12th Tamil Slowlearners Q - Bank

efuhl;rp ngz;fs; muR khjpup Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy.
jpUkjp. j.Mde;jyl;Rkp
nky;y fw;NghUf;fhd tpdh – tpil tq;fp
tFg;G : 12 ghlk; : jkpo;
,t;tpdh tq;fpapy; cs;s tpdh tpilfs; khztu;fSf;F Fiwe;j gl;rk;
70% kjpg;ngz;fis ngw;W jUk; vd;gJ cWjp
xUkjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (nra;As; > ciueil> Jizg;ghlk;) (6)
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
,) njhy;fhg;gpak;
2. “kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F” ftpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;.
f) ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ
c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ
q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) f.q rup
3. “kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;”! - ,t;tbapy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
,) mbvJif> rPu; Nkhid
4. fUj;J: ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG>
fUj;J : njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup
5. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
,) kioj;Jspfs;
6. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
7. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd - mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
<) <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg;nganur;rk;
8. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp ntg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;JtJ
9. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
,) kioj;Jspfs;
10. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
11. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd - mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
<) <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg;nganur;rk;
12. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp ntg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;JtJ
m. fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ.
13. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;ffhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;s d.
mit………
M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
14. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
M. mQ;Qhb - 2. G+kzp
15. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W [yhYj;jPd; &kp
Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
<) ,it midj;Jk; (tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid)
16. “cth cwte;J $Lk;
cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhu;” - ahu; ahu;?
1
,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd;
17. “vq;fs; je;ijau; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy” - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ
<) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw
18. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
,) rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
19. flypd; ngupaJ vJ?
M) gad; Muhahky; xUtu;nra;j cjtp
20. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
m) ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;if: jpUNtW
njs;spau; MjYk; NtW.
21. fPo;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; Nju;e;njLf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
nry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;
fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;?
25. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ - vjw;F?
m. nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp
28. “fhtpndk; fyNd: RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” - ,j;njhlupy; ‘fyd;’ czu;j;Jk; nghUs;
,) ,irf;fUtp
29. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;………….
M) fhtpak;
30. “tpz;NtW: tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW” - njhlu; jUk; KOikahd nghUs;.
<) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjpu;> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW
31. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Nju;T nra;f.
,) fLf;fha;
32. ‘Fopkhw;W’ ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlu;Gila nrhy;?
M) fzpjk;
33. nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y> mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; - fhuzk;-
m) Neub> kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; fsk;
M) nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs;> thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
,) nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m> M> , - midj;Jk;
34. $w;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsu;fs; nrd;id Nehf;fp te;jdu;.
fhuzk; : fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;> Jzp rhu;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup
35. ‘cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthu;’ - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;G
m) Neu;kiwg; gz;G M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz; gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;
36. ‘tpspawp Qkyp’ - ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ?
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahop
37. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; mbj;jsk;
nksdk; : kfh nksdk; - mbfs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; $j;jhLk; ,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jOk;gy; ,y;
<) Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpiz mirf;f ,ayhJ
38. Vo; Mz;L ,aw;wp Xu; Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly;…
njhlu;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;
2
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
<) $w;W 1rup 2 rup
39. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G
,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G ,) fhl;rp kiwT
40. glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;fk; .160)
M) cUT fz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
41. ftpijf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf. (gf;fk; .160)
m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.
42. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy: jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLj;J}ck; ,y;.
43. my;yy; gLg;gJ}k; ,y; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;?
<) jPapdj;jhu;
44. jpz;zpau; vd;gjd; nghUs;
M) kd cWjpAilatu;
45. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwtu;
,) J}Jtu;
46. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ahUf;fpy;iy?
m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batu;
47. vspaJ> mupaJ vJ?
M) nrhy;tJ - nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ
48. fPo;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.
ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk;.
49. ‘gyu; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd;’ - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzu; M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;s pia NfhT+u;fpohu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyu; <) fupfhyid> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;.
50. mjpra kyupd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ
m) fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M) Ml;fsw;w nghOij
,) gr;irak; ,oe;j epyj;ij ,) midj;ijAk;
51. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
$w;W 1 : fij tbtpyhd tbtk; cilaJ
$w;W : ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ.
m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW> M) $w;W 1> 2 rup
,) $w;W 1> 2 jtW <) $w;W 1 jtW> $w;W 2 rup
52. cz;L gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,le;jdpy; - ,j;njhlupy; nganur;rk;
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J ,) tsu;e;j <) ,le;jdpy;
53. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlu;
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ> M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk;
gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;> jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ. <) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
54. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk; ,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGup
55. r.j rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;
m) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpOk;
,) rkzKk; jkpOk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;
3
56. ehd; ntw;Wntspapy; miye;Jnfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; Njbagb… vd;W Rfe;jp
Rg;gpukzpad; NjLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) jkJ tPl;L Kftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;ij
,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;Gfis
57. filnaO ts;s y;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;du;fs;
m) Ma; mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spAk; XupAk; <) ghupAk; fhupAk;
58. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jdpj;jkpo; je;ij - 1. K.tujuhrdhu;
M) Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; - 2. kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp
,) jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3. jpU.tp.f
<) nkhop QhapW - 4. NjtNeag; ghthzu;
59. nghUj;Jf
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;
M) epyTg;G+ - 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil - 3. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;Ak; top - 4. fp.uh[ehuhazd;
<) 2>3>4>1
60. nghUj;Jf.
m) Fuq;Ffs; - 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; - 2. kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;jd
,) gwitfs; - 3. Fspuhy; eLq;fpd
<) tpyq;Ffs; - 4. Nka;r;riy kwe;jd
Gj;jf tpil jtW
m) 3> 1>2> 4
61. nghUj;Jf.
m) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
M) gad;J}f;fhu; nra;j cjtp - ed;ik flypd; ngupJ
,) rpdk; - Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp
<) gopg;gLt nra;ahu; - eLtd;ik ehZgtu;
c) fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;w p - Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ
62. nghUj;Jf:
m) jpUty;ypf;Nfzp - 1) khtypGur; nryT
M) gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2) fy; Nfhlup
,) gy;yhtuk; - 3) mUq;fhl;rpafk;
<) vOk;G+u; - 4) $tk;
m) 1> 2> 4> 3 M) 4> 2> 1> 3 ,) 4>1>2>3 <) 2> 4> 3> 1
63. nghUj;Jf.
m. ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1) jPf;fha;thu;
M. nrj;jhu; - 2) rPu; mopf;Fk; #J
,. tWik jUtJ - 3) fs; cz;gtu;
<. ,fy;Nte;ju; Nru;e;J xOFjy; - 4) clk;ghL ,yhjtu;
<) 4>3>2>1
64. nghUj;Jf:
m) Mke;jpupif - 1) gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth - 2) %q;fpy;
,) foQ;R - 3) ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fio - 4) vil msT
m) 3 1 4 2 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 4 3 2 1
4
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ,yf;fzk;> nkhopg;gapw;rp (8+8) = 16
1. ,se;jkpNo - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;
2. jd;N du; ,yhj jkpo; - jz;bayq;fhuk; (jz;b)
3. gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil - ma;ag;g khjtd;
4. neLey;thil - ef;fPuu;
5. tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; - [yhYj;jPd; &kp
6. fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gu;
7. ,jpy; ntw;wpngw - Rujh
8. ,ilaPL - rp.kzp
9. GwehD}W - xsitahu;
10. nja;tkzpkhiy - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
11. Njthuk; - jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
12. mfehD}W - mk;%tdhu;
13. ftpijfs; - eFyd;
14. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; (muq;Nfw;W fhij) -,sq;Nfhtbfs;
15. njhy;fhg;gpak; - nka;g;ghl;bay; (njhy;fhg;gpau;)
16. mjpra kyu; - jkpo;e jp
17. Njapiyj; Njhl;lg; ghl;L - KfkJ ,uhTj;ju;
18. GwehD}W - gprpuhe;ijahu;
19. Kfk; - Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;
20. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu;.
21. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ej;jj;jdhu;
22. jpUf;Fws; - 40 Fwl;ghf;fs;
 ciueil
1. jkpo;nkhopapd; eil mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
2. ngUkiof;fhyk; - (ehlfk;)
3. jkpou; FLk;g Kiw - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
4. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; - c.Nt.rhkpehju;
5. kjuhrg;gl;bdk;
6. jpiunkhop
7. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik - nt.,iwad;G ,.M.g
8. ekJ milahsq;fis kPl;ltu;
 tpupthdk;
1. ghujpapd; fbjk; - jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F (ghujpahu;)
2. Kjy;fy; - cj;jk Nrhod;
3. cupikj; jhfk; - G+kzp
4. ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;
5. jiyf;Fsk; - Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
6. ebfu; jpyfk; - ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
7. rq;ffhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vd; epidTfSk; - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
8. Nfhil kio - rhe;jh jj;
fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;
5
1. Subscription - cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk; 43. Stapler - fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp
2. Fiction - GidT 44. Folder - kbg;Gj;jhs;
3. Biography - tho;f;if tuyhW 45. File - Nfhg;G
4. Archive - Mtzk; 46. Rubber Stamp - ,Oit Kj;jpiu
5. Manuscript - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp 47. Eraser - mopg;ghd;
6. Bibliography - E}y; gl;bay;
7. Platform - eilNkil  E}y; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs;
8. Train Track - ,Ug;Gg;ghij 1. ghujpapd; fbjq;fs; - uh.m. gj;kehgd;
9. Railway Singnal-njhlu;tz;btopf;Fwp 2. ,yf;fz cyfpy; Gjpa ghu;it-
10. Ticket Inspector- gazr;rPl;L Ma;tu; lhf;lu;nghw;Nfh
11. Level Crossing- ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; 3. jkpo; mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
flf;Fkplk; 4. gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp- kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
5. fk;gu; ahu;? - t.Rg.khzpf;fk;
12. Metro Train -khefuj; njhlu;tz;b
1. 6. rf;futu;j;jp jpUkfd; - ,uh[h[p
13. Lobby - Xa;tiw
2. 7. tapWfs; - G+kzp rpWfijj; njhFg;G
14. Checkout - ntspNaWjy;
3. 8. ePq;fSk; ftpghlyhk; - fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
15. Tips - rpw;wPif 4. 9. gilg;Gf;fiy - K.Rje;jpuKj;J
16. Mini meals - rpw;WzT 5. 10.JiwKfk; - Rujh
17. Arrival - tUif 6. 11. ,Jtiu - rp.kzp
18. Departure - Gwg;ghL 7. 12. ftpQuhf - m.fp.gue;jhkdhu;
19. Conveyor Belt - Cu;jpg;gil 8. 13. xU Fl;bj;jPtpd; tiuglk; (rpWfijj;
20. Take Off- thD}u;jp fpsk;Gjy; njhFg;G) - Njhg;gpy; kfkJ kPuhd;
21. Passport - flTr;rPl;L 9. 14. xU ghu;itapy; nrd;id efuk;-
22. Visa - EioT ,irT mNrhfkpj;jpud;
23. Domestic Flight- cs;ehl;L thD}u;jp 10. 15. vdJ Rarupij - rpth[p fNzrd;
24. Affidavit- Miz cWjp Mtzk; 11. 16. nkag;ghL - jkpoz;zy;
25. Allegation - rhl;Liu 12. 17. fhg;gpaj;jkpo; - ,uh.fhrpuhrd;
13. 18. m[ad;ghyh - cyfj; jpiug;gl tuyhW 1>2>3
26. Convication - jz;lid
14. 19.nropad; - cyf rpdpkh 1>2 NgRk; glk;
27. Jurisdication - mjpfhu vy;iy
15. 20. R[hjh - jpiuf;fij vOJtJ vg;gb?
28. Plaintiff - thjp
16. 21. mk;\ d;Fkhu; - rpdpkh ,urid
29. Sentence - jz;lid 22. jpNahlu; gh];fud; - rpdpkh nfhl;lif
30. Artist - ftpd;fiyQu; 23. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; - M.,uh.ntq;flhrygjp
31. Animation - ,aq;Fglk; 24. khWgl;Lr; rpe;jpf;fyhkh? - rpgp.Nf.rhykd;
32. Newsreel - nra;jpg;glk; 25. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs; - kapiy
33. Cinematography- xspg;gjpT rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp
34. Sound Effect - xyptpisT
35. Multiplex Complex- xUq;fpize;j
jpiuauq;f tshfk;
36. Debit card - gw;W ml;il
37. Demand Draft- Nfl;G tiuNthiy
38. Withdrawal Slip-jpUk;gg; ngwy; gbtk;
39. Taller - tpiuTf; fhrhsu;
40. Mobile Banking- miyNgrp top
tq;fp Kiw
41. Internet banking-,izatq;fp Kiw
42. Stamp pad - ik nghjp
6
 nghUs; jUf
Mu;fyp - nts;sk; etj;tPgk; - tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu;

nfhLq;Nfhy; - tise;j Nfhy; Cu;
Gyk;G - jdpik taq;Fnkhop - tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
fz;zp - jiyapy; #Lk;khiy tpj;jp - tpijj;J
fTs; - fd;dk; cs;spaJ - epidj;jJ
kh - tpyq;F cud; - typik
mkyd;> mdfd; - ,uhkd; tWe;jiy - ntWikahd ,lk;
,sty; - jk;gp fyg;ig - fUtpfis itf;Fk;
espu;fly; - Fspu;e;jfly; ig
Jd;G - Jd;gk; kO - Nfhlup
cd;Ndy; - vz;zhNj ck;kh - mk;kh
cth - mkhthir thg;gh - mg;gh
cLgjp - re;jpud; Vr;R - jpl;Ljy;
nrw;whu; - giftu; flT - gbj;Jiw
fpis - cwtpdu; fd;dpahu; Nfhzk; - xU taw;fhl;bd; ngau;
mdak; - epiwthdJ ghthj;J - Jzp nea;a Ntz;ba
vr;nrse;jtd; - Vio vspatd; E}Yf;Fg; gir
fPoj;jhu; - Gd;nra;apd; xU gFjp nfhLg;gJ
nfuhKDR - fpuhk epu;thf mYtyu; Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J - nrq;fy; neUg;Gr;
nfhlthq;fy; - nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Rs;isf;F
jpUiz - jpz;iz cs;spUe;J.
njfQ;rj - Kbe;jij Ntrhilahf - rw;W Nfhgkhf
gpQ;ir - Gd;nra; mkhdpjk; - ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
Nuhrp - cuRjy; tprak;
the;jf;fkhf - ,zf;fkhf VyhtpypUe;J - ngupa taypy; ,Ue;J
ntjg;ngl;b - tpijg;ngl;b Kf;fh %z;lhdp - xU msT
nts;sq;fhl;b - tpbaw;fhiy Gd;d %ll;b - Gd;id kuj;jpd; epoy;
Ntz;lhw - Ntz;lhj Ntl;lk; - kpd;gpbj;jy;
jpUif - khT miuf;Fk; fy; fop - cg;gq;fop
FWf;fk; - rpwpa epyg;gug;G nrW - tay;
flfk; - Xiyg;ngl;b nfhs;is - tpiy
ntFsp - Nfhgk; vd;W}o; - #upadpd; ntg;gk;
Giz - njg;gk; (fg;gy;) tplu; - kiy ntbg;G
Vkk; - ghJfhg;G fjo;T - tpiuT
jpU - nry;tk; ckzu; - cg;G tzpfu;
tpj;jpahuk;gk; - fy;tpj;njhlf;fk; vy;tis - xspUk; tisay;
tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; - fy;tpg; gapw;rp njspu;g;g - xypg;g
cghj;jpahau; - Mrpupau; tpspmwp - Fuy;Nfl;l
m\uhg;gpahrk; - vOj;Jg; gapw;rp Qkyp - eha;
fPo;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; ntuP,a - mQ;rpa
fPo;j;njhif kju;fay; - mofpa kPd;
Nky;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; Gdtd; - fhdtd;
Nky;njhif ms;sy; - NrW
Fopkhw;W - ngUf;fy; tha;ghL gfL - vUJ
rPjhs gj;jpuk; - jhio kly; jpz;zpau; - kd cWjpAilatu;
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eif - rpupg;G Xu;kpd; - Muha;e;J ghUq;fs;
,sptuy; - rpWik ghjfu; - nfhbatu;
kUl;if - tpag;G Mf;fpid - jz;lid
ngUkpjk; - ngUik epz;zak; - cWjp
ntFs - rpdk; $ty; - fpzW
ctif - kfpo;r;rp cjjp - fly;
GupFoy; - RUz;l $e;jy; fz;lfu; - nfhbatu;fs;
fio - %q;fpy; itjdu; - jpl;bdu;
Xtpa tpjhdk; - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l Nkjpdp - cyfk;
ge;jy; thupjp - fly;
epj;jpyk; - Kj;J epe;ij - gop
tpUe;J - GJik nghy;yhq;F - nfLjy;
fha; ney; - tpise;j ney; fthmd; - kiyg;gf;fk;
kh - xUepy msT(Xu; fypq;fk; - Mil
Vf;fupy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F) RUk;G - tz;L
nrW - tay; fwq;F - xypf;Fk;
ahj;J - Nru;j;Jk; Myku; nry;td; - rptngUkhd;
ee;Jk; - jiof;Fk; rhtk; - tpy;
tupir - Kiwik futhJ - kiwf;fhJ
fy; - xypf;Fwpg;G NghJ - kyu;
gpupT - md;G ehF - ,sik
jg - nfl cwo; - nrwpT
gpz;lk; - tup Efk; - ghuk;
er;rpd; - tpUk;gpdhy;
 fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisr; rpW gj;jpahf khw;Wf.

(v-fh) thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL - thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk; gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;.
1. rUF> tpO> kz;> miy - kuj;jpypUe;J rUF kz;zpy; tpo ePu; miy glfha;
mij nrYj;jpr;nrd;wJ.
2. tpz;kPd;> xspu;> vup> tpO - thdj;jpy; tpz;kPd; Nghy; xspu;e;j vupfy; xd;W efu;e;J
fPNo nky;y nky;y ,wq;fp te;J G+kpia Nehf;fp tPo;e;jJ
3. Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT - Fjpiu Ntfkhf XLtijf; fz;l khd; jhtpjhtp
Fjpf;fpwJ.
4. Foe;ij> el> jspu;eil> tpO - Foe;ij elf;f Kaw;rp nra;a jspu;eilapy;
jLf;fpjLf;fp tpOfpwJ.
5. jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs; - jpiuapy; ebfu;jpyfj;ijf;fz;l ,urpfkf;fs;
ifjl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
 ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
1. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;
 mjd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
 kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.
1. jiy> jis> jio
 MLfSf;F jioia ntl;b mij jis (fl;b) itj;J jiyapy; Rke;J nry;fpwhd;.
2. fiy> fis> fio
 fiof;$ j;jhb fisj;Jtplhky; tapw;W gpiog;gpw;fhf fiyia tsu;f;fpwhd;.
8
3. miy> mis> mio
 miytPrp mis cilfpwJ. ghk;G ntspapy; te;jhy; Mgj;J vd md;id miof;fpwhs;.
4. tpiy> tpis> tpio
 Fkud;> tpisr;ry; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; ey;y tpiyf;F ney;kzpia tpw;W> NkYk; tptrhak;
nra;a tpiofpwhd; .
5. Gs; - Gy;
 Gy;ntspapy; Gs;spdq;fs; mofha; tpisahbd.
6. cio - cis
 cotd; cisapy; cioj;jhy;jhd; ciyapy; NrhWnfhjpf;Fk;.
7. fhd; - fhz;
 fhdfj;jpy; fhdf;Fapypidf; fz;Nld;.
8. Cz; - Cd;
 Cd; (khkprk;) ,y;yh Ciz(czT) tpUk;gp cz;z goF.
9. jpd;ik - jpz;ik
 jpd;ik (jPik) nra;a jpz;ik(typik) ,y;iy mtDf;F.
10. fsk; - fyk;
 MLfsk; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; fhg;gu; ciyfyk; fl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
 fPo;f;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj;
njhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp vOJf.
1. mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W ------- (Fkud;) njupAk;.
mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; njupAk;.
2. cq;fSf;F -------- (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
cq;fSf;F ahuhy; ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
3. New;W Kjy; --- (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
New;W Kjy; mizapd; ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
4. KUfd; ----------(Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
KUfd; Ntfkhfr; nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
5. ek;Kila-------(Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
ek;Kila Njitapd; msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
 nkhopNahL tpisahL
Gjpu;
1. milkio nga;j ….. <ry;
2. jz;zPUk; ---- gr;irf;fpsp
 nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nru;j;J Kiwahd njhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.
1. Fkud; tPL ghu;j;Njd;.
Fkuid tPl;by; ghu;j;Njd;.
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; nty;y KbAk;
khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;.
3. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;
fhiyapy; vOe;J gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
4. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fiyr;nry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; fiyr;nry;tpf;F ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
5. midtu; md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahu; kdk; tUk;.
midtiuAk; md;ghy; mioj;;jtd;. Jd;gk; ju ahUf;F kdk; tUk;.
6. rhd;Nwhu; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
rhd;NwhUf;F kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;tpy; cauyhk;.
 njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
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ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. vq;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;blk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
3. ,uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
4. thdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gaW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;w d.
5. Ig;grp milkioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
6. ,d;iwf;F rhAq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
 nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; njhluikf;f
1. gyif - gyifahy; Md Nkirapy; czT gupkhwg;gl;lJ.
- gy iffs; xd;wpize;jhy;jhd; ntw;wp milaKbAk;
2. jhkiu - Fsj;jpy; jhkiu G+j;jpUf;fpwJ
- jh(jhTk;) kiu(khd;) fhl;by; Nka;e;jJ
3. Nfhtpy; - rptd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpw;F nrd;Nwhk;
- Nfh(murd;) tpy;yhy; khid tPo;j;jpdhu;.
4. ntq;fhak; - rhk;ghu; Ritf;F ntq;fhak; mtrpak;.
- jP tpgj;jhy; mtDf;F ntk; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ
5. jiyik - mz;zd; jiyikapy; Rw;Wyh nrd;Nwhk;
- tajhd vd; ghl;b jiyf;F eiuia kiwf;f jiyik mbj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.
 Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf
1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.
,g;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Gupe;Jtpl;lJ. ePAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;.
2. epyj;jf; nfswZk;lh mg;gjhd; tFJ epiwAk;
epyj;ijf; fpswNtz;Lklh. mg;nghOJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f Ntz;baJjhNd!
4. T+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPl;by; tpisahbf;nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;Nf mioj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghdhu;?
5. Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,utpw;F rpwpa je;ijia fhtYf;Fg; Nghf nrhy;.
 <w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.
1. tpOk; kuq;fs; mopAk; fhL ghiytdk;
2. mg;gb vd;d nrhy;ypaJ fhw;W Fjpj;jhLfpwJ Nkfk; kioaha;
3. G+j;j kynuhd;W gwf;fpwJ tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp
4. thdk; mOfpwJ G+kp rpupf;fpwJ ,J kiof;fhyk;
5. G+l;ba tPl;bYk; G+j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ Ky;iy
 gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fisj; jkpo; gLj;Jf.
ru;f;fhu; - muR
rk;gsk; - Cjpak;
[Ptdj;Jf;F - capu;tho;tjw;F
[Ptdk; - tho;f;if
Mj;kh - kdk; (capu;)
gpugQ;rj;ij - cyfj;ij
Mj;k tprhuj;ij - gue;j kdij
];Glk; - Nrhjpj;jy;
 kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; tpohf;fs;
1. Ig;grp - xzk;
2. fhu;j;jpif - tpsf;Fj; jpUtpoh
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3. khu;fop - jpUthjpiu tpoh
4. ij - ijg;G+r tpoh
5. khrp - flyhl;L tpoh
6. gq;Fdp - gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpoh
 njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
 thioj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; fiue;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;
 KUfd; NrhW cz;L ghy; gUfpdhd;.
3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.
 Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; vOg;gp $iu Nta;e;jhu;.
4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
 tdtpyq;Ff;;fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; FUisAk; ahidf;fd;iwAk; fz;Nld;.
5. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
 gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdu;
 nghUs; NtWghL jUf.
 mwk; - muk; - ePjp> mUf;Fk; fUtp
 tsk; - tyk; - tsik> tyg;gf;fk;
 fsk; - fyk; - ,lk;> ghj;jpuk;
 vd;whs; - vd;why; - mts; nrhd;dhs;> mg;gbahdhy;
 Nghdhs; - Nghdhy;- mts; nrd;whs;> mg;gbahdhy;
 Miz - Mid - fl;lis> ahid tpyq;F
 kio - kiy
 tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jpLf
1. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy; jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
2. eLtz;muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 23 md;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
mikj;jJ.
 eLtz;muR Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij vg;nghOJ mikj;jJ?
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf
gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;w d.
 rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vjw;nfy;yhk; cjTfpd;wd?
4. 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; vq;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. “ajhu;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;” vd;fpwhu;
fpupNahu;rd;.
 vjid ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;?
1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf
,) fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ
2. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhlu;
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;.
3. Kbe;jhy; juyhk; - jd;dhy; ju ,ad;why; juyhk;.
Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - nraiy Kbj;jhy; juyhk;.
 ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.
1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpu;nfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
11
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa - jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjpu;nfhz;L-; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;w tu;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ

ek;gpf;ifapd;w p Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;w tu;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;iff; nfhs;.
3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ

$u;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ
$u;e;jf; ftdk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.
4. khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fisj; jkJ ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J el;G - nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ
,d;g Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e ;J- nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L

mwpahikapid mfw;w p gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
MrpupaUf;Ff; fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L
mwpahikapid mfw;w p gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
 fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; ,UNtW njhluikf;f

(v.fh)
Kd; - mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;
mtd;Kd; te;J $wpdhd;
jhNd - ,uhkd; jhNd ghbdhd;!

,uhkd; jhNdghbdhd;
nfhz;L - fj;jpf;nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (rj;jk;)
fj;jp nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (fUtp)
tpl;lhd; - mtd; njUtpy; Ngha; tpl;lhd;
mtd; njUtpy; Ngha;tpl;lhd;
 fUj;Jg;glq;fisg; Gupe;J gj;jpahf vOJf.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;W miog;gu;. ew;wpiz>
FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> mfehD}W> fypj;njhif vd Ie;J mfk; rhu;;e;j E}y;fSk;>
GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J Mfpa Gwk; rhu;e;j ,U E}y;fSk;> mfKk; Gwk; fye;j gupghly;
xU E}Yk; Mfpa vl;L E}y;fSk; vl;Lj;njhifAs; mlq;Fk;.
FwpQ;rpg;ghlL> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy Nghd;w mfk; rhu;e;j
ehd;F E}y;fSk;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil Nghd;w Gwk; rhu;e;j MW
E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 FOf;nfOj;Jg; Gjpu; (tpdh gf;fk; 216> 217)
 ,lkpUe;J tyk;
1. FbauR> 4. mQ;rp> 8.ey;yp> 9. kiyehL> 16. tskiy> 14. kio
 tykpUe;J ,lk;
2. gpwhd; kiy> 4. mjpad; 5. kyhL 12. MSeu; 21 ghl;L
 NkypUe;J fPo;
12
3. nfhy;ypkiy> 6.Rfe;jp> 1. Fkzd;> 10. [hd;gdpad;> 15. fly;> 17. rufk;> 18. ,iwkfd;
 fPo pUe;J Nky;
6. Cl;b> 8. ee;jptu;kd;> 13. Myhe;Jiw> 11. rpWghzh> 19. itak;> 20. kf;fsplk;
 ,yf;fz tpdhtpil
1. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
 vOj;jpidj; njspthf cr;rupf;fg;gof Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; rpyfhyk; tha;tpl;Nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs; cr;rupj;jgbNah vOjg;goFtJ
ey;yJ. e>z>d/ y>s> /o>w.u xypg;G NtWghL njupe;J xypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nf>Nf> nfh> Nfh Nghd;W nfhk;Gila Fwpy; neby; NtWghl;bidg; Gupe;J vOjNtz;Lk;.
2. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd
vit?
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpait nkhopapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
,it nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
3. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis vOJf.
mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;> khztu;fs; gbj;jhu;fs;. (khztu; gbj;jhu;> mtu; te;jhu;)
4. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
 mjd; tpisthy; ,d;W Mgj;ij re;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
,ay;ghfNt…. (tpfh gf;f vz; : 43)
 ngUkioiaj;jhq;ff; $ba Vw;ghLfis ,aw;if vt;thW mikj;jpUf;fpwJ?
 ehk; nts;sr;rkntspfis vt;thnwy;yhk; mopj;Jtpl;Nlhk;?
 nefpopahYk;> jplf;fopTfshYk; ePu;topfspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; ahit?
 ,aw;if nts;sr; rkntspfis mopj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 nts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J ek;ik fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdpy; ahJ nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
5. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Nju;f.
,) epWj;jf;Fwpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;
6. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlu;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
,) 4> 3> 1> 2
7. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jj; njhluikf;f
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
khztu;fs;tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
8. fhw;Gs;s p ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
mts; mf;fhs; tPl;bw;Fr;nrd;whs;.
,jpy; mtSila mf;fhs;> tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whsh? mts;> mf;fhspd; tPl;bw;F nrd;whsh?
vd nghUs; NtWghl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
9. ryry> te;J te;J> fyfy> tpk;kp tpk;kp ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; njhlu;fis vOjp>
mtw;iw vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf.
 khyjp tFg;gpy; ryryntd;W Ngrpdhs;
 khyjp tFg;gpy; fyfyntd;W rpupj;jhs; - ,ul;ilf;fpstp njhlu;fs;
 New;W cdf;F fha;r;ry; rupahfptpl;ljh vd te;J te;J ghu;j;Njd;
 khyjp Gj;jfk; njhiye;Jnghdij vz;zp tpk;kptpk;kp mOjhs; - mLf;Fj;njhlu;fs;.
10. jpUtsu;r;nry;td;> jpUtsu; nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rupahd njhlu; vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fz
tpjp ahJ?
jpUtsu; nry;td; vd;gNj rupahd njhluhFk; - tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy;
ty;ypdk; kpff;$ lhJ.
11. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?
 ,aw;rPu; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPu; ntz;lisAk; ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; MFk;.
13
12. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tfw;gk; vd;w hy; vd;d?
 ntz;ghtpy; ehd;fbfSk; XnuJif ngw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
 ntz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lb XnuJifAk;> mLj;j ,uz;lb XnuJifAk; ngw;W tUtJ gy
tpfw;gk; MFk;.
13. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
fhg;gpak; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak;.
14. fhg;gpaj;ij Fwpf;Fk; gpw ngau;fs; ahit?
ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> rupjk;> Guhzk;> fij> khf;fij>
fhij> fhtpak;> khngUq;fhg;gpak;> khf;ftp Mfpad fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw
ngau;fshFk;.
15. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOJf?
fhij> rUf;fk;> ,yk;gfk;> glyk;> fhz;lk; Mfpait fhg;gpa rpw;WWg;GfshFk;.
16. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff.
 fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz;ghfg; ‘ghtpfk;’ vd;gijj; jz;bayq;fhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftpQd; typAWj;j tpUk;Gk; mbg;gilf; fUj;jpidNa ghtpfk; vd;gu;.
17. njhd;kk; tpsf;fk; jUf.
njhd;kk; vd;w hy; goik> goq;fij> Guhzk; vd;nwy;yhk; $Wtu;.
18. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlu;fis vOJf.
 ,e;jh Nghwhd; rFdp.
 ,td; ngupa mupr;re;jpud;.
19. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU GJf;ftpij vOJf.
kjpg;ngz;fs;
kddj;jhy;
tpise;jnjd;why;
ghlq;fs; vjw;F?
20. tpau;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Mjpiuapl;l gUf;ifapdhy; mKjRugpapy; czT tsu;e;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ Nghy;
ciog;ghy; cyfk; nropj;J tsu;fpwJ vd;w fUj;J Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
21. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.
 Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; VNjDk; xU njhlu;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Rl;Lk; nghUs; vd;gJ vy;NyhUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,j;njhlu;gpd; thapyhf FwpaPl;Lg;nghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf.
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy
KUfd; vg;nghOJk; jd; mz;zd; tPl;by; jhkiu ,iy ePu; Nghy xl;bAk; xl;lhky;
,Ug;ghd;.
2. fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy
vd; ghl;b fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns tho;tjhy; ,d;iwa ehfupf tho;it gw;wp
xd;Wk; njupahJ.
3. vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy
fpup[hTk; tpkyhTk; tFg;gpy; vg;nghOJk; vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy rPwpf;nfhz;Nl
,Ug;ghu;fs;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju;Nghy
vd; Njhopapd; jfg;gdhu; jpBu; vd ,we;jjhy; mtu;fspd; FLk;gk; mr;rhzp ,y;yhj
Nju;Nghy Mapw;W.
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy
gs;spf;Nf tuhj Fg;G Nju;tpy; Njhy;tp milths; vd;gJ cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy
njsptha; njupfpwJ.
6. Mw mku
xU nraiy nra;tjw;F Kd; Mw mku rpe;jpj;J nraiy nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
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7. Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy
vd; je;ij Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy;
$wpdhu;.
8. mfyf;fhy;
jd;Dila tWkhdj;jpw;F Vw;wgb tPLfl;l Ntz;Lk;. mLj;jtiu ghu;j;J flDld; thq;fp
ngupa tPL fl;LtJ vd;gJ mfyf;fhy; itg;gJ Nghy MFk;.
9. toptopahf
vq;fs; Cu; tpehafu; Nfhapy; jpUtpohtpid toptopahf vq;fs; FLk;gj;jhu;
nra;JtUfpwhu;fs;.
10. fz;Jilg;G
,isQu;fs; midtUf;Fk; epr;rak; Ntiytha;g;G cz;L vd muR mwptpj;jJ ntWk;
fz;Jilg;ghFk;.
 ,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rpf;nfhs;
1. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL ---------- mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) nghUl;Fwpg;G
2. “cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;Nl
m/wpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y;…
,) njhy;fhg;gpak;
3. ahu;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; KiwNa-----
M) cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
4. nghUj;jp tpil Nju;f.
m) mtd; mts; mtu; - 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;
<) ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4. gjpypL ngau;fs;
m) 4>1>2>3
5. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis
vOJf.
mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;> khztu;fs; gbj;jhu;fs;. (khztu; gbj;jhu;> mtu; te;jhu;)
6. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.
 xU ehs; tpbay; Ntisapy; tdq;fisf;(fhL)fhzr;nrd;w ehd; mjd; tdg;gpidf;fz;L
kaq;fpNdd;.
7. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;? nghUj;jkhd rPupidf; nfhz;L
Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;.
m) md;Ng - jfspaha;
M) thd;kio - J}wypy;
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; - ,y;yhu;
<) ntz;zpyT - fha;fpwJ
c) nta;Nahd; - fha;e;jpl
8. %d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vOJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu;
M) fy;yhNu MapDk; Nfl;f
,) ey;yit nra;apd; eyNk
<) mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w nghUs;
c) cz;zhJ Nehw;ghu; rhd;Nwhu;.
9. nghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; - Njkh> Gspkh
M) fha;r;rPu; - Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
,) tpsr;rPu; - fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
<) Xuirr;rPu; - ehs;> kyu;
15
10. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs;…
m) nrhy; M) nray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp
11. ‘fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;s ptUk; GJntapy;’; ,f;ftpijapy; -------
gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; tbtk; M) tpidg;gbkk; ,) nka;g;gbtk; <) cUg;gbkk;
12. $w;W: : ctik cUtfk; Nghy gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topNa fUj;jpid
tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW
13. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; Nju;T nra;f.
,) rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk; ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk;
14. “khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpUf;fpwJ” - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
cU(epwk;)g; gbkk;
15. ‘ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;’ - njhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ngUq;fly; X rpWFb
16. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
m) rptQhd Kdptu;
M) kapiyehju;
,) MWKfehtyu;
<) ,sk;G+uzu;
17. $w;W:1 fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G ,ak; vdg;gpupj;J kuigf; fhg;gJ> ,ak;GtJ>
ntspg;gLj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
$w;W : 2 Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W ePyNfrp
m) $w;W 1 rup 2 jtW
M) $w;W 2 rup> $w;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz;Lk; rup
<) ,uz;Lk; jtW
18. rupahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; Nju;f.
m) fhij - 1. fe;jGuhzk;
M) rUf;fk; - 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; - 3. #shkzp
<) glyk; - 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3> 4> 1> 2 ,) 3> 4> 2> 1 <) 4> 3> 1> 2
19. jtwhd ,iziaj; Nju;f.
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh - mfehD}W
,) fypntz;gh - J}J
<) Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;
20. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; Nju;f
m) fu;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh
M) tajpy; rpwpats;> MdhYk; jiytp!
,) ,e;j ehjuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U.
<) ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;.
21. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; Nju;f.
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfp tpl;l tbtq;fs;.
M) goq;fijiaf; nfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KbahjJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;jpfs;
<) tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhop %yk; tpsf;FtJ.
22. ‘rhgtpNkhrdk;’. ‘mfypif’ fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;.
16
m) F. mofpuprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd; ,) n[aNkhfd; <) v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;.
23. gz;Gf;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;ju;fNshL nghUj;Jf.
m) mwk; - 1) fu;zd;
M) typik - 2) kDePjpr;Nrhod;
,) ePjp - 3) gPkd;
<) ts;sy; - 4) jUkd;
m) 3 2 1 4 M) 4 3 2 1 ,) 2 4 3 1 <) 4 3 1 2
24. cs;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
mijf; file;jhy;
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij
eP mwptha; my;yth?
- ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?
ghw;fly;> mKjk;> Myfhyk; Mfpad njhd;kq;fs; MFk;.
25. FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf.
m) ngz; - 1) rkhjhdk;
M) Gwh - 2) tPuk;
,) jhuhR - 3) tpsf;F
<) rpq;fk; - 4) ePjp
m) 2> 4> 1> 3 M) 2> 4> 3> 1 ,) 3> 1> 4> 2 <) 3> 1> 2> 4
26. $w;W: 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUngw;wJ.
fhuzk; : nghjNyu;> iuk;Ngh> ntu;Nyd;> ky;yhu;Nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;baj;ij
tsu;j;jhu;fs;.
m) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup M) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
27. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;s j;J czu;Tfisf; Fwpg;ghf
czu;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;.
m) ctik M) ctNkak; ,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik
28. ‘jpl;lk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ‘ tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf jtq;fs; vjw;fhf?’
vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ‘tuk;’ vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ?
m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if ,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpisT
29. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLk;; ,yf;fpa cj;jp
vJ? m) FwpaPL M) gbkk; ,) mq;fjk; <) njhd;kk;.
mz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghu;j;j r%ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd;

jpiutpku;rdj;ij mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fbjkhf vOJf.
jpUtz;zhkiy>
09.06.19
md;Gs;s ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;F>
jhq;fs; ,af;fpa 36 tajpdpNy glj;jpidf;fz;L fspj;Njd;.kpf mUikahf
mg;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpj;jpupf;fgl;bUf;fpwPu;fs;. rhjpg;gjw;F taJ xU jil ,y;iy vd;Wk;
ngz;fshy; rhjpf;f KbAk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lfUj;Jfs; kpfkpf mw;Gjk;. ,j;jpiug;glj;jpy;
ngz;fSf;F Njitahd Neu;kiwahd fUj;jpid njuptpj;jpUe;jhYk;> Ntiytha;g;gpw;Fk;>
ey;ynjhU fy;tpia ngWtjw;Fk; may;ehLjhd; rpwe;jJ vdf; $Wk; tifapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; fUj;J kpfj;jtwhd xd;w hFk;.
kuk; tsu;f;f ,lkkpy;yhjtu;fSk;> tptrhak; nra;a ,lk; ,y;yhjtu;fSk;> vy;yhk;
fl;blq;fsha; epuk;gp topAk; efuj;jhu;fSk; jd;dhy; ,ad;w nrbf;nfhb tiffis
tsu;j;J> gRikiaAk;> J}a fhw;iwAk; cyfpw;F juKbAk;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; nraw;if
cukpy;yhj fha;fwpfs; clypw;F vd;Wk; ey;yJ mij ehNk tpistpf;fyhk; vd;w
fUj;ij kpfj;Js;spakhf mUikahf gilj;jspj;Js;sPu;. mjw;F vd;Dila kdkhu;e;j
ghuhl;Lfs;. fijapy; ,d;Dk; 36 taij jhz;b tho;e ;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ngz;fspd;
tho;tpay; rhjidia Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;. “thb uhrhj;jp vDk; ghly;” kpf mUikahd
17
tupfisf;nfhz;l ghlyhFk;. jpiug;glk; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;. ey;ynjhU FWk;glk;
ghuj;jJ Nghd;Nw Njhd;w paJ. rKjhaj;jpw;F Njitahd ey;y fUj;Js;s ,JNghd;w
glq;fis jhq;fs; jahupj;J jUtPu;fs; vd ek;GfpNwd;. tho;j;Jfs; jpU. #upah mtu;fNs!
kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Ljiy njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
ngWeu; ,g;gbf;F>
,af;Feu; jpU. nr. #upah> md;Gld; tpku;rfu;
36> G+e;jky;yp> jpU.M.nre;jpy;Ntyd;.
nrd;id - 18
 mzp> jpiz (4)

1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W
tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; epuy;epiw mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; Kjypy; nrhw;fis tupirahfTk; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa nghUis
mLj;J tupirahfTk; mikj;Jf; $WtJ epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.
v – fh : md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
tpsf;fk; : md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt tho;f;ifapd;
gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk;; mwDk; xU tupirapy; $wp> mtw;wpw;Fupa nghUis
gz;Gk; gaDk; vd tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh epuy; epiw
mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.
2. fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;v d;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; ,U nghUs;fisf;$wp mtw;wpy; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf;
$WtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.
v - fh: rpdk; vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;
tpsf;fk; : rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk;
ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;
nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; rpdj;ij flyhf cUtfpf;fhky;> ,dj;ij fg;gyhf
cUtfg;gLj;jp cs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh VfNjr cUtfmzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.
3. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f

,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; njhopy; ctik gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nray; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik njhopy;
ctik vdg;gLk;.
tpsf;fk; : jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu;
gf;Ftkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jk;: Fspu; fha;gtu;fspd; nraiy murid rhu;e;jpUg;gtUf;F xg;Gik
$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh njhopy; ctikf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
4. ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.

mzp : xU nghUis my;yJ fUj;ij Ntnwhd;NwhL xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ
ctik mzp MFk;.
v - fh: clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W
18
tpsf;fk; : kdjpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if> xU Fbirapy;
ghk;Gld; tho;tJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; clk;ghL ,y;yhjtiu ghk;gpw;F ctikahf Rl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.

Mifahy; ,jpy; ctik mzp gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
5. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : ctik jdpthf;fpakhfTk; ctNkak; jdp thf;fpakhfTk; epd;W ,ilapy;
ctk cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;l ctik mzp MFk;.
v - fh: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;
tpsf;fk; : cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R
cz;gtNu Mtu;.
nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; cwq;Fgtu; nrj;jtUf;Frkk;. fs; cz;gtiu eQ;R eQ;R
cz;gjw;F rkk; vd ,ilapy; ctk cUG Njhd;whky; ctikgLj;jp
cs;sJ. mjdhy; ,f;Fwl;gh vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
6. Ntw;Wik mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : nra;Aspy; ,UnghUSf;F xg;Gikf; $wp mtw;wpy; xd;w pypUe;J xd;iw
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;ltJ Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
v - fh: Xq;fypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp --- jz;bayq;fhug;ghly;.

tpsf;fk; : kiyapy; gpwe;J ePuhy; #o;e ;j ,t;Tyf capu;fspd; mf ,Uis Nghf;FtJ
jkpohFk;. Gw ,Uis Nghf;FtJ #upad; MFk;. .Mdhy; jkpOf;F <L ,iz NtnwJTk;
,y;iy.
 jpiz tpsf;fk;
1. nea;jy; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
 Kjw;nghUs;:
epyk; : flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
nghOJ : rpWnghOJ - vw;ghL> ngUk;nghOJ - MWk;
 fUg;nghUs; :
nja;tk;: tUzd;
kf;fs; : guju;> guj;jpau;
czT: kPd;> cg;Gf;F gjpyhf ngw;w nghUs;fs;
gwit: flw;fhfk;
tpyq;F: Rwh
njhopy;: kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpistpj;jy;
giw: kPd;Nfhl; giw
 cupg;nghUs;
,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;.
v-fh: ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;
,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd; cohmJ nra;j
,g;ghly; tupfspy; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;Fupa Kjw;nghUs;(fly;)> fUg;nghUs; (kf;fs;:gujtu;)
gapd;Wte;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
2. thif jpiz tpsf;Ff.

jpiz: “Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; kpf;Nfhu; nrWntd;wJ thifahk;” ntw;w p ngw;w murDk; mtdJ
tPuu;fSk; ntw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;G+itr; #b ntw;w piaf; nfhz;lhLtJ thifj;
jpiz MFk;.
3. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.

jpiz: xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;jf;
19
$WtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
v;.fh: guprpyu;f;F milah thapNyhNa!
fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhd; mQ;rp
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
tpsf;fk; : guprpy; ngw tpioAk; ,utyu;f;F milf;fhj thapNyhNd? tpiue;J XLk;
Fjpiuiaf; nfhz;l neLkhd; mQ;rp> mtid ek;gpj;jhd; cyfpy; cs;s
twpatu; cs;sdu; vdf; fUJfpwhd; NghyTk;.
nghUj;jk; : murdpd; nfhilj;jd;ikia Gfo;e;J ghLtjhy; ,t;tupfs; ghlhz; jpizf;F
nghUj;jkhapw;W.
4. nrtpawpTW}c Jiw tpsf;Ff.
murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;jy;>
nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
 Gzu;r;rp (2)
1. ,depiu - gpupj;Jg; Gzu;r;rp tpjp vOJf.
 ,dk; +epiu-
 kt;tPW xw;w ope;J capuPW xg;gTk; - ,depiu
2. ngUe;Nju; - Gzu;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
ngUik+ Nju;
<W Nghjy; - ngU+ Nju;
,dkpfy; - ngUe;Nju;
3. nrk;gupjp - nrk;ik +gupjp
<W Nghjy; - nrk; gupjp
- nrk;gupjp
(ed;nkhop)
4. thdnky;yhk; - thdk; +vy;yhk;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - thdnky;yhk;
(cuDil)
5. Mq;ftw;Ws; - Mq;F +mtw;Ws;
capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka; tpl;NlhLk; - Mq;f; +mtw;Ws;
cly; Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - Mq;ftw;Ws;
6. cd;iday;yhy;- cd;id +my;yhy;
,<I top at;Tk; - cd;id +a; + my;yhy;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - cd;iday;yhy;
(jdpahop> xUikAld;> Vionad)
7. nre;jkpNo - nrk;ik +jkpNo
<W Nghjy; - nrk; +jkpNo
Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy; - nre;jkpNo
(ntq;fjpu;)
8. ,depiu - ,dk; +epiu
kt;tPW xw;w ope;J capuPW xg;gTk; MFk; - ,depiu
9. GJg;ngay; - GJik+ ngay;
<WNghjy; - GJ +ngay;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; - GJg;ngay;
10. mUq;fhdk; - mUik +fhdk;
<WNghjy; - mU +fhdk;
,dkpfy; - mUq;fhdk;
(ngUq;fly;)
11. nry;yplj;J - nry; + ,lj;J
jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; - nry;y; +,lj;J
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - nry;yplj;J
20
(cs;nshd;W> Kd;Dil)
12. vj;jpir - v +jpir
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; - vj;jpir
(jiyf;Nfhy;)
13. G+k;ghtha; - G++ ghtha;

G+g;ngau;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk; - G+k;ghtha;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G (2)
1. gz;Gj;njhif
nrk;gupjp> nre;jkpo;> nre;epwk;> ntq;fjpu;> GJg;ngay;> nfhLq;Nfhy;> ed;fyk;> ngUq;fly;>
njhy;newp>mUe;jpwy;> neLtop> nts;sUtp> neLNty;> ed;nkhop> ed;dhL
2. tpidj;njhif
jho;fly; > taq;Fnkhop> tsu;jyk;> fha;ney;> tpidj;njhif
3. ctikj;njhif
kyub> fly;jhid
4. tpidnar;rk;
rpte;J
5. nganur;rq;fs;
tha;j;j> ctg;g> nfhLj;j> <e;j
6. vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;
Gf;f
7. cUtfk;
tpau;itnts;sk;
8. tpidahyizAk; ngau;
cau;e;Njhu;> nrw;wtu;
9. ,ilf;Fiw
,yhj> csJ
10. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;
ngha;ah> milah> kwth> mwpah
11. cupr;nrhy; njhlu;
khjtk;> khkapiy> jlf;if>
12. k&c
Ee;ij
13. vz;Zk;ik
md;Gk; mwDk; > mwpTk; GfOk; > MlYk;ghlYk;
14. njhopw;ngau;
kwj;jy;> nrhy;Yjy;>eif> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctif>
kiyjy;
15. nra;Aspir msngil (,irepiw msngil)
rpwhmu; > cohmJ> fthmd;
16. nrhy;ypir msngil
ntuP,a> tis,> xuP,>
17. ,d;dpir msngil
gLg;gJ}ck;
18. MFngau;
ePyk;
19. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fj;njhif
mutf;fly;
20. mLf;Fj;njhlu;
Kj;JKj;jha;
21
21. “glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” - ,,r;rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f
nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J vOJf.
 flhm > glhmk;> nflhm - nra;Aspir msngil
xuP, - nrhy;ypir msngil

gLg;ggJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopy; ngau;
 cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf
1. ntFsp - ntFs; + , c - tpidnar;r tpFjp

ntFs; - gFjp
, - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp 12. nra;j - nra; + j;+; m
nra; - gFjp
2. tpsq;fp - tpsq;F +, j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
tpsq;F - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp 13. mWj;J - mW +j; +j; + c
3. fyq;fp - fyq;F+ , mW - gFjp
fyq;F - gFjp j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
4. rhw;wp - rhw;W+ ,
14. gifj;j - gif +j; +j; + m
rhw;W - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp gif - gFjp
j; - re;jp
5. eif - eF+ I
eF - gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;)
m - nganur;r tpFjp
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp
15. njhOjdu; - njhO +j; +md; +mu;
6. kUl;if - kUs; + if njhO - gFjp
kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;) j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp md; - rhupia
7. eif - eF+ I mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
eF - gFjp (eif MdJtpfhuk;) tpFjp
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp 16. gopj;jdu; - gop +j; +j; + md; +mu;
8. kUl;if - kUs; + if gop - gFjp
kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJtpfhuk;) j; - re;jp
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
9. rha;g;ghd; - rha;+ g; +g; +Md; md; - rhupia
rha; - gFjp mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
g; - re;jp tpFjp
g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy 17. tpk;Kfpd;w - tpk;K +fpd;W +m
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp tpk;K - gFjp
10. NgRthu; - NgR+ t; +Mu; fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
NgR - gFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp
t; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy 18. epidf;fpd;w- epid +f; +fpd;W+ m
Mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp epid - gFjp
11. itj;J - it +j; + j; + c f; - re;jp
it - gFjp fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
j; - re;jp m - nganur;r tpFjp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy 19. fz;lhd; - fhz;(fz;) +l; + Md;
22
fhz;- gFjp (fz; vdf; FWfpaJ nghyp - gFjp
tpfhuk; j; - re;jp
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
20. tpae;J - tpa+ j;(e;) +j; +c Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpa - gFjp 28. mku;e;jhd; - mku; + j;(e;) +j; +Md;
j; - re;jp mku; - gFjp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
21. mwpe;J - mwp +j;(e;) + j; + c Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
mwp - gFjp 29. je;jdd;- jh(j) + j;(e;) j;+md; + md;
j; - re;jp jh - gFjp : j - vdf;FWfpaJ
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; - re;jp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
22. te;J - th(t) +j;(e;) + j; + c j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
th - gFjp : t - vdf;FWfpaJ md; - rhupia
tpfhuk; md;- glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W
j; - re;jp tpFjp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; 30. mku;e;jdd; -mku;+j;(e;)+j;+md; +md;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy mku; - gFjp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp j; - re;jp
23. fise;J - fis +j;(e;) + j; +c j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
fis - gFjp : md; - rhupia
j; - re;jp md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
24. <e;j - <+ j;(e;) +j; +m
< - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
m - nganuar;r tpFjp
25. ,Ue;jha; - ,U+ j;(e;) +j; + Ma;
,U - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
Ma;- Kd;dpiy xUiktpidKw;W
tpFjp
26. cau;e;Njhu; - cau; + j;(e;) + j; +Xu;
cau; - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
Xu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
27. nghype;jhd; -nghyp +j;(e;) + j; + Md;
23
jkpohf;fk; (4)
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere
fw;wy; vd;gJ Gijay; mij njhlu;e;jhy; mjw;fhd cupikahsu; vq;Fk; ,Ug;gu;.
2. A new language is a new life
xU Gjpa nkhop vd;gJ xU Gjpa tho;f;if
3. If you people to understand you, speak their language
kf;fs; cs;id Gupe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; mtu;fs; nkhopapy; NgR
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
nkhopapd; mwpTngw;wtd; Qhdj;jpd; (thapiy milfpwhd;)fjitj;jpwf;fpwhd;.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
vd; nkhopapd; vy;iy cyfj;jpd; vd; vy;iy
6. Start early,drive slowly,Reach safely.
Neuj;NjhL njhlq;F> nkJtha; ,af;F> ghJfhg;gha; nrd;wiltha;.
7. Impatient on road, patient in hospital.
rhiyapy; nghWikjtpu;j;jhy; kU;Jtkidapy; nghWikahfptpLtha; (Nehahsp MfptpLtha;)
8. Follow traffic rules, save your future.
rhiy tpjpia filg;gpb. tho;it vjpu;fhyj;jpw;F ghJfhj;J it.
9. While driving avoid phone or else your family will be left alone.
thdfj;ij Xl;Lk;NghJ ifg;Ngrpapy; NgRtij jtpu;j;JtpL. ,y;iyNay; cd; FLk;gj;ij
jdpikapy; jtpf;ftpLtha;
10. Know road safety, No injury. No road safety,know injury.
rhiy tpjpia njupe;Jf;nfhz;lhy; Nfby;iy. rhiy tpjpfis kwe;jhy; NfLfis
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tha;
11. Donate blood! But not on roads.
,uj;jjhdk; nra;! Mdhy; rhiy kPJ my;y
12. Drive, don’t fly.
thfdj;ij Xl;L gwf;fhNj! 13. Green Belt Movement - gRik tshf ,af;fk;.
 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; (4)

1. Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJGytu; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;gupa nghUs; $l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: Kj;ijah vDk; ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rpW$ly; gl;bapy;> rhj;jg;gd;
tprhyhl;rp jk;gjpaUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. vz;zw;w jpiuapir ghly;fshy; kf;fs;
kdq;fisf;nfhs;isf;nfhz;lhu;. ftpauru; vd;w Nghw;WjYf;F cupa ,tu;> rpWfij> fhtpak;>
fl;Liufis ekf;F gilj;jspj;Js;shu;. ,tu; mspj;j ‘mu;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;’ ,e;Jf;fs;
kl;Lkpd;wp midtuhYk; Nghw;wp gbf;fg;glNtz;ba E}yhFk;. khngUk; Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu;
,aw;wpa ‘Kr;rq;fq; $l;b’ vDk; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf!
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
24
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 %d;W rq;fq;fis Nru;j;J>
 mjpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j Gytu; gyiu Nru;j;J>
 mr;rj;jpd; topahf nghUs; nghjpe;j gy ,yf;fpaq;fis gilj;jspj;J>
 nrhy;ypd; Rit kpFe;j ftpij rq;fkhf Nru;j;J>
 mw;Gjq;fisr; nra;jts; ek; jkpod;id Mths; vd;W jkpod;idia ghuhl;Lfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
rq;fk; tsu;j;J Gytu;fis E}y; gy gilf;fr;nra;J nrhy;yhYk;> nghUshSk;
Rit gilj;jspj;J je;jts; ek; jkpod;id vdg;Gfo;fpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
Kr;rq;fq; - KJGytu;
mr;rq;fj; - msg;gupa
nrhw;rq;f - RitkpFe;j
mw;Gjq;fs; - mikj;j
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
Kr;rq;fq; - mr;rq;fj;
nrhw;rq;f - mw;Gjq;fs;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
Gytu;jikf;$l;b - nghUs; $l;b
ftp$l;b - ngUkhl;b
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; $l;b vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J Nru;j;J vDk; xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy;
“nrhw; nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ngUikg;gLj;jpg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ngUkpjr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
25
2. gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;
ngUik thuhjg;gh!
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh!
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhu;!
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;!
 ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;
 Kd;Diu: Fkup khtl;lk; Nj&upy; rptjhZg;gps;is> Mjpyl;Rkpf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. gf;jp>

,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> ,aw;if> tho;tpay; Nghuhl;lk;> r%fg;ghly;> Njrpag;ghly;> Foe;ij
,yf;fpak; Nghd;w vy;yh jsq;fspYk; ftpijfis gilj;jspj;Js;shu;. ftpkzp vd
Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu; ‘Foe;ij ftpQu;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwu;. rpwg;GFupa ,tu; ,aw;wpa
,g;ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 gpwg;gpdhy; ahUf;Fk; ngUik te;JtplhJ.
 jq;fSila rpwg;ghd nra;ifahy;jhd; ngUik tUk;.
 ed;ik nra;gtNu cyfpd; Nkw;Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.
 jPik nra;gtu;fs; neUq;ff;$lhj fPo; Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
gpwg;igf;nfhz;L> Nky;Fyk; fPo; Fyk; vd;W rhjp Kiwfis $whjPu;. ehk; nra;Ak;
nray;fs;jhd; ek;ik Nkytu; fPotu; vd kjpf;f itf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
 Nkhid:
gpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik
rpwg;G ; - nra;if
ed;ik - ehLk;
jpd;ik - jPz;l
 vJif:
gpwg;gpdhy; - rpwg;G
ed;ik - jpd;ik
 ,iaG:
thuhjg;gh - Ntz;Lkg;gh
Nkw;Fyj;jhu; - xz;zhjhu;
26
 mzp eak;:
,g;ghlypy; mg;gh vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; rhjp nfhLikia rhb ghbAs;sjhy; ‘ntFspr;Rit’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
3. me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfupj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz;ze; jhNdh?
- ghujpjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; vd ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ghujpjhrd; GJr;Nrupapy; fdfrig> ,yl;Fkp
mk;ikahUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. ftpij %yk; ,t;Tyfj;ij iff;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jtu;. ‘Gul;rp
ftp’ vd Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,f;ftpQupd; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 khiy ,Ushy; cyfk; ,Utijf;fz;Nld;.
 thidAk;> jpirfisAk; mt;thNw ,Usha;f; fz;Nld;.
 me;j ,Us; rpupg;ig epythy; fz;Nld;.
 rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif vy;yhk; xspahy; Nru;j;J
 ,aw;if md;id ,e;jh vd ekf;F ,utpd; moifj; je;jhs;.
 mtspd; moif tz;zj;ij tUzpf;f vt;thW ,aYk; vd;W ftpQu; Rl;Lfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
khiy ,Ushy; cyNf ,Uz;lhYk;> me;j ,Uis moF gLj;JtJ epythFk;.
epythy; ,utpd; moif ,aw;if md;id ekf;F ms;sp jUfpwhs;.
 njhil eak;:
 Nkhid:
me;jpapUshw; - mt;thNw
gpe;jpae;jf; - ngUQ;rpupg;gpd;
27
rpe;jhky; - Nrfupj;Jf;
,e;jhntd;; - vopy;tho;it
 vJif:
me;jpapUshw; - gpe;jpae;jf;
rpe;jhky; - ,e;jhntd;
 ,iaG:
fz;Nld; - ePjhd;
rpupj;jJz;Nlh - tz;ze;jhNdh
 mzp eak;:
,g;ghlypy; rpupj;j vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; ,aw;ifia tu;zpj;Jg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
4. G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;JG+j;j fly;fshf;FNtd;
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa - Nfhbg;
Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid - nrYj;jp
,utyNuhL NgRNtd;!
,untupf;Fk; gupjpia - Vio
tpwnfupf;f tPRNtd;
eh. fhkuhrd;
 Kd;Diu: jkpo; GJf;ftpij ,af;f Kd;NdhbAk; jkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ghlyhrpupaUk;
Mthu;.GJg;ghu;it jpfog; gbkf; ftpijfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ‘fWg;Gkyu;fs;’ ‘#upafhe;jp’
Nghd;w rpwg;GkpF ftpij E}y;fisg;gilj;jspj;j ,t;ftpQupd; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 ghiytdj;ij khw;wp ePu; epiwe;j epykhf;FNtd;.
 Gaiy khw;wp rpWrpW Jz;lhf;fp njd;wyhf khw;WNtd;
28
 tpz;kPDld; Ngrp ,uNthL ,uthf fhrhf khw;WNtd;
 #upaid Viofspd; mLg;ngwpf;f tPRNtd; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
,aw;ifia Viof;F Vw;wtz;zk; khw;wp mikg;Ngd; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
 Nkhid:
G+kpr;rUfhk; - Gaiyf;
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
,t;thW Nkhid nrhw;fs; gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
 ,iaG:
flyhf;FNtd; - njd;wyhf;FNtd;
NgRNtd; - tPRNtd;
 mzp eak;:
,g;ghlypy; Mf;FNtd; vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw;
nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ ahidf;F je;jk; moF
ftpijf;F re;jk; moF”
,g;ghly; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. Mifapdhy; ‘rpe;J’ vDk; Xir gapd;Wte;J
re;j eak; kpf;fjhf cs;sJ.
 KbTiu:
5. thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghu;
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOg;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYe; Nju;f;fhYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.
- jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
 Kd;Diu: jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Nkyfuk; vDk; Cupy; gpwe;jtu; jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
Kj;Jtpraehaf;fu; mitapd; ftpQuhfj;jpfo;e;jtu;. jpUf;Fw;whyFwtQ;rpia ,aw;wp FwtQ;rp
29
rpw;wpayf;fpaj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ,g;ghlypd; eaj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 Mz;Fuq;Ffs; ngz;Fuq;fpw;F goq;fisf;nfhLj;J nfhQ;Rk;.
 mijg;ghu;j;j gwitfs;; nfQ;Rk;.
 ftpQu;fs; mt;toifg;ghu;f;f Njtu;fis miog;gu;.
 thdpypUe;J miymiyaha; mUtp tPOk;
 mt;tUtpapy; #upaupd; fjpUk; tOf;Fk;.
 gpiwepyT #ba rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; kiy vq;fs; Fw;why kiyNa vd;W jpup$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhau; ghLfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
fdpfs; epiwe;j kuq;fspy; tpyq;fpdk;> gwitapdk; kfpo;r;rpNahL tpisahl> mUtp
nfhl;Lk; mofpy; #upaDk; tOf;fp tpo ,j;jifa vopy; kpFe;j Fw;whyj;jpy; vq;fs;
Fw;whyehju; rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhu; vd;gNj ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;jhFk;.
 njhil eak;:
 Nkhid:
thduq;fs; - thd;ftpfs;;
fhdtu;fs; - fkdrpj;ju;
$dypsk; - Fw;whyj;
 vJif:
thduq;fs; - fhdtu;fs;
NjdUtp - $dypsk;
 ,iaG:
nfhQ;Rk; - nfQ;Rk; - xOFk; - tOFk;
miog;ghu; - tpistpg;ghu;
 mzp eak;:
,g;ghlypy; fdp vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
30
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ctifg;nghq;fg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
 nra;As; 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (6)
1. ftpQu; rpw;g p vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?
 kiy Nkl;by; #upad; kiwAk; NghJ Njhd;Wk;; nrk;ikapd;; ,aw;if mofpidAk;>
 khiythdk; rpte;jpUg;gJ Nghy; ciog;ghy; rpte;jpUf;Fk; ciog;ghsu; iffspd; moifAk;
 njhopyhsu; Njhs;kPJ Kj;J Kj;jha; Njhd;Wk; tpau;itapd; moifAk;
 tpae;J tpae;J ghl vd; mUik kpF nre;jkpNo! cd; Jiz ,y;yhky; vd;dhy; vg;gb ghl
KbAk;.
 jkpNo! epd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghLfpwhu;.
2. ‘efuk; gl;il jPl;bants;is itukhfpwJ’ - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 kiof;fhyj;jpy; jpBnud te;j #upadhy;> eide;j cyfk; Fspu; fha;fpwJ.
 Fspj;J Kbj;j efuk; gspr;nrd ,Ue;jJ.
 <uj;jpd; Jspfspy; #upa fjpu; gl;L ituk; xspu;tJg;Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jJ.
3. ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;’ vd;Dk; Kof;fj;njhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typAWj;Jtha;?
 kdpjDf;F Mfhuk; kio
kiof;F Mjhuk; kuk;
 kukpy;yh ,lk; kuzj;jpw;fhd tplk;.
 rpe;jpAq;fs; rpe;Jk; thdk; ngWtJ vg;gb vd;W?
 nfhQ;rk; cjTq;fs;. nfhQ;Rk; kuq;fis eLq;fs;
4. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
 ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy;> jd;Dila ngha;ahd cyfg; gw;W mope;jJ.
 jhd; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ.
 jd;Dila gpwtpAk; xope;jJ vd rtup epiyahikia gw;wp ciuf;fpwhs;.
5. vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [khYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?
 Mde;jk;> Nrhu;T> mw;gj;jdk; ,it vy;yhk; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs;.
 ,it vjpu;ghuhj> mioahj tpUe;jhspfs; vd;W cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
6. ‘Jd;G csJ vdpy; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ?” vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy;
vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;.
 ‘,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W Jd;GWthNd!’ vd Ffd; tUe;Jtijf;fz;L > ,uhkd; Jd;gk; vd;W
xd;W ,Ue;jhy;jhNd ,d;gk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLk;.
 ,jd;nghUshdJ> epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; vd;w gonkhopf;F nghUe;Jtjhapw;W.
7. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;?
mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu tplNkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
8. Qhyj;jpd; ngupaJ vJ?
,d;d gad; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Muhahky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpapd; msit Muha;e;jhy;.
mjd; ed;ik fliytplg; ngupjhFk;.
9. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?
xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwf;ff; $lhJ. xUtu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj
kwe;JtplNtz;Lk;;.
10. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
31
xUtUila nry;tk; FiwahkypUf;f top vJ vd;why;> mtu; gpwUila ifg;nghUis
tpUk;ghjpUj;jyhFk;.
11. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;;.
12. ,ilaPL - vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
,ilaPL vd;w ftpij> ftpQupd; ftpij rhu;e;j vz;zk;> mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;>
vOjg;gl;l ftpijia cs;thq;Fk; thrfdpd; kdepiy Nghd;wtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
13. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
 vJif Nkhid Nru;f;fhky;> mbasit mwpe;jplhky;> vOJfpd;w tbte;jhd; trdk;.
 ahg;gpy; te;J mlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MFk;.
14. ‘vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;’ - ahu;f;F?
 fiyj;njhopypy; ty;y Gytu;fSf;F vj;jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; czT> jtwhky;
fpl;Lk;.
15. fyptpoh> xsptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
jpUtpohhy; Vw;gLk; kf;fspd; kfpo;r;rp fyp tpoh MFk;. fghyPr;Ruu; Nfhapy; gq;Fdp
cj;jpujpUtpohitf; fhZk; gf;fju;fspd; $l;lk; xsptpoh MFk;.
16. ‘jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsu; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs’ - njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu
vOJf.
mwk; nra;thu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapd; fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;
KUfg;ngUkhNd vd;gJ ,j;njhlUf;fhd nghUshFk;.
17. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
 rpupg;G> mOif> rpWik(,sptuy;)> tpag;G> mr;rk;> ngUik> rpdk;> kfpo;r;rp vd;W nka;g;ghLfs;
vl;L tifg;gLk;.
18. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.
 Nkilapd; xU Gwj;jpypUe;J kWGwj;jpw;Fr; nry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ xUKf vopdp.
 Nkilapd; ,UGwj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ nghUKf
vopdp.
19. ‘%r;R epd;W tpl;lhy;
Ngr;Rk; mlq;Fk; ‘ ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf.
 vupawj ,Oj;jh nfhjpf;fpwJ mlq;Fk;.
18. kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
 kdj;ij mJ NghFk; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy;
nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.
19. cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J - ,f;Fwl;ghtpd;
ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.
 ngupa Nju;f;F mr;rhzp Nghy; cUtj;jpy; rpwpatUk; Nguhw;wy; cilatuhfj; jpfo;tu;
mjdhy; cUtj;ijf;fz;L ,fo;jy; $lhJ.
20. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
 vz;zpatu; kdTWjpAilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtu; vz;zpatw;iw vz;zpathNw miltu;.
vdNt kd cWjp Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;.
21. eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;?
fs;Sz;gtu;fis eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
22. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?
32
jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;jpUg;gtu; gf;Ftkhf ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
23. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?
mwpT ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
24. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy;
cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
25. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?
xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w #ijg;Nghy;
tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
26. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
nrhy;Yjy; ahu;f;Fk; vspa: mupathk;
nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.
Vnddpy;> ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;tJ vy;yhu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;. Mdhy;
nrhy;ypagb me;j nraiy nra;J kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;. fhupa cWjp cilatNu
nrhy;ypaij nra;J Kbj;Jf;fhl;Ltu; vd;gij ,f;Fwspd; top czu;e;jjhy; ,f;Fws; vdf;F
kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd FwshFk;.
27. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?
ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj; Jd;gj;ij
jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.
28. mwpTil Nte;jdpd;newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wtd ahit?
 mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
29. nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
 murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;jy;>
nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; Jiw MFk;.
30. tpupngU jkpou; Nkd;ik
Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw
capu;g;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd;’ - ahu;> ahiug; gw;wp> vjw;fhff; $Wfpwhu;?
ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd;> kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpiag;gw;wp> mtupd; jkpo; gw;iw> jkpou; tuyhw;iw
Ma;e;J vOjpa fhuzj;jhy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
31. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.
 xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU jdpj;jd;ik cz;L.
 mj;jdpj;jd;ik milahsk; fhzg;gLifapy; vOr;rpAk; Cf;fKk; cld; ,ize;Jnfhs;fpwJ.
 milahsk; ,oe;j xUtu; Kfj;ijj; njhiyj;jtuhfpwhu;.
 r%fj;jpd; ,Wf;fkhd #oypy; rpf;fpj;jtpf;Fk; rpyu;> jq;fspd; milahsq;fis kPl;nlLf;f
Ntl;if nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
32. ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdu;?
 ,t;Tyfk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
 thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
 ,d;Dk; fly; jz;zPu; tw;wtpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
 ,d;Dk; ,e;j cyfk; mopahky; jhkjpg;gJ VNdh vd;W tUe;jpdu;.
33. gifAk; csNth gpw? nghUs; $Wf.
ek;Kila Kf kyu;r;rpiaAk;> mfkyu;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;Yfpd;w gifapd; typik> rpdj;ij tpl
NtW cz;Nlh vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
33
 ciueil 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (4)
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ vd;Dk; ‘eil etpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Wk; rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fisj; njhy;fhg;gpak;
ifahz;bUf;fpwJ.
 Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp: Vid
ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp
vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpwJ.
 eil vd;w nrhy;> njspthd ghu;itNahL njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
2. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpWFwpg;G tiuf
 rpy ,lq;fspy; jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;Fkplk; ‘Gf;fpy;’ vdg;gLk;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J> jdpahf thOkplk;’jd;kid’
vdTk; toq;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
3. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
 Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;.
4. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
 fhypd; nkf;fd;rpapd; njhFg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1869 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;E}yfk;.
 ,jpy; mupa Xiyr;Rtbfs;> jhs; Rtbfs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vdg; ngUk; njhFg;Gfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
5. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.
 fijehafp rd;dy;topahf jiyia ePl;b ntspNa njupAk; xU fhl;rpia ntwpj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwhs;.
 mts; njUitg; ghu;g;gJ kl;LNk fhl;lg;gLfpwJ
 mf;fhl;rpapy; xU kfpOe;J Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;Yk; xyp ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ir MdJ ghj;jpuq;fspd; czu;TfSf;F tpupTiu toq;Ftjhf mikfpwJ.
6. gUtj;Nj gapu; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
 Vw;w fhyj;ij mwpe;J Vw;w ,lj;ijAk; njupe;J xU nraiy Nkw;nfhz;lhy; cyfj;ijNa
mila epidj;jhYk; mJ if$Lk;.
 Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; nrapd;.
7. ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd; kdpj
ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; NrhW
 ,jw;F gpd;dhy; vj;jidNah ciog;ghspfspd; ciog;G nghjpe;Js;sJ. cOgtd;> ehw;W
eLgtd;> fisgwpg;gtd;> ePu; gha;r;Rgtd;> Mepiufs; Nkahky; ghJfhg;gtd;> G+r;rp nfhy;yp
mbg;gtd;> mWtil nra;gtd;> ney; mbg;gtd;> J}w;Wgtd;> ney;ypUe;J muprpia
gpupj;njLg;gtd;> re;ij gLj;Jgtd;> thq;fp tUgtd;> mjid Mf;Fgtd;.
 ehk; czZk; xU gpb Nrhw;wpy; vj;jidNah Ngupd; ciog;Gfs; mbq;fp ,Ug;gij Nghy ehk;
cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU nghUspd; gpd;dhy; gyupd; ciog;G mlq;fp ,Ug;gij ehk;
czu;Nthkhf.
8. ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs;’ E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
 kapiy Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa ;jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;fiy’ vd;Dk; E}y; ftpd; fiyfs; Fwpj;Jj;
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy;E}y; MFk;.
34
nra;As; 4 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (8)
1. “nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk;”
njhlu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 rpte;j #upad; cwq;f nry;tjw;fhf kiyapd; Nkl;il jiyaizahf gad;gLj;jp khiyapy;
Nkw;F Nehf;fp gazpf;fpd;wJ.
 me;Neuj;jpy; thdk; rpte;j G+f;fhlhf fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ.
 ,t;thW ,t;tupahdJ ,aw;ifia fz;L ctg;G va;jpa moif mofha; $wp epw;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; cUtf mzpAk;> ctifr;RitAk; gapd;W te;J gbg;Nghu;f;F ftpijapd; Ritapid
ey;FfpwJ.
2. Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;F.
,lk;: jz;bayq;fhu E}ypy;> ‘nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpf;F’ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;j ghly;tup
MFk;.
nghUs; : flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;Tyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ #upad; MFk;.
tpsf;fk; : kiyapy; gpwe;J ePuhy; #o;e;j ,t;Tyf capu;fspd; mf ,Uis Nghf;FtJ
jkpohFk;. Gw ,Uis Nghf;FtJ #upad; MFk;. .Mdhy; jkpOf;F <L ,iz NtnwJTk;
,y;iy.
3. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fq;fspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
tOty fhy tifap dhNd. - ed;D}y;
2. kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th>th! - rpw;g p ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
 Kjy;ghlyhd ed;D}y; tupfspy;> gioa tbtk; ,y;yhky;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gjpa Gjpa tbtk;
ngw;W jpfo;gts; ek; jkpo; md;id vd czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;lhk; ghlyhd rpw;gpapd; tupfspy;> kdpj Neaj;ijAk;> rhd;Nwhu;fisAk; ekf;F nfhLj;j
gioik tha;e;j jkpo; nkhopahdJ ek;ik GJgpf;f> $l;il jpwe;J $tp tuNtz;Lk; vd;W
czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;bw;Fkhd Ntw;Wik> GJik Ntz;Lk;> gioikia kPz;Lk; GJgpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;.
4. ’ePu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;’ - ,f;ftpijapd; mb>
‘J}q;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd’ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypd; njhlu;r;rpaha; miktij
eaTiu nra;f.
 ma;ag;g khjtd; ghlypy; kio nga;j gpd; tUk; #upadpd; fjpuhdJ ePu; epiyfspy; cs;s ePiu
cjL Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ.
 ePu; epiy ePiu cwpQ;r Neuk; vLf;Fk;. tapW epiwe;jJk; Xa;ntLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
 Mdhy; J}q;Fk; gdpePiu vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gw ghlypy;> gdpapd; Jspia #upadpd; fjpu;fs;
thq;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 xspf;fjpu; te;jTld; gdpj;Jspfs; gUfg;gl;L> kpr;rk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;.
 ,U ghly;fspYk;> fjpuhy; ePu; JspAk;> ePu; epiyAk; gUfg;gLk; moif Rl;bf;fhl;b> ,aw;ifapd;
moif njsptha; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
5. thilf;fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdu;?
 cyfk; FspUkhW Gjpa kioahdJ nghope;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
 jho;thd gFjpfspy; vy;yhk; ePuhdJ epuk;gp tUtjhy;>
 NfhiyAila Mau;> mt;tplj;ij ntWj;Jtpl;L> Nklhd ,lk; Nehf;fp jd; ML> khL> vUik>
gRf;fis Xl;br;nry;fpd;wdu;.
35
 vg;nghOk; Nka;r;rYf;F te;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j gioa ,lj;ij kioapd; nghUl;Ltpl;Ltpl;L> NtW
,lk; Nehf;fp nry;tij rq;flkhff; fUjpdhu;fs;.
 Fspiu Nghf;fpf;nfhs;s Mau;fs; $l;lkhf mku;e;J neUg;G %l;b Fspu; fha;e;jdu;.
 Fspuhy; mtu;fs; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
,t;thW thil fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; jd;id ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.
6. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;tpid tpsf;fp vOJf.
 ,uhkd;> tPlzDf;F Kb#l;b kfpo;e;j jUzj;jpy;> FfDld; Nru;e;J ehq;fs; Itu; MNdhk;.
gpd;du;> fjputd; kfdhfpa Rf;uPtDld; mWtu; MNdhk;.
 cs;sj;jpy; md;Gnfhz;L vq;fsplk; te;j md;gNd> cd;Dld; Nru;e;J vOtu; MNdhk; vd;whu;.
 cd; je;ijauhfpa jaujDf;F> ,jdhy; $Ljy; Gjy;tu;fs; fpilj;jjhy; ngUik milfpwhu;.
 ,t;thW ,uhkd; tPlzidAk; jd; jk;gpahff; nfhz;L ngUik milfpwhu;.
7. “tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
ed;wp nrYj;J” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk; : rj;jpa %u;j;jp nkhopg;ngau;j;j ‘tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;’ vDk; ftpij jiyg;gpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;s tupfs; MFk;.
 nghUs; : tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid ,tw;iw ,d;Kfj;NjhL tuNtw;ghahf. mtu;fs;
tUifahy; mDgtg; ghlj;ijg;ngw;wjhy; mtu;fSf;F ed;wp nrYj;J vd;W $WfpwJ
,t;tupfs;.
 tpsf;fk; : kdpj kdk; kdpju; thOk; ,y;ykhFk;. ,e;j ,y;yj;jpw;F Mde;jk;> Nrhu;T>
mw;gj;jdk; vd;W khwp khwp tpUe;jpdu;fs; te;J Nghthu;fs;. vy;yhiuAk; tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Jf;fkhfpa tpUe;jpdu; tUifahy; kdk; vd;w tPL Jg;GuT milfpwJ. tpUe;jpdu; tUiff;fhf
tPl;il J}rp jl;b Jg;GuT nra;J tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid> ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;why; Gjpa
mDgtq;fs; fpilg;gjhy;> ed;wp nrYj;JkhW Mrpupau; $Wfpwhu;.
8. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikfis vOJf.
 fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwnaLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gLfpwhd;.
 ,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpd; ,we;JtpLfpwhd;.
 jd; je;ijapd; ez;gdhfpa fOFNte;jid jd; je;ijahfNt fUjp> xU kfdhf ,Ue;J ,Wjp
rlq;fpid nra;fpwhu;.
 fz;ltu; tpaf;Fk;gbahd mfpy; kuf;fl;ilfis mLf;fp. jUg;ig Gw;fis gug;gp> G+f;fisJ}tp>
kzyhy; mofpa Nkil mikj;J
 jd; je;ijahfpa rlhAit jd; fuq;fshy; J}f;fp rlq;F nra;Ak; Nkilapd; kPJ fplj;jpdhu;.
 ,Wjp rlq;if kfd; Nghy ,Ue;J Mw;wpdhu;.
9. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
 md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk;
MFk;.
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu tpl Nkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
 cyfj;jpy; thoNtz;ba mwneapapy; epd;W tho;fpd;wtu;> thDyfj;jpy; cs;s nja;tj;Jf;F
,izahf kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
,t;thW ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
10. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ? - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.
 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp nra;jpUe;jhy;
mt;Tjtp ,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ljhy;
mt;Tjtp cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
36
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J ghu;j;jhy; mJ
fliytpl ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhYk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; mjid gid msT
cau;thf fUjtu;.
 ,t;thW xUtu; nra;j cjtpahdJ cyiftpl> fliytpl> <NuO cyiftpl ngupaJ vdf;
$Wfpwhu;.
11. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.
 rpdk; vd;Dk; gifahdJ> ek; kfj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; rpupg;igAk;> kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk;
nfhy;Yk;.
 jd;idf;fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;Ggtd;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; me;j
rpdNk mtid mopj;JtpLk;.
 rpdk; jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;. ekf;F ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; cwTfisAk;
mopf;Fk; gifahFk;.
 Mifahy; rpdj;ij xU nghUshff; nfhs;shky; ,dpa tho;T tho;thahf vd;W ts;Stu;
$Wfpwhu;.
12. “%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W” - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.
 %d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W vd;gJ vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly;.
 ek; kdjpy; cs;sij epidg;git vz;zkhFk;.
 ehk; vz;zpaij ntspapLtJ ntspaPlhFk;.
 mij Nfl;gtu; ek; vz;zpaijNa Gupe;Jf;nfhs;thu;fsh vd;gJ> ahuhYk; czu Kbahj
xd;whFk;.
 mij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhfj;jhd; ,f;ftpijapy>; ‘nrhy;y tpUk;gpaJ vy;yhk; nrhy;ypy;
tUtJ ,y;iy’ vd;W rp. kzp Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
13. thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlz; jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij
epWTf.
 neLkhd; mQ;rp xitahiu jd;DlNd muz;kidapy; jq;f itj;J ehSk; ehSk; mtupd;
jkpio Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gp> xsitf;F guprpy; juhky; ,Ue;Jtpl;lhd;.
 ,ij xsitahu; czu;e;jpUe;jhYk;> mjpadplk; Nfl;fhky;> thapy; fhtydplk; gupryUf;F
milahj thapiy cila murdplk; $Wq;fs; vq;fSf;F vj;jpir nrd;whYk; NrhW
cz;Lnld;W vd;W rpdj;NjhL $Wfpwhu;.
 ,jpy; mjpaid kiwKfkhf milahj thapiy cilatd; vd Gfo;tjhy; ,g;ghly; ghlhz;
jpizf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
14. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?
 fe;jNfhl;lj;Js; vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtdplk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; gpd;tUkhW Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 kdij xUKfg;gLj;jp ,iwtdpd; jpUtbfis ehSk; njhOfpd;w> cj;jku;fspd; cwT Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; ntspapy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfupd; cwT jd;id gw;whj tz;zk; fhf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
15. gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhu;?
 ,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;Jld; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfis cila> ngupa Cu;
jpUkapiy MFk;.
 jpUkapiyapy; fghyPRtu; Nfhtpy; nfhz;L tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
 ,e;j ,iwtDf;F Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpohtpy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;shky; ehd; NtW vq;Fk; nry;y khl;Nld; vd;W jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; $Wfpwhu;.
16. ‘ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G’ - ,j;njhlupd; top gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
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 rq;f fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jq;fSila epyq;fSf;F jFe;j gb njhopy; nra;J> nghUis cw;gj;jp
nra;jdu;.
 jq;fsplj;jpy; cs;s nghUis gpwuplk; nfhLj;J gpwuplk; cs;s nghUs;fis ngw;W> gz;l
khw;W Kiwapy; tho;it elj;jp cs;shu;fs;.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s mk;%tdhu; ghba nea;jy; epyg;ghlypy;> moFk; ,sikAk;
tha;e;j ckzu; ngz; xUj;jp> cg;Gf;F khw;whf ney;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
thuPNuh! vd thzpfk; nra;tjhf ghlypy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 vdNt rq;f ,yf;fpa thzpg Kiwapy; nghUspy; Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy;
rpwg;gha; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu; vd;gJ njspthf ekf;F GydhfpwJ.
17. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
vOJf.
 rpw;g E}yhrpupau;fshy; ed;dpyj;ij Mly; muq;fj;jpw;fhf Nju;e;njLj;jhu;fs;.
 kiyfspy; ePz;L tsu;e;j xUrhz; msT fZf;fs; nfhz;l %q;fpiyf;nfhz;L te;jdu;.
 %q;fpyhy; Kiwahd muq;fk; mikj;jdu;.
 jk; ifngUtpuyhy; 24 mstpidf; nfhz;ljhf %q;fpiy ntl;bdu;.
 mJNt muq;fk; mikf;Fk; msTNfhyhFk;.
 VONfhy; mfyKk;> vl;Lf;Nfhy; ePsKk; xUNfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;ba muq;fj;ij
mikj;jdu;.
 J}zpd; epoyhdJ muq;fpy; tpohjgb mofhd epiy tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
 xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp> fue;Jtuy; vopdp vd %d;Wtif jpiu rPiyfis
mikj;jpUe;jdu;.
 Xtpa Ntiyg;ghLkpf;f Nky; tpjhdj;ijAk; mikj;jdu;.
 rpwe;j Kj;Jfshy; ,ad;w khiyfis muq;fk; KOtJk; njhq;ftplg;gl;ldu;.
 ,t;thW rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;G GJikAk;> nghypTk; ngw;W jpfo;e;jjhf
,sq;Nfhtbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
18. VNjDk; ,uz;L nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd #o;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg; gilf;f.
 ngUkpjk; :
“rpw;wpy; ew;W}z; gw;wp epd;kfd; ahz;LsNdh vd tpdTjp
vd; ahz;LsNdh mwpNad;
Gyp Xu;e;J Nghfpa fy;yisg;Nghy <d;w tapW ,JNt
Njhd;Wtd; khNjh Nghu;f;fsj;jhNd!”
,t;thW GwehD}w;Wg;ghlypy; jha; jd; kfis Gyp vd;Wk; mtid <d;w tapW Gypapd;
fy;yiw vd;Wk;> mtd; nrd;Ws;s ,lk; Nghu;f;fsk; vd;Wk; mtd; tPuj;ij ngUkpjk; nghq;ff;
$wp epw;fpwhs;.
 ntFsp:
“jdp xUtDf;F cztpy;iy vdpy; [fj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;” ghujp ehl;L kf;fspd;
tWikf;fz;L rpdKw;W ghba ,t;tupfspy; ntFsp Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
19. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijAk; kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; nrhw;rpkpopy;

milf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa vd;gijNa vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; nfhz;L epWTf.
 vjpu;ghu;g;NghL tUfpd;w ehk; Vkhe;J NghtJk; cz;L vd ehk; xd;W epidf;f> elg;gJ xd;W
vd;w kdepiyia ftpijahy; tbj;Js;shu;.
 vg;gb vy;yhKk; tho;e;jtu; ,we;j gpwF xd;wpw;Fk; cjthjtu; Mthu; vd;w vjhu;jj;ij mofhf
jd; tupfspy; tbj;Js;shu;.
 epiwf;Flk; jJk;ghJ vd;gij Mo;fliyAk;> Mu;gupf;Fk; miyiaAk; nfhz;L tptupj;Js;shu;.
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,t;thW fz;Kd; epfOk; epfo;it ftpijahf tbj;njLf;f KbAk; vd;gij KFyd; mofhf
$wpAs;shu;.
20. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtpu; fUJtd ahit?
 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ mwpthFk;.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F eLq;f tUk;
Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
21. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
xU nraypd; typik vd;gJ xUtDila kdtypikNa MFk;. gpw
 typikfs; typik MfhJ.
 ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ vtu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypagb
mr;nraiy nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;.
 vz;zpa nraiy vz;zpagb Kbg;gtu; ahu; vd;why;> typik cila kdk; cilatNu Mthu;.
 ,t;thW ts;Stu; $Wk; kd cWjp cilatNu tho;tpy; ntw;wp ngWgtu; Mthu;.
22. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu; mwptdtw;iw
vOJf.
 kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifawpT kdj;jhy; Vw;gLk;: ,g;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;W cyfj;jhuhy; kjpf;fg;gLk;
nrhy;> Nru;e;j ,dj;jhy; Vw;gLk;.
 ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj; Jd;gj;ij
jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy ,t;thW ts;Stu; rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JiziaAk; gw;wp
$Wfpwhu;.
23. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;?
 this ntspg;gilahd giftUf;Fk;> ghk;ig gofp nfLf;Fk; cwtpdu;Fk; rhd;whf
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Vnddpy; thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Mdhy; cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
 mfj;jpy;
24. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tptupf;f.
 cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mtu;.
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk;
nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk; vd fs;Sz;gtu;fspd; ,op epiyiaf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w #ijg;Nghy;
tWik jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
 #jhLkplj;jpy; xUtUila fhyk; fopAkhdhy;> mJ mtUila guk;giur; nry;tj;ijAk;
,ay;ghd ew;gz;igAk; nfLf;Fk;. ,t;thW
 #jhy; Vw;gLk; ,opepiyia ts;Stu;; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
25. mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf> jkpo;ejp $Wfpwhu;?
 nghl;ly; ntspapy; Nghu; Xa;e;J gpwe;j xU Foe;ij Nghy mjpra kynuhd;W ,jo;tpupj;J
rpupf;fpd;wJ.
 ,k;kyu;r;nrbahdJ> ahidapd; vr;rj;jpy; kpr;rkha; Njhd;wp ,Uf;fyhk;> ahUila fhyzp
mbg;gFjpapy; xl;f;nfhz;l tpij tpOe;J capu;g;G ngw;wpUf;fyhk;>
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 vg;gbNah jg;gp gpioj;J Kisj;j ghiytdj;jpy; G+j;j mjpra kyiu vg;gbNah milahsk;
fz;L gwe;J te;j tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp Nghy; gwitfSk; ,k;kyiu ehb tUjy; $Lk;.
 ,r;nrbapypUe;J fhL ngUfyhk;> kio cUthfyhk;> ghiytdk; Nrhiy tdkhfyhk;.
 ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; xd;iw gw;wpf; nfhz;L G+j;jpUf;fpwJ ,e;j mjpra kyu;.
26. vq;fpUe;Njh tUfpwJ
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpnahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf; $Lk; ehis - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : ‘mjd; gpwF vd;Wk;’ vDk; ftpij njhFg;gpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;w mjpra kyu; vDk;
ftpijapd; tupfs; ,it. ,jd;Mrpupau;. jkpo;ejp (fiythzp) vd;gtuhthu;.
nghUs; : vg;gbNah jg;gpa tpij gr;irak; ,y;yhj ghiytdj;jpy; Kisj;J G+j;j mjpra
kyiu> vg;gbNah milahsk; fz;Lf;nfhz;L tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp xd;W tUfpwJ. ehis
gwitfSk; ,g;G+it ehb tuyhk; vd;W Mrpupau; $Wfpwhu;.
 tpsf;fk; : nghl;ly; ntspapy; Nghu; Xa;e;J gpwe;j xU Foe;ij Nghy mjpra kynuhd;W
,jo;tpupj;J rpupf;fpd;wJ.
 ,k;kyu;r;nrbahdJ> ahidapd; vr;rj;jpy; kpr;rkha; Njhd;wp ,Uf;fyhk;> ahUila fhyzp
mbg;gFjpapy; xl;f;nfhz;l tpij tpOe;J capu;g;G ngw;wpUf;fyhk;>
 vg;gbNah jg;gp gpioj;J Kisj;j ghiytdj;jpy; G+j;j mjpra kyiu vg;gbNah milahsk;
fz;L gwe;J te;j tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp Nghy; gwitfSk; ,k;kyiu ehb tUjy; $Lk;.
 ,r;nrbapypUe;J fhL ngUfyhk;> kio cUthfyhk;> ghiytdk; Nrhiy tdkhfyhk;.
 ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; xd;iw gw;wpf; nfhz;L G+j;jpUf;fpwJ ,e;j mjpra kyu;.
27. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk - ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;
nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
 xU khtpw;Fk; Fiwe;j epykhapDk; mjd;fz; tpise;j ney;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf;
ftskhff; nfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg; gy ehl;fSf;F czthFk;.
 E}W klq;F ngupa tayhf ,Ue;jhYk; ahid jdpj;Jr; nrd;W taypy; GFe;J cz;Zkhapd;
mjd; thapy; GFe;j ney;iytpl mjd; fhy;fshy; kpjpgl;L mope;j ney;ypd; msT mjpfkhFk;.
 vdNt mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
28. filnaO ts;sy;fisAk; mtu;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.
 Ngfd; - Mtpdd;Fb vd miof;fg;gLk; goep kiyia Mz;l ,td; kapy; Fspuhy;
eLq;Ftijf;fz;L jd; Miliaf; nfhLj;jhd;.
 ghup – gwk;G kiyia Mz;ltd;. Ky;iyf;nfhb xd;W gw;wpg;glu nfhk;gpd;wp jtpg;gijf;fz;L
jd; Njupid nfhLj;J mf;nfhbapid glutpl;lhd;.
 fhup – kiyakhd; ehl;il Mz;ltd;. jd;id ehb tUk; ,utyu;fSf;F> nghd; nghUSld;
FjpiuiaAk; guprhf mspj;J kfpo;e;jtd;;.
 Ma; - nghjpa kiyia Mz;L te;jtd;. xspkpf;f ePy fy;ypidAk;> ehfk; nfhLj;j
MiliaAk; ,iwtDf;F mspj;jtd;.
 mjpad; - jf^iu Mz;ltd;. neLehs; capu;ngw;W tho itf;Fk; mupa ney;ypf;fdpia
xsitf;F nfhLj;jtd;.
 es;sp – esp kiyia Ml;rp nra;jtd; . jd;dplk; cs;s nry;tj;ij ,y;iy vd;W $whJ>
twptupd; Fwpg;gwpe;J> mtu; cs;sk; epiwAk; tz;zk; nfhLg;gjpy; rpwe;jtd;.
 Xup - nfhy;yp kiyia Mz;ltd;. jd; kiy ehl;il $j;jUf;F guprhf mspj;jtd;.
29. ‘<rd; kfd; epd;wdu; xu; Vionad Xu;kpd;’ - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; vOjpa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupfs; MFk;.
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nghUs; : jd;id fl;Lk; nghOJ mikjpahf epd;wjd; fhuzk;> jd; typahy; mtu;fSf;F ghtk;
te;J Nruhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUizNa MFk;. mjdhy; mtu; Xu; Vio Nghy;
mikjpahd epd;whu;.
tpsf;fk; : jk; kPJ gif nfhz;L jdf;F ,opthd nray;fisr; nra;j ,k;kdpju;fs; jhq;fs;
thOk; fhyk; KOtJk; Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fNsh vd;W vz;zp mtu;fSf;fhf ,uf;fg;gLk;
jd;ikahy;> VR xU Viog;Nghy; mikjpahf epd;whu;.
30. nfhil toq;Fjypy; ePq;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf.
 jdf;F tpUg;gkhdij gpwUf;F nfhLg;gijtpl gpwUf;F tpUg;gkhij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jdf;F kpQ;ra gpwF jhdk; vd;gij tpl jdf;F ,y;iy vd;whYk; gpwUf;F nfhLj;J kfpo;r;rp
miljy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jhdk; vd;gL gzNkh nghUshfNth $l ,y;yhky;> clyhYk;> ciog;ghYk; $l cjtp
nra;jy; jhdkhf fUjyhk;.
 jpdKk; VNjDk; xUtifapy; ehk; Kd;gpd; njupahjtu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb jd; tUkhdj;jpy; ehspy; xU gFjpia kw;wtUf;F
mspg;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ek;Kila jhdk; tpoYf;F ,iwj;j ePuhf mikahky;> gapUf;F nry;Yk; ePuhf
ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ciueil 4 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (8)

1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 ve;j xU njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; iriffspypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ,jw;F rq;fg; ghly;fNs rpwe;jnjhU rhd;whFk;.
 “fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fupNj” ,g;GwehD}w;W ghlypy;> ghupapