CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

" ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY”

Supporting Lecturer:

NINA NOVIRA, Ph.D

Khairul Rizal

3233131021

A ( 2023 )

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2023
 WORDS

Praise me, I pray to God Almighty for His blessings and grace I can complete the task
of critical book report well.

The making of CBR assignments is aimed at fulfilling Oceanographic subjects as

lecture material. We thank Mrs Nina Novida Ph.D, Lecturer of Oceanography for giving us
this assignment, so that we can be guided to practice doing this Critical book report.

The CBR task that I am still making is far from perfect and there are still many shortcomings.
Above all, I humbly expect constructive criticism and advice from those who listen and who
read it to perfect this CBR at another time. Hopefully this task will be useful for all of us. In
the end let me say thank you.

Medan, September 2023

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

WORD.......................................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENS...........................................................................................3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................................

1.1 Background....................................................................................................4
1.2 Purpose...........................................................................................................4
1.3 Benefits..........................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II BOOK SUMMARY.........................................................................

2.1 Identity of Main the Book..............................................................................5

2.2 Identity of the Comparative Book..................................................................5
2.3 Summary of the Main Book...........................................................................6
2.4 Comparison Book Summary..........................................................................20

CHAPTER III DISCUSSION.................................................................................

3.1 Srengths and Weaknesses of the Main Book.................................................28

3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Comparative Book....................................28

CHAPTER IV CLOSING

4.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................29
4.2 Suggestions....................................................................................................30

REFERENCES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
 At present oceanography is an active and growing source of research that is spreading
throughout the world. Nevertheless this science is still a branch of science whose
development is still late in the waters of southeast Asia. The lack of oceanographic
research in the waters of southeast Asia is a result of the limited reading books available.

Oceanography can be defined simply as a study of the ocean. This knowledge is not
merely a miraculous science, but is a combination of various other basic sciences. Other
sciences including land sciences, earth sciences, physical sciences, chemistry, life
sciences, and climate sciences. However, oceanography is usually only divided into four
branches of science.

1.2 THE PURPOSE

Kriti book (critical book report) is made as one of the useful scientific references to
increase the insight of writers and readers in knowing the advantages and disadvantages
of a book. Being taken into consideration, and also completing one of the individual
assignments of Oceanography courses in the field of geography education terrain state
university.

1.3 BENEFITS

1. Helps the reader to know the general description and research of a book or other
concise work.

2. To find out the strengths and weaknesses of the book being criticized.

3. Give input to the author of the book in the form of criticism and suggestions on how
to write, the contents and substance of the book.

CHAPTER II

SUMMARY OF BOOKS

2.1 MAIN BOOK IDENTITY

Book Title: Introduction to Oceanography

Publisher : Universitas Indonesia

Authors : Sahala Hutabarat and Stewart M. Evans

Year of Publication : 2017

Number of Pages: 159

2.2 COMPARISON BOOK IDENTITY BOOK

Title: Oceanographic

Publisher : kencana

Authors : Widya Prarikeslan, M, Si

Year of Publication: 2016

Number of Pages: 200

ISBN : 978-602-422-090-7

Print Order : I

2.3 A SUMMARY OF THE MAIN BOOK

Chapter 1 Introduction

Oceanography can be defined simply as a science that studies the seas. The science alone is
not a science, but a mixture of other basic sciences. However, oceanographic science is
usually divided into just for branches of science.

Oceanographic Physics: science that studies the relationship between the physical qualities
that occur in the ocean itself and that happen between the oceans and atmosphere and land.
They include such principal events as the occurrence of tidal and wave power, climate and
current systems found in the world.

Oceanographic geology: The study of geology is important to us in studying the origin of an

ocean that has been transformed more than 70 years ago. Included in it are studies of the
earth’s crust, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

Oceanographic chemistry: The science is related to chemical reactions happening inside and
under the sea floor as well as analyzing characteristics of seawater the ocean itself.

Oceanographic biology: this branch of oceanographic science of often named marine biology.
Where there is a study of all organisms that live in the oceans, including tiny animals
(plankton) as well as animals of big- size animals and aquatic plants.

The history and development of the oceanographic science

Man was drawn to the oceans could be revisited in the dawn of civilization when knowledge
go the world was restricted the state the country aboard a sailor’s ship can go back. At that
time the shape of the map meant a great deal. Where this map takes the shape of a more
precise sea voyage, it takes longer to cover long, frequent distances. In the 4 th century before
Christ a leading Greek scholar Aristoteles had done a detailed study of the animals and sea
plants. Which he has carefully described and classified these organisms. At last in the one
century before Christ the relationship between the ide movements and the layout of the moon
was understood by man for the first time. It impels humans to be able to make the right
predictions.

Chapter 2 The natural resources of the ocean

 1. Sea level
The ocean is a place of livelihood for southeast Asians who have been civilized in
centuries. Nowhere is it really visible in Indonesia where the country is made up of
more than 13.000 scattered islands. Many days it was known that the oceans
contained abundant natural resources and worth dollars.
At the moment most of these natural resources are still largely unmanaged and they
will be so critical in that time foreseeable future, the increasing population in the
world is still growing and increasing in their need to live more.

2. The source of physics and chemistry

The oceans contain abundant mineral resources. Seawater alone contains many of the
dissolved substances in it that are the source of some important chemicals one of the
first natural resources ever managed by humans. It is also rich in mineral deposits, and
some of them are found in shallow waters bordering land. For example, sand, gravel,
commonly used as industrial building materials, is common in coastal areas because
of transport and shipping and cast out from the sea. Some minerals that are actually
derived and formed on land then drowned in the sea as a result of changes in sea
levels is happening all the time. This sort of process takes place in the mineral
cassiterite that contains tin that is transports from land to coast to many spots in
Indonesia.

3. Biological sources, fisheries and cultivation

Inland oceans tend to have a potentially high source of fisheries. The total number of
ocean areas is only 8 % which is the banal continental shelf and virtually the entire
production of fish the world comes from this area. In Indonesia there have been
upwelling and coastal areas with an abundance of fish and a vital fisheries industry. It
is estimated that 67% of animal proteins ingested by Indonesian society come from
fish. It is approximately 1,7 million tons or equal to 11,7 kg per person per year.

4. Managing natural resources

Natural resources such as fish stocks have different problems. They include natural
resources that are renewable (renewable). In other words, that through proper
management, fish populations can be utilized without having to drain them until they
run out. Over-fishing is a way of catching fish that can continuously cause an effect
that can be harmful to the supply of fish. This can be reviewed in two different ways
of catching. First, catching only large fish from a population causes a slow decline in
fish size. As a result, fishermen will catch fish that are on average small in size, so
they need a large amount of steam. Secondly, intensive fishing can result in a decrease
in the total number of catches and this also forces the fishermen to increase their
efforts in order to maintain the same amount of catch.

Chapter Iii Land And Sea

The structure of the earth's interior which is shaped as an uneven plane was not initially
known until a new science was developed which can record recent earthquakes (seismology).
From these data conclusions can be drawn about the composition of the earth. At this time
there is already strong evidence, that the earth consists of several layers where each layer has
a density (density) and a composition that varies from one another.

1. Atmosphere

The outermost layer that occurs from various gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor and other gases (inert gas).

2. Hydrosphere

Consists of all free water found on the surface of the earth which is shaped as the sea,
ocean, and freshwater lakes. In total there are 361,000,000 square kilometers or
approximately 71% of the total surface area of the earth.

3. Lithosphere (layers of the earth's crust)

Hard layers whose thickness between 600-700 km form two types of surface hard
layers: 1. Continental crust consisting of granite rocks that make up almost all the
mass of soil found in the world (covering almost around 149,000,000 square
kilometers or approximately 29% of the entire surface of the earth). 2. Oceanic crust
consisting of basalt rocks that line deep sea valleys.

4. Asthenosphere

The upper part of the asthenosphere is believed to be relatively soft and can flow very
slowly. Whereas the lower part of the asthenosphere is hard. The lithosphere is shaped
like a floating plate above the asthenosphere so it is called tectonic plate.

Land mass and

sea Basin Ocean (ocean basin)

At first it was believed that the surface of the ocean floor was flat and had no shape, but
modern science has now proven that their topography is complex like land. The forms are as
follows:

1). Ridge and Rise

This is a form of elevation process that is above the sea (sea floor) which is almost
similar to the existence of mountains on land. In principle there is no difference
between ridge and rise.

2). Trench
 The deepest part of the sea is shaped like a channel that seems to be separated very
deep which is on the border between the continent and the islands.

3). Abyssal Plain (land of Abyssal)

This area is relatively evenly divided from the earth's surface which is on the side that
leads to the mainland of the system mid oceanic ridge.

4). Continental Island (islands of the continent)

Some islands such as Greenland and Madagascar according to their geological

characteristics are part of the landmass of large continental land which then becomes
separated.

5). Island Arc (collection of islands)

Collection of islands such as the Indonesian archipelago also has a border with the
continent, but they have different origins.

6). Mid-Oceanic Volcanic Islands (volcanic islands located in the middle of the ocean)

This area consists of many small islands, especially in the Pacific Ocean, where they
are very far from land masses.

7). Atolls

This area consists of a collection of islands that are partly engulfed, below the water
surface. The rocks contained here are marked by the presence of coral reefs (coral-
reef) that are formed like a ring that surrounds a shallow lagoon

8). Seamount and Guyton

They are volcanoes emerging from the bottom of the ocean floor, but they cannot
reach the surface.

Coastal boundaries (coastal margins)

Transitional areas between land and sea are often marked by a gradual change in depth. Here
we can recognize and distinguish three regions.

1. Continental shelf

An area that has a gentle slope (slope of about 0.4%) and is directly adjacent to the land area.
This area usually has a width of 50 to 70 kilometers and the maximum depth of the ocean
above it is not greater than 100 to 200 meters

2. Continental slope

Continental slope has a steep slope than the continental shelf where the slope varies between
3% and 6%.

3. Continental rise
This area is an area that has a slope which then slowly becomes flat to flat on the ocean floor.
In some places the shape of the coastline is complex.

Chapter Iv Establishment Of Sea And Land

At first the experts believed that the shape of the earth's crust was to remain unchanged.
They think that the main topographical features of the earth, including the oceans, lands and
islands, have existed and are shaped as they are today. Will remain from the results of
modern geological research shows a very different picture. Now it is clearly proven that the
earth's crust has and is still undergoing changes.

A proof that the surface of the earth is still going on great activities, namely the presence
of volcanoes and severe earthquakes, namely the presence of volcanoes and earthquakes that
are happening. These great activities are widely spread unevenly in several regions of the
earth. Geologists believe that these active regions represent places where these cracks often
occur for the earth's crust into six large plates called tectonic plates, where each plate consists
of a continuous crust (not intermittent) ).

It has been proven that these tectonic plates move slowly across the ocean floor at
speeds of an average of a few centimeters annually. This speed does not seem to mean
anything at all when viewed from the distance of human life, but they will be very
meaningful when viewed from the point of the history of the earth which is four and a half
million years old. As an example, for example, slab materials which only move an average of
two centimeters each year will be able to cover a distance of 2,000 kilometers in a period of
100,000,000 years. These basalt rocks contain a lot of iron which makes them to be magnetic
forever in showing the direction of the earth's force field when they turn hard. This process
has now ended, however in its history the earth's magnetic force field has been swapped
several times suddenly resulting in the formation of rocks at different times and having
different directions in the force field.

Mountains and Islands

Volcanic activity is closely related to areas seduction , causing the formation of

impressive mountain ranges in various places on this earth. Layers of melting rocks are
successively thrown onto the earth's surface. The melting rocks are successively thrown onto
the surface of the earth. The stones that melt once they reach the surface of the earth will
harden and overlap one another which will slowly form land that rises above the land. The
Andes Mountains, which stretch for 6,000 kilometers and are located 300 kilometers in sari
inland and parallel to the east coast of the United States, are formed in the manner described
above. Areas are Seduction characterized by deep Peru-chili trenches.

Not all volcanic islands are located along the region, seduction for example, a collection
of small islands that are mostly found in the Pacific Ocean even though they are formed from
volcanic rocks, they are contained in a chain of islands that are special. One series of islands
of interest is the one formed by Seamount Emperor and Hawaiian. A clue to find out the
origin of the series of islands can be obtained by considering their orientation due to the
tectonic disk movement underneath.
Continental Drift

Sea floor spreading (sea-floor spreading) is not only a form of the nature of the sea, but
it is also a result of the mass movement of the mainland. Plate tectonics has really pushed the
mass of the earth's crust up resulting in them producing a process known as continental drift.
As a result of this process the mass of the earth's crust is separated from tectonic plates.
Therefore, as expected, the movement of these continents mainly caused their separation
from the mid-oceanic ridge. Around 180,000,000 years ago the continents of Africa and
South America were one land mass that joined the mid-Atlantic oceanic ridge.

Chapter V Sediment

The entire surface of the ocean floor is covered by sediment particles that have been
deposited slowly over millions of years. Relatively thick sedimentary layers, found in many
parts of the ocean, vary in depth from 600 meters in the Pacific Ocean, between 500 meters to
1,000 meters in the Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 meters in the Arctic Sea and 9,000 meters in Puerto
Rico Trench.

For example, most of the deep seabed is covered by small particles consisting of fine
sediment (see below), while almost all beaches are covered by large particles consisting of
coarse sediments. The size of these particles is an easy way to classify sediments.

LITHOGENOUS SEDIMENT This

type of sediment originates from the erosion of rocks on land. This result can occur
because of an extreme physical condition, such as because of a process of heating and cooling
of rocks that occur repeatedly in the desert, because of the frost in winter, or by because of
the chemical action of a solution of the materials contained in rainwater or groundwater on
the rock surface.Whereas the type of mud particles which have a small size takes about 185
days and the type of clay particles takes 51 years at the same water column depth.

BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT

Calcareous type

(a). Globigerina Ooze : Globarena is a group of single-celled organisms known as

Foraminifera in which the skin contains calcium carbonate (lime). Their remains form an oze
which covers 35% of the surface of the sea floor, which is relatively mostly found in hot
regions of the world.

(b). Pteropod Ooze : Pteropods are a mollusk group that acts as a plankton in which their
body has a shell containing lime. Ooze that is formed from them and covers the surface of the
seabed is only 1%, although sometimes they have mixed with ooze from other species.

Siliceous type

(a). Diatom Ooze : Diatoms are a group of single-celled plants that have skin siliceous. Ooze
formed covers 9% of the surface of the sea floor. They are often found in higher areas of low
salinity such as in the Indian Ocean region which is located at the southernmost.
(b). Radiolaria Ooze : is a one-celled group of protozoa in which the sediment forms cover 1-
2% of the sea floor.

(c). Red Clay Ooze : This form of ooze has a high silica content, but where they come from is
still a question. At that time it was thought that the fine grains ooze contained in the deep sea
came from biogenous sediment types but they had experienced great changes in the sea due
to the influence of high pressure and high concentrations of carbon acid contained there.
These Deposits red clay are mostly found in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean.

SEDIMENT HYDROGENOUS

Particle types from sediments of this class are formed as a result of chemical reactions
in seawater. For example, manganese nodules (lumps of manganese) are derived from the
deposition of oxide and hydroxide layers of iron and manganese contained in a series of
concentric layers around rock fragments or rubble debris. Other types of metals such as
copper (copper), cobalt and nickel are also incorporated therei

TURBIDITY FLOWS

Examples of the earth's core (core) taken from sediments originating from the deep
sea (continental rise and abyssal plain) Atlantic Ocean raises a puzzle. These examples are
composed of alternating layers of lithogenous sediments. This type of thing can usually only
be found in sedimentary layers associated with shallow waters close to land (see above) and
biogenous sediments. Each lithogenous sediment layer itself is coated with gravel at the
bottom, then followed by other particles that are getting smaller and smaller. The question
that arises is: how can this lithogenous sediment layer enter the deep ocean?

Chapter Vi Sea Water

Seawater as a Solvent Substance

Seawater is a solvent that is very useful, which is able to dissolve other substances in
greater quantities than other liquid substances. This property can be seen from the many basic
elements found in seawater. It is estimated that nearly 50 trillion metric tons of salt is
dissolved in seawater. The main salts are together with their concentration. The average
concentration of all salt found in seawater is known as salinity. This concentration is usually
at 3% (three percent).

Almost all marine organisms can only live in areas that have very small changes in
salinity. Estuarine area is an area where the news of salinity is reduced, due to the amount of
fresh water coming from rivers and also caused by tides in this area. For example, surface
salinity in the Mediterranean and red sea waters can sometimes reach 39% and 41% due to
the amount of water lost due to the amount of evaporation that occurs. in the long summer
time. Instead salinity will fall sharply due to the large amount of rainfall. Sea water also
contains a large amount of dissolved air gases. All the gases in the atmosphere can be found
in seawater, even though their numbers are in a ratio that is not the same as in the air.

Temperature

Temperature in the ocean is one of the most important factors for the life of organisms
in the ocean, because temperature influences both metabolism and the proliferation of these
organisms. For example, coral animals where their distribution is severely restricted by warm
waters found in the tropics and subtropics. When both the sea and land are heated by sunlight
through a process called insolation. However, the effect of this warming is not the same for
regions located at different latitudes.

Light

Solar radiation is also important in completing the light needed by green plants to be
used in the photosynthesis process. These plants cannot survive without adequate sunlight. As
a result, their distribution in the ocean is restricted to the depths of the sun light amna can still
be encountered. Sunlight will decrease rapidly according to the higher depth of the ocean.
The existence of hovering materials and the high turbidity value in the waters near the coast
of light penetration will be reduced in this place.

Density

The wide distribution of seawater can be determined by the difference in density of

the mass of water that is nearby. They can occur thus mainly due to differences in
temperature and salinity. For example, because the surface layers of the ocean in the Arctic
(Arctic) and the South Pole (Antarctic) are more cold, they will become denser than the
layers of water beneath. As a result, this denser mass of water will sink into deeper layers of
water while carrying a mass of water rich in oxygen gas and also causing ocean currents to
emerge.

Chapter Vii Sea And Climate

Temperatures and Heat Transfers

Do not have the same capacity as water in their ability to store heat. As a result, the
land will react more quickly to heat when it receives solar radiation from the ocean.
Conversely, the land will also become colder faster than the oceans when there is no
insolation (heating of sunlight received by the earth's surface). As a result on land there is a
very large temperature difference when compared to what happens in the ocean. However the
heat transferred from the sea to the mainland has a soft influence on the climate in coastal
areas. For example, there is a huge temperature difference that occurs in the area between
Victoria which is located on the west coast of Canada and Winnipeg which is located in the
middle of the North American mainland.

Rainfall and Water Cycle

Most of the water (97.3%) found on the surface of the earth comes from oceans
throughout the world. The remaining 2.7% comes from land areas, in the form of icebergs in
the polar regions, eyes below the surface of the land and those from lakes and rivers. Whereas
the origin of the atmosphere that is shaped as water vapor is very small, which is about
0.01% of all the water contained on this earth. Although the amount of water contained in the
atmosphere is relatively small, they are very important as larger droplets (rain). The loss of
water from the oceans due to the large amount of evaporation which then enters the
atmosphere always occurs in a balanced manner with the amount of rainfall through a process
known as the hydrologic cycle. It is estimated that the total amount of water at sea level lost
each year is approximately 97.3 cm thick. of this amount 89.7 cm is replaced by rainfall that
directly falls to the surface of the ocean, while the remaining 7.6 cm is poured onto the
surface of the land, then flows into the ocean through small and large rivers.

Air Pressure and Wind

Wind is caused due to differences in air pressure which is the result of the influence of
the imbalance of sunlight exposure to different places on the surface of the earth. This
situation causes an increase in a large amount of air mass which is characterized by the
emergence of a special characteristic that is the presence of high and low air pressure. For
example, high-pressure air masses are formed over Polar Regions, while dry, hot, low-
pressure air masses accumulate in subtropical regions. This caused the emergence of three
main angina systems in each hemisphere. They consist of:

1. Winds that lie at latitudes between 0 degrees and 30 degrees are known as trade
winds. The wind blows from east to west.
2. Angina is located at latitude between 30 degrees and 60 degrees which blows
from west to east.
3. Angina is located in the polar regions (between 60 degrees to the poles) which
generally blow from east to west.

The boundaries of the meeting between the main anon system is also an interesting thing.
For example, meeting the trade wind system in the equatorial region produces an area that has
relatively calm air known as doldrums. In addition to this also obtained another place that has
calm air but the varying stains are found in the meeting area of the angina system located at
30 degrees latitude. While the area which is located between the wind that blows from the
east and west at latitude of around 60 degrees has a characteristic characterized by frequent
occurrence of conquering angina.

Chapter Viii Waves

Waves always cause a swing of water that moves unceasingly at the surface layer of the
sea and is rarely in a state of complete rest. Blowing gentle angina in calm weather even
though it's enough fatherly can cause ripples of waves.

Wave Arrangements The

composition of waves in the ocean in both shapes and types varies greatly, making them
almost indescribable. Therefore it is very useful to make an artificial wave model that can be
moved and carefully controlled in a laboratory wave tank. . Terms and parts of the wave like
this:

Crest: highest point (peak) of the wave)

Trough: lowest point (valley) of the wave

Wave height: vertical distance between crest and trough (wave height)

Wavelength: successive distances between two crests and two troughs

Wave period: the time it takes the crest to return to its original point in succession

Wave length: the ratio between wavelength to wave height.

Wind as Wave Generators The

Properties of waves are at least influenced by three forms of angina:

1. Angina velocity: generally the faster the angina that blows, the larger the waves are
formed and these waves have high speeds and large wavelengths.
2. The time at which the wind is blowing: the height, velocity and wavelength of the
whole tend to increase according to the time at which the wave generator starts to
blow.
3. Unhindered distance where angina is blowing: (known as fetch). The importance of
fetch can be illustrated by comparing waves formed in relatively small water columns
such as lakes on land with those formed in free seas.

TSUNAMI

The large waves generated by the power that are suddenly released by an earthquake or
volcano eruption are called tsunamis, which sometimes cause great damage. This type of
wave has a very long wavelength reaching up to 200 kilometers; the period can be up to 20
minutes, 0.5 meters high and has a speed of up to 800 kilometers per hour.

Chapter Ix Circulation Of Water In The Sea

The current is a very large water movement that occurs in all oceans in the world. These
currents have a very important meaning in determining the direction of shipping for ships.

World Surface Crushing Flow

1. The current that completely surrounds the South Pole region that is at latitude 600
south.
2. Water flow in the equatorial area which flows from west to east, but they are limited
by parallel currents flowing from east to west, both in the northern hemisphere and in
the southern hemisphere.
3. The subtropical region is characterized by rotating currents known as gyres.

Surface current generator factors

a. Topography of the ocean floor and surrounding islands

Some of the world's major ocean systems are limited by land masses from three sides
and also by equatorial counter currents on the fourth side.
 b. Carioles force and the current

Affect the mass flow of water, where this force will bend their direction from the
straight direction.

Differences in water pressure

At first we thought that the surface of the sea was completely flat, which in fact was?
Glycine. This caused angina to tend to blow constantly in certain directions and cause water
to accumulate in several places in the ocean. This causes the water level in some regions to be
higher than in others.

Seasonal currents

Angina is one of the most varied factors in generating currents. Since the world
general angina system is always fixed throughout the year, the direction of the world's
currents only experiences small annual variations. But in the northern Indian Ocean and
Southeast Asian seas, monsoons change seasonally and have a dramatic influence on the
direction of surface currents.

Upwelling and sinking

Angina can also cause vertical water currents known as upwelling and sinking in
some coastal areas.

CHAPTER X INSTALLATION

Water at the edge of the coast bordering the ocean never stays at a fixed height, but
they always move up and down according to the tidal cycle. Tides are mainly due to the
attractive force between the two forces that occur in the ocean, which comes from the
centrifugal force caused by the earth's rotation on its axis and the gravitational force
originating from the moon. The easiest way to explain this tidal power plant is to remember
their effects on a theory that considers the surface of the earth as a whole covered by water.
As a result of this tidal power plant, there will be two protrusions of water masses where one
part is on the surface of the earth which is located closest to the moon and another protrusion
is located on the part that is located farthest (the other side) of the moon.

The gravitational pull of the sun also affects the tides even though the energy
generated by the ocean is only about 47% of the energy produced by the moon's gravitational
force. At the time of the new moon and the full moon the sun and moon lie in a line towards
the earth and the gravitational force caused by having the same direction. Local factors such
as the shape of the ocean floor and the surrounding land mass may hinder the flow of water
that is suitable in the Tonkin bay. The pair type is diurnal, only one high tide period and one
low tide period in one day. the height is always changing which happens in some places.
Mixed pairs whose pairs are based on semi-diurnal pairs occur based on diurnal pairs found
in hone nine Niue in Vietnam.

Chapter Xi Oceanographic Biology: A Pelagic System A

 pelagic system consists of animals and plants that live swimming and hovering in the
open ocean. This is different from the benthic system which consists of organisms that live on
the ocean floor.

Plankton

Phytoplankton are very small aquatic plants which consist of a large number of
different classes. They have the same important role both in the pelagic system and as played
by higher-level green plants in terrestrial ecosystems. Zooplankton is a group consisting of
various types of animals, including protozoa, coelenterate, mollusks, annelids, crustaceans.
Some of these organisms are planktonic for the entire life span. For example copepoda: abik
lara or the adult form of this small crustacean is very common in zooplankton.

Nekton

fish is particularly present in an amount that is so much in the nekton. They are often
divided into groups that are truly pelagic species, namely the group of fish that live between
the middle and upper reaches of the ocean, and the demersal species that live on or at the
bottom of the ocean.

Production

Primary production by green plants is greater in some habitats than in others. This can
be calculated by measuring the number of calories bound to organic molecules derived from a
simple arrangement of inorganic materials. The unit of measurement in this process is the
amount of carbon in grams bound into square organic perimeter bonds per day / year in the
open ocean showing relatively low levels which usually have values between 0.005 and 0.5
go / m2 / day.

Chapter Xii Oceanographic Biology: Benthos

Limits for the spread of basic plants (benthic plants)

Distribution of green plants is limited by the littoral and sub littoral regions where there is
sufficient light for the photosynthesis process to take place. Three types of plants are found in
this area:

1. Single-cell aquatic plants that generally live on the surface of sand and mud.
2. Large-sized aquatic plants, seaweed, which tend to be found in all places suitable for
attachment.
3. Some flowering plants such as zoster seaweed and some trees and shrubs that live in
the swamp area are found in the littoral area.

Animal societies that live in the bottom (benthic communities)

Environmental conditions such as sedimentary type, salinity and subsurface depth, provide
enormous variations from one area of the ocean floor to another area of the ocean floor. So it
is not surprising that this causes different types of animals in different areas. In this case it is
related to specific environmental conditions. Communities are usually dominated by one or
two types of animals from the safe they are familiar with, which are transmitted by organisms
that are subdominant.
Benthos

Primary production of only occurs in shallow areas in coastal waters where there is enough
sunlight for plants to carry out the process of photosynthesis. Production will be high in
places that are rich in organic ingredients. An example in this case is the estuarine area.
Shallow Areas in coastal waters inhabited by animals of the herbivore class that directly feed
on green plants.

Estuarine

Water in the estuarine area is a mixture of river water and sea water, resulting in this area
having lower water salinity in the open ocean. However this mixing process is a complex
process. Fresh water that comes from rivers that have a smaller density than sea water tends
to float on it.

Chapter Xiii Pollution

Oil pollution Oil

pollution can have a wide influence on animals and plants that live in an area. The
floating oil is especially dangerous for the life of seabirds who like to swim above the water
surface. Like auk (a type of seabird living in subtropical areas) and guillemot (a type of polar
seabird).

Heavy metal pollution heavy

Some Metals are important components that are needed in pet food in very small
quantities. Heavy metal types to produce oxidation and respiratory pigments while copper is
needed in oxidation and haemocyanin pigments. These metals will become toxic if they are
present in concentrations above normal as found in nature.

Garbage

Oil-containing rubbish is sometimes just thrown into the sea through the sonata
watershed system. These wastes are likely to contain heavy metals with high concentrations.
But in general they are rich in organic ingredients, so that it will enrich the contents of food
substances in a polluted area that makes environmental conditions better for the growth of
microorganisms.

2.4 SUMMARY OF COMPARISON BOOKS

Chapter I Introduction

The word oceanography is a combination of two Greek words Oceanus (ocean) and
graphs (description) so that oceanography has a meaningful description of the ocean. But the
scope of oceanography in reality is more than just a description of the ocean, because the
ocean itself will involve various scientific disciplines if it is to be disclosed. Interaction with
the atmosphere will affect global climate patterns. The potential of its rich natural resources
can influence both the good and bad relations between countries. And this also reinforces the
importance of the oceanography discipline to be more glimpsed, understood, even
experienced by intellectuals who are interested in it. Special physical oceanography studies
all the physical characteristics and characteristics that make up the fluid system. Biological
oceanography studies the biological systems of oceans to reveal various life cycles of living
organisms that live in or from the ocean. Chemical oceanography looks at the various
processes of action and reactions between molecular or mixed elements in the oceanic system
that cause reversible or irreversible changes in substances. And geological oceanography
focuses on ocean floor structures related to the structure and evolution of ocean basins.
Because the description of an oceanographer will encompass a complex science.

Chapter Ii History And Sea Development

Since the days of the sea civilization is a means of trade transportation, where
seagoing vessels can go and return. In the time of Ptolemy, the second century BC, the
Mediterranean seas of northern Africa and the south coast of Asia mainland were perfectly
mapped. The theory of gravity takes place attracting stars and the earth. It is suspected that
because the earth is still hot and soft, some of the earth's crust is attracted to outer space. The
century of discovery (1492-1522) which began by Columbus sailed from northeast India to
the Atlantic Ocean to America. Portugal aristocrat Ferdinand Magellan’s sailed around the
world. He has proven that the earth is round. In the eighteenth century, James Cook made a
whole map of the Pacific Ocean and showed the existence of a land located at the southern
part of the poles which always covered the ice.

a. Definition of Oceanography

Oceanography is simply a study of the ocean and the science that tells about the
sea, both forms, organisms, and all phenomena that occur related to the sea. In
general, oceanography is a merger of several other sciences, namely physics,
chemistry, biology, and geology.

b. Sea benefits for humans

Sea benefits for humans as a biological source and transportation medium. But in
line with the progress of science and technology, humans are increasingly aware
of the importance of the sea. Besides energy sources, the sea also provides another
very important source of energy, namely heavy hydrogen, which is needed in
nuclear energy production. Other energy obtained from the sea is volcanic energy
on the seabed, from waves, currents and tides, and energy generated by
differences in sea water temperatures. As a maritime country, the Indonesian
people do rely on the sea as a buffer in maintaining the integrity of the Indonesian
nation and state. The sea can function as the main buffer zone in protecting the
territory of the Indonesian people. In addition to sea with its war fleet, the
existence of fishermen who catch fish in Indonesian waters is also a living fence
that can maintain the integrity of the Indonesian territorial territory.
Chapter Iii Physical And Chemical Properties Of Fresh Water

Sea water is fresh water that contains 3.5 percent salts. Pure water is a very simple
chemical compound. The natural system of water is polar, so water molecules attract other
water molecules to form bonds called hydrogen bonds. Need a large amount of thermal
energy to accelerate the movement of water molecules in raising the temperature. This high
heat capacity tends to make it resist temperature changes when heat is added or taken
(subtracted).

a. Density water

Density is a density or density which is denoted by p (rho), a homogeneous

substance usually has the same density. Density will decrease if the temperature is
raised above or lowered below 40°c.a temperature drop below 20°for example will
initially increase the density of the water, but this increase in density is not directly
continuous.

b. Physical and chemical properties of seawater

From the distribution of temperature and salinity of seawater hay oceanography

can identify the mass of sea water and study the movement of sea water. In every
ocean study, temperature and salinity in addition to depth are always measured.
Oceanographers are interested in knowing the spatial distribution of physical and
chemical properties of seawater.

c. Sea water temperature

Is a physical quantity that has a range between 350C and -20C. Sea temperatures
change according to time and place, and for certain purposes measurement accuracy is
needed.

d. Salinity

Is the total amount of solids (salts) in grams that dissolve in one kilogram of sea
water when all the carbonate has been converted into oxide, bromine, and job?

e. Water mass Water

Mass obtains its properties on the surface, water mass has a specific temperature
and salinity. Because of the difference in density, the mass is not mixed easily when
they meet.

f. Measurements into the sea

First, the sea was measured by ropes and then by a wire weighed down to the
bottom of the sea. On a sea expedition in my mother in Indonesia, the Dutch research
vessel measured the depth of the sea at 33,500 feet with a wire cutter on the Mindanao
trough (Philippines.
Chapter Iv Seed Sedimentation

A. Types of marine sedimentation

1. Nitrogenous sediment

Originating from the scraping of rocks on land. This can occur due to an extreme
physical condition such as heating and cooling of rocks that occur repeatedly in the
desert, therefore, the presence of frost in winter or because of the chemical action of the
solution of the material material contained in the rainwater from a solution to the rock
surface.

2. Bigamous system

is the result of the remnants of living organisms will also form deposits of fine
particles called ooze.

3. Hydrogenous sediment

This sediment originates from the results of chemical reactions in the sea.

4. Cosmogonies

sediments These sediments come from various sources that enter the sea through the
wind or airways.

Chapter V Sea Flow

Flow is the movement of mass water vertically and horizontally so that it leads to a
broad balance or movement of water that occurs throughout the world's oceans. Several
factors arise at sea level

1. Angina

2. Variation in density in the horizontal direction with geostrophic currents

3. Tides are known as tidal currents

4. Breaking waves form an angle with the coastline recognized by the current along the coast

5. The increase in surface water density due to the cooling process or the increase in salinity
is known as the the romaine lotion cycle.

The effect
of Earth's rotation on the current circular pattern. Carioles force is produced from the earth's
movements caused by currents that are turned right in the northern hemisphere, left in the
south. Gyre cyclones are produced in counterclockwise directions in the northern hemisphere
and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. This situation is a divergent gyre, which tends to
move the flow of water up from under the thermocline. This results in a very large supply of
nutrients on the surface, making the area very productive. Ekman current is a velocity of
current caused by the influence of maximum angina on the surface and decreases
exponentially towards the inner layer. There are two important things in the Ekman model
namely. 1. Surface current direction is not the same as the surface wind direction but deviated
450 to the right or left angina. 2. Angina that blows over the surface of the sea gives rise to
mass transport whose direction is perpendicular to the direction of the wind. Ekman spiral is a
collision between air molecules and collisions between water molecules in the surface layer
of the sea because anon cause friction in the surface layer of the sea because it ultimately
causes surface currents.

Distribution of underwater currents of the world

1. Around the Atlantic Ocean (to the north of the equator)

2. Around the Pacific Ocean (to the north of the equator)

3. Around the Indian Ocean (to the north of the equator)

Chapter Vi Sea Waves

Waves are movements of ups and downs of water in a direction perpendicular to the
surface of the sea water that forms a curve / graph sinusoidal, ocean waves that form a curve.
Factors affecting wave’s i.e.

a. Wind (wind wave) is wind that blows above sea level is the main wave
generator. The resulting waveforms tend to be erratic and depend on several
characteristics of the wave period and height at which the waves are
formed.
b. The earth-moon-sun pulling force (tidal wave), i.e. tidal waves that occur in
an observed waterway, is a sum of the tidal components caused by the
gravity of the moon, the sun, and celestial bodies.c
c. Earthquakes on the seabed (volcanic, tectonic, and tsunami) are waveforms
generated from the sea caused by volcanic activity such as underwater
volcanic eruptions.
d. Marine geometry (topography or profile of the sea and coast shape) the type
of

Waves in the sea are

a. beach-forming waves, including the formation of coastal waves, characterized by having a

high altitude and low propagation speed.

b. Destructive waves of the coast that usually have a high altitude and propagation speed
(very high).

Types of ocean waves

a. Sea waves caused by the wind are caused by the wind can generate energy to form the
beach, causing currents and transport in a direction perpendicular to the motion and along the
coast.
b. Ocean waves due to tides are important factors because they generate strong currents,
especially in narrow areas.

c. Ocean waves due to tsunamis are caused by volcanic eruptions or earthquakes in the sea.

Benefits of wave energy

As a producer of electrical energy, ocean wave energy, one of the potential oceanic seas that
is not widely known by the general public is the potential of ocean and ocean energy to
produce electricity. Countries that conduct research and development of ocean energy
potential to produce electricity. Tidal energy is energy produced from the movement of sea
water due to tidal differences. Sea wave energy is energy that is produced from the movement
of waves towards the mainland and vice versa. Although the use of this type of energy in
Indonesia still requires a variety of research mandalas, but simply can be seen that the
probability of finding and utilizing the potential of sea wave energy and sea heat energy is
more basic tidal energy.

Chapter Vii Pair By Sea

Tides are a phenomenon of the rise and fall of sea surface level accompanied by
periodic horizontal movements of sea surface mass. The mechanism of tidal formation can be
explained from the theory of balanced tides. Tidal is a phenomenon of periodic movement of
the rise and fall of sea water caused by a combination of gravitational force and attractive
dance force from astronomical objects, especially by the sun, earth and moon. Tidal forms in
different regions are not the same. An area in one day can occur one tide. In general, tides in
various regions can be distinguished four types, namely

1. Double daily tides (semi diurnal tide)

In one day, there are two tides and two tides with almost the same energy and tides
occur sequentially on a regular basis.

2. Single daily tides (diurnal tide)

In one day there is one tide and one tide with a tidal period is 24 hours 50 minutes.

3. Tidal mixture tends to double daily

In one day there are two tides and two times low tide, but the height and period are
different.

4. Tidal mixture tends to a single daily

In this type, in one day there is one tide and one ebb tide, but sometimes for a while
there are two tides and ebb with a height and a very different period.

Tidal type geographic distribution

Based on the determination of tidal type as described previously, the tidal type
geographic distribution is mapped in Southeast Asian waters. Double tides are found in the
waters of the Andaman Sea Bay By, the Malacca Strait, the waters of northwestern Australia
and the Formosa Strait. The center of diurnal leaning mixture is found in the southern waters
of Kalimantan, Java Sea, Southwestern waters, Iran and almost all of the South China Sea.

Chapter Viii Sea Morphology

a. Edge of the

Oceanography Oceanographers who study the topography of the ocean floor divide it
into three major parts namely the ocean floor, middle ocean dike, and the edge of the
continent.

1. Continental self

Shallow seabed and is a broad land that is located along the coast.

2. Continental slope Continental slope

Is a continuation of continental exposure towards the sea?

3. Continental rise

This area has a slope and then slowly becomes flat on the seabed (land).Coastal

Morphology Plantain morphology first distinguishes between coast and coast. The
beach is an area starting from the coast towards the land to a less clear boundary, while the
coastline is the boundary line between the coast and the coast. Coast is a regional route where
land and sea meet from the boundary at the low tide to land direction to the highest limit
affected by waves during a storm. Fore shore is the coastal part from the lowest tide face to
the height of the ear face at the time of high tide, and the back shore of the coast starts from
the foreshore boundary to the shoreline.

The beach is an area that starts from the lowest point of the sea water at low tide to
the direction of the mainland to the farthest extent of the waves. So, the beach area can also
be referred to as "shore" and "beach". The meeting place between water, water and land is
called the coastline. This coastline changes at any time according to changes in tides.

The shape of the seashore varies, some are steep and steep. Some of the rugged
seashores are sandy and muddy. Steep seas such as rock walls are called cliffs, sandy beaches
are called risks or sand beaches and mud beaches are called "mud beaches". Coast is a wider
area than the coast.

Chapter Ix Water Ecosystem

Ecosystems are functional units of various sizes composed of living and nonliving
parts that interact with one another. Marine ecosystems include seabed communities and
living conditions in the shallow waters that surround the world's landmass, or also called
continental exposure areas. In summary that ecosystems consist of physical environment.
 The marine ecosystem is one of the earth's aquatic ecosystems. This ecosystem
includes oceans, salt marshes, and intertidal ecology, river mouths and lagoons, mangroves
and deep and bottom coral reefs.

The marine ecosystem reaches about 71 percent of the earth's surface and contains
about 97 percent of the water on this planet. This ecosystem produces 32 percent of net
primary production. About 85 percent of the dissolved ingredients in seawater are sodium and
chlorine. Sea water has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand (pet) water.

Adaptation of deep-water biota by overcoming environmental pressures around it to

preserve its life. With a state without light and high pressure, high salinity so that aquatic
biota in adapting.

a. morphological adaptation. Adjustment of living organisms.

b. Physiological adaptation. Deep water biota is able to process energy far more effectively
than living things on land and the upper ocean zone.

c. Adapt behavior. This organism gets its energy or food as much as possible in order to
survive, so this organism must have special expertise to get prey, for example fish that has
antennas that are sensitive to motion.

Chapter X Sea Pollution

Pollution is the entry or inclusion of living things, substances, energy or components

into the environment by human activities so that the quality drops to a certain level which
causes the environment to function no longer in accordance with its function. Pollution comes
from darata activities. In general, activities or activities on the mainland. Jensi pollutants
according to Effendi.

1. Additive is the effect caused by several types of pollutants is the sum of the
effects of each pollutant. For example, the effect of the zinc community on fish.
2. Synergism is the effect caused by several types of pollutants is greater than the
sum of the effects of each pollutant. For example, the combination of copper and
chlorine is combined.
3. Antagonism is the influence caused by several types of pollutants that interfere
with each other so that the effect is smaller or even lost. For example, the effect of
a combination of calcium with lead or zinc and aluminum.

CHAPTER III
 DISCUSSION

3.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE MAIN BOOK

The strengths of the main book are that the discussion of the book material is very
clear and includes pictures in the book to support the explanation of the material explained. In
addition to the strengths of this book, this book also has the disadvantage of missing
questions or exercises from each sub-chapter. Where it is if there will help the reader to better
practice working on the problems and to train the reader to be more familiar with the material
given or explained.

3.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPARISON

books the advantages of comparison books namely the writing format is quite clear and easily
understood by the reader. Each discussion of the material described in the loading of sources
to further clarify the material, so that readers are easier to find it. But besides that there is a
drawback that the book has, namely the clarity of the loaded images is still unclear.

CHAPTER V
 CLOSING

4.1 CONCLUSION

Oceanography can be defined simply as a study of the ocean. This science is not
merely a pure science, but it is a combination of various other basic sciences. Since the days
of sea civilization is a means of trade transportation, where seagoing vessels can go and
return. In the time of Ptolemy, the second century BC, the Mediterranean seas of northern
Africa and the south coast of Asia mainland were perfectly mapped. The theory of gravity
takes place attracting stars and the earth. It is suspected that because the earth is still hot and
soft, some of the earth's crust is attracted to outer space. The age of discovery (1492-1522)
which began by Columbus sailing from northeast India to the Atlantic Ocean to America.
Portugal aristocrat ferdinand magelhaens sailed around the world. He has proven that the
earth is round. Humans interested in the ocean can be revisited at the beginning of the era of
human civilization, when knowledge of the world is limited to countries where seagoing
vessels can go back. At that time the shape of the map was very important. Where the shape
of this map becomes more precise for the voyage across the sea the longer the distance and
the distance is often done.

4.2 SUGGESTIONS

This book has many advantages although there are a few shortcomings of this book,
hopefully with the criticism this book can improve the author when he wants to revise the
book. Hopefully this critical book report can provide an overview and broaden our horizons
about oceanography. Suggestions and criticisms from readers will always be accepted by
writers for further writing critical books.

REFERENCES
Hutabarat sahala.Evans M.oceanography.jakarta.UIpress

Stewart.2017.Introduction to Prarikeslan Widya.2016.Oseanografi.Kencana Press