,ay; - 3

ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;

I. rhd;W jUf:
1. vz;Zg;ngaH
m) G+g;ge;jy; M) vl;Lj;njhif
,) Xlhf;Fjpiu <) Gypj;Njhy;
2. <Wnfl;l vjpHkiw nganur;rk;
m) ky;ypifg;G+ M) jtr;rpwpJ
,) $thf;Fapy; <) cyfg;ge;J
3. ctikj;njhif
m) jhkiug;ghjk; M) tho;f;ifg;glF
,) tpl;Wr;nrd;whd; <) ,dpj;fhz;Nghk;
4. chpr;nrhy;
m) rhyg; NgrpdhH M) jpg;gpbj;jJ
,) jdpr;rpwg;G <) ,jw;Ff;nfhL
5. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
m) Gypj;Njhy; M) cyfg;ge;J
,) tlf;Fg; gf;fk; <) jtr;rpwpJ

II. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf:

1. Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhd;
m) XnuOj;J xUnkhop M) td; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
,) Mlr;nrhd;dhH <) fdhf; fz;Nld;
2. rpj;jpiuj; jpq;fs;
m) ctikj; njhif M) ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
,) cUtfr;nrhy; <) gz;Gj;njhif
3. rhyg; NgrpdhH
m) chpr;nrhy; M) tpidj;njhif
,) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif <) cUtfr; nrhy;
4. jPg; gpbj;jJ
m) XnuOj;J xUnkhop M) chpr;nrhy;
,) jpirg;ngaH <) <Wnfl;l vjpHkiw nganur;rk;
5. tho;f;ifg;glF
m) cUtfk; M) chpr;nrhy;
,) jpir;ngaH <) XnuOj;J xUnkhop
 ,ay; - 4
capHtif
I. rhd;W jUf:
1. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik
M) vdJ rl;il M) mz;zNdhL Ngh
,) kfNs jh! <) te;j rphpg;G
2. tpspj;njhlH
m) mJ nrhy; M) $L fl;L
,) tho;f jkpo; <) kfNs jh
3. tpidj;njhif
m) tUf jiyth! M) te;j rphpg;G
,) jha; je;ij <) Fb jz;zPH
4. mLf;Fj; njhlH
m) ryry M) ghHghH
,) vd;NdhL nrH <) ghH
5. vOtha;j;njhlH
m) Fjpiu jhz;baJ M) tsH gpiw
,) gb <) ghHj;jhd;
6. nganur;rk;
m) ghHj;j igad; M) ghHf;fhj igad;
,) fpsp NgRk; <) ghHj;jhd;
7. chpr;nrhy;
m) ifj;jl;L M) cWnghUs;
,) ,uTgfy; <) igfs;

II. $wpathW nra;f:

1. vd; rl;il - Ntw;Wik thpahf khw;Wf
m) ve;jd; rl;il M) vdJ rl;il
,) cd; rl;il <) mtd; rl;il
2. tsUk; gpiw – tpidj;njhifahf;Ff.
m) tsHe;j gpiw M) gpiw tsUkh?
,) gpiw <) tsHgpiw
3. ghHj;jhd; igad; - nganur;rkhf khw;Wf.
m) ghHj;j igad; M) igad; ghHj;jhd;
,) ghHj;jhd; <) ghHf;fhj igad;
4. ehl;ilf; fz;lhd; - Ntw;Wikj; njhifahf;Ff.
m) fz;lhd; ehl;il M) ehL fz;lhd;
,) fz;lhd; ehL <) vJTkpy;iy

5. je;ij ghHj;jhd; - tpspj;njhluhf;Ff.

m) ghHj;j je;ij M) je;ijNa ghUq;fs;!
,) ghHj;jhH <) je;ij
6. jhz;ba Fjpiu – vOtha;j; njhluhf;Ff.
m) jhz;lh Fjpiu M) Fjpiu jhz;baJ
,) jhz;lhj Fjpiu <) Fjpiu jhz;Lkh?
III. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G:
1. te;j rphpg;G
m) njhopw;ngaH M) tpidab
,) nganur;rk; <) chpr;nrhy;
2. fpsp NgRk;
m) vOtha;j;njhlH M) chpr;nrhy;
,) tpspj;njhlH <) njhopw;ngaH
3. fjitj;jpw
m) tpidnar;rk; M) nganur;rk;
,) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhlH <) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhlH
4. jPjPjP
m) ,ilr;nrhy; M) mLf;Fj;njhlH
,) ,ul;ilf;fpstp <) chpr;nrhy; njhlH
5. jha;je;ij
m) ctikj;njhif M) gz;Gj;njhif
,) ck;ikj;njhif <) tpidj;njhif
6. edpjpd;whd;
m) chpr;nrhy; M) tpidnar;rk;
,) njhopw;ngaH <) tpidab
7. tho;f jkpo;
m) tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W M) nganur;rk;
,) tpidnar;rk; <) mLf;Fj;njhlH

IV. epug;Gf:
1. epiynkhop ________ Mf mikAk; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
m) m/wpiz M) caHjpiz
,) ey;tpid <) vr;rk;
2. jha; je;ij vd;gJ ________
m) ck;ikj;njhif M) nganur;rk;
,) gz;Gj;njhif <) tpidj;njhif
3. vl;L> gj;J v;gJ ________
m) msTg;ngaH M) vz;Zg;ngaH
,) tbtg;ngaH <) ,lg;ngaH

4. Fuq;fpdJ Fl;b vd;gJ ________

m) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhlH M) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhlH
,) njhopw;ngaH <) gz;Gj;njhif
5. vJ fz;lha;? vd;gJ ________ MFk;
m) tpdhg;ngaH M) ,lg;ngaH
,) fhyg;ngaH <) njhopw;ngaH
6. je;ijNa ghUq;fs;! vd;gJ ________
m) ,ilr;nrhy; M) tpspj;njhlH
,) tpidab <) chpr;nrhy;
 ,ay; - 5
I. epug;Gf:
1. _____ ngUk; nghJf;$l;lk; (chpr;nrhy; vOJf)
m) fb M) cW ,) kh <) ky;yy;
2. _____ tpLJk;
m) kh M) jt ,) edp <) fb

3. gbg;G _____ ,Ue;jhy; NghJk; (tiuaiwg; nghUs; vOJf)

m) kl;Lk; M) jhd; ,) ck; <) M

4. _____ rpwe;jJ
m) edp M) jt ,) rhy <) kh

II. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G:
1. fbkyH
m) njhopw;ngaH M) tpidj;njhif
,) chpr;nrhy; <) ,ilr;nrhy;
2. fpW> fpd;W
m) fhy ,ilepiyfs; M) vjpHkiw ,ilepiyfs;
,) tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfs; <) njhopw;ngaH tpFjpfs;
3. mj;J> mw;W> mk;
m) rhhpiafs; M) ctk cUGfs;
,) njhopw;ngaH tpFjpfs; <) gd;ik tpFjpfs;
4. Nghy> khjphp
m) ctk cUGfs; M) ,ilepiyfs;
,) tpidnar;r tpFjpfs; <) xUik tpFjpfs;

