo,
Cantabria, Spain
• Cosquer Cave, Marseille, France
• Font-de-Gaume, in the Valley in France.
AGE
• Nearly 350 caves have now been discovered in France
and Spain that contain art from prehistoric times.
• The oldest known cave art is that of Chauvet in France,
the paintings of which may be 32,000 years old and date
back to 30,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic).
• Other examples may date as late as the Early Bronze
Age, but the well known prolific and sophisticated style
from Lascaux and Altamira died out about 10.000 years
ago, coinciding with the advent of the Neolithic period.
• Some caves continued to be painted in for a long time.
CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTIMIRA, SPAIN
• These were painted by the Magdalenian people
THEMES
between 16,000-9,000 BC. This would have been
• The most common themes in cave paintings are large
11.000-19.000 years ago.
wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deer.
• These paintings at Altimira are mainly of the bison.
and tracings of human hands as well as abstract
Many of the bison are drawn and then painted using the
patterns, called finger flutings.
boulders for the animal's shoulders. This made them
• Drawings of humans were rare and are usually
look three-dimensional.
schematic rather than the more naturalistic animal
• These paintings are sometimes called "The Sistine
subjects.
Chapel of Paleolithic Art".
• One explanation for this may be that realistically
painting the human form was "forbidden by a powerful
religious taboo."
• Cave art may have begun in the Aurignacian period
(Hohle Fels. Germany), but reached its apogee in the
late Magdalenian (Lascaux, France).
• Many of the paintings were drawn with red and yellow
ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal.
• Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in
the rock first.

LASCAUX, FRANCE
• Known as "the prehistoric Sistine Chapel," the Lascaux
Caves, a cave complex in southwestern France, contain
some of the most remarkable paleolithic cave paintings
in the world, from at least 15,000 years ago.
• There are seven chambers in the Lascaux cave; the
Great Hall of the Bulls. the Painted Gallery, the Lateral
Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the Main Gallery,
the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man.
The Hall of the Bulls is the most impressive. It is
composed of horses, bulls. and stags. Some of the
animals have been painted over, suggesting that
different groups of people might have lived in this same
cave.
• The painting in the Shaft of the Dead Man is unusual
because the human figure is not normally drawn.
• This scene shows the image of a man that appears to
have been killed the bison.
CAVE PAINTINGS CHAUVET-PONT-D'ARC
• Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in the South of France is the
newest cave painting to be discovered. • There is a
menagerie of animals on the walls of these caves.
• Many of the animals like the ones in Lascaux were
painted over each other. The oldest were probably
painted around 30,000 BC, making them about 32000
years old.
• It appears to have been occupied by humans during two
distinct periods: the Aurignacian and the Gravettian.
Most of the artwork dates to the earlier. Aurignacian,
era (30.000 to 32.000 years ago). The later Gravettian
occupation, which occurred 25.000 to 27,000 years ago.
• The cave was probably occupied for nearly 10,000 years.
It is thought that a violent collapse blacked the natural
entrance.
THEORIES ABOUT THE CAVE PAINTINGS
• Humans had not learned to write during the prehistoric
time period. They communicated thro cave paintings.
• Why did man find a need to paint on the walls of the
caves? We know that most of the paintings were of
animals.
• However, there are a few paintings that have human
figures either in etchings or in a painting. like the scene
in Lascaux of the Dead Man.
• The face of the dead man is represented by a bird's face,
but it is the body of a human. Perhaps they did not want
to portray a human face, thinking that it might take the
soul.
• There are three theories that the prehistoric man might
have painted animals on the walls of the caves.
• Perhaps the cave man wanted to decorate the cave and
chose animals because they were important to their
existence.
• The second theory could have been that they
considered this magic to help the hunters. Perhaps if the
artist could capture the image of the animal, they could
capture the animal in a hunt.
• Prehistoric man could have used the painting of animals
on the walls of caves to document their hunting
expeditions.
METHODS OF PAINTING
• Prehistoric people would have used natural objects to
paint the walls of the caves.
• To etch into the rock, they could have used sharp tools 1. Architecture - the style
or a spear. The paint or color that they probably used developed during the Pre ARCHITECTURE
was from berries, clay, soot, or charcoal. unchanged for 2000 years • First style of pyramid
• The tools used to apply the paint could have been made dynastic period remained • Designed by artist and
by attaching straw, leaves, moss, or hair to sticks. 2. Crafts & Sculpture - symbolic architect Imhotep
• They might have used hollow bones or reeds to spray elements were widely used • Underground Burial
the color on, similar to an airbrush technique. and strict laws were applied
3. Paintings - the pictures found Egyptian art focuses on the afterlife through PYRAMIDS &
in Egyptian tombs were connected with the idea of TOMB PAINTING
afterlife. Egyptian art remained unchanged for 3,000 years which
The themes of Egyptian painting included protective Gods coincides with their obsession with immortality. Their
of the underworld and man's voyage through life after biggest concern was assuring a comfortable afterlife for
death. their rulers who they viewed as Gods.
The Egyptian period produced literature, medical science,
THEMES OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART and higher mathematics helping maintain the world’s FIRST
• Religion is its prime theme. large scale unified state.
• The art of carving reached its first peak in 2600 B.C -
Egyptian Art includes range of art forms like stone THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA
These portraits of humans are engravings on Store carving of large and small statues and wall art. • 2,300,000 limestone bricks
slabs at La Marche, Vienne, France. • Egyptian figures (human forms) tend to possess a • 2.5 tons each
certain regal presence which glorifies the ruling case. • Log rollers, brick ramps &
• Characterized by perfect observation and wooden sledges to haul
representation of life forms and symbolism (esp. the use bricks
of symbols for Gods and Goddesses) with less weight • 480 ft tall
age to beautification. • 4,000 construction workers
• An important reason for the emphasis on vivid depiction • 23 years completion
One of the bisons on the ceiling of Altamira in Spain, of life forms is the Egyptian belief in life after death and
representing the final stage of polychrome art in which four their expectation that the dead would bank on their art
shades of colour are used. for company in the "other world". THE TOMB
• Mortar was not used.
EGYPTIAN PERIOD
• Work was planned such that the stones - made of sun-
dried and kiln baked bricks. granite, limestone or fine
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART FORMS
sandstone - fit exactly into one another like a jigsaw.
• Ka: spirit, the inhabitant • “Holy Carvings”
• Stocked with earthly delights • Displayed on pyramids and tombs of the royalty.
• Painting and HIEROGLYPHICS • Pictures they used to represent words came to
(formal writing system) tell the represent sounds.
story of the deceased’s life and • Rosetta Stone
activities
• Portrait statues as an alternative
dwelling place incase the MUMMY CASES
mummified corpse deteriorated o Carefully carved
o Colorfully decorated
SCULPTURES AND PAINTINGS o Hieroglyphics
o Pictures of gods
• Human body depicted with front view of the eye &
shoulders and profile view of the head, arms and legs o Even insides were decorated
o Often made in layers
• Size of the figure signifies rank
• Statues made of granite and diorite
o Nefertiti - Queen of Egypt "The Beautiful one is
come" Located at Berlin's Egyptian Museum

MUMMY ART
• Housing for Ka
• Long, detailed process
• Once complete the body was placed in a
SARCOPHAGUS
• King Tutankhamen’s tomb is the only one in near STATUES FOR ETERNITY
HIEROGLYPHICS original condition
• In Egyptian tombs statues fulfilled an important FURNITURE
function. • PATRICIAN - Only the royal
• Sculptures created images of the deceased to serve as and wealthy people used
abodes for the ka should the mummies be destroyed. furniture.
• The primary material for funerary objects was stone. • RANGE stools, chairs
• Khafre from Gizeh, Egypt (ca. 2,520-2,424 B.C.E. Approx. tables, beds - and chests
66 inches high) • VISUAL IMPACT-Highly
decorative with graphic
POTTERY elements
• Ancient Egyptians used • SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION
carved small pieces of vases – Used symbols especially
and several other objects. ceremonial as inlays or
• They also discovered the art painting on the furniture
of covering pottery with • MATERIAL Ebony wood
enamel. was mostly used it was imported at great expense.
• Different types of pottery • TECHNICAL - Excellent and used plain butt joint
items were deposited in
burial chambers of the dead. STOOLS
• Stools were the most common items of furniture in
CANOPIC JARS Egyptian homes.
CRAFTS
• 1070-712 B.C.-Egyptian, Dynasty 21-22 • It was the Egyptians who invented the folding stool.
• Craftsmen made furniture, jewelry, pottery, etc.
• Limestone - 48.3 cm (17 1/2-19 in.) • Since these were much used by army commanders in
• Their internal organs were separately treated and, the field, they became a status symbol, and were often
during much of Egyptian history, placed in jars of clay or heavily carved and decorated.
stone. • Stools commonly had woven rush seats.
• These so-called Canopic
Jars were closed with
stoppers fashioned in
the shape of four
heads-human, baboon,
falcon, and jackal
representing the four -
protective spirits called the Four Sons of Horus.
CHAIRS
• Gold sheathing, ivory inlays, intricate marquetry, inset • The mattress was usually made of wooden slats, plaited • These were highly decorated and were designed for
jewels and fine stones were used to decorate ancient string, or reeds, which then held woolen cushions or many different purposes: large chests for storing
furniture that was often carved to represent animal some other soft material. Sheets were made of linen. household items and linen.
forms. • Small compartmentalized ones for storing cosmetics,
• Chairs sometimes had feet in the shape of lion's paws or and miniature chests with sliding lids and drawers made
crocodile feet: legs and feet were sometimes carved to to hold jewelry.
simulate the legs of a gazelle.
• High backed chairs are seen in many paintings. These
were supplemented with cushions for comfort.
• Commonly incorporated carvings of flowers, animals or
birds.

TABLES
• Tables were also an important item of Egyptian
furniture.
• They were used for eating, writing and playing games.
• They were usually low and easily moveable.
• In many cases, the tops were decorated with marquetry
BEDS, HEADRESTS
or with inlaid ivory.
• They are among the most fascinating of furniture items
• Carved legs, gold sheathing and ivory inlays were used
because of their structure.
to decorate table legs.
• They were gently inclined so that the sleeper's head was
elevated, and had a footrest.
• A footboard ensured that the sleeper would not slip off
in the middle of the night.
• Almost all beds featured legs in the form of animal legs,
ranging from heavy bull's legs to gazelle-like forms with
hooves, and the feline type with paw and claw,
frequently identified as lion's legs."
CHESTS, BOXES, & CABINETS
• Chests, boxes and cabinets formed an important part of
Egyptian bedroom furnishings.
MATERIALS USED
There were different types of materials used in EGYPT
namely,
• COPPER: Until the New Kingdom most of the copper
used in Egypt was seem mined in the eastern desert or
Sinai.
• GOLD: Egypt was richer in gold than any other country
of the region.
• ELECTRUM: Electrum is a gold-silver alloy which
occurred naturally. It had a silver content somewhat
higher than twenty percent.
• SILVER: Egypt had little silver which was not part of gold
deposits. Silver was imported from western Asia.
• BRONZE: The introduction of bronze was a huge
improvement in tool and weapon manufacture. Unlike
iron which was a difficult material to work with, bronze
technologies were similar to the techniques improved
during the copper age: It could be cast, hammered cold,
improved its toughness.
• IRON: Iron is a very common element and in Egypt iron
ores occur in the mountainous areas of the eastern
desert and Sinai.
• LEAD: Lead was of minor importance. Too soft for
making tools or weapons.
EGYPTIAN HOUSES
• There was a huge difference in living standards between
the rich and the poor.
• Ancient Egyptian homes of the poor consisted of a living
room, a sleeping room and a kitchen, with perhaps one
or two cellars for storage.
• These were built with sun-dried bricks. or reed matting
smeared with clay.
• The average house consisted of four rooms: A front
room leading from the street, which may have been
used as a meeting place for guests.
• A living room where the household shrine was situated.
The family would worship their personal gods or
ancestors here.
• A living space, probably used as a sleeping area, with a
staircase to a flat roof or upper floor.
• A kitchen at the rear of the house, which was open to
the sky to prevent the room from filling with smoke.
Cellars underneath the rear rooms were used as storage
for foodstuffs.
• Houses were small so each room was multi-purpose.
Many mansions also contained
• An audience chamber in which to greet visitors.
• An office in which to conduct business.
• A bathroom with built-in shower area and toilet (a
horseshoe-shaped wooden seat over a bowl of sand).
• Some homes had sunken baths open to the sky.
SUMMARY
• The houses of the elite, described as mansions, followed • Egypt has many beautiful pieces of art.
a similar layout to the small houses, although they • No matter were you go in Egypt you will be
consisted of a number of small suites of rooms joined by surrounded by it.
interlinking corridors. These gave the elite owners the
privilege of separating the public from the private family
quarters.
 numbers throughout the Archaic era. They were often
funerary statues.
• Concerned more with geometry and symmetry than
original expression.

HELLENISTIC ART, 323-331 BC

• Characterized by an emotional, active, dynamic style.
• Reflected the attitude of despair that Athenians shared
after defeat at the hands of the Spartans around 432
B.C.
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY • Often copied by and for Romans who loved the style.
• Plato believed in a theory of ideal forms. All forms of this
CLASSICAL ART (500 BC to 500 AD)
world are derived from an "ideal form in the spiritual
world." Therefore all that we experience is an
Developed by the Greeks, Classical Art dates back to
"imperfect" copy of a greater ideal. Plato regarded
as early as 500 BC. To honor their vast pantheon of gods,
artists as imitators of imitation.
the Greeks created beautiful sculptures and elegant
• Aristotle disagreed with Plato. He believed that art was
architecture with marble. Their artists were highly focused
connected to and an expression of the human soul.
on portraying the beauty of humans, and created sculptures
Works like Myron's Discobolos (Discus Thrower) are not
that were highly naturalistic. Despite popular belief, these ART OF ROMAN EMPIRE (200 B.C.E. to 400 A.C.E)
representations of the natural world, but a
sculptures were not white when completed, but were • Empire stretched from England to Egypt; Spain to
reinterpretation of it. Works like this helped in the
painted a vast array of colors. Russia. Ruled by an emperor
formation of Aristotle's opposition to Plato.
Following their conquering of the Greeks, the
• Roman culture was a mixture of older cultures (primarily
Romans adapted the Greeks' artistic style for they believed
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE Greek). Romans spread this cultural mix to the places
it was unparalleled. In fact, most of the Classical Art that has
• The building of the Parthenon, when Athens was at the they conquered
survived today is Roman, not Greek.
height of her power, was the most ambitious enterprise • Art was heavily influenced by Greek art
in the history of Greek architecture. • Roman art is less religious and less idealized than Greek
ART OF ANCIENT GREEK (600 BCE)
• Dedicated to the goddess Athena Art.
• The Greeks believed that Man was an ideal form. In their
• Marble • It was more commemorative (made to memorialize)
estimation, Man is the measure of all things. Their works
• Perfect embodiment of Classical Doric Architecture • Purpose of Roman Art:
reflect an interest in the naturalistic world.
• Colonnades surrounded it o Celebrate and show off the power and might of
• Art emphasizes the "ideal" figure.
the emperor and empire
• Kore (maiden) and Koros (youth) are terms to define the
o Create a record of Roman history
types of marble statues carved and produced in large
• What kinds or types of art would you create if you
wanted to show your power as an emperor and the
might of your empire?
• What might that art look like? *Where would you want
to place that art?
• SCULPTURE: Realistic depictions of Roman leaders.
Influenced by wax death masks used for memorializing
the deceased
• Designed to be seen in public places all over the empire
• A popular way to show the emperor's might AND his
image: coins
• Spread around the empire
• New coins made every time a new emperor was
appointed
• Roman sculpture is less idealized than Greek sculpture
(not as obsessed with perfect beauty)
• Showed the true looks of their subject including their
imperfections
• Roman relief sculptures: shallow, 3 dimensional
carvings on flat surfaces (like a coin)
• Showed off the skill of the artists with many intricate
carvings and figures
• Most reliefs are on architectural works and have subject
matters of battles or hunts
ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• The Romans worked on extensive building programs.
• They used concrete, an innovation that allowed for
faster building, and a larger scale.
• The arch became the central tool in architecture, from
it was derived the barrel vault.
• The Colosseum, 72-80 AD. was dominated by Greek
orders of columns.
DOME
• Romans incorporated Greek pediments and columns
• Architectural element that resembles the hollow upper
into their architecture
half of a sphere
• Also popularized the use of the arch, dome and vault
• Used for massive public buildings
• These three architectural features were made possible
through the Roman invention of concrete
ARCH
• Structure that spans a wide space that is open
underneath
• Used for bridges, aqueducts and triumphal arches
• Arch – bridge arch
• Arch – aqueduct arch
• Arch – triumphal arch THE MEDIEVAL ART
Medieval Art (500 AD to 1400 AD)
Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 AD,
Western Europe became largely decentralized, except for
the centralizing power of the Catholic Church. Also after the
collapse of the Roman empire, Europe saw a period of
artistic backwardness, as the highly refined methods of art
VAULT
from the Classical period were forgotten.
• Series of arches used to create an open space with a
Characteristics of Medieval art include:
rounded ceiling
- Focus on religious (Christian) themes
• Used for hallways, sewers and tunnels
- Disproportionate and little perspective
- Two-Dimensional and flat
- A Hieratic Scale
Characteristics of Medieval art
• Religious based
 • Similarity in subjects
• Symbolism rather than realism
• Story telling
• Size (bigger means more important)
The Christian Art
Christianity (from the Greek word Khristos, "Christ", literally
"anointed one") is a monotheistic religion based on the life
and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
Main beliefs of Christianity
• belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of
God and the Holy Spirit *the death, descent into
hell, resurrection, and ascension of Christ
• the holiness of the Church and the communion of
saints
• Christ's second coming, the Day of Judgment and
salvation of the faithful.
• The Ten Commandments
Brief history
A major turning point in Christian history occurred when the
Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity.
Whether this conversion was sincere or politically
motivated. historians can only speculate. But the result was
the end of persecution of Christians and the beginning of
Christendom.
The Edict of Milan was issued by Emperor Constantine I in
A.D. 313. It declared the Roman Empire's new found policy
of tolerance toward worship of Christianity. Christians were
subsequently allowed to worship their religion in public
places and had all relics and properties that had been taken
by the Romans returned to them.
What is it about Christian art that is so special to us?
Christian art brings us continual peace, quiet joy and
timeless inspiration.
We treasure Christian art because it expresses all of the
emotions that we feel in our Christian life. It portrays the
truth of the Bible and takes us all the way back to the times
of the Bible to "see" how it might have been.
Christian art is defined by every Bible subject from Jesus to
angels. The selection is never ending and we are blessed
with the opportunity to fill our home and hearts with the
Bible portrayed in beautiful Christian art.
FIRST FORMS OF CHRISTIAN ART.
The catacombs are the ancient underground cemeteries.
used by the Christian and the Jewish communities, above all
at Rome. For Christians, burial is just a temporary moment You can see that every single element of the painting directs
while they wait for the final resurrection. one's attention straight to the midpoint of the composition,
There are two categories of images painted on walls and Christ's head. It's arguably the greatest example of one
ceilings and carved in the Christian catacombs. In one point perspective ever created.
category, we find scenes depicting stories from scripture.
That, of course, does not surprise us. However, in the The Byzantine Art
second category, there are many images which are The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the
unrelated to specific bible stories. In fact, these images are Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the
shared, both in design and in meaning. capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors. It was
called the Roman Empire by its inhabitants and its
neighbors, and was also known as Romania
Constantine the Great wanted this city to be built from
scratch as the center of the Christian world. He and his
following emperors made Constantinople into one of the
most elaborate and civilized cities in the world.
Characteristics of Byzantine Art
• Byzantine paintings and mosaics are characterized
by rich use of color And figures which seem flat and
stiff
 • The figures also tend to appear to be floating, and to
have large eyes.
• Backgrounds tend to be solidly golden or toned.
• Byzantine architects favored the central plan
covered by a huge dome.
• Don't use perspective
Iconography
Iconography is the branch of art history which studies the
identification. description, and the interpretation of the
content of images. The word iconography literally means
"image writing",
• Icon creates reverence in worship and serves as an
existential link to God. Icon has been called prayer,
hymn, sermon in form and color. It's used as an
object or veneration in Orthodox churches and
private homes.
• Learn how to identify the saints in medieval and
renaissance art.
• Read the stories that the paintings refer to.
Gothic Art
Romanesque Art
The art of the Romanesque period was characterized by an
important revival of monumental forms, notably sculpture
and fresco painting, which developed in close association
with architectural decoration and exhibited a forceful and
often severely structural quality. At the same time an
element of realism, which parallels the first flowering of
vernacular literature, came to the fore. It was expressed in
terms of a direct and naive observation of certain details
drawn from daily life and a heightened emphasis on
emotion and fantasy.
Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture
• Harmonious proportions
• Stone barrel vault or groin vault
• Thick and heavy walls
• Thick and heavy pillars
• Small windows
• Round arches supporting the roof
• Round "blind arches" used extensively for
decoration inside and out
• Nave with side aisles
• Darker simplistic interiors
• A transept
• An ambulatory (often with radiating chapels)
around the apse
• Multiple towers, usually at the west end and over
the transept crossing
• Sculptured decoration on portals, capitals and other
surfaces
• Painted decoration throughout the interior)
• The word "Gothic" for art was initially used as a
synonym for "Barbaric", and was therefore used as
a negative term of opprobrium: this type of
Medieval art was considered as unrefined and
barbaric, too remote from the aesthetic proportions
and shapes
• Primary media in the Gothic period included
sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and
illuminated manuscript.
• The paintings were at least half shrouded in
darkness as if to revere the harsh past, and led to
the light of Christianity and naturalism.
Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
• Pointed Arch
• Flying Buttresses
• Stained Glass windows and Rose type of windows
• Elaborate, ornate interior
• Taller more airy, lots of light
• Lavish sculpture-larger than life
• Gargoyles- began as a water sprout
-people add them for beauty, protection and water
diversion some people believe that they keep evil
spirits from buildings by scaring them away
THE MIDDLE AGES: 476-1453
• In 410, Rome was conquered and the Roman Empire
fell.
• For the next 1,000 years, most of Europe was
governed by feudal states.
• Most art was created for the Church for a mainly
illiterate population. Drawings were renderings of
Biblical stories.
• Artists were not concerned with form or dep icting
emotion.
• 1350: Black Plague killed 50680% of Europe's
population.
• The plague momentarily "stopped" the progress of
Giotto and other artists of the early 14th century
 RENAISSANCE LATE 1300'S TO 1600 AD
Due to contact with the Arab world and the rediscovery of
ancient Greek and Roman texts, the Renaissance brought a
change in Europe culturally. Following the Greek's and
Roman's methods before them, Renaissance artist's
paintings were focused more on celebrating the human
individual, rather than entirely on religion as it had during
the Medieval era. Characteristics of Renaissance art
include:
• Realism and focus on humans
• Accurate Perspective
• Natural Background
• Light and Shadowing
Early Renaissance
• Began in Florence, Italy in the year 1500
• Milan was trying to bring all of Italy under its rule,
and the humanist leaders of Florence put up a
vigorous and successful defense.
• Florence was free to rule itself because it gave the
pope money; in turn, they were given freedom.
• Secular renderings of art began.
• Humanism: rediscovering of classical philosophical
texts; emergence of the idea that humans could
create and aspire toward godliness.
• Florence as the "new Athens" pushed this artists
upon an ambitious campaign to finish the great
artistic enterprises which were begun a century
before, at the time of Giotto.
Italian Renaissance
• "Renaissance," literally meaning "rebirth," describes
the revival of interest in the artistic achievements of
the Classical world.
• The artists of the Renaissance were determined to
move away from the religion-dominated Middle
Ages and to turn their attention to the plight of the
individual man in society.
• Individual expression and worldly experience are
two of the main themes of art.
• The movement owed a lot to the increasing
sophistication of society, characterized by political
stability, economic growth and cosmopolitanism.
Education blossomed at this time, with libraries and
academies allowing more thorough research to be
conducted into the culture of the antique world.
• In addition, the arts benefited from the patronage
of such influential groups as the Medici family of
Florence.
Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci was the archetypal Renaissance
man representing the humanistic values of the
period in his art, science and writing. Michelangelo
and Raphael were also vital figures in this
movement, producing works regarded for centuries
as embodying the classical notion of perfection.
Renaissance architects included Alberti,
Brunelleschi and Bramante. Many of these artists
came from Florence and it remained an important
centre for the Renaissance into the 16th century
eventually to be overtaken by Rome and Venice.
• Some of the ideas of the Italian Renaissance did
spread to other parts of Europe, for example to the
German artist Albrecht Dürer of the 'Northern
Renaissance'. But by the 1500s Mannerism had
overtaken the Renaissance and it was this style that
caught on in Europe.
Leonardo's Last Supper
• Found in Milan; totally a mess today (disintegrating)
• Famous because it shows a famous subject in
Christian iconography-The Last Supper.
• Up until that point, an artist would have painted the
disciples as individuals, but Leonardo painted the
disciples in groups so that there is life, fluidity.
• Disciples eat off of refractory tables of Monks: gives
Monks impression that they have their meal while
Christ has last supper. Brings the holy to the masses.
Michelangelo's Contribution
• Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Pieta, David
 • Difficult personality; received education in classical
culture education, learned mathematical systems of
proportions used in classical art, preferred marble
sculpture.
• Considered himself a sculptor. Believed that spirit
was trapped in stone, only to be set free by the
sculpture. Through this, he revolutionized the art of
sculpture. He felt divinely inspired.
• Distortion of elements such as proportion and
space.
• Expressive forms of arts rather than classical forms.
• Details out the lives and works of key artists of the
Mannerist style.
• Recognition of tistic elements of Mannerist painting,
sculpture and architecture.
• Irrational spaces.

• Less emphasis on balance, symmetry and rational

composition (values of High Renaissance).

MANNERISM - basic features

• Elongated features.

• Unusual lighting effects.

Mannerism • Figura Serpentinate.

• Post Renaissance Pre-Baroque
• 16th century (1520-1590)
• In Florence & Rome.
• Evolved from Italian word 'Maniera' 'style' or 'way of
working'.
• Artificial style in contrast to the naturalism of the
high renaissance.
• Expressive forms.

• Adopted from Roman Architecture style.
MANNERISM - characteristics
• PERFECTION & REACTION - THE NEXT STEP AFTER
EXTREME END.
• ABSTRACTION OF THE ORDERS - HIDING OR
COVERING UP THE ORDERS OR COLUMNS.
• RUSTICATION - RELIEF IN EXTERIOR THROUGH
CHISELLED TEXTURE
• EXPOSED BRICK/STONE WORK.
• EARLIER THE EXTERIOR WAS COVERED WITH EITHER
STUCCO OR PLASTER
• ANTISTRUCTURALISM-NOT USING THE STRUCTURE
FOR WHAT IT STANDS FOR.
• EXAGGERATION & DISMEMBERMENT - EXTENDING
BEYOND LIMITS AND IN A SEPARATED WAY THUS
EACH EXTENDED ELEMENT HAS ITS OWN IDENTITY.
BAROQUE & ROCOCO
17th Century to the 18th Century
To appeal and compete with Protestant churches for
worshipers following the Protestant Reformation, the
Catholic church sponsored the creation of impressive
religious art and architecture, known as the Baroque
movement. Baroque art is characterized by rich color,
Christian themes, intense shadowing, and highly dramatic
scenes that are heavily foreshortened
In France during the late 1750's, the "Late Baroque" period,
or Rococo emerged. Rococo art was much different than
Baroque art, as many Baroque artists gave up their
symmetry for the omate and playful style of Rococo. Rococo
art was often used by nobles for displaying their wealth.
Baroque Art: 1600-1750
• Characterized by a reaction against formulaic
Mannerist style.
• Catholic Church was a big patron.
• A return to tradition and spirituality.
• Flourishing, flowing style; artists fond of curbing
forms full of movement.
 • Spain 2. Stands as a Hallmark of the Baroque style
• Flanders 3. Brings together the works of the finest Renaissance and
• Holland Baroque artists.
• England • Carlo Maderno was the architect
• France • Gianlorenzo Bernini was the sculptor.
• Rococo Art
BAROQUE ART
The Age of Baroque The Baroque Period in Italy
• This period roughly spans from 1600 - 1750. • Started in Rome
• This is an age of genius in many fields of endeavor. - Perhaps as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation?
• The Baroque period in Europe includes a number of - Also, in reaction to Mannerism St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. Pope John Paul II lying in state at the foot of Bernini's bronze

post-Renaissance styles that do not have that much
in common.
Baroque Art
• Baroque - word is believed to derive from the
Portuguese word barroco, meaning "irregularly
shaped pearl."
• There was a continuation of Classicism and
• The Baroque period is also referred to as the Age of canopy (left) in the transept of St. Peter's Basilica, April 6, 2005. Bernini's St. Longinus can
be seen in niche at right.
Expansion, especially in the arts.
• Patron Popes of the Baroque included:
- Paul V
- Urban VIII
- Innocent X
.
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger leading Mass in the transept of St. Peter's Basilica. Mass held
The Artists April 18, 2005, before cardinals sequestered themselves for their conclave. In the

naturalism of the Renaissance. • Gianlorenzo Bernini background is Francesco Mochi's sculpture Saint Veronica (1629).

• At the same time, a more colorful, ornate, painterly, • Caravaggio Gianlorenzo Bernini
and dynamic style was developing. • Artemisia Gentileschi • Made numerous sculptures for St. Peter's.
• Motion and space were concerns for artists and • Francesco Borromini • He also designed the piazza!
architects. • Diego Velazquez His sculpture David embodies three of five characteristics of
• Additional concerns were with the concept of time, • Peter Paul Rubens Baroque sculpture:
the dramatic use of light, and theatricality. • Rembrandt van Rijn - Motion
• Jan Vermeer - A different way of looking at space
• Nicolas Poussin -The concept of time
- Drama
Artistic Styles Architecture
Baroque Art St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome and its expansion and
• In Italy renovation is a good example of Baroque architecture.
• Outside of Italy 1. Expresses Renaissance ideals
 Francesco Borromini
• Successfully incorporated the Baroque elements of
motion, space, and lighting into his architecture.
• His work moved from the static to the organic.
• Plasticity - the ability of any material, object, or
design to change or transform.

- GIANLORENZO BERNINI. The ecstasy of St. Theresa (1645-1652). The Baroque Period outside Italy
Marble. Height of group: approx. 11’6”.
• Italian Baroque ideas were used by artists
- ARTEMISIA GENTILESHI.
- CARAVAGGIO. The Conversion of St. Paul (1600-1601). Oil on canvas. throughout Europe.
90” x 69” • Northern artists were interested in realism.
• Dutch artists painted everyday scenes and perfected
Artemisia Gentileshi the genre painting.
• 1593 - c.1652 • Spain and Flanders adopted the Venetian use of
• Her father was a successful painter in Rome. color and created energetic motion with brushwork.
Ceiling Decoration
• Work was emotional and depicted stories and • France and England adopted Baroque's Classicism.
• Baroque art wanted to combine architecture,
subjects in a different light.
sculpture, and painting.
• Was raped during her apprenticeship and many Spain
• Artist managed to do so on the ceilings of naves and
historians believe her personal struggles dealing
domes of churches and cathedrals. • Spain was one of the wealthiest countries in Europe
with the trial of her accuser led to an obsession with at this time, due to the influx of riches from the New
• They created an illusion of depth using trompe l'oeil
her work Judith World.
effects.
• Decapitating Holofernes. • The court was lavish in its support of foreign artists,
• They used illusionist devices to create a total,
• How do you think this might have affected her but especially its native talent.
mystical atmosphere,
artwork? The artists:
• Compare Baroque ceiling decoration to the Sistine
Chapel ceiling • Diego Velásquez
Judith and Holofernes • Francisco de Zurbarán
by Caravaggio & Artemisia Gentileschi
• Both Baroque paintings are roughly contemporary.
• One was created by an Italian male artist and one by
an Italian female artist. How do you think gender
influenced their artistic styles?
• What are the subtle messages offered to us by Diego Velázquez
Gentileschi? • 1599-1660
 • Court painter for King Phillip IV. - Inigo Jiones
Used: - Sir Christopher Wren
• Baroque techniques and Venetian colors. • Wren's masterpiece is the new St. Paul's Cathedral
• Stark contrast in lights and darks in London.
• Deep illusionist space
• Common folk as models
• Harsh realism by using real faces and natural
attitudes in his main characters.
• Small rough textured brushstrokes that would be
the foundation of the impressionist movement. Architecture
• The French king's taste for the classical extended to
architecture.
• The Palace of Versailles is one of the grandest
monuments in the French Baroque.
- Divides into Classically balanced threes.
The architects: The Rococo
- Louis le Vaux • Rococo is a unique style within the Baroque period
- Jules Hardouin-Mansart and strays further away from Classicism.
• It is a more ornate style that shows sweetness,
gaiety, and light, painterly and pastel features.
France
• It is chiefly characterized by the representation of
• France's "sun king," Louis XIV, preferred Classicism,
leisurely, frivolous, activities of upper class society.
and he created academies and teachers to
The artists (painting):
perpetuate this Baroque style
-Jean-Honoré Fragonard
• The French Baroque is a more reserved style, toward
-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
Raphael
The artists:
• Nicholas Poussin - main exponent of Classical style
in France.
Used: England
- More static staged motion • England's most significant contribution to the arts in
- Ard, sculptural Raphaelesque figures. the 17th and 18th century was in the realism of
architecture.
The architects:

MODULE 7.1: ART HISTORY
NEOCLASSICISM
(Late 18th century to Mid-19th century)
Inspired by the Enlightenment, Neoclassicism grew as a
response to the declining Rococo movement. Neoclassical
art was had a much darker subject matter than Rococo art
and was often used French politics under such leaders as
Maximilian Robespierre as well as Napoleon Bonaparte.
Additionally, Neoclassicism adapted many characteristics of
Greek and Roman classicism, which is evident in the poses
of figures, the type of paint and the drapery fabrics.
Historical background
• It concerned taste, hence, the importance assigned
to the decoration, furniture, and even the changing
passions of clothes (Pischel, 1968, A World history of
art, Golden Press, NY page 575)
• It is also concerned knowledge, the interests and
enthusiasm aroused by archaeology, with its
discoveries of the Greek, Roman, Etruscan, and
Egyptian worlds. (Pischel, 1968, A World history of
art, Golden Press, NY page 575)
Influential persons
Architects
• Robert Smirke (1780-1867)

• meaning "new-classical”. (Gilbert 1998, Leaving with

art, 5 Ed. McGraw Hill pg499)
• Robert Adam (1728-1792)
• shows simplicity, calmness, reasoning, clarity, and
enlightenment. (Gilbert 1998, Living with art,5 Ed,
McGraw Hill. Pg. 499)
• neoclassical art is a severe and an emotional form of
art harkening back to the grandeur of ancient
Greece and Rome. (Adams, 1999, art across time,
McGraw Hill, 1st Ed, Pg701) Sculptors
• Its rigidity was a creation to the overbred Rococo
• Antonio Canova (1757 – 1822)
style and the emotional charged Baroque style.
(archcyclopaedia.com/history/neoclassicism.html)
• It also concerning aesthetics, the acceptance as a
model of beauty not to be bound in nature A mental
elaboration of perfection. (Pischel, 1968, A World • Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)
history of art, Golden Press, NY page 575)
 NEO-CLASSICAL WORKS Sculpture
Paintings

• Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770-1844)

PSYCHE REVIVED BY CUPID’S KISS. Artist: Antonio Canova. Medium: Marble.

Painters First Version: 1787-1793. Dimension: 155cm x 168cm. (61in x 68 in). Location:
THE OATH OF HORATII. Jacques-Louis David. Oil on Canvas. 11ft x 14ft (3.35 X Louvre, Paris; Hermitage Museum, saint Petersburg
• Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) 4.27 m)

• Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)

• Anton Raphael Mengs (1728-1779)

HEBE. Artist: Canova (1800-1805)
The Death of Socrates

VOLTAIRE. Artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon (1778)

The Death of Marat
 Architecture ROMANTICISM EXAMPLES OF VISUAL ARTS
(1780 AD TO 1850 AD)
Neoclassical Art
Romanticism movement originated as a revolt against the
Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution of early
modern Europe. Unlike the Neoclassicism, Romanticist
artists created paintings far more dreamy and imaginary
than Neoclassical artists, and were often narratives.
Additionally, Romanticism paintings appealed to the
emotions of trepidation and awe, through nightmarish
narratives and have inspiring natural shots.
L’église de la Madaleine Romantic Art
Definition
Romanticism refers to the movement in art, literature, and
music during early 19th century. Romanticism is
characterized by the 5 “I”s

• Imagination
• Intuition
• Idealism
• Inspiration
• Individuality
The Cathedral of Vilnius
Visual Arts
Neoclassical art was rigid, severe, and unemotional; it
harkened back to Ancient Greece and Rome.
Romantic art was emotional, deeply felt, individualistic,
and exotic. It has been described as a reaction to
Neoclassicism or “Anti-Classicism”. John Singleton Copley-Charles I Demanding the Five Members in the House of
Commons in 1642

Berlin Altes Museum, Friedrich Thiele, (1830)


The “Pilgrims”by Robert W. Weir (1844)
The Second of May 1808, also Known as The Charge of the Mamelukes by the
Spanish painter Francisco Goya
Realism
Mid 19th century (or 1800’s)
Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix
The Nightmare. Henry Fuseli. 1781 AD
REALISM
(1848 AD TO 1900 AD)
Realism began as a rejection of the imagination and
subjectivism of Romanticism and focused more on
accurate observation of the ordinary world. Realist
artists were characterized by painting everyday people
in ordinary situations, as well as being audacious by
painting explicit subject matter like prostitutes.
Additionally, Realism paintings were often en plein air,
which means they were painted while outdoors.
Realism?
• Really, some in the arts is the attempt to
represent subject matter truthfully, without
artificiality, and avoiding artistic conventions,
implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.
Artists felt that they should portray political, social, and
moral issues, without glorifying the past presenting
romantic views of the present. The artists presented
familiar scenes as they actually appeared, hence
realism.
1. Painting realistic situations. Painting realistic
2. Celebrating working class and peasants.
3. en plein air
4. rustic painting.
Realism is a style or movement needs to be
distinguished from “realism” as a term to describe the
very precise, detailed, and accurate representation in
art of the visual appearance of scenes and objects.
Books:
It is an attitude of mind, a mode of thinking and an
attempt to explain the nature of things. (Dhiman 2008)
Realism is a style of art that depicts what the eye can
see. It tries to capture everyday people doing everyday
ordinary things. Artist have tried to do this for a long
time.
Fine arts
• treatment of forms, colors, space, etc in such a
manner as to emphasize their correspondence
to actuality or to ordinary visual experience.
• a style of painting and sculpture developed
about the mid-19th century in which figures and
scenes are depicted as they are experienced or
might be experienced in everyday life.
❖ Made to be realistic as possible.
❖ Against the exaggerated emotions of romantic
movement.
❖ was objective and down to Earth.
❖ Realism movements began in France in late
1850s.
❖ The opposite of abstract.
❖ The goal was not to convey beauty, but
commonplace in all its plainness.
❖ Branches of this type of art include social
realism, magic realism, and hyper- realism.
Examples of realism can be found throughout art history. • Sets her painting as in them mitts of an action, a
Greek sculpture carved life like replicas of their models, like simple one, however it is like photography taken as Realism
this old peasant woman. each person was in the middle of an action.
• Seems to have used much oil paint. Painters in the 17th century Caravaggio brought a new
• Used texture as well as shading and tones to create realism their work instead of painting idealized figures.
a more realistic look.
Works of Jean Francois millet

Important Realist Painters

“Potato Planters” By: Jean Francois Millet
• Henri Cadiou
• Usual setting for one of Millet’s painting.
• Ford Madox brown The Calling of saint Matthew by: Michelangelo Caravaggio
• Very simple plot, it’s just two farmers planting potatoes.
• Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin • Looks like oil painting. Other examples of realism artists include the Spanish artist,
• Gustave Courbet • Great textures as well as shading.
Diego Velázquez.
• Honoré Daumier
• Thomas Eakins
• Winslow Homer
• Jean-Francois millet
• Rembrandt van Rijn
• Théodore Rousseau
• Edward hopper
• Andrew Wyeth
“Man With a Hoe” By: Jean Francois Millet
Jean Francois Millet • Set a field, as usual with something like a camp spot behind him.
• It’s different because you actually see the man’s face.
• Seems to have been influenced by working man or • He looks tired, possibly from hoeing.
woman. • Another painting well done with shading and texture.
 The Maids of Honor by: Diego Velázquez

Modern Realistic Paintings IMPRESSIONISM

(1865 AD TO 1885 AD)

During the Industrial revolution in France, the Impressionist

movement began. Like Realist, Impressionist sought to
capture a specific moment in time, but laid much more
emphasis on the effects of light than the Realists.
Additionally, Impressionism characterized by small, but
visible, brush strokes, open composition, and real life
subject matter.
The Gleaners. Jean-Francois Millet. 1857 AD
Impressionism: Late 19th Century, Early 20th Century

• Name was derived from Claude Monet’s painting:

Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet. Gustave Courbet. 1854 AD
By: Iman Maleki
A Burial at Ornans. Gustave Courbet. 1850 AD
“Impressionism, Sunrise”
• Characterized by visible brush strokes and an open
composition.
• Emphasis on light and the changing quality of light
reflecting the passage of time.
• Focus on ordinary subject matter.
• Paintings show movement and unusual vivid Angles.
• Artists favored working in open air to capture
changing life.
• Their depictions of modern life.
• Their rejection of established European styles.
• The embracing of new experimental ideas known
“avant garde”
• The incorporation of new techniques such as short,
choppy brushstrokes, using pure bright colors.
• New synthetic pigments and ready made paint solid
in tubes.
• Interested in painting “plain air” landscaping

Paintings at Chitra Santhe

Artists were united. Key Impressionists Artists

• In 1853, after more than 200 years, Japanese ports

reopened to trade with West.
• Woodcut prints by Japanese masters of view. Ukiyo-
e tradition, as well as other exotic objects such as Van Gogh-Japonisme-Impressionism
fans and kimonos, became easily available in • Van Gogh like many other impressionists and post
Europe. impressionists artists, was one of the admirers of
• The Japanese prints and items had a large effect on Japanese art.
the artwork of many Impressionists, as well as post-
impressionists.
Japonisme: the Japanese influence on European art during
Impressionism.

Le Japonaise by Claude Monet


Gustave Caillebotte. Paris: A Rainy day Oil on canvas 1877
Edgar Degas. The Tub. (Pastel on paper 1885)
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
(1885 AD TO 1910 AD)
Unhappy with triple subject matter of Impressionism, the
post- Impressionism movement began in France in late 19th
century. Like Impressionism, post-Impressionism had a
strong emphasis on light as well as distinguishable
brushstrokes. Additionally, post-Impressionism became an
even greater medium for expression, as it was not afraid to
have unorthodox subject matter.
• Differed from Impressionists in the artists desire to
attain more form and structure as well as more
expression and emotion into their paintings. The
artist led away from the naturalistic approach.
• Similarities between impressionism and post several contemporary trends, and for early 20th
Impressionism include both used a real life subject, century modernism.
distinctive brushstroke, thick layers of paint and
vivid colors. Still used short brush strokes of broken
color.
Van Gogh-The Night café (oil on canvas 188)
Van Gogh-The Night café (oil on canvas 188)
• Van Gogh is well known for his prolific output as well
as for his ability to display his tortured inner world.
• His use of bold color, impasto and swirling
brushstrokes made even the most mundane subject
• Post-Impressionism in Western painting, movement matter seen emotional.
in France that represented both an extension of • The piece depicts the interior of the café in Arles, the
Impressionism and a rejection of that style inherit large gaslit room is typical of the time period
limitations. The term post-Impressionism was • The few people in the room help create an
coined by the English art critic Roger Fry for the work atmosphere of loneliness and desolation in the
of such late 19th century painters as Paul Cezanne, painting.
Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh,
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and others.
• Impressionism was based in its strictest sense, on
the objective recording of nature in terms of fugitive
effects of color and light. The post-impressionists
rejected this limited aim in favor of more ambitious
expression, admitting their debt, however, to the
Paul Cezanne. The Basket of apples. (oil on canvas 1895)
pure, brilliant colors of impressionism its freedom
from traditional subject matter and it’s technique of
defining form with short brushstrokes of broken
color. The work of these painters formed a basis for

Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 AD
Munch. The Scream. 1890-1894
NEO IMPRESSIONISM
(THE ERA OF DIVISIONISM AND POINTILLISM)
What is Neo impressionism?
• Neo- Impressionism is a movement in French
painting of the late 19th century that reacted acted
against the empirical realism of Impressionism
relying on systematic calculation and scientific
theory to achieve predetermined visual effects.
• Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by French art Divisionism also called Chromoluminarism, is a color theory
critic Felix Feneon in 1886, to describe an art that advocates placing small patches of pure pigment
movement founded by George Seurat. separately on the canvas in order that the viewer’s eye will
• Most linear Impressionists held anarchists beliefs. optically blend the colors. Divisionism became widely
Their depictions of the working class and peasants applied to any artist dividing or separating color while using
called attention to the social struggles taking place small brushstrokes.
as the rise of industrial capitalism gained speed, and
their search to harmony in art paralleled their vision
as utopian society. The freedom they sought in
scientific study furthered their abilities to overthrow
bourgeois norms and conventions that hamper their
individual autonomy.
• In order to more fully capture luminosity seen in
nature, the Neo-impressionist turned to science in
finding their painting technique to juxtaposing
various colors and tones to create a shimmering,
illuminated surface. By systematically placing Pointillism
contrasting colors, as well as black, white and grey
POINTILLISM relied on the same theory of optical blending
next to each other on the canvas, the painters
but specifically applied tiny separates “point “or dots of
hoped to heighten the visual sensation of the image.
pigment.
Characteristics
What are the characteristics of Neo-Impressionism?
In Neo-Impressionism, there are two characteristic that
defines this art movements and the style that is being used
within the movement.
• Divisionism
• Pointillism
Other Characteristics
Divisionism
 The style also features luminescent surfaces, a
stylized deliberateness that emphasizes a decorative design
and an artificial lifelessness in the figures and landscapes.
Neo-Impressionists painted in the studio, instead of
outdoors as the Impressionist had. The style focuses on
contemporary life and landscape and is carefully ordered
rather than spontaneous in technique and intention.
Proponents
The main proponents of Neo-Impressionism and example of
their works.
George Seurat
Was a French Post-
Impressionist artist. He is best
known for devising the
painting techniques known as
Chromoluminarism and
Pointillism while less famous
than his painting his conte
crayon drawings have also
garnered a great deal of
critical appreciation. Seurat’s
artistic personality was
compounded of qualities,
which usually supposed to be opposed and incompatible.
On the other hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on
the other hand, a passion for logical abstraction and an
almost mathematical precision of mind.
A Sunday afternoon on la Grande Jatte (1884-886)
Paul Signac
Born in Paris on 11 November 1863. He followed a course
of training in architecture before deciding at the age of 18
to pursue a career as a painter after attending an exhibit of
Monet’s work.
In 1884 he met Claude
Monet and Georges
Seurat. He was struck by
the systematic working
methods of Seurat and by
his theory of colors and
became Seurat’s faithful
supporter, friend and heir
with his description of Neo
Impressionism and
Divisionism method.
Under Seurat’s influence,
he abandoned the short brushstrokes of Impressionism to
experiment with scientifically juxtapose small dots of pure
color, intended to combine and blend not on canvas but in
the viewer’s eye, the defining feature of pointillism.
SYMBOLISM
- meaning Beyond the obvious.
A symbol is an object that stands for itself and a greater
idea.
In literature, Symbolism creates a direct, meaningful link
between a specific object, scene, character, or action and
abstract ideas, values, persons, or ways of life.
Symbolism is used to provide meaning beyond the obvious:
Emphasize key ideas or themes:
A river can represent the flow of
life…
…. or its depth may represent the
unknown….
…the water might be purity…
…or there could be dangers
beneath the surface.
Draw attention to the plot:
A walk into a tunnel - or change from day to night - could
show movement from good to evil or something bad is
coming.
A storm at a critical moment can represent the intense
emotion and trouble.
And dawn may show the end of conflict “start of a new day”.
And give insight into characters:
In Poe’s “Telltale Heart,” the sound of the beating heart
represents man’s guilt.
….a character’s name me tell you something about them
and ‘The lottery” Mr. Graves has authority over the killing.
….and the characters appearance can be symbolic’- in cask
of Amontillado, Fortunato wears a fool’s costume- and he is
in fact a fool for trusting the narrator.
How can you spot a symbol?
There’s no way, but some things look for are:
• Colors or objects that are used repeatedly: if it’s
mentioned often, it’s probably important.
• Unusual character names.
• Objects or creatures that have cultural meaning.
(Lions =strength. Owls= wisdom, etc.)
One warning
• Many “symbols “are personal interpretations-
and unintended by the author.
What can be a symbol?
• An object.
• Picture.
• Written word.
• Sound.
• Numerals
• Language.
• Mathematical symbol
Political symbol
Maple leaf = all things in Canadian
Red bars= Pacific and Atlantic Ocea (surrounding Canada)
Red Bars also= English and French influences
Color Symbolism
Symbolism in Writing
• Symbolism is used to provide meaning to the writing
beyond what is actually being described.
• Plot and action are one level in the story, symbolism
is another level.
• The theme is represented on the physical level.
• Example: A storm occurring when there is conflict or
high emotion.
• Example transition from day to night =might move
from goodness to evil.
Example of Literature
Lord of the Flies
Ralph with his conch shell represents order and democracy,
while Jack symbolizes savagery and anarchy. The island
itself symbolizes the world in which we live, and the actions
of the characters are symbolic of the way people conduct
their lives.
Harry Potter
Could be seen as containing a lot of symbolism, although
there are many interpretations as there are creatures in the
book. One clear symbol is the commonly used one - the
used of the snake to represent evil. It is no coincidence that
the symbol of Slytherin house is a serpent.
ART NOUVEAU
Birth of art Nouveau
The last third of the 19th century saw the development of a
fundamentally approach to architecture and interior
design. All over Europe there was a need for a liberating
change of direction, a desire to break away from set
formulas based on pastiche of historical styles and a search
for original ideas, all of which resulted at the beginning of
the 1890s in the birth of Art nouveau.
Introduction; Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (French for “new Style”) was popularized by
the famous Maison de l’Art Nouveau (House of new Art), a
Paris Art Gallery operated by Siegfried Bing.
Art Nouveau represents the beginning of modernism in
design (modern architecture). It occurred at a time when
mass produced consumer goods began to fill the
marketplace, and designers, architects and artists began to
understand that the handcrafted work of centuries past
could be lost. While reclaiming this craft tradition, art
Nouveau designers simultaneously rejected traditional
styles in favour of new, organic forms that emphasize
humanity’s connection to nature.
Time & Place
Art Nouveau art and architecture flourished in major • Secession, in Austria
European cities between 1890 and 1914. • Stile Liberty, in Italy
It embraced all forms of art and design: Critical Nicknames
• Architecture. From its earliest appearance, the Art Nouveau was also
• Furniture. dubbed with a host of critical nicknames such as: Gaudi house
Mackintosh School
• Glassware. Barcelona, Spain
• eel style Glasgow, Scotland
1903
• Graphic design. 1897-1909
• Noodle style Gives precedence to the
• Jewelry. Dependent on the straight line
• mutton bone style curved line and floral shapes
• Painting.
• dandy style
• Pottery
• Metalwork. ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE Stephan Tschudi Madsen (art historian)
• Textile. • Proposed a more subtle classification, but still relies
Features
This was a sharp contrast to the traditional separation on an assumed antagonism between four designs.
Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features:
apart into the distinct categories of fine art (painting In his book Sources of art Nouveau, he describes for styles,
and sculpture) and applied arts (ceramics, furniture and • asymmetrical shape. 1.) An abstract structural
style with a strong 2.) A floral approach
other practical objects). • Extensive use of arts and curved forms
symbolic and dynamic focusing on organic
• Curved glass. tendency. (France and plant form.
Hallmarks of art Nouveau style
• Curving, plant like establishments. Belgium)
• Horta, Guimard, van de Velde Galle, Majorelle, Vallin
Flat, decorative patterns. • Mosaics
• Intertwined organic forms such as stem or flowers. • Stained glass.
• An emphasis on handcrafting as opposed to • Japanese motifs
machine manufacturing.
Pierre Francastel
• The use of new materials.
• And the rejection of earlier styles. • Divides Art Nouveau into two main tendencies
Henry van de Velde’s house Aquarium pavillion
that could broadly termed the organic and the
Other names of art Nouveau:
rationalist. 4.) A structured,
3.) The linear, flat approach
As it moved through Europe Art Nouveau went through with a heavy symbolic
geometric style.
several phases and took on a variety of names. (Austria and
element.
Germany)
• Nieuwe kunst in Netherland Glasgow group, Mackintosh
Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffman,
Loos)
• Jugendstil in Germany Rationalist Organic
• Arte Joven, in spain

Glasgow School of Art
By: Charles Rennie Mackintosh
ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS
Victor Horta
(Belgian Architect and designer), (January 6, 1861-
September 8, 1947)
Hotel tassel
Brussels, Belgium
Construction started
1893 completed 1894
(!st Nouveau Building in
the World)
Stairway of Tassel
House, Brussels
Hôtel van Eetvelde
Brussels, Belgium
Construction started
1898 completed 1900
FAUVISM implied. Tactile texture (real texture) is the way
the surface of an object actually feels. Examples
(Expressive Landscapes Through Colour)
of these include sandpaper, cotton balls, tree
Principle of Design bark, puppy fur, etc. Implied texture is the way
the surface of an object looks like. It feels the
• Movement: shows actions or alternatively the path
Majolikahaus in Vienna texture may look rough, fizzy, gritty, but cannot
By: Otto wagner viewers eye follows throughout an artwork.
actually be felt.
Movement is caused by using element under the
rules of the principles in picture to give feeling of Tell me more!
tion and to guide viewers eyes throughout the
• The Fauves breaker activities by wild
artwork.
brushstrokes, vivid colors, and flat work.
• Emphasis: the point of attraction in a piece of art
• Their work was simple yet distract.
that draws the viewer’s eye. If something in a piece
• Generally, images featured landscapes in which
of art’s emphasis it stands out among other ships,
forms were distracted. (Mimic nature and
lines, and viewing points of the painting / drawing.
recreate impression of light)
• Unity: The wholeness that is achieved through the
• Henri Matisse was one of the fauves leaders.
effective use of the elements and principle of arts.
The arrangement of elements and principles to What is Fauvism?
create the feeling of completeness.
• French for the wild beasts.
Elements of Art • Movement of modern artists.
• Group of painters that use strong use of colors.
• Colors: There are three (3) properties of color.
- First is hue, which simply means the name we • Colors were placed over the representational or
give to the color ( red, blue, etc). realistic values of the Impressionists.
- The second property is intensity, which refers to • So, the fauves came in and used bright, intense
the strength and vividness of the color. For colors over the subtle, impressionistic painting.
example, we may describe the colour blue as
royal (bright, rich, vibrant) or “dull “(grayed)
- The third and final property of color is its value,
meaning its lightness or darkness. The terms
shade and tint are in reference to value changes
in color.
• Texture: the perceived surface quality. In art
there are two types of texture: tactile and
 Derain- “Charing Cross Bridge”
Derain- “The Mountains at Collior”
More Fauvist Work
Matisse- “Landscape at Collioure”
Matisse – “Landscape”
EXPRESSIONISM (1890 AD – 1935 AD)
Originating in Germany at the end of the 19th century,
Expressionism was focused more on the emotion of color
rather than the reality of and Often times appeared
abstract. Expressionist artists sought to express the
meaning and emotion an experience often times distorting
their works greatly for added.
The Scream (Edvard Munch -1893 AD)
Sokea Soittoniekka (Blink Musician) – (Alvar Cawen – 1922 AD)
CUBISM (1905 AD- 1920 AD)
Beginning at the start of the 20th century, Cubism emerged.
Rejecting naturalistic depiction of prior. Cubists preferred
compositions of shapes and forms used in an abstract way.
Cubism can be further divided into two branches: Analytical
and Synthetic Cubism. Analytical Cubism had greater depth
and focused on breaking down forms into simple geometric
shapes, while Synthetic Cubism was much more flat and
often used mixed media and collage.
Cubism (1907-1914)
• Led by Picasso, also Duchamp
• Characterized by rejecting a single viewpoint
• 3- dimensional subjects were fragmented and
redefined from several points of view
simultaneously
• New way of representing the world and new
theories
• Influenced by Einstein’s “theory of relativity”
Cubism From these various types of components of art, they
developed the style that came to be known Cubism.
• It was the first abstract style of modern art.
Developed by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in
1907 in Paris, France
• Cubism isn’t just painting, it is also sculpting.
• The artist of Cubism also known as “Cubists”
challenged the perspective aspect of art with the
intention of developing a new way of seeing. Still life pitcher and fruit (1894 – Paul Cezanne)

The main influencers and spreaders of Cubism are: The simple form of cubes, sphere
Monte Sainte Victoire – 1897 (Paul Cezanne)
Georges Braque (1882-1963) Pablo Picasso
Objects that tended to dissolve, leading to abstraction.

Still life with bottle and apple basket (1894 – Paul Cezanne)

Development of cubism: The simple forms of cubes, spheres

Still Life – 1879 (Paul Cezanne)
The works of Paul Cezanne inspired Picasso and Braque in Some important aspects of cubism include…
The simple forms of spheres, and cones
the early 20th century. Particularly, they examined the • Facetted forms
fragmented space of Cezanne’s paintings • Very limited palette
• The ambiguity of forms in space • Multiple views of the subject
• The ambiguity of foreground/background- of • In sone of Picasso’s portraits, you can see the frontal
whether an object is in from of or behind another view and profile of the person
object • The cubist style emphasized the flat, two-
• Objects that tended to dissolve, leading to dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting
abstraction the traditional techniques of perspective.
• The simple forms of cubes, spheres, and cones Foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro (the
Mountains in provence-I-estaque (Paul Cezanne)
• African art was also influential. Picasso and Braque arrangement of light and dark elements in a pictorial
The ambiguity of foreground/background work of art) were included.
looked at the simple geometric forms and masks.
 • Cubist painters were not bound to copying from
textures, color, and space. Instead, they presented a
new reality in paintings that depicted radically
fragmented objects, who several sides were seen
simultaneously.
Two types of Cubism
1. Analytical Cubism (1908 to 1911)
2. Synthetic Cubism (1912 to 1919)
Violin and Candlestick, 1910 (Georges Braque)
The first of two phases of Cubism was called Analytic
because it analyzed the form of objects by shattering them Portrait of Ambrose Vollard, 1910 (Pablo Picasso)
into fragments spread out on the canvas.
This creates the illusion of movement because we can seen
several angles of the same subject.
The artist achieves the kaleidoscope like effect by using
lines to divide the artwork into geometric shapes.
The colors in analytical cubism are usually neutral and
muted. Changes in value, or shading, within the many
angles help create interest and a sense of density. Ma Jolie, 1911 (Pablo Picasso)

Subject matter is often ambiguous or hard to determine. Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 1910 (Pablo Picasso)

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselled d’Avignon, 1907, considered to be a Le Portugais (The Emigrant), 1911-12 – (Georges Braque)
major step towards the founding of the Analytical Cubism
La Guitaire, 1909-10 (Georges Braque)
Synthetic Cubism was developed 1912

• Colour was re-introduced with two technical called

Pepier Colle and Collage.
• Papier colle involves sticking colored paper onto the
canvas and was invented by Braque
• Collage was subsequently developed by Picasso and
involved including all kinds of material such as
newspaper or fabric in the painting.
• Both techniques bridged the gap between art and
life by sticking bits of the real world onto the canvas. Braque’s first Papier Colle (pasted paper) Fruit Dish with Glass was Fruit dish ace clubs (Georges Braque)
created in September of 1912 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts).
• They also drew attention to the fact that a painting
it is a flat object and blurred the line between
painting and sculpture.

Bowl of Fruit (The Fruit Dish, 1912 (Pablo Picasso)

Guitar Newspaper Glass Bottle (Pablo Picasso)

Picassos’s first collage Still Life with Chair Caning was created in May
of 1912 (Musee Picasso, Paris)

Violin Melodie, 1914 (Georges Braque)

Three Musicians, 1921 (Pablo Picasso)
SCULPTURES Cubism gave the world a new view on realism with its
distortion and overlapping.
Cubist sculpture developed in parallel with Cubist painting Beginning
beginning in Paris around 1909 with its proto-Cubist phase. Cubism can be seen as the starting point for, or an
• Originated in Italy in 1909
And evolving through the early 1920s. Just as Cubist essential element in. Several other modern art movements,
• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti launched Futurism
painting, Cubist sculpture essentially is the dynamic including Futurism (1909-14), Orphism (1910-13), Vorticism
• Futurism later on was considered as the most
rendering of three-dimensional objects in the language of (1914-15), Constructivism, (c.1919-1932), & Purism (1920-
important Italian Avante-Garde art movement of
non-Euclidean geometry by shifting viewpoints of volume 25)
the 20th century.
or mass in terms of spherical, flat and hyperbolic surfaces.
Key Ideas and Concepts
Cubist Sculptures by ‘Jacques Lipchitz’ (1981-1973)
• Neo-impressionism
• Symbolism
• Divisionism
• Cubism
• Modern Life
• Technology
• Violence
Woman with a Guitar (Georges Braque – 1913 AD) • Industrial
• Change
• Social movement
FUTURISM (DELA CRUZ, RIEL, PAGUIO) • Speed
End of Cubism Introduction to Futurism • Objects
During 1913 and 1914, Cubism had a widespread Leading Artists
• Futurism focuses on speed, technology, youth,
influence all over Europe and even in New York, where small violence and modern objects
cubist exhibits were held. But all that came to an end when Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
• It was borrowing from the elements of Neo-
World War I erupted in Europe. Braque and several other • Father of Futurism
Impressionism, symbolism and divisionism which
artist were called to arms to defend their countries. Many later distinguished that it was a combination of Neo- • An Italian poet about very modern, Avant-Garde
art historians mark this event as the end of Cubism, but Impressionism and Cubism poetry rather than writing about roses and
others believe that it extended into the 1920s by Picasso,
• Indicated the beauty of modern life nightingales.
who did not go to war. •
• Wished yo destroy older forms of culture Love all modern, technological, and dynamic
Even though the art movement had ended, some of things.
its style carried on into different aspects of modem art. Umberto Boccioni
 • An influential Italian painter and sculptor -Woman in the Balcony
• Some of his artwork are: - The Read Horseman
-Unique Forms of Continuity -Jolts of a Cab
- The City Rises - Concert Café
- Les Adieux
- Dynamism of a Cyclist
- The Charge of Lancers
- Simultaneous Visions
Giacomo Balla Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni (1913)

• Italian painter, art teacher and poet

• Best know as a key proponent of Futurism
• Some of his artworks are:
-Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
-Street Light Important Artworks Visioni Simultanee

- Girl Running on a Balcony

- Speeding Autommobile
-Fight of the Swallows
- The Hand of Violinist
Gino Severini Sea=Dancer by Gino Severini

• Italian painter
• Leading member of the Futurist movement
• Some of his artworks are:
-Sea=Dancer
Interventionist Manifesto by Carlo Carra (1935-54)
-Armored Train in Action
-The Haunting Dancer
-Dancer in Pigalle
Carlo Carra

• Italian painter The City Rises of Umberto Boccioni (1910)

• Another leading figure of the Futurist movement • Considered the first futurist painting
• Some of his artworks are: • Oil on canvas
 • Illustrates the modern city
• It resembles a war scene
• A large horse races while the workers are struggling
to control the horse
• Implies that there’s a tension between human and
animal
• The people and the horse are blurred which means
that there’s rapid movement while other elements
in the painting are more realistic
• Indicates the influences of other art movements
such as cubism, impressionism and post-
impressionism that can be seen in the brushstrokes.
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash by Glacomo Balla (1912)
• Most famous experiment of Balla
• The artist was inspired by chrono photography, a
vintage technique to show movement in several
frames.
• Anyone can notice that there’s a fast movement of
the woman and the dog in just one frame.
• Balla combined opaque and semi-transparent
shapes to indicate that there’s an action in process
Later Developments
The Cyclist by Natalia Goncharoya (1913)
• Goncharova was a leading figure in the pre-war
Russian avant-garde and also a painter, illustrator,
set and costume designer and writer.
• The artist was inspired by Russian folk art and often
included traditional motifs into pictures styled in a
Cubist manner
• The cyclist’s whole body and the bike have been
multiplied which indicates the speed of an object in
motion
• There’s a noticeable text in the painting that
indicates the artist’s interest in writing and graphic
design
Group’s Evaluation of the Art Movement
• From the artist Boccioni he used sculpture to help
further articulate the dynamism of Futurism with
the piece Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
(1913)
• In 1915, Italy entered in WW1 and by its end,
Boccioni and the Futurist architect Antonio Saint’Elia
passed away
• Futurism helped spark developments outside of
Italy and inspired artists in other media.
Influence and Legacy
• Influenced the 20th centure art movements
• A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement in
theatre
• Recognized Western dance music during 1980s
• Japanese Composer’s album ‘Futurista’ was inspired
by the movement
• Italian director included Futurist art in his feature
film “Vincere”
• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum featured the
exhibition “Italian Futurism, 1909-1944:
Reonstructing the Universe”
• Strengths
- Based on the research and opinions of all the
group members, the strength of Futurism is that
it is the most significant art movement of the
20th century combining all of the elements of
Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and other isms.
• Weaknesses
- According to sources, the weakness of Futurism
is that it has become too contemporary in that it
has moved to an existential art project of
Marinetti. It was viewed as a right-wing
movement for the period’s regime.
ABSTRACT ART
- Abstract art is a kind of art that uses a visual
language or form, colour, and line to create a
composition. It doesn't relate to anything
external or try to "look like” something. Instead,
the colour and form are the subject. Abstract is
 also generally classified to be figurative
abstractions and paintings which represent
things that aren’t visual, such as emotion, sound,
or spiritual experience.
What makes good abstract art?
- When it comes to abstract, you can't just get a From Berkeley Hills (Michael Goodman’s House) (1955)
pencil and make a wild scribble and be done with
By: Jackson Pollock
it. You have to put some feeling in it. Have a little
fun with paints, crayons, markers, or even a
pencil Try to make something interesting or fun
to look at. Be proud with what you make. Also,
make something you’d like.
Figurative Abstractions
One kind of abstract art you can make is figurative Untitled Made in late 1960s
abstractions. Figurative abstractions are abstractions or
Abstract Expressionism By: Andrea Kostyal
simplifications of reality, where detail is eliminated from
recognizable objects leaving only the essence or some • There is also abstract expressionism. This kind of
degree of recognizable form. abstract art started in 1946. Expressionism abstract
paintings include dripping, dropping, smearing,
Examples of Figurative Abstractions:
spattering, and even throwing paint onto a canvas.
Expressionism abstract got its name because it is
seen as combining emotional intensity and self-
expression.
Examples of Abstract Expressionism:
By: Chris Pagani

Renata Bernal

• One abstract artist is Renata Bernal. She was born in

The Chase (1958) Munich, Germany in 1937. Renata came to America
at the age of 13. As a child, she attended the Copper
Union Art School in New York City and graduated
with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the San
 Francisco Art Institute, and with a Masters in Art
Education from Brown University.
Working at the Art Institute
• As s student at the San Francisco Art Institute,
Renata studied etching, worked with ink drawings,
woodcuts, and with oil paints which she was drawn
to, because of the beautifully bright color.
• In late 1960s Renata Bernal began working with
acrylic airbrush on canvas. The airbrush allowed her
to produce, with acrylic paint, the same feeling she
experienced with oil paints. Over the following
decades, this was her primary medium that she used
for her large abstract pieces, although she still
continued to create ink drawings in the 1990’s and
make portraits with pastel and charcoal in the
1970’s and 1980’s,
A Great Artist Retired
• Renata Bernal uses geometric shapes and patterns
with lines which show a bold and finely tuned sense
of color, line and form. She does well whether she
uses primary colors, pastel shades, or the different
shades of one color. Many of her paintings have
been in only few select locations because of their
large size. Some of the places she has exhibited
includes New York City, San Francisco, Rhode Island,
and in many other cities in upstate New York. Now,
Renata Bernal is currently retired in upstate New
York, where she continues to enjoy and practice
painting her artwork, writing poetry and
participating in her local church.
Some of Renata Bernal’s Artwork:
Untitled (This was made with the acrylic airbrush)
Wild Blue Fantasyscape (This was made with oil paint)
Small Landscape (This was made with oil paints too)
Willem de Kooning
- Another abstract artist would be Willem de
Kooning. Willem was born in 1904 and grew up
in Holland. He lived with his mother after his
parents divorced. At the age of 12 Willem
dropped out of school. He wanted to from earn
enough money to get away from home because
his mother Cornelia de Kooning was pretty harsh
to him. She would slap and kick to teach him.
A Hard Worker
So, during the day, Willem painted hand-lettered signs and
decorated store windows. Though at night, he dreamed of
cowboys, movie stars, and the exciting life he had heard
about in America. He had already started planning his
escape from home. Willem planned to earn his living in
America with many different skills: carpentry, lettering, and
furniture repair.
Soon, Willem's employers noticed that he was not only a
hard worker, but also very talented. They encouraged him
to attend art school. So, for 8 years Willem worked and
studied at the Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts. Now,
Willem was more determined to get to America so he could
experiment with fresh ideas about color and form in art.
Getting to America
A few years later after Willem graduated from the Art
Academy, he met some sailors in the bar his Mom owned.
The sailors found out that Willem wanted a job on one of
their ships. The sailors found him a job in the engine room
on a freighter ship sailing to America. When the boat
docked in Virginia on August 1926, Willem jumped off.
After landing in Virginia, Willem boarded other ships and
managed to sail all the way to Hoboken, New Jersey. He
wanted to earn enough money to move into an apartment
in New York. In 1927 Willem got the chance to. When
Willem arrived at his destination, he was 23 years old. In
New York, Willem made plenty of friends.
Introduced to Art
How did Willem get introduced to art? Well, that started
one day when he found a small, hungry black and white
kitten. Willem decided to take it home. A few days later the
kitten climbed onto his fire escape and jumped into the
apartment upstairs. The men who shared that apartment
were a filmmaker and a poet. Once the men returned the
kitten, Willem was taken by his new friends, to meet art
critics, painters, writers, ballet dancers, and filmmakers all
over the city.
So, that's when Willem de Kooning began to paint pictures,
but he was never happy with his colors and shapes. So, for
each painting Willem created, he would just abandon them
and sign them later. But he knew that somehow, he would
later find ways to make them better.
Learning from Others
Willem de Kooning decided to learn from other painters.
There were three painters he learned from: Arshile Gorky,
Stuart Davis, and John Graham. They would take Willem to
museums, show him their work, and teach him what they
had learned. Later, Willem's teachers became famous
artists.
As Willem got better and better at his painting, he worked
in a program desianed by President Franklin Roosevelt
called, the Works Progress Administration. In this program,
Willem would paint paintin that Re s for offices and public
buildings. After a little of never went back to house painting
again. Willem also painted scenery for ballets, portraits of
important New Yorkers, repainted areas that had faded in of the time she was called Lisa for short. One day when
homes, and murals for wealthy homeowners. Willem came back to his studio, he found Lisa's baby hand
prints all over one of the paintings he had started. At first
Willem’s Artwork
Willem was angry, but then after looking it over, he started
As Willem worked, in his spare time he would still ' try to fix liking it. That painting was called, Lisbeth's Paintina.
up his other paintings. Every day he would Wipe off his old
On March 13, 1962, Willem became an American citizen. To
paintings and make new ones. People in New York soon
have a fresh start, Willem de Kooning, Joan Ward, and Lisa
were talking about how Willem and his new friends painted.
moved close to the beach. In their beach home, Willem
They talked about how they didn't paint anything that
continued to make money for his artwork. Willem hired
looked realistic. They would just paint abstract
assistants to help him move and store his paintings.
expressionism with just colors and shapes.
Willem's artwork started to sell for more and more money.
Willem's work soon showed more of his feelings and energy Soon Willem created new abstracts with more bright colors
than his friends' artwork, and his paintings weren't always and busier, more nervous brush strokes than ever before!
completely abstract. Sometimes in his paintings, you can
Some of Willem de Kooning’s Artwork
make out recognizable objects and people. Willem also
added plenty of action. There wouldn't be any part of the
canvas that was empty.
Elaine and Willem
As Willem started getting well-known, visitors would come
and watch Willem paint. One of the visitors was a young art
student named Elaine Fried. Elaine and Willem would talk a
lot about how and why artists painted. They would argue
DADAISM (1916-1923)
and laugh about the discussions. In 1943, they married.
Historical Background
Willem worked hard and became famous, but as this
happened, he and Elaine drifted in and out of each other’s • it was an idea, a kind of "anti-art", predicated on
lives. Sometimes they were a happy couple, but other times nihilist (from the Latin word nihil, meaning
thev argued. A lot of times thev would five apart. "nothing").
Eventually, Elaine fived separately from Willem de Kooning. • A protest against the bourgeois nationalist which
many Dadaists believed was the root cause of the
An American Citizen
war.
Soon, Willem was living with a young woman named Joan • An anti-Art for everything that art stood for
Ward. In 1956, Joan had a baby girl named Lisbeth.But most • To represent the opposite
Factors • Standing: Philippe Soupault, Jean Arp, Max Morise, Art Forms
Raphael, Paul Eluard, Louis Aragon, Andre Breton,
• The post- World War I cultural movement • Paintings
Giorgio de Chirico, Gala Eluard.
• The political, • Drawings
• Social and • Collage
• Cultural ideas • Sound
• Readymades
Influential People
• Sculpture
• Hugo Ball • Visual Arts
• Jean Arp • Literature
• Francis Picabia • Theatre
• Tristan Tzara • Photomontage
• Marcel Duchamp • Assemblage
Characteristics Mediums
Jean Arp
• Chance and Nonsense • Pencil
• “Ready-Made” objects • Poet and Sculptor Jean Arp/Hans Arp (September • Crayon
• Ephemera and Offense 16, 1886-June 7 1966) was a German/French • Paper
• Irony sculptor, painter, poet and a sounding member of • Readymades or found arts
Dadaism • Scissors
Artists
Marcel Duchamp • Glue
• Hans Arp
• July 28 1887 – October 2 1968 was a French artist Prefabricated objects like stuffed animals, prints of old
• Marcel Duchamp
whose work is most often associated with the paintings or photographs and ticket stubs and other artists
• Francis Picabia
Dadaist and Surrealist movements caught on.
• Marx Ernst
• Man Ray • Considered by some to one of the most important
• Kurt Schwitters artists of the 20th century
Trousse d’un Da (1920-1921)
Dada Movement Max Ernst
Jean Arp Assemblage of driftwood nailed

• Max Ernst – At the Rendezvous of Friends 1922
• Seated from left to right: Rene Crevel, Max Ernst,
Dostoievsky, Theodore Fraenkel, Jean Paulhan,
Benjamin Peret, Johannes Baargeld, Robert Desnos.
• (1891-1976) : Painter, sculptor, graphic artist, poet onto wood with some remains of the old
painting. 38.7x27 x 4.5 cm. Georges
• He founded a Dada group in Cologne in 1919
Pompidou Center, Paris.
• “Art has nothing to do with taste. Art is not there to
be tasted”
 (1919) Rectified readymade, pencil on reproduction Francis Picabia (French 1879-1953)
chromolithography ¾ x 4 7/8 inches Date: 1919-1920
Medium: oil on cardoard
Dimensions 50 ¾ x 35 3/8 (129.2 x 89.8 cm)

(1916-17) Jean Arp

Torn and pasted papers on gray paper, 19 1/8 x 13 5/8 inches (48.6 x
34.6 cm)
George Grosz (American, 1893-1959, Born and died in Germany)
Bicycle Wheel
Date: 1920
Was the first of Duchamp’s so called readymades, ordinary objects Medium: watercolor, ink, pencil, and cut and pasted printed paper on
that he turned into objects of art by changing their context and paper
Dimensions: 16 ½ x 12” (41.9 x 30.5 cm)
exhibiting them as sculpture.

Fountain 1917

White glazed ceramic plumbing fixture and pained signature,

readymade porcelain, uwinal on its back (63x48x35 cm)

By: Alfred Stieglitz

Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Man Ray (American, 1890-1976) Indestructible Object(or Object to be
Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90x144cm destroyed)
Date: 1964
Medium: Metronome with cutout photograph of eye on pendulum

L.H.O.O.Q
 Marcel Duchamp The Persistence of Memory Grant Wood
Mediums: oil paint, silver leaf, lead wire, magnifying lens glass Salvador Dali
Height 22 inc (55.8 cm) American Gothics, 1930
SURREALISM (1917 AD TO 1960 AD) 1931 AD

After World War I, art in the Western World tended to be

dominated by dark theme such as uncertainty and anxiety.
Surrealism was one of the darkest of these movements, and
Surrealist placed realistic objects in unrealistic situations in
order to confuse the viewer’s sense of reality. Additionally,
other characteristics of Surrealism include a dreamlike
setting, and disturbing visuals.
Surrealism (1920-1930) The Elephant Celebes
Max Ernst Edward Hopper
• Led by Dali, Duchamp, O’ Keefe 1921 AD
Nighthawks, 1942
• Artists’ interested in expressing imagination as
revealed in dreams and beyond (sur=above) reality. Abstract Expressionism (1940-1960s)
• Influenced by Freud’s idea of the subconscious self • Jackson Pollock, Mark Rathko, deKooning
• Works show freedom of conscious control and • The painter expresses his feelings and subconscious
reason thoughts through his work.
Loved the incongruous: familiar objects were presented in • Marked by the use of brushstrokes and texture
an unfamiliar manner. • Massive canvases were employed to convey
powerful emotions through the glorification of the
Without Hope act of painting itself.
Frida Kahlo
1945 AD • Painter paints abstract forms which do not directly
represent a specific object
• Considered the “Golden Age” of ancient art.
 Dorthea Lange
Jackson Pollock: #32 (1950) John’s Ventriloquist (1983)
Post-Modernism 1960's-present

• Led by Jasper Johns, David Hockney

• Characterized by a move away from high-brow art
and towards a more eclectic and populist approach.
Photography

• Focus on realistic and objective photography

• Photojournalism, telling the truth through photos
(Lange). "Posing is forbidden!"
• Adams shows light and shadows, natural Cassatt - The Bath (oil on canvas 1893)
landscapes.
• Cassatt was the only American to exhibit with the
impressionists
David Hockney
• She did many artworks that depict children being
cared for by their mothers. These reflect new ideas
about raising children. After 1870, French scientists
and physicians encouraged mothers to care for their
children themselves and to include regular bathing
to their routine.
• She liked depiction of common elements in
Ansel Adams
women's lives found among the floating world of
Japanese prints.
• The elevated viewpoint and simplified color and
Jasper Johns: Flag (1954-1955)
patterns are evidence of her respect for the
Japanese style.
Cezanne
 • Cezanne focused on traditional themes such as UNTITLED
portraits, still life and landscapes.
This was made with the acrylic
• He explored the underlying shapes of objects as well
airbrush.
as the use of color, rather than value to create form.
• He deliberately made some areas flat and used
disjointed perspective.
• Cezannes work was inspirational to Pablo Picasso
and the abstract art of the 20th century.
Andrea Kostyal

OPTICAL ART (1950S-1960S)

Chriss Pagani
Against the Enamel of a Background Rhythmic with Beats and Angles,
Tones, and Tints, Portrait of Félix Fénéon (1890) Renata Bernal

Examples of Abstract Expressionism One abstract artist is Renata Bernal. She was
born in Munich, Germany in 1937. Renata
came to America at the age of 13. As a child,
she attended the Cooper Union Art School in
New York City and graduated with a
Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the San
Francisco Art Institute, and with a Masters in
Art Education from Brown University.
Some of Renata Bernal’s Work
Jackson Pollock
Stephany Pulla
Optical Art Movement
• Optical Art is a mathematically-themed form of
Abstract art.
• It uses repetition of simple shapes and colors.
• Creates a foreground- background confusion.
• Many artists experimented with Optical art in the
early 1920s and 1930s.
• It is an art that to this day is still used. • In Op Art, as in perhaps no other artistic school, • Op Art is artwork that plays tricks on our eyes.
• The term Op Art refers to Optical Art. positive and negative spaces in a composition are of
• Op Art originated in the 1960's. equal importance. Op Art could not be created
• It was first called "kinetic art" (art which moves) without both.
because some of the art actually moved or appeared
How do that?
to move because of the way the designs play tricks
on our vision. Organization of:
• The visual effects use color and patterns that disturb
• Shapes
the eye and cause it to see images or movement on
• Colors
a flat surface
• Patterns
• Using
everyday Moving Optical Illusion
subject
• Placement within the picture
History

• The origins of Op Art go back to pre-war painting

Victor Vasarley theories, including the constructivist ideas of the
1920s Bauhaus design school in Germany, which
Vega Nor Improvisation
stressed the importance of the overall formal
design, in creating a specific visual effect.
• When the Bauhaus closed down in 1933, many of its
lecturers (notably Josef Albers) moved to America
• Optical illusion and taught in Chicago and at the Black Mountain
• Art that tricks the eyes College in North Carolina.
• Many different types OP ART
• Op art works are
mathematically-theme • When something plays tricks on your eyes it is called
form abstract art. an Optical Illusion...
• The critical techniques used in Op Art are
perspective and careful juxtaposition of color
whether chromatic and achromatic.
 Tracy Lee strum Victor Vasarely
Street Artist Etude Lineaire (1935)
Life of Pi 3D

POP ART WHAT IS IT ??!!!

Pop Art Late 1950s to Early 1970s
Toward the late 1950's, a movement known as Pop Art
emerged. Pop Art focused on subjects that wouldn't
Bridget Riley normally be considered art, such as advertisements, pop
Faces Hidden Blaze 1 (1962) culture, and consumerism. Additionally, because Pop Art
Oleg Shuplyak
Face Country
incorporated pop culture, it was easily accessible to the
Tsar Ivan average person.
Pop Art
n. A form of art that depicts objects or scenes from everyday
life and employs techniques of commercial art and popular
illustration. pop-art (pop'ärt')
When+ Where

Cataract 3 (1967) • A visual art movement that emerged in the 1950s

Sidewalk Chalk and was popular in the 1960s in the United States.
Edgar Mueller
Street Artist What
 • Characterized by themes and techniques drawn
from popular mass culture, such as television,
movies, advertising and comic books.
• Food was a common theme, but so were household
objects.
• Pop artists liked to satirize or ridicule objects,
sometimes enlarging those objects to gigantic
proportions. These objects reflected mass culture
and consumerism.
Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different. So Appealing?
How Richard Hamilton (1956 AD) Andy Warhol | Campbell’s Soup (1968) | Sixteen Jackies (1964
• The movement was marked by clear lines, sharp
paintwork and clear representations of symbols, WHO
objects and people commonly found in popular
culture.

Andy Warhol

Roy Lichtenstein | Whaam! (1963) | Hopeless (1963)

Drowning Girl
Roy Lichtenstein (1963 AD)
 • Often reflects and copies the styles seen in the
media
• Collages of popular images
• Bright Colors
• Some work re-creates the same subject in several
pieces or within the same piece

MINIMALISM • Frank Stella

Roy Lichtenstein | Brush Stroke (1996)
“Less is more” – Ludwig Mies van der Roche • Carl Andre
• Robert Morris
Roots of Minimalism • Donald Judd
1950s • Agnes Martin
• Sol Le Witt
Robert Morris

Tome Wesselmann | Smoker number 1 (Mouth number 12) (1967) |

Still Life #24 1962

Summary of Major Themes in Pop Art • Piet Mondrian

• Theo van Do esburg
Subjects are often easily recognizable and reflect popular
• Ad Reinhardt
items, people or ideas from American Culture:
• Kazimir Malevich
• Food • Installation in the Green Gallery, New York, 1964
• Brand Names and products
Beginning of the Movement • Untitled, 1969
• Iconic Figures 1960 • Thread Waste, 1968
• Common, everyday household items • Untitled Corner Piece, 1964
• Current events
Stylistically pop art can be defined as: Carl Andre
• Simple, crisp lines
• Oversized images or objects
 To strip down extra and unwanted material. • Is long-lasting.
• Is environmentally friendly.
Focus:
• Is as little design as possible.
• Form
• Light
PHOTO-REALISM
• Space
• Details of material: Rediscovering the valuable What is Photo-Realism?
qualities in simple and common materials
• Evolved from Pop Art movement and was a
Conveying the message of simplicity: response to the flowing brush strokes and explosion
• Still Blue Range, 1965 of paint that was Abstract Expressionism. Photo
• War and Rumors of War, 1969 • Basic geometric forms
realist relied extensively on photographic reference
• Steel-Aluminum Plain, 1969 • Elements without decoration
to compose and execute their works.
• Simple materials
Artist’s Approach Concept and Styles • Began in the late 1960's in North America.
• Repetitions of structures, representing a sense of
• Other names for Photorealism can be Super, Hyper,
Subject order and essential quality.
Sharp focus, or New Realism.
• Essence Architecture: Zen Influence • There are two main types of Photorealism:
• Essentials Sculpture and Painting.
• Buddhism
• Identity • Focused on capturing life exactly as is and using
• Freedom and essence of living
precision.
Eliminating Non-essential • Reveals the inner qualities of materials and objects,
apart from aesthetic value.
• Forms
• Features Dieter Ram’s
• Concepts • “Less but better”
Naming • German industrial designer TECHNIQUES OF PHOTOREALISM AND DEFINING
QUALITIES
• ABC art 10 Principle of Design
• Reductive art • Is innovative. SCULPTURE
• Literalism • Makes a product useful. • Sculptures are made through a complicated process
• Systematic painting • Is aesthetic of casting from a live model and recreating it in
• Minimalism • Makes a product understandable. bronze fiber glass resin.
Architecture and space: Concept and design management • Is unobtrusive. • The fiber glass model is then painted to look as life
• Is honest. like as possible. Veins, eyelashes, bruises,
 hangnails/nails and common human flaws are
added.
• Tiny Hairs are added to the arms and real hair wigs
are added to the heads. The eyes are made out of
glass balls, and fake teeth are used in mouths to
make them look like real people.
• Accessories and real clothing is then put on the
Sculptures.
PAINTING
• The artist picks out a photo that is transferred to the
canvas by mechanical means. Artist can use a
projector, the grid method, or transfer paper.
• The artist then paints the copied photograph exactly
as pictured. Detail and precision are extremely
important. The goal is for the viewer to find it hard
to differentiate the painting from a photograph.
• The paintings are built in many layers: beginning
with the under paint, after this thin layers of glazes
continue to be added.
• A final layer of varnish is added which seals the
painting, makes it appear to be photographic.
INFLUENCES
TIME PERIOD
• Emerged in the wake of the Vietnam War and the
United States humiliating withdrawal beginning in
1973.
• 1970's Americans began to lose confidence in their
government mainly during Nixon's presidency. Oil
embargo resulted in the quadrupling of oil prices in • Born May 9, 1928, California
1973 Watergate scandal forced Nixon's resignation • Attended California College of Arts and Crafts
• Commercial success • Began painting in 1965
• Creation of realistic video games and devices • Felt that the painted image is more important than
the reality or the photo image.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
• Photograph is not the subject, but merely a source
• Mid 1940’s of information that must be translated into paint
• Photorealist emerged the movement of Abstract information.
Expressionism
• They did not like the large sweeping brush strokes
and vivid motion that Abstract Expressionism used
instead they wanted to create an image that was
very precise and less personal
POP ART
• Mid 1950’s
• Like photorealism focused on everyday American Cream Pie (1979)
life
• Represents real life in a way that seems to be
mocking
MINIMALISM
• Like Photorealism it was a reaction against Abstract
expressionism
• Photo realists wanted to contract this movement.
• It was very basic and fundamental Sweet and Low (1992)
• Used simplistic and geometric shapes
• Beauty of natural patterns
• Natural surfaces
• Plain
MAJOR ARTISTS
Ralph Goings
 Ralphs Diner (1982)

Duane Hanson
• Born in Minnesota during 1925 and died 1996
• Taught art to high school students then moved on to
pursue art with a degree in 1951
• First exhibits where of brutal scenes
• While studying he had several French realists he
admired
• Main medium was sculpture
Man on a Bench (1997)
CONCEPTUAL ART by: Elizabeth Travis
Where did Conceptual Art Originate?
What is Conceptual Art?
Art that is intended to convey an idea or concept to the
perceiver and doesn't involve the creation or appreciation
of a traditional art object such as a painting or sculpture.
The commercial or communal aspect of the "work" is often
a set of instructions for what exists in the artist's mind.
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, (1917) – Original, Photograph by Alfred
Stieglitz
• French artist Marcel Duchamp paved the way for the
conceptualists, providing them with examples of
early conceptual works - the readymades.
• Conceptual art emerged as a recognized art
movement in the 1960s.
• The term Conceptual art wasn't coined until the
1950s. The term was first used by Edward Kienholz.

Queenie two (1988)

Sol Lewitt, Wall Drawing #273, Lines to points on a grid (1975), Water-
soluble crayon on wall Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, (1969)

The Conceptual Art Movement

 • The conceptual art movement began in 1966 in the
United States, Latin America, and Europe and ended
in 1972.
• This movement focuses on Marcel Duchamp's
nation that ANYTHING can be art be a work of art.
• For advocates of this movement, the idea of a work
matters more than its physical identity.
Conflicts with Conceptual Art
Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic
Truths, (1967)
The Conceptual Art Movement
• Conceptual art was seen to act as a reaction against
formalism and commodification. This group
IMPORTANT FACTS
believed that the art object was not an end in itself
and saw artistic knowledge as equal to artistic
production.
• The first exhibition specifically devoted to
Conceptual Art took place in 1970 at the New York
Cultural Centre.
• The term "Conceptual Art" came to encapsulate all
forms of contemporary art that did not utilize the
traditional skills of painting and sculpture.
Sol Lewitt, Costruzione Cubica, (1971)
• Some have argued that conceptual art continued
the "dematerialization" of art by removing the need
for objects altogether, while others saw conceptual
art as a radical break with formalist Modemism.
• When Marcel Duchamp submitted his piece,
"Fountain", in the exhibit Society of Independent
Artists in New York, it was rejected. A commonplace
object such as a urinal cannot be art because it is not
made by an artist or with any intention of being art,
nor is it unique or hand-crafted.
• Most conceptual art actively sets out to be
controversial.
• The job of conceptual artists is to encourage a
revisionary understanding of art, artist, and artistic
experience
• Because Conceptual Art is so dependent upon the
text surrounding it, it is strongly related to
numerous other movements of the last century.
CONCEPTUAL ART & LANGUAGE
• The Art & Language group was founded in 1967 and
is a collaboration of important conceptual artist
influences.
• The first Art & Language journal was released in
1969 and was regarded as an important influence on
conceptual art in the United States and United
Kingdom.
• Sol Lewitt was a huge contributor to the Art &
Language group when he first published an article
the magazine called Sentences on Conceptual Art in
1969.
CONCEPTUAL ART AND SKILL
• An important difference between conceptual art
and more "traditional" forms of art goes to the
question of artistic skill
• It is difficult to argue that no skill is required to make
conceptual works, or that skill is always absent from
them.
• It is not so much an absence of skill that defines
conceptual art as an evident disregard for
conventional, modern notions of authorial presence
and individual artistic expression.
 Keith Arnatt, I’m A Real Photographer,
INSTALLATION ART
HISTORY OF INSTALLATION ART
• Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) and his modernist
ready made such as his controversial urinal called
Fountain (1917).
• The avant-garde Dada exhibitions in Berlin and
Cologne
• The work of the collage artist and sculptor Kurt
Schwitters (1887-1948), notably his 'Merzbau'
assemblage which filled a whole building
• The Prous Room at the Berlin Railway Station in
1923, designed by the Russian artist El Lissitzky
(1890-1941), possibly the earliest ever installation
• The Spatial Environments of the painter and
sculptor Lucio Fontana (1899-1968) and his White
Manifesto outlining his theories of Spatialism.
• The "4-33" silent musical composition composed by
John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-1992)
• The assemblages and writings of the American
avant-garde artist Allan Kaprow (b.1927) - notably
his 1966 book 'Assemblage, Environments and
Happenings'
Highly influential on the development of the Installation
genre
WHAT IS INSTALLATION ART
• "An installation is defined as "a work of art that
usually consists of multiple components often in
mixed media and that is exhibited in a usually large
space in an arrangement specified by the artist." – IMAGINATIVE
Merriam Webster, Dictionary
highly imaginative in that it brings several different
• It is a genre that refers to temporary constructions
materials together to create something original and
or assemblages made of varied materials that are
unexpected
structured within a space. – Minding The Arts, Book
• Art that is or has been installed arranged in a place - HOW INSTALLATION ART IS DONE?
either by the artist or as specified by the artist.
Natural/Artificial
• Installations place a premium on space as an
element of designs. ex: Reeds, tree branches, rocks, textiles, plastics, empty
• It might be either site-specific or not, and either match boxes, dead batteries, rope and machines-working
indoors or out. and not working
• Installations may be temporary or permanent, but Ordinary Spaces
most will be known to posterity through
documentation. ex: wide-open ground, a street, a corridor, a backroom or
even a prison cell
SCULPTURE VS INSTALLATION
STUNNUNG INSTALLATION ARTS
• Designed to be viewed from the outside as a self-
contained arrangement of forms, installations often INFINITY MIRRORED ROOM
envelop the viewer in the space of the work.
• The viewer enters a controlled environment
featuring objects as well as light, sound and
projected imagery.
• It is the effect on the spectator's spacial and cultural
expectations that remains paramount.
WHY DO WE LOVE INSTALLATION ART?
In Infinity Mirrored Room - The Souls of Millions of Light
IMMERSIVE Years Away, hundreds of multicolored LED lights,
suspended at different heights and dangling from floor to
providing visitors with a multi-sensory experience.
ceiling, transformed a room into what feels like eternity.
SITE-SPECIFIC The cube shaped, mirror-paneled room had a shallow
reflecting pool as its floor and the lights flickered on and off
meaning that piece of art was built for that
particular time and space. in a strobe-like effect. Though similar to the ones Yayoi
Kusama has shown previously Infinity Mirror Room at the
Tate Modern and Fireflies on the Water at the Whitney
Museum of Art - this one was made especially for the
exhibition at David Zwirner gallery and still promised the
viewer a wonderfully surreal experience.
RAIN ROOM
Rain Room, by London and Berlin-based collective Random
International, allowed you to experience the rain without
getting wet! First shown at Barbican Centre from October
2012 to this March, it came to New York, housed in a
temporary gallery next door to the MoMA museum. This
was the monumental installation's US debut.
COLORFUL CANOPIES OF UMBRELLAS
abandoned for eleven years and replaced the old frontage
with a new one that slumped down and curved outward.
THE AESTHETIC QUALITIES OF SELECTED INSTALLATION
ARTWORK
LIGHT SENTENCE by Mona Hatoum
is a Lebanese-born Palestinian video artist and
installation artist who lives. in London, United Kingdom
In July, the city of Agueda, Portugal came alive as a colorful
canopies of umbrellas hung over its streets. Photographer
Patrícia Almeida took great shots of a similar installation last
year, which went viral. This was part of an art festival called
Agitagueda. Production company Sextafeira Produções had
created the cheery installation to turn traditional shopping
streets into an engaging visual experience.
FROM THE KNEES OF MY NOSE TO THE BELLY OF MY TOES
LIGHT SENTENCE, 1992
• Mona Hatoum plays with light and shadow to create
a sense of dread and suffocating atmosphere.
• She manipulates harmony through the repeated
duplication of the box-shaped chicken wired to
create a dreadful atmosphere.
From the Knees of My Nose to the Belly of My Toes is a
surreal display by British designer Alex Chinneck that makes
it look like the brick facade is sliding right off the front of a
building in Margate, England. The eye-catching installation, MODULE 7.3: ASIAN ART
which took Chinneck approximately one year to bring to
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASIAN ARTS:
fruition, took a four-story residence that had been
• It shows culture and the history of where it is from.
 • It focuses more on the natural and spiritual.
• There are 2 countries highlighted in this era: China
and India
CHINESE ARTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ARTS:
• Forms of arts have been influenced by great
philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even
political leaders.
• Divided into periods by the ruling dynasties.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS 211 BC
• Early forms of art in China were made from pottery
and jade in the Neolithic period ceramics were
unpainted and most often cord-marked.
o Banpo (1953) discovered at the Yellow River
Valley
• The Bronze Age in China began with the Xia Dynasty.
• Shang Dynasty has more elaborate objects,
including many ritual vessels that were crafted.
• The most common motif in the Zhou Dynasty is the
taotie, which shows a mythological being presented
frontally as though squashed onto a horizontal plane
to form a symmetrical design.
EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA (221 BC – AD 220)
In early imperial China, porcelain was introduced and was
refined to the point that in English the word china has
become synonymous with high quality porcelain. Around
the 1st century AD, Buddhism arrived in China, though it did
not become popular until the 4th century.
QIN DYNASTY
• The Terracotta Army, Inside the Mausoleum of the
First Qin Emperor, consists of idore than 7,000 llfe-
size tomb terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses
buried with the self-proclaimed first Emperor of Qin
in 210-209 BC.
• The terracotta army belongs to Emperor Qin Shi
Huang and they are there to guard his burial site as
well as protecting the entry to the afterlife. He was
the dynasty Emperor who managed to unify China
so that it became a central state and it was also
because of him that the foundations of the great
wall were laid down.
THE TERRACOTTA ARMY
The HAN DYNASTY was known for burial suits.
The Han Dynasty Jade burial at the National Museum of China, Beijing
• Buddhist architecture and sculpture thrived in the
Sui and Tang Dynasty. Of which, Tang Dynasty was
particularly open to foreign influence. Buddhist
sculpture returned to a classical form, inspired by
Indian art of the Gupta period. Towards the late
Tang Dynasty, all foreign religions were outlawed to
support Taoism.
• Paintings in traditional style involved the same
techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush
dipped in black or colored ink.
• In the Tang Dynasty, the primary subject matter of
paintings was the landscape known as shanshui
(mountain water) painting.
• These landscapes are usually monochromatic and
spare. Its purpose is to grasp an emotion or
atmosphere so as to catch the rhythm of nature.
In the Song Dynasty, poetry was marked by a lyric poetry • Chinese folk art
known as Ci( ) which expresses feelings of desire, often in • Literature
an adopted persona. Also in the song dynasty, paintings of • Visual Art
more subtle expression of landscapes appeared, with • Chinese music
blurred outlines and mountain contours which conveyed • Performing Arts
distance through an impressionistic treatment natural • Architecture
phenomena. It was during this period that in painting, INDIAN PAINTING
emphasis was places on spiritual rather than emotional • Mural Painting or Indian Fresco
elements, as in the previous period. • Mughal Painting

LATE IMPERIAL CHINA (1368-1911)

• Under the Ming dynasty, Chinese culture bloomed.
• Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a
much busier composition than the song paintings,
was immensely popular during the time.
• European culture began to make an impact on
Chinese art during this period.

INDIAN ART 3RD MILLENNIUM BC

• Indian art can be classified into specific periods each INDIAN SCULPTURE
reflecting particular religious, political and culture • Bronze and stones were commonly used.
developments. • During the 2nd to 1st century BCE in far northern
• To viewers schooled in the Western tradition, Indian India, sculptures became more explicit,
art may seem overly ornate and sensuous. representing episodes of the Buddha’s life and
ART TYPES teachings.
 The temple complex at khajuraho – adhering to the shikhara temple
style architectur
Panaromic view of relief sculpture at Mahabalipuran, a World Heritage
Site

ARCHITECTURE

• Another of the most popular art forms is called

Rangoli.
Rangoli Design
Akshardham temple in delhi completed in 2005
Rangoli is a form of sand painting decoration that uses finely
ground white powder and colors, and is commonly used
outside homes. Varaha Vave Temple
(late 7th century)

Taj mahal

Indian Rock – art architecture • It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in
memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as “the jewel of
Ellora cave muslim art in India and one of the universally
admired masterpieces of the worlds heritage’’.
 • Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, PRE-COLONIAL ART PERIOD (6185 BC TO 1520 AD)
literature (kaavya), music and dancing evolved their • AGE OF HORTICULTURE/ NEOLITHIC PERIOD (6185
own rules conditioned by their respective media, to 4,400 BC)
but they shared with one another not only the • METAL AGE (3190 to 190 BC)
underlying beliefs but also the procedures by which • IRON AGE (200 BC TO 1000 BC)
the relationship of the symbols and the spiritual Local communities are being established and art starts to go
states were worked out in detail. beyond mere craft, i.e. stone weapons or jewelry but starts
to have decorative elements, meaning and context.

MODULE 7.4: PHILIPPINE ART

OLD STONE AGE (PALEOLITHIC)
Espinosa Ranch Site, Cagayan
The Objective of the Timeline Study
HISTORY • Identify the development of Philippine art
16000-8000 BC
The proof of earliest man’s presence was recovered from a
A Quick Look at the Different Art Form and Styles aesthetics from its most primal to its contemporary ranch site in Cagayan Province-two flake tools dated about
form. .9 million years, the oldest man-made object associated
Accordance to The Philippine Art Period Timeline • Understand the process and iconography of with the fossils of a proboscidean, a prehistoric elephant.
• Pre-Colonial Art Period Philippine art as it progress overtime. Other flake tools are recovered in Tabon Caves, Palawan
• Spanish Colonial Art Period • Co-relate the Philippine contemporary art to its and some stone tools in Bolobok Cave, Sanga-Sanga in Tawi-
• American Colonial Art Period origin and the world Tawi
• Post War Colonial Art Period • Define what makes an art work distinctly Filipino
• Contemporary Art Period
NOTABLE ART PIECES/ART WORKS
AESTHETICS
• a set of principles concerned with the nature and
appreciation of beauty, especially in art.
• the branch of philosophy that deals with the
principles of beauty and artistic taste
• æsthetics and esthetics, the word is derived from
the Ancient Greek aisthetikos meaning "esthetic,
sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception
which in turn was derived from aisthanomai,
meaning "I perceive, feel, sense"
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that examines the Shell Bracelets and Pendants (Neolithic)
nature of art and our experience of it. It emerged during the Cagayan, Palawan, and Sorsogon
18th century in Europe and developed in England as 4854 BC
philosophers grouped together such fields as poetry,
sculpture, music, and dance.
Shells were fashioned into tools, as well as ornaments. The
oldest known ornaments made from cone shells were found
in the early 1960’s in the grave of an adult male in Duyong
Cave in Palawan. A shell disk with a hole in the center was
found next to his right ear and a disk with a hole by the edge
was found on his chest. The shell ornaments were dated
4854 B.C.
Agono Petroglyphs are oldest known work of art in the
Philippines located in the province of Rizal. There are 127
human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall
probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000
BC.
IMPORTANT ART WORKS
Lingling-o (2000 BC – 1000 AD) Duyong Cave, Palawan
a kind of ear pendant fashioned from green nephrite (jade)
is the characteristic trait of the Early Metal Age. One of the
finest jade ornaments found to date is the double- headed
pendant recovered from Duyong Cave, Palawan. It is an
example of the superb craftsmanship of ancient carving in
jade.
Manunggul Jar
Burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in
Manunggul cave of Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point at Palawan
dating from 890–710 B.C.
Maitum Jar (Metal Age: 190 BC to 500 AD)
In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team
discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub
Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province,
Mindanao, Philippines. The center graphic is a watercolor
image from the Boxer Codex, published c. 1590. The rare
publication helped date and ID many pieces that were
discovered in Surigao. Surigao gold objects’ date- stamp
could be placed in the span of the 10th to the 13th
centuries, A.D., pre-Hispanic era.
PRE-COLONIAL ART FORMS
• Pre-colonial traditional art have religious symbols,
every day activity such as fishing, farming, etc., or a
specific decorative art pattern to the community
• It has either the influence of local religion (animistic)
or Islamic based
• There is also an exchange of art aesthetics and art
processes with the Chinese and other asian
countries who frequents as traders with our
indigenous groups.
Baybayin
a Tagalog ancient script also known in Visayan as badlit,
derived from Brahmic scripts of India and first recorded in
the 16th century. It continued to be used during the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th beginning from the early 6th Century C.E. before the COMMON THEME OF THE OKIR
century. Islamization of the area. Okir is a design or pattern often
• Torogan known as the flower symbol of the
rendered or curved in hardwood, brass, silver and wall
ancestral home of the highest titleholder in a
OTHER PRE-COLONIAL ART painting in curvilinear lines and Arabic geometric figures.
Maranao village. The prominent part is panolong,
• Pottery PATTERNS OF THE OKIR carved beam that protrudes in the front of the
• Weaving house, it symbolizes power and prestige.
• Tattoo • Nāga or serpent
• Jewelry
• Sarimanok, a chicken-like figure that carries a fish in
• Carving
its beak
• Metal Crafts

Maranao Okir Motif: Pako Rabong

In the book of Dr. Nagasura Madale, it explains that the Okir
has patterns which are used by the Maranao artists.
1. Matilak (circle)

UNCHANGED ART DESIGN STILL EXISTING 2. Poyok (bud)

3. Dapal (leaf)
4. Pako (fern or spiral form)
5. Todi (fern leaf with spiral at upper edge)
6. Pako lungat (fern leaf with a cut at one edge)
Another elements found Dr. Madale are: Naga, obid-obid
binotoon, kianoko, pakonai and tialitali.
The Okir (motif) is an artistic cultural heritage of the
Maranaos of Lanao, Philippines. It is as an artistic design of
the Maranao native inhabitants of southern Philippines
MODERN INTERPRETATION OF THE OKIR RENDERED IN AN SPANISH ART AESTHETICS AS ADOPTED BY FILIPINO
ART WORK ARTIST

Byzantine frescoes

11th–12th-century Church of Panayia Phorviotissa Cyprus.

Byzantine Painting Style: Attributed to Maître à la Ratière, Battle of
Sarimanok and Fish Byzantine art are artistic products of the Eastern Roman
Abdulmari Asia Imao Marignano, 1515
(Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations and states that
National Artist for Painting Acrylic on Canvas 24" x 24"
2011 inherited culturally from the empire. These are more
Christian based art.

SPANISH COLONIAL ART PERIOD (1521-1898)

• Introduced formal Painting, Sculpture and

Architecture which was inspired by the Byzantine,
Gothic, Baroque and Rococo art styles.
• Most art works are Religious (Catholic) based
• Art works bear the Philippine themed décor even
with Spanish influence
Filipino Interpretation: Esteban Villanueva, Basi Revolt, 1821 (1 of 14
paintings)

Note of Haley’s Comet moving across the sky

Langit, Lupa at Impierno Josef Luciano Dans ca. 1850


Baroque Aesthetics: Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia, Spain
Filipino interpretation: Miagao Church also known as the Sto. Tomas
de Villanueva Parish Church Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style
that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted
detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and
grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature,
dance, theater, and music.
Rococo Aesthetics
Rococo Art originated in early 18th century Paris, is
characterized by whimsical, curvy lines and elaborately
decorative style of art, whose name derives from the French
word 'rocaille' meaning, rock-work after the forms of sea
shells.
Gothic Aesthetics
Gothic Art is the style of art produced in Northern Europe
from the middle ages up until the beginning of the
Renaissance. Typically rooted in religious devotion, it is
especially known for the distinctive arched design of its
churches, its stained glass, and its illuminated manuscripts.
SPANISH COLONIALISM LIVES ON WITH THE FILIPINO
“Antique” Furniture And Carving Designs
Baroque inspired wood carvings of table and relief statue
made by Juan Flores, Father of Pampanga Sculpture and
Woodcarving
Uprising of the Philippine Artist
• In the formation of the elite Filipino class, the Ilustrado,
paved way for the rich locals to study abroad, a more
“academic” and “western” approach has been learned.
• The Filipino Classicism is formed that borrows the Neo-
Classicism, Romanticism and even a hint of Impressionism
The Father of Filipino Painting Damian Domingo

• First Filipino to paint his face, the first Self-Portrait
in the Philippines
• Founder of the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura, the
first school of drawing in the Philippines (1821)
• One of the known artist of the decorative art
illustrations tipos del pais watercolor paintings that
depict local costumes. It also became an album of
different native costumes.
Juan Luna y Novicio
• Juan Luna y Novicio was a Filipino painter, sculptor
and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution
during the late 19th century.
• His Spoliarium won the gold medal in the 1884
Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
• One of the greatest Filipino painters along with
fellow painter Juan Luna in the 19th century
• His work has a touch of Romanticism and aesthetics
of the Neoclassicism
Two Filipino Art Styles developed during the Spanish
Period
• Miniaturismo art style that pays attention to the
embroidery and texture of the costume.
Watawat ng Pilipinas Fernando Amorsolo
American Colonial Art Period
The Filipino artist starts looking for His Identity
• The American brought in Education and Value Formation,
with both following the “American way of life” (Alice
Guillermo, Sining Biswal, 1994, p. 4)
• Art Illustration, Advertising and Commercial Design
gained popularity and incorporated in Fine Arts.
• Painting themes still largely favored Genre Paintings,
• Letras y Figuras art style that fuses letters with figures in Landscapes and Still Life; Portraits are reserved for high
every day activity amidst a common background. Usually ranking officials with a more academic approach to make
used in painting a patron’s full name. the subject more formal.
Popular Art Styles during the Philippine Colonial American
Period
Art Deco in Architecture
Neoclassicism in Architecture Chrysler Building

Art Nouveau in Architecture

Old England building built in Art Nouveau style.
Musée des instruments de musique - Bruxelles

The White House

Art Deco in Philippine Architecture
Metropolitan Theater

METAmorphosis the Rebirth of the Metropolitan Theater

Art Nouveau in Philippine Architecture
Uy-Chaco Building

Neoclassicism in Philippine Architecture
Popular Art Styles during the Philippine Colonial American
Period
ART NOUVEAU
a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent
in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World
War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and
flowing curves based on natural forms. also called style
moderne, movement in the decorative arts and
architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed
into a major style in western Europe and the United States Guillermo Tolentino
during the 1930s. It characterized by simple, clean shapes,
• the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973.
often with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is geometric
or stylized from representational forms; and unusually • He is consider as the "Father of Philippine Arts" because
varied, often expensive materials, of his great works like the famous "Bonifacio Monument"
symbolizing Filipinos cry for freedom and "The Oblation" in
UP signifying academic freedom .

Notable Artist: Fernando Amorsolo

• a portraitist and painter of rural landscapes. He is best
Commercial Art (Graphic Art) known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light.
• His art styles: Impressionism, Luminism, Realism with
subjects inspired by Philippine genre and historical, nudes
and society portraits
• First awardee of the National Artist Award in 1972

Emergence of Philippine Pre-Modern Art: Triumvirate of

Philippine Modern Art
• Victorio Edades
• Carlos “Botong” Francisco
Notable Artist: Fabian dela Rosa • Galo B. Ocampo
• the brightest name in Philippine painting after Luna and Introduced the Modern Art styles such as pop art,
certainly the leading Master of Genre in the first quarter of maximalism, minimalism, abstraction, expressionism,
the century. constructivism, magic realism, and environmental art
• His nephews are artist, Pablo and Fernando Amorsolo. before the World War II
The Legend of the Thirteen Modern
• Victorio Edades
• Carlos Francisco
• Galo B. Ocampo
• Hernando R. Ocampo
• Cesar Legaspi
• Diosdado Lorenzo
• Vicente Manansala
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Maria Makiling
• Demetrio Diego
Botong Francisco
• Ricarte Purugunan
• Bonifacio Cristobal
• Arsenio Capili POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD (1946-1986)
• Jose Prado CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1986-PRESENT)
• Philippine Modern Art (1946 – 1970) The study of
determining what is Philippine Contemporary Art Period is
still being determined since the word has been used loosely
used even during the American Colonial Period. However,
some Philippine art historians/critics has always been a
follower of the Western Art Style and its trends at that point
and thus, suggested that this was actually the point where
Philippine Modern Art Period started but went only full
Post-Colonial Art (1946-1986) swing only after the war. This is set by the creation of the
Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) that in a way has a
Art After the War: The Growing and Expanding Philippine strong leaning with the Modernist than the Conservatives
Art (the traditional art also termed as the Amorsolo School)
• Philippine Post Modern Art (1970 – 1980s) The support of
the Philippine Government for the arts via the creation of
the Cultural Center of the Philippines during 1969, gave a
venue for all artist to experiment and explore different art
medium tying closely to the Post Modern Art Period of the
West with Pop Art, Installation Art, Performance Art,
dominating the scene. In contrast, social realism became a
heavy theme by most Filipino Artist as a social commentary
of the problem brewing in the Philippine political and social
landscape.
• Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present) It was on
the on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and
new technology created a new art medium for the arts and
human expression. But there were also countless revivals of
old styles being done. This started a new direction for the
arts thus, setting the name, momentarily, the Philippine
Contemporary Period
•Modern art is characterized by the artist's intent to portray
a subject as it exists in the world, according to his or her
unique perspective and is typified by a rejection of accepted
or traditional styles and values.
• Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to
contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects
that emerged or developed in its aftermath. • In general,
movements such as intermedia, installation art, conceptual
art and multimedia, particularly involving video are
described as postmodern.
Contemporary Art Characteristics
• Contemporary art as the work of artists who are living in
the 21st century.
• Contemporary art mirrors contemporary culture and
society, offering the general audiences a rich resource
through which to consider current ideas and rethink the
familiar.
• The work of contemporary artists is a dynamic
combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects
that challenges traditional boundaries and defies easy
definition.
• Diverse and eclectic, contemporary art is distinguished by
the very lack of a uniform organizing principle, ideology, or
- ism.
"Our Terms" 2003, installation dimensions variable. Picture credit:
Imelda Cajipe Endaya
• In a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and
technologically advancing world, contemporary artists give
voice to the varied and changing cultural landscape of
identity, values, and beliefs.
• Contemporary audiences play an active role in the process
of constructing meaning about works of art. Some artists
often say that the viewer contributes to or even completes
the artwork by contributing his or her personal reflections,
experiences and opinions.
includes a series of four one-day events (called
"Prologues"), aiming to "introduce and provoke debate"
around the Triennial’s themes. Each Prologue includes
lectures, performances, film and a manifesto text and
attempts to define what the curator sees as the four main
facets of Altermodern
1. The end of postmodernism
2. Cultural hybridisation
Lord of the Flies #3 3D Printing, Plastic Toys, and Paint 20.5 cm x 23 cm 3. Travelling as a new way to produce forms[clarification
x 14 cm Felix Bacolor needed]
NEW TERM… ALTERMODERNISM 4. The expanding formats of art
• An attempt at contextualizing art made in today's global
context as a reaction against standardization and
commercialism.
• Artists are looking for a new modernity that would be
based on translation: What matters today is to translate the
cultural values of cultural groups and to connect them to
the world network. This “reloading process” of modernism
according to the twenty-first-century issues could be called
altermodernism, a movement connected to the creolisation
of cultures and the fight for autonomy, but also the
possibility of producing singularities in a more and more
Hyperealism Painting By Julmard Vincente
standardized world.
• Altermodern can essentially be read as an artist working
in a hypermodern world or with supermodern ideas or
themes.
ALTERMODERNISM
The title of the Tate Britain's fourth Triennial exhibition last
2009 curated by Nicolas Bourriaud The Tate exhibition A girl Ron Mueck