MORPHOLOGY OF various Parasites from Stool Microscopy &

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1. Cysts of Entamoeba histolytic
• Spherical shaped cyst
• Size 10 X 15 microns
• Quadrinucleated cyst
• Highly refractive cyst wall.

2. Cysts of Giardia lamblia

• Oval shaped cyst
• Size 12 X 7 micrometers
• Contains four nuclei
• Axostyles lie diagonally
• Parabasal bodies are seen

3. Ova of Taenia
• Size 35 X 40 microns
• Spherical in shape
• Bile stained ovum
• Inner embryophore is thick walled, radially striated and brown in colour.
• Outer layer is thin.
• Onchosphere contains 3 pairs of hook lets
4. Ova of Hymenolepis nana
• Non bile stained ovum
• Surrounded by thin membrane enclosing an embryophore with three pairs of
hooklets
• Size is 30 X 40 microns
 5. Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (fertilized):
• Oval is shape
• Bile stained egg
• Surrounded by a thick shell thrown into numerous mamillations
• Central unsegmented ovum
• Clear crescentic space at either poles is seen
• Egg without albuminous coat is known as decorticated egg

6. Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (Unfertilized)

• Elliptical in shape
• Size 80 X 55 microns
• bile stained
• Thin shell and containing central atrophied ovum seen.
7. Ova of Ancylostoma duodenale:
• Oval or elliptical in shape
• Non bile stained
• Surrounded by transparent hyaline sheath.
• Central segmented ovum with 4 or more blastomeres are seen
• Size 65 X 40 microns.
8. Ova of Enterobius vermicularis
• Non bile stained
• Plano convex in shape
• Surrounded by transparent shell with central tad pole like larva
• Size is 50 X 30 microns
9. Ova of Trichuris trichura:
• Bile stained egg
• Barrel shaped with prominent mucous plugs on either poles with central
unsegmented ova
• Size 50 X 25 microns
10. Rhabditiform larva
• 250 µ size
• Esophagus is short hour glass type
• Passed in stools
• Buccal cavity in short and double walled
11. Filariform larva
• 500 – 600 µ
• Esophagus is long fills anterior 1/3 of larva
• Infects through skin
1. Enumerate the differences between the cysts of E.histolytica and E.coli

E.histolytica E.coli
Mature cyst with 4 nuclei Mature cyst with 8 nuclei
Size 8 X 12 µm size 8 - 35µm

2. Enumerate the parasites affecting the liver

Protozoan parasites:
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Leishmania donovani
• Plasmodium species

Helminihs:
• Fasciola hepatica
• Capillaria hepatica
• F.gigantica
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Spirometra (larval forms)
• Echinococcus granulosus
3. List out the parasites affecting the Central Nervous System.
Protozoans:
• Negleria fowleri
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Trypanosoma cruzi
Helminths:
• Taenia solium (cysticercus cellulose larvae)
• Schistosoma haematobium (egg)
• Spirometra (larva)
• Angiostrongylus (larva)
4. Enumerate the parasites affecting the lung.
Protozoans:
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Pneumocystis jirovecii
• Plasmodium falciparum
Helminths:
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Paragonimus westermani
 • Strongyloides stercoralis
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Echinococcus granulosus
5. Name the various parasites affecting the genitourinary tract
• Trichomonas vagiinalis
• Schistosoma haematobium
• Wuchereria bancrofiti
6. Name the parasites affection the eyes.
• Acanthamoeba
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Dirofilaria (Adults)
7. Enumerate the parasites causing opportunistic infections
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Giardia lamblia
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Isospora belli
• -Strongyloides strecoralis
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Cyclospora
• Pneumocystis jirovecii
8. Name the various parasites transmitted by ingestion
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Isospora belli
• Giardia lamblia
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
9. Name the parasites transmitted by blood transfusion
• Plasmodium species
• Babesia
• Leishmania donovani
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Filarial worms
10. Name the parasites that are sexually transmitted
• Trichomonas vagiinalis
• Entamoeba histolytica
 • Giardia lamblia
• Enterobius vermicularis
11. Name the parasites transmitted by vectors
• Plasmodium species
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia
• Leishmania
• Trypanosoma gambiense
• Trypanosoma cruzi
12. Enumerate the Zoonotic parasitic diseases
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
13. Enumerate the parasites congenitally transmitted
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Plasmodium species
14. Name the parasites found on the skin
• Leishmania species
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Onchocerca volvulus
15. Name the parasites found in muscles
• Trichinella spiralis
• Taenia solium
16. Name the parasites found in blood
• Plasmodium species
• Leishmania donovani
• Trypanosoma species
• Filarial parasites
17. Mention the infective forms of the following Protozoans
PROTOZOAN INFECTIVE FORM HOSTS
Entamoeba histolytica Tetranucleated cyst Primary – Man
Giardia lamblia Matured cyst Single host – Man
Trichomonas vagiinalis Trophozoite Single host – Man
Plasmodium species Man – sporozoite Primary – female anopheles mosquito
Mosquito - Gametocyte Secondary - man
 Tryponosoma species Metacyclic trypomastigote Primary – human
Secondary – Tsetse fly
Leishmania donovani Promastigote Primary –Man
Secondary - sand fly
Toxoplasma Tissue- Tachyzoites, Primary – cat
Brachyzoites Secondary - Man
Man- sporulated oocyst
Cryptosporidium Mature sporulated oocyst Single host – Man
parvum
Babesia Sporozoites Primary – Ixodid tick
Secondary - Man

18. Mention the infective forms of the following Helminths.

HELMINTHS INFECTIVE FORM HOSTS
Taenia solium Cysticercosis cellulosae Primary – Man
Secondary - Pig
Taenia saginata Cysticercosis bovis Primary – Man
Secondary – Cattle
Schistosoma haematobium Cercaria Primary – Man
Secondary – Snail
Ascaris lumbricoides Mature embryonated egg Man
Ancylostoma duodenale Filariform larva Man
Enterobius vermicularis Embryonated egg Man
Wuchereria bancrofiti 3rd stage sheathed Primary – Man
microfilaria larva Secondary – Culex mosquito
Trichuris trichura Embryonated egg Man
Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform larva Man
19. Enumerate some bile stained Ova
• Egg of Taenia solium
• Fertilized and unfertilized eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides
• Eggs of Trichuris trichura
• Egg of
• Chlonorchis sinensis
• Fasciola hepatica
20. Name some non Bile stained Ova
• Egg of Ancylostoma duodenale
• Egg of Enterobius vermicularis
• Egg of Hymenolepis nana
21. Name the adult worms seen in stool
• Pin worm (Enterobius vermicularis)
• Round worm (Ascaris)
22. Name the parasites infecting through skin
Soil Water
Ancylostoma duodenale Acanthamoeba species
Necator americanus Schistosoma species
Ancylostoma brazilianse (cat hook worm)
Ancylostoma caninum (dog hook worm)
Strongyloides stercoralis

35. Enumerate the Cestodes

Class Cestodes include tapeworms:

• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
• Hymenolepis nana
• Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
• Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)
36. Enumerate the Trematodes

Trematodes include flukes

• Schistosoma haematobium (Blood fluke)
• Schistosoma mansoni (present in venous plexus)
• Schistosoma japonicum (Present in venous plexus)
• Fasiolapsis buskii (giant intestinal fluke of small intestine)
• Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke)
37. Enumerate the intestinal Nematodes

• Ascaris lumbricoides – Round worm

• Enterobius vermicularis – pin or thread worm
• Ancylostoma duodenale - old world hook worm
• Necator americanus – new world hook worm.
• Strongyloides stercoralis
38. Enumerate the tissue Nematodes
 • Wuchereria bancrofiti
• Filarial worm
• Brugia malayi
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Mansonella species
39. Describe the DEC provocation test.

• Patient is given 100 mg of Diethyl carbamazine (DEC) Orally

• Followed by peripheral blood examination for microfilaria after 30-45 minutes
• DEC provokes the microfilaria to come into the peripheral blood even during day
time
40. What is occult Filariasis?

• Tropical pulmonary Eosinophilia

• Occult filariasis occurs in some individuals infected with lymphatic filarial species and
is common in males (4%)
• It is the hypersensitivity reaction to the microfilaria antigen
• In TPE, microfilariae are trapped in the lung alveoli and eosinophils rich intra alveolar
infiltration occurs
• Clinical feature results from allergic reactions