III. rhd;W jUf:

1. chpr;nrhy;
m) cs;Ns M) ele;Nj te;jhd;
,) fbefH <) Nghy
2. kpFjp nghUs; my;yhjJ vJ?
m) cW M) jt ,) edp <) kh
3. gphpepiyg;nghUspy; tUk; ,ilr;nrhy; _____
m) V M) ck; ,) X <) jhd;

4. vj;jid vd;gJ _____

m) msT M) vz;zpf;if ,) fhyk; <) vJTkpy;iy
5. tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk; ,ilr;nrhy;
m) ck; M) me;j ,) M <) mk;
IV. epug;Gf:
1. ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhHe;J te;J nghUs; czHj;JtJ ______
m) chpr;nrhw;fs; M) mLf;Fj;njhlH
,) gz;Gj;njhif <) njhopw;ngaH
2. ,ir> Fwpg;G> gz;G vd;Dk; nghUs;fSf;F chpajha; tUtJ ______
MFk;.
m) ,ilr;nrhy; M) tpidnar;rk;
,) chpr;nrhy; <) ,lg;ngaH
3. ______ vd;gJ gd;ikf;F chpad.
m) md;W M) my;y ,) Mfpa <) ik
4. nkhopg;gad;ghl;il KOikahf;Ftd ______
m) tpidr;nrhw;fs; M) ngaHr;nrhy;
,) ,ul;ilf;fpstp <) ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
5. ,ilr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J ,aq;fhJ vd;W $wpatH ______
m) fgpyH M) ed;D}yhH ,) fk;gH <) njhy;fhg;gpaH

,ay; - 6
GzHr;rp
I. rhd;W jUf:
1. capuPW
m) fiy + moF M) kz; + ,lk;
,) fy; + rpiy <) nghd; + tiyay;
2. nka;aW
P
m) kz; + ,lk; M) thio + ,iy
,) Nr + mb <) Nj + thuk;
3. ,ay; GzHr;rp
m) fw;rpiy M) kl;Flk;
,) kuNtH <) thiokuk;

4. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;
m) EioTj;NjHT M) gw;gir
,) GwehD}W <) mfehD}W
5. jphpjy; tpfhuk;
m) kuNtH M) gw;gir
,) thiog;gok; <) G+f;$il
6. Fw;wpaYfug; GzHr;rp
m) cwtoF M) Nrtb
,) ghtpdk; <) mwdy;y

II. epug;Gf:
1. ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; epfo;tJ _____
m) GzHr;rp M) rhHngOj;J
,) tO <) tpidnar;rk;
2. GzHr;rp _____ tifg;gLk;
m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5
3. tpfhug;GzHr;rp _____ Mfg;gphpf;fyhk;
m) ,uz;L M) ehd;F ,) %d;W <) Ie;J
 4. jd; xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J miu khj;jpiu msthf Fiwe;J
xypg;gJ _____
m) Fw;wpaYfuk; M) kfuf;FWf;fk;
,) msngil <) Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
III. $wpathW nra;f:
1. fy;Y}hp + rhiy – tpfhukhf;Ff.
m) fy;Y}hpr;rhiy M) rhiy fy;Y}hp
,) fy;Y}hp rhiy <) fy;Y}hpay; rhiy
2. vdJ + capH – Fw;wpaYfukhf;Ff.
m) vd;DapH M) vd; + capH
,) vdJapH <) capnudJ
3. Gwk; + ehD}W – nfLjy; tpfhukhf;Ff.
m) GwehD}W M) Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W
,) ehD}W ,) vJTkpy;iy
4. Fw;wpaYfuk; my;yhjJ
m) khHG M) KJF
,) fhJ ,) js;S

IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G:
1. kz;Flk;
m) nka;aPW M) capuPW
,) capH Kd; capH <) Fw;wpaYfug; GzHr;rp
2. nrbnfhb
m) ,ay;G GzHr;rp M) tpfhug; GzHr;rp
,) gz;Gj;njhif <) njhopw;ngaH
3. kzpaoF
m) capuPw;Wg;GzHr;rp M) ,ay;G GzHr;rp
,) tpidnar;rk; <) nganur;rk;
4. nghd;tis
m) Fw;wpaYfug; GzHr;rp M) ,ay;G GzHr;rp
,) njhopw;ngaH <) tpidj;njhif

mfoha;Tfs;

1. Kd;Diu
2. mhpf;fNkL mfoha;T
3. Mjpr;r ey;Y}H mfoha;T
4. fPob mfoha;T
5. KbTiu

Kd;Diu:
ekJ gz;ghl;il vz;zpg;ghHg;gjw;Fk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; Jiz epw;git mfoha;Tfs;.
mhpf;fNkL mfoha;T:
mhpf;fNkL mfoha;tpy; Nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;jd. mjdhy;
NuhkhdpaHfSf;Fk; ekf;Fk; ,Ue;j tzpfj; njhlHG cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Mjpr;r ey;Y}H mfoha;T:
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfoha;tpy; Vuhskhd KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,J gok; ngUk; goq;fhy milahskhf cs;sd.
fPob mfoha;T:
kJiu efUf;F mUNf cs;s fPob vd;Dkplj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l
mfoha;tpy; RLkz; nghUs;fs;> cNyhfg; nghUs;fs;> Kj;Jf;fs;> fpspQ;ry;
nghUs;fs;> gOg;G> fWg;G> khd;nfhk;Gfs;> Nrhopfs;> fpz;zq;fs;>
Jisaplg;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fs;> ,uj;jpdf;fy; tiffs;> rptg;G – fWg;Gg;
ghidfs;> rJuq;ff; fha;fs;> jhdpaq;fisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; fyd;fs;> nrk;G> rq;F
tisay;fs;> vYk;gpdhy; Md $H Kidfs;> jkpo; vOj;Jfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
ghid XLfs;> fw;fUtpfs; ePH Nrfhpf;Fk; nghpa kl;fyd;fs;> rpwpa FLitfs;>
ciwf;fpzWfs;> RLkz; $iu XLfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW njhy;ypay; nghUs;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,it RkhH 2300 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
KbTiu:
jkpoHfspd; czT> cil> thoplk; Kjypad ,aw;ifiar; rpijf;fhj
,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;lit vd;gjw;F mfoha;tpy; fz;l rhd;WfNs
Mtzq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

tpz;izAk; rhLNthk;
Kd;Diu:
tpz;ntspj; Jiwapy; ,];Nuhtpd; rhjidAk; ,e;jpahtpd; mwptpay;
rhjidahsHfisg; gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
nraw;iff;NfhSk; rpj;jhuhTk;:
1983 - ,y; gp.v];.vy;.tp (PSLV) jpl;lk; njhlq;fpaNghJ VT+Hjp
gazpf;Fk; ghij> njhiyT> tbtk; vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
kpd;dpyf;f Kiwapy; Nrfhpf;Fk; „rpj;jhuh‟ vd;w nraypia jpU. rptd;
cUthf;fpdhH.
,];Nuhtpd; nraw;fhpa nray;fs;:
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fis kf;fSf;fhf vg;gbg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd
rpe;jpj;jtHfs; tpf;uk; rhuhgha;. mtHfs;. epyj;jpy; ePhpd; msT> tpisr;ry;
jpwd; mwpayhk;. jpwd; Ngrpfs;> jhdpaf;fg;gl;l ,ae;jpuk;>
ml;ilg;gad;gLj;Jk; ,ae;jpuk; ,jw;nfy;yhk; nraw;iff;Nfhs; gad;gLfpwJ.
,tw;iw Fiwe;j nrytpy; kf;fSf;Fj; jukhd Nritf;fhf ,Jtiu
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;s 45 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; Jiz epd;wd. “Netpf” vd;w
nrayp kPdtHfSf;F flypy; vy;iy jhz;bdhy; cldbahf vr;rhpf;Fk;.
 re;jpuhad; I & II jpl;lq;fspy; Ma;Tg;gaz CHjp ,aq;Fjy; “NuhtH”
vdg;gLk; MuhAk; CHjp “NuhNghbf;” njhopy;El;g cjtpahy; gazpf;Fk;.
mwptpaypy; rhjpj;j rhjidahsHfs;:
Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhshd “Mhpagl;lh” VTjYf;Ff; fhuzkhdtH
tpz;ntspj; jpl;lj;jpd; je;ij tpf;uk; rhuhgha;.
,uhNkRtuj;jpy; gpwe;j VTfiz ehafuhf caHe;jhH jkpo; topapy; fw;w
mg;Jy;fyhk;.
mhpaY}hpy; gpwe;J mwptpaywpQuhf caHe;jtH tsHkjp mtHfs;.
ney;iyapy; gpwe;j mUzd; Rg;igah 2013-,y; kq;fy;ahd; nraw;iff;Nfhis
cUthf;fpa ,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; Rw;Wf;fyd; jpl;lj;jpd; jpl;l ,af;Feuhf
,Uf;fpd;whH.
,isafyhk; kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu re;jpuhad; ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wp
jdJ mwptpay; mDgtq;fis “ifaUNf epyh” vd;Dk; E}yhf vOjpAs;shH.
KbTiu:
ek; ehl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;iff;Nfhis tpz;zpw;F mDg;gp
ehl;bd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tNj ,];Nuhtpd; nray;ghlhFk;. ehKk; fdT
fhz;Nghk;. tpz;Zau gy rhjidfs; GhpNthk;.
tPl;bw;NfhH Gj;jfrhiy
Kd;Diu:
jkpof Kjy;tuha; nghWg;Ngw;W ,Unkhopr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpaNjhL
nrd;id khfhzj;ijj; “jkpo;ehL” vd;W ngaH khw;wk; nra;j ngUe;jiytH
mwpQH mz;zh mthpd; thndhyp ciuia ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
ew;gz;Gfs; nropf;Fk; gz;izfs;:
Mw;Nwhuj;jpy; Mykuj;jbapy; VLk; vOj;jhzpAk; nfhz;L gbj;j fhyk;
me;j fhyk;. ,g;NghNjh cyifNa ekJ tPl;Lf;F mioj;J te;J
fhl;lf;$ba fhyk;. kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njit G+Hj;jpahdJk; Kjy; ,lk;
Gj;jf rhiyf;Fj; jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tPl;by; rpWfilasTf;F ghj;jpuq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. rpW itj;jpa rhiy
msTf;F kUe;Jfs; ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; kdtsj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fs;
,uhJ. tPl;bw;NfhH Gj;jf rhiy vd;w ,yl;rpak; ehl;bw;NfhH ey;y epiy
Vw;glr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
tPl;by; ,lk; ngw Ntz;ba E}y;fs;:
ehl;ilawpa> cyif mwpe;J nfhs;s VLfs; Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gil
cz;ikfis mwptpf;Fk; E}y;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
ekf;F xOf;fj;ijAk; tho;tpw;fhd topfisAk; fhl;l tPl;bw;NfhH
jpUf;Fws; E}y; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpa rhuk;> Gjpa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F
tpj;jpl;l jiytHfs; kw;Wk; tPuHfs; MfpNahhpd; tho;f;if Fwpg;NgLfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Gfo;ngw;w E}yfq;fs;:
midj;J ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; cs;s Xiyr;RtbfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;
jQ;ir ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfNk Mrpahtpd; kpf goikahd E}yfkhFk;.
nrd;id fd;dpkuh E}yfj;jpy;jhd; cyfstpy; jkpo; e}y;fs; mjpfk; cs;sd.
jpUtde;jGuk; eLtz; E}yfNk ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; E}yfk; vd;w
ngUikf;FhpaJ. nfhy;fj;jhtpYs;s Njrpa E}yfNk ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa
E}yfkhFk;.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; “iyg;uhp Mg; fhq;fpu];” E}yfNk cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa

E}yfkhFk;.
KbTiu:
rPHfhop ,uh. muq;fehjd; mtHfspd; gpwe;j ehshd Mf];l; 9Mk;
ehisj;jhd; Njrpa E}yf ehshf ehk; nfhz;lhb tUfpNwhk;. kpd; E}y;fs;
,iza js thrpg;G vd tsHe;Jtpl;l ,e;j ehspy; ey;y E}y;fisg; Nghy
cjTk; ez;gHfs; ,y;iy. ,iriag; Nghd;Nw ,jaj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jtd
E}y;fNs. Mjypd; tPl;bw;NfhH Gj;jfrhiy mikg;Nghk; thrpg;Nghk;! mwpit
tsHg;Nghk;.

nra;jp
Kd;Diu:
xU rpW rk;gtk; xU kNdhepiy> kdepiy Mfpatw;iw ikakhf
itj;J vOjg;gLtJjhd; rpWfij. jp. [hdfpuhkd; vd;gtH tlnkhop mwpTk;
rpwe;j ,irawpTk; nfhz;ltH. ,thpd; “rptg;G hpf;\h” vd;w njhFg;gpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpWfijjhd; nra;jp. kpfTk; caHe;j ,ir> rpwe;j
fiyQHfshy; ifahsg;gLk; NghJ nrhw;fspd; vy;iyiaj; jhz;b ,irapd;
%ykhfNt nghUs; mwpa KbAk; vd;gij ,f;fijapd; %yk; czuyhk;.
ehfRuKk; ,irAk;:
kq;fykhd gy epfo;Tfspy; ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf;fUtp ehfRuk; MFk;.
ehfRuj;jpd; Nky; gFjpap;y; „rpthsp‟ vd;w fUtp nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpthsp
ehzy; vd;w Gy;tifia nfhz;L nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mkpHj jhiuahfg;
nghopAk; rq;fPjj;ij ,f;fUtp topahf ehk; nrtpkLf;ifapy; nkhopfle;j ,ir
ek; cs;sj;Nj CLUTk;.
gpypg;Nghy;];fhTk; ehfRutpj;thDk;:
tf;fPy; xUtH Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j fr;Nrhpf;F khl;L tz;bapy; te;J
,wq;fpdhH ehfRutpj;thd;. gpypg;Nghy;];fh kw;Wk; mtUld; te;jpUe;j 25
NgUf;Fk; tf;fPy; tpj;thid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. tpj;thd; Nkilapy; mkHe;J
ehl;iliaf; fk;gPukhf XH Myhgdk; nra;J fPHj;jidiaj; njhlq;fpdhH
Nghy;];fh. jd;idapoe;J NkNy nrUfpa tpopfNshL ehjj;jpy; fiue;jhH.
rhkh uhfk; njhlq;fpdhH tpj;thd;. gto ky;ypapd; kzkha; ,ir tope;jJ.
Nghy;];fh nky;ypa fhw;wpy; mirAk; rk;gq;fp kuk; khjphp Mbdhd;.
mtd; jtk; fiye;J tplf;$lhnjd uhf Myhgidiaf; $l epWj;jhky;
rhe;jKNyfh thrpj;jhH tpj;thd;.
rq;fPjk; mDg;gpa nra;jp:
Nghy;];fhtpd; nka; rpypHj;jJ. KJF xU nrhLf;Fld; cYf;fpajpy;
njhpe;jJ. Ntnwhd;iwAk; thrpf;fhjPHfs; vd; capH Ngha; tpLk; Nghy
,Uf;fpwJ vd;W tpj;thdpd; ifiag;gpbj;J nfQ;RtJ Nghd;w ghHitapy;
Ngrpdhd;. kPz;Lk; rhe;jKNyfh Ie;jhW jilt thrpj;jhH tpj;thd;. me;j
eprg;jj;jpy; mtd; jiy cs;sk; Md;khNthL mire;J Crypl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdf;fhf mDg;gpa nra;jp! cyfj;Jf;Nf xU nra;jp! cq;fs;
rq;fPjj;jpd; nra;jp! ,e;jf; ifiaf; nfhLq;fs;. ehfRuk; thrpj;j ifiaf;
nfhLq;fs;. flTs; eHj;jdkhLfpw ,e;j tpuiyf; nfhLq;fs;. ehd; flTis
KfHe;J Kj;jkpLfpNwd; vd;W Nghy;];fh tpuiyg; gpbj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
KbTiu:
,ir nkhopiaf; fle;jJ. mikjpapd; ehf;fhf mJ vy;yh
nkhopfisAk; NgRtJ. ,irapd; nrtpapy; jiyg;gLk; kdkhdJ ,dk;> ehL
vd;w vy;iyf;NfhLfisj; jhz;btpLk;.
Mk; c.Nt.rh. nksdp> jQ;ir gpufh\;> jQ;ir.uhikah jh];> jQ;rhT+Hf;
ftpuhaH thpirapy; jp. [hdfpuhkDk; jQ;rhT+H jkpOf;F mspj;j nfhilahFk;.
,ay; - 3
VW jOTjy;
I. tpdh tpil:
1. ePq;fs; thOk; gFjpapy; VW jOTjy; vt;thnwy;yhk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
khL gpbj;jy;> khL mizjy;> khL tpLjy;> kQ;R tpul;L> Ntyp kQ;R
tpul;L> vUJ fl;b> VW tpLjy;> ry;ypf;fl;L vd;nwy;yhk; VWjOTjy;
vd;W vq;fs; gFjpapy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. VW jOTjy; epfo;tjw;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; NtWngaHfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
VWjOTjy; epfo;tpidf; fypj;njhif> „fhisfspd; gha;r;ry;‟ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuKk; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyAk;> „VWNfhs;‟ vdg; NgRfpd;wd.
gpw;fhyr; rpw;wpyf;fpakhd gs;S> „vUJfl;b epfo;T‟ vdg;ghLfpwJ.
3. gl;b kz;lgk;> gl;bkd;wk; ,uz;Lk; xd;wh? Ntt;Ntwh? tpsf;Ff.
gl;b kz;lgk;:
rkathjpfs; xd;W$b> mtutH rhHe;j rkaj;jpd; caH
fUj;Jf;fisf; $wp> thjpl;L tpthjk; nra;Ak; tpj;ah kz;lgk;.
gl;b kd;wk;:
NgRNthiu mzp gphpj;J> nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gr; rhHe;j
fUj;Jf;fis xl;bAk; ntl;bAk; NgRjyhfpa tpthj kd;wk;.
 4. VWjOTjy; Fwpj;Jj; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fisg;
gl;baypLf.
Nryk; khtl;lk; fUte;Jiw> ePyfphp khtl;lk; fhpf;ifA+H> kJiu
khtl;lk; fy;Y}j;J Nkl;Lg;gl;b> Njdp khtl;lk; kapyhLk; ghiw
mUfpYs;s rpj;jpuf;fy GlT> rpe;Jrkntsp mfoha;Tf; fy;Kj;jpiu
Mfpad VWjOTjy; Fwpj;j njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fs;.

5. VWjOTjy;> jpizepiy tho;Tld; vt;tpjk; gpize;jpUe;jJ?

fypj;njhif> VWjOTjy; vd;w tPutpisahl;bid Ky;iy epyg;
gz;hl;bd; milahskhff; fhl;LfpwJ. Ky;iyj;jpiz> kUjj;jpiz
kf;fspd; ehfhpfr; rpwg;igr; Rl;bfhl;LfpwJ.
Ky;iyepyg; ngz;bH> Kul;Lf; fhisia mlf;fpa tPuidNa
tpUk;gp Vw;gH. kUj epyj;jpy; khLfis Vhpy; G+l;b> Ntshz;ikf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpdH.
Ntshz;kf;fs;> jq;fs; tho;NthLk; ciog;NghLk; cjtpa
khLfisg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpdH.
khLfSf;F ed;wp njhptpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nghq;fy; tpohit
kpfr;rpwg;hff; nfhz;lhb kfpo;tH. VWjOTjYk;> Ntshz;ikAk;
jpizepiy tho;Tld; gpize;jpUe;jd.

kzpNkfiy

I. tpdhtpil:

1. vz;Nguhak; FOtpy; cs;stHfs; ahH?

fuzj;jpaytH (fzf;F vOJgtH)
fUktpjpfs; (GNuhfpjH)
fdfr;Rw;wk; (nghUl;fhg;ghsH)
filf;fhg;ghsH (thapw;fhg;ghsH)
efukhe;jH (kf;fs; rhHghsH)
gilj;jiytH
ahit tPuH
,Tsp kwtH (Fjpiu tPuH)

2. kzpNkfiy – Fwpg;G tiuf.

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;whdJ.
kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;gJ ,jd; NtW ngauhFk;.
ngz;ikia Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk; Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;.
gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis fhl;Lk; jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;.
nrhw;RitAk;> nghUl;RitAk; ,aw;if tUzidfSk; epiwe;jJ.
ngsj;j rkak; rhHGilaJ.
kzpNkfiy fij mbg;gilapy; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlHr;rp vd;W $WtH.
,J 30 fhijahf mike;Js;sJ.
3. rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
kzpNkfiy fhg;gpaj;jpd; MrphpaH rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH.
rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngaH.
jhdpa tzpfk; nra;jjhy; $y thzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH vd;gH.
,thpd; NtWngaH – jd;lopr; rhj;jd;> jz;lkpo;g;Gytd;.
fp.gp. 2-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jtH.
jpUr;rp rPj;jiyapy; gpwe;J kJiuapy; tho;e;jtH vd;gH.
4. ,e;jpu tpohtpidf; fhz te;NjhH ahtH?
rkathjpfs;
fhyf;fzpjH
kf;fs; cUtpy; flTsH
gy nkhop NgRk; may;ehl;bd; Ik;ngUq;FO
vz;Nguhak;.
5. ,e;jpuh tpoh eilngWk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
Ntz;ikahd kzw;Fd;Wfs;
G+Q;Nrhiyfs;
Mw;wpilf; Fd;Wfs;
kuf;fpisfs; epoy; jUk; jz;zPHj; Jiwfs;
6. tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
xd;W $Ljy;
nfhz;lhLjy;
$b cz;Zjy;
kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpHjy;
7. Ik;ngUq;FOtpy; cs;stHfs; ahtH?
mikr;rH
rlq;F nra;tpg;NghH
gilj;jiytH
J}jH
rhuzdH (xw;wH)

,ay; - 4
,ae;jpuq;fSk; ,izatopg; gad;ghLk;
I. FWtpdh:
1. ,izatopapy; ,aq;Fk; kpd;dD ,ae;jpuq;fs; vitNaDk; Ie;jpid
vOJf.
tpil:
i) jhdpaq;fpg; gz ,ae;jpuk;
ii) ml;il Nja;gg ; p ,ae;jpuk;
iii) xspg;gb ,ae;jpuk;
iv) njhiyefy; ,ae;jpuk;
v) jkpof murpd; epahatpiyf; fil – jpwdl;ilf; fUtp
2. gs;sp khztHfSf;fhd murpd; ,iza Nritfis vOJf.
tpil:
eLtz; muRk; khepy muRk; gs;sp khztHfSf;Ff; fy;tp cjtpj;
njhif toq;Ftjw;F Mz;LNjhWk; gy Nghl;bj; NjHTfis
elj;Jfpd;wd. gj;jhk; tFg;G khztHfSf;Fj; Njrpa jpwdwpj;
NjHT(NTS), vl;lhk; tFg;G khztHfSf;Fj; Njrpaj; jpwdwpj;
NjHT(NMMS) kw;Wk; fy;tp cjtpj; njhifj; NjHT> fpuhkg;Gwg;
gs;spfspy; gbf;Fk; xd;gjhk; tFg;G khztHfSf;F Cufj; jpwdwpj;
NjHT(TRUST) Mfpait elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; fye;J nfhs;s
tpUk;Gk; khztHfs; jhq;fs; gbf;Fk; gs;spfspNyNa ,izaj;jpd; top
tpz;zg;gp;f;fyhk;.
II. neLtpdh:
1. md;whl tho;tpy; ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; ,uz;L ,izatopr; Nritfs;
gw;wp tphpthfj; njhFj;J vOJf.
tpil:
i) jhdpaq;fpg; gz ,ae;jpuk;:
,q;fpyhe;ijr; NrHe;j nghwpahsuhd [hd; n\g;gHL ghud; (John
Shepherd Barron) vd;gtH jiyikapyhd FOnthd;W> ghHf;Ny];
tq;fpf;fhf ,yz;ldpy; 1967 [Pd; 27,y; jhdpaq;fpg; gz ,ae;jpuj;ij
epWtpaJ.
tq;fp ml;inlay;yhk; mg;NghJ fpilahJ. tq;fpapy; toq;fg;gl;l
fhNrhiyiaf; nfhz;Ljhd; gzk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dH tq;fpfspd; ml;ilfspy; jdpg;gl;l milahs vz;iz
cUthf;fpj; jhdpaq;fpg; gz ,ae;jpuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdH.
,d;W cynfq;Fk; gutpAs;s jhdpaq;fp ,ae;jpuk; gy trjpfSld;
tpsq;FfpwJ. tq;fp ml;ilNa ,y;yhky; miyNgrp vz; kw;Wk; tq;fpf;
fzf;F vz; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; gzk; nrYj;Jk;; Kiw
te;Jtpl;lJ.
ii) ml;il Nja;g;gp ,ae;jpuk;:
ifapy; gzNk ,y;yhky; filf;Fr; nrd;W nghUs; thq;fTk; kw;w
tzpfg; ghpkhw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,e;jf; fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J>
fl;lzk; nrYj;Jk; fUtp (Payment terminal) vd;Wk; tpw;gidf; fUtp
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;j ,ae;jpuj;jpy; tq;fp ml;ilapd; fhe;jg;gl;il ,Uf;Fk;

gFjpiaj; Nja;f;Fk;NghJ thbf;ifahshpd; tptuq;fs;> ,izaj;
njhlHgpd; %yk; tq;fpf; fzpdpf;Fr; nry;fpwJ. fzpdpahy; ml;il
Muhag;gl;Lf; flTr; nrhy;iyr; rhpghHj;j gpd; gzg;ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F tq;fp
xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ml;ilfspy; rpy;Y
(Chip) vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; (vz;zpa) rpy;Yfs; %yk; tzpfg;
gwpkhw;wq;fs; eilngWfpd;wd.
,ay; - 4
X vd; rkfhyj; NjhoHfNs
I. FWtpdh:
1. $l;Lg;GOit vLj;Jf;fhl;bf; ftpQH czHj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis vOJf.
tpil:
vg;nghOJk; nghWik> mlf;fk; vd;Dk; ,U gz;Gfis kwj;jy;
$lhJ. $l;Lg;GOf;fs; gl;Lg;G+r;rpaha; khwp kpspUk;. mJNghy
nghWik> mlf;fk; ,uz;Lk; cila ,isQHfs; gl;Lg;G+r;rpfs; kpspHtJ
Nghy ,t;Tyfpy; ntw;wpapid milayhk;.

2. vd; rkfhyj; NjhoHfNs ftpijapy; ftpQH tpLf;Fk; Ntz;LNfhs; ahJ?

tpil:
Kd;NdhH $wpa KJnkhopfis tho;tpy; filg;gpbAq;fs;.
nghWik> mlf;fk; vd;Dk; fl;Lg;ghLfis kPwhjPHfs;.
mwpit kwe;J ve;j epiyapYk; czHr;rp tag;glhjPHfs;.
goikia kjpf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mwptpay; vd;Dk; thfdj;jpy; MSk; jkpio epWj;Jq;fs;.
fhpfhyd; fl;ba fy;yiz Nghd;W jkpoHfs; cUthf;fpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; fzpdpapy; Vw;Wq;fs;.
VTk; mk;GNghy VTk; jpir Nehf;fp elf;Fk; mbikj;jdj;ij
khw;Wq;fs;. VTfizapy; jkpio vOjp vy;yhf; Nfhs;fspYk; Vw;Wq;fs;.
 ,ay; - 5
fy;tpapy; rpwe;j ngz;fs;
I. tpdhf;fs;:
1. rq;ffhyg; ngz;ghw; GytHfs; ngaHfis vOJf.
xsitahH> xf;$Hkh rhj;jpahH> Mjpke;jpahH> ntz;zpf; Faj;jpahH>
nghd;KbahH> ms;SH ed;Ky;iyahH> ef;fz;izahH> fhf;ifg;ghbdpahH>
nts;sp tPjpahH> fhtw;ngz;L> eg;griyahH.
2. Kj;Jnyl;Rkp mk;ikahhpd; rhjidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Kj;Jnyl;Rkp (1886 – 1968)
jkpofj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; kUj;JtH. ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; rq;fj;jpd;
Kjy; jiytH. nrd;id kheuhl;rpapd; Kjy; Jiz NkaH. rl;l
Nkyitf;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz;kzp.
NjtjhrpKiw xopg;Gr;rl;lk; ,Ujhu jilr;rl;lk;> ngz;fSf;Fj;
nrhj;Jhpik toq;Fk; rl;lk;> Foe;ijj; jpUkzj; jilr;rl;lk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtH. milahw;wpy; 1930,y; mt;it
,y;yk;> 1952,y; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkid Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH.

3. %tY}H ,uhkhkpHjk; mk;ikahhpd; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

%tY}H ,uhkhkpHjk; (1883 – 1962)
jkpofj;jpd; r%fr; rPHjpUj;jthjp> vOj;jhsH> jpuhtpl ,af;f
murpay; nray;ghl;lhsH. Njtjhrp xopg;Gr;rl;lk; epiwNtwj; Jiz
epd;wtH. jkpof muR 8Mk; tFg;G tiu gbj;j ,sk; ngz;fSf;fhd
jpUkz cjtpj; njhifia ,thpd; ngahpy; toq;fp tUfpwJ.
4. jdpj; jkpopy; rpwe;j ePyhk;gpif mk;ikahhpd; jkpo;g;gzp Fwpj;J vOJf.
kiwkiyabfspd; kfs; MthH. je;ijiag; NghyNt jdpj;jkpo;g;
gw;WilatH. ,tuJ jdpj;jkpo;f; fl;Liu> tlnrhy; - jkpo; mfu thpir>
Kg;ngz;kzpfs; tuyhW> gl;bdj;jhH ghuhl;ba %tH Mfpa E}y;fs;
jdpj;jkpopy; vOj tpUk;GNthUf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sdthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
5. rhujh rl;lk; - $Wtd ahJ?
ngz; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; jilf;fy;yha; ,Ug;gJ Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;.
vdNt mijj; jLf;f 1929 – Mk; Mz;L rhujh rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
6. fy;tp Fwpj;j rpwg;Gj; njhlHfs;> nghd;nkhopfisj; jpul;b vOJf.
 fw;NwhUf;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G.
 ifg;nghUs; jd;dpd; nka;gn ; ghUs; fy;tp.
 fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtH ehs;rpy.
 fw;wJ ifkz;zsT fy;yhjJ cyfsT.
 fy;tpaoNf moF.
 fw;w fy;tpAk; ngw;w nry;tKk; filrp %r;Rtiu gpwUf;Ff;
nfhLf;fj;jhd;.
 vLj;jhy; FiwtJ nry;tk;> nfhLj;jhy; tsHtJ fy;tp.
 fy;tp XH mzpfyd;. mzpe;jhy; moF jUk;. mzptpj;jhy;
rpwg;gpidj; jUk;.
 FLk;g tpsf;F
1. tho;tpy; ,d;gk; vJ?
czitr; rikj;Jj; jUtJ vd;gJ capiu cUthf;FtJ
nghUl;nry;tj;jhNyh tPuj;jhNyh miktjd;W. mLg;gpy; neUg;G %l;b
rikf;Fk; fyj;jpy; Ritia ,l;L> mUfpy; ,Ue;J cs;sj;J md;NghL
czT ghpkhWjypy; jhd; tho;T eyk; ngWfpwJ.

2. FLk;g tpsf;F gw;wp vOJf.

FLk;g tpsf;F> FLk;g cwTfs; md;G vd;Dk; E}yhy;
gpize;Js;sij czHj;JfpwJ. fw;w ngz;zpd; FLk;gNk
gy;fiyf;fofkhf kpspUk; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. FLk;gk; njhlq;fp
cyfpidg; NgZjy; tiu jd; gzpfisr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Ak;
ngz;Zf;Ff; fy;tp Kjd;ikahdJk; ,d;wpaikahjJk; MFk;. ,e;E}y;
Ie;J gFjpfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk; gFjpapy; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
jiyg;gpYs;s jiytpapd; Ngr;rpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ftpijfs;
ghlg;gFjpahf cs;sd.
3. ghujpjhrd; Fwpg;G tiuf.
ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH fdf.Rg;Guj;jpdk;. ,tH ghujpapd; ftpij
kPJ nfhz;l <Hg;gpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vd;W jk;ngaiu khw;wpf;nfhz;lhH.
ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> ,Uz;l tPL> FLk;g tpsf;F> jkpopaf;fk;
cs;spl;lit ,tuJ gilg;Gfs;. ,tH ,aw;wpa ftpijfs; midj;Jk;
„ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; ngahpy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tuJ gprpuhe;ijahH ehlf E}Yf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ay; - 6
rpw;gf;fiy
I. tpdhtpil:
1. rpw;gq;fspd; tiffs; gw;wp vOJf.
rpw;gq;fis mtw;wpd; cUT mikg;G mbg;gilapy; KO cUtr;
rpw;gq;fs;> Gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fs; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
cUtj;jpd; Kd;gFjpAk; gpd;gFjpAk; njspthfj; njhpAk; tifapy;
KO cUtj;Jld; mike;j rpw;gq;fis KO cUtr; rpw;gq;fs; vd;W
$wyhk;.
mt;thwpd;wp Kd;gFjp kl;Lk; njhpAk;gb mikf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fisg;
Gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fs; vdyhk;.
,j;jF rpw;gq;fis muz;kidfs;> Nfhtpy;fs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf Nfhtpypd; jiug;gFjp> NfhGuk;> J}z;fs;> Eio
thapy;fs;> RtHfspd; ntspg;Gwq;fs; vd vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; Gilg;Gr;
rpw;gq;fis ghHf;f KbfpwJ.
2. gy;ytH fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; RijapdhYk;> fUq;fw;fspdhYk; rpw;gq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. Nfhtpy; J}z;fs; rpw;gq;fshy; moF ngw;wd.
J}z;fspy; ahsp> rpq;fk;> jhkiu kyH> El;gkhd Ntiyg;ghLfs;
epiwe;j tl;lq;fs; Nghd;wit nghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhtpy;fspd; fl;llq;fs;>
fw;W}z;fs;> Rw;Wr;RtHfs;> EioT thapy;fs; vd midj;J ,lq;fspYk;
rpw;gq;fs; kpspHtijf; fhz KbAk;.
 khky;yGuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUr;rp kiyf;Nfhl;il Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gy;yth; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; rpwe;j fiyEl;gj;Jld;
mike;Js;sd.

3. ghz;baH fhyk; rpw;gq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.

ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Fiff;Nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;g
Ntiyg;ghLfs; epiwe;Js;sd. mtw;iwj; jpUkak;> gps;isahh;gl;b>
Fd;wf;Fb> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; cs;s Nfhtpy;fspy;
fhzyhk;.
Nfhtpy;gl;bf;F Nkw;Nf fOFkiy ntl;Lthd; Nfhtpypy;
mike;Js;s rpw;gq;fSk; ghz;baH fhyr; rpw;gf;fiyf;Fr; rhd;WfshFk;.
4. eLfy; vd;why; vd;d?
jkpopd; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
rpw;gf;fiy gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nghhpy; tpOg;Gz; gl;L ,we;j
tPuUf;F eLfy; elg;gLk;. mf;fy;ypy; mt;tPuhpd; cUtk; nghwpf;fg;ngWk;.
jkpohpd; njhlf;ff;fhyr; rpw;gf;fiyf;Fr; rhd;whf ,ijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
5. NrhoHfhyr; rpw;gq;fs; Fwpj;J tphpthf vOJf.
fw;rpw;gq;fs; mikf;Fk; fiy> NrhoH fhyj;jpy; tpiuthf tsHr;rp
ngw;wJ. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fl;ba jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpy;> Kjyhk;
,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; vOg;gpa fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;> ,uz;lhk;
,uhruhrd; vOg;gpa jhuhRuk; IuhtjPRtuH Nfhtpy;> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fr;
Nrhod; mikj;j jphpGtd tPNuRtuk; Nfhtpy; Nghd;wit NrhoH fhyr;
rpw;gf;fiyapd; fUT+yq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; xNu fy;ypy; mike;j etf;fpufKk;
rpq;fKff; fpzWk; mtw;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUtq;fSk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
flTspd; cUtq;fSk;> kdpj cUtq;fSk; kpFe;j fiyEl;gj;NjhL
tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. NrhoHfhyk; nrg;Gj;jpUNkdpfspd; „nghw;fhyk;‟ vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; mstpw;F mit moFw mike;Js;sd.
6. nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
flTspd; cUtq;fSk;> kdpj cUtq;fSk; kpFe;j fiyEl;gj;NjhL
tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. NrhoHfhyk; nrg;Gj;jpUNkdpfspd; „nghw;fhyk;‟ vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; mstpw;F mit moFw mike;Js;sd.
7. ehaf;fH fhyr;rpw;gq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
ehaf;f kd;dH gy ,lq;fspy; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fis
mikj;jdH. mk;kz;lgj; J}z;fspy; mofpa rpw;gq;fisr; nrJf;fpdH.
kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpy;> ,uhNkRtuk; ngUq;Nfhtpy; jpUney;Ntyp
ney;iyag;gH Nfhtpy;> fpU\;zhGuk; ngUkhs; Nfhtpy;> jpz;Lf;fy;
mUNf jhbf;nfhk;gpy; cs;s ngUkhs; Nfhtpy;> Ng&H rptd; Nfhtpy;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fiyeak; kpf;f rpw;gq;fisf; fhzKbAk;.
Nfhak;Gj;J}Uf;F mz;ikapYs;s Ng&H rptd; Nfhtpypy; cs;s
rpw;gq;fs; ehaf;fH fhyr; rpw;gf; fiy El;gj;jpd; cr;repiyg;g gilg;G
vd;W $wyhk;.
 capu;tif
I. rpWtpdh
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
jkpo;nkhopapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Kjy; ,yf;fzE}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
,jid ,aw;wpatu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. njhy;fhg;gpak; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gy
,yf;fz E}y;fSf;F Kjy; E}yhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J vOj;J> nrhy;>
mjpfhuq;fspy; nkhop ,yf;fzq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ. nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; jkpoupd;
mfk;Gwk; rhu;e;j tho;tpay; newpfisAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;
,e;E}y; tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. mwpitAk; capupdq;fisAk; njhy;fhg;gpau; vt;thW njhlu;GgLj;Jfpwhu;?

mwpTepiy mwpAk; Mw;wy; ciuahrpupau;fspd;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L
XuwpT cw;wwpjy; (njhLjy; czu;T) Gy;> kuk;
<uwpT cw;wwpjy; + Ritj;jy;
cw;wwpjy; + Ritj;jy; + rpg;gp> ej;ij
%twpT
Efu;jy;
fiuahd;> vWk;G
cw;wwpjy; + Ritj;jy; +
ehd;fwpT ez;L> Jk;gp
Efu;jy; + fhzy;

Ie;jwpT cw;wwpjy; + Ritj;jy; + gwit> tpyq;F

Efu;jy; + fhzy; + Nfl;ly;
cw;wwpjy; + Ritj;jy; + kdpjd;
MwwpT Efu;jy; + fhzy; + Nfl;ly;
+gFj;jwpjy; (kdk;)

rpWgQ;r %yk;
1. rpWgQ;r %yk; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf
jkpopy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisj; njhlu;e;J ePjpE}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. mit
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F vdj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; xd;W rpWgQ;r%yk;
Ie;J rpwpa Ntu;fs; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. mit fz;lq;fj;jpup> rpWtOJiz>
rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp> neUQ;rp Mfpad. ,t;Ntu;fshy; Md kUe;J clypd;
Nehiag; Nghf;Ffpd;wJ. mJNghyr; rpWgQ;r%yg; ghly;fspy; cs;s Ie;J
fUj;Jfs; kf;fspd; mwpahikiag; Nghf;fp ey;topg;gLj;Jtdtha;
mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;fs; ed;ik jUtd> jPik jUtd> eifg;Gf;F chpad
vd;Dk; tifapy; tho;tpay; cz;ikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fpd;wd.
 2. tpijf;fhkNy Kisf;Fk; tpijfs; - ,j;njhlupd; topr; rpWgQ;r%yk;
njuptpf;Fk; fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.
G+f;fhkNy rpy kuq;fs; fha;g;gJz;L ,ijg;NghyNt ed;ik> jPikfis
ed;Fzu;ej; tu;> tajpy; ,isatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; %j;jtNuhL itj;J
vz;zj; jf;ftNu Mthu;. ghj;jp mikj;J tpij tpijf;fhkNy> jhNd
Kisj;J tsUk; tpijfSk; cs;sd. mijg; NghyNt NkijaUk; gpwu;
czu;j;jhky; vijAk; jhNa czu;e;Jnfhs;tu;.
,uhtz fhtpak;
1. FwpQ;rp epyk; kzg;gjw;fhd epfo;Tfis.
jPapy; ,l;l re;jdkuf; Fr;rpfs;> mfpy; ,tw;wpd; eWkzKk;
ciyapypl;l kiy ney;yuprpr; Nrhw;wpd; kzKk; fhe;js; kyupd; Moe;j
kzKk; Gutpj; Njha;e;J fple;jdhy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; cs;s nghUs;fs;
kzk; fko;e;J fhzg;gl;ld.
2. ,uhtz fhtpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,uz;L ctikfis vOJf.

i) J}a xOf;fKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs;> grpj;Jauhy; Jd;GWNthiuf;

fz;L tUe;Jthu;fs;. mJNghyj; jhd; thOk; ,lkhdJ %o;FkhW ngUk;
flyiy GFe;J tpl;lhYk;> kiyasTf;Fg; gtsq;fisAk; ey; ,ay;G
Njhd;Wk; xsp Kj;JfisAk; nea;jy; epyj;jtu; flw;fiuapy; nfhz;Lte;J
Ftpg;gu;.

ii) rpWtu;fs; ed;F kzk; tPRk; kuhkyu;fis khiyahf

mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. vUjpd; nfhk;Gfisg; Nghd;wpUe;j ghiyf;fhia epyj;jpy;
tpOe;J ntbf;FkhW mtu;fs; Nfhypdhy; mbj;J tpisahbdu;.
mt;Nthiriaf; Nfl;l gUe;Jfs; mr;rj;Jld; gwe;Njhbd.
3. ghiy epyj;jpy; gUe;Jfs; gwe;jhs; fhuzk; vd;d?
rpWtu;fs; ed;F kzk; tPRk; kuhkyu;fis khiyahf mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.
vUjpd; nfhk;Gfisg; Nghd;wpUe;j ghiyf;fhia epyj;jpy; tpOe;J ntbf;FkhW
mtu;fs; Nfhypdhy; mbj;J tpisahbdu;. mt;Nthiriaf; Nfl;l gUe;Jfs;
mr;rj;Jld; gwe;Njhbd.
4. ,uhtz fhtpak; E}y; Fwpg;G tiuf.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa jdpj;jkpo;g; ngUq;fhg;gpak; ,uhtz
fhtpak;. ,e;E}y; jkpoff; fhz;lk;> ,yq;iff; fhz;lk;> tpe;jf; fhz;lk;> gopGup
fhz;lk;> Nghu;f;fhz;lk; vd Ie;J fhz;lq;fisAk; 3100 ghly;fisAk;
nfhz;lJ. ,e;E}y; Gytu; Foe;ij mtu;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpof;f
fhz;lj;jpYs;s ghly;fs; ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. je;ij ngupahupd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f 25 ehs;fspy; ,tu; jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vOjpAs;shu;.
ahg;gjpfhuk;> njhilajpfhuk; cs;spl;l Kg;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,yf;fz>
,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;.
 ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop
1. fz;zd; GFe;j ge;jy; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ.
kj;jsk; Kjyhd ,irf;fUtpfs; KOq;Ffpd;wd. tupfisAila
rq;Ffis epd;W CJfpd;wdu;. mj;ij kfDk;> kJ vd;w muf;fid
mopj;jtDkhd fz;zd;> Kj;JfisAila khiyfs; njhq;ftplg;gl;l ge;jypd;
fPo;> vd;idj; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;fpwhd;. ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fdtpy; fz;ljhf
Mz;lhs; $Wfpwhu;.
2. Mz;lhs; fdTf; fhl;rpfis vOJf.
MLk; ,sk; ngz;fs; iffspy; fjputd; Nghd;w xspia
cilatpsf;ifAk; fyrj;ijAk; Ve;jpathW te;J vjpu;nfhz;L
miof;fpwhu;fs;. tl kJiuia MSk; kd;dd; fz;zd; ghJiffis
mzpe;Jnfhz;L Gtp mjpu kfpo;r;rpAld; ele;J tUfpwhd;. ,f;fhl;rpiaf;
fdtpy; fz;ljhf Mz;lhs; $Wfpwhu;.
kj;jsk; Kjyhd ,irf;fUtpfs; KOq;Ffpd;wd. tupfisAila
rq;Ffis epd;W CJfpd;wdu;. mj;ij kfDk;> kJ vd;w muf;fid
mopj;jtDkhd fz;zd;> Kj;JfisAila khiyfs; njhq;ftplg;gl;l ge;jypd;
fPo; vd;idj; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;fpwhd;. ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fdtpy; fz;ljhf
Mz;lhs; $Wfpwhu;.
3. Mz;lhs; - Fwpg;G tiuf
jpUkhiy topgl;Lr; rpwg;G epiy va;jpa Mo;thu;fs; gd;dpUtu;.
mtUs; Mz;lhs; kl;LNk ngz;. ,iwtDf;Fg; ghkhiy #l;baNjhL jhd;
mzpe;J kfpo;e;j G+khiyiaAk; #l;bajhy;> “#bf; nfhLj;j Rlu;f;nfhb” vd
miof;fg;ngw;whu;. ,tiug; ngupaho;thupd; tsu;g;G kfs; vd;gu;. Mo;thu;fs;
ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G “ehyhapu jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;” MFk;. ,j;njhg;gpy;
Mz;lhs; ghbajhfj; jpUg;ghit ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop vd;w ,U njhFjpfs;
cs;sd. ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop nkhj;jk; 143 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ek;
ghlg;gFjpapd; ,U ghly;fs; Mwhk; jpUnkhopapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

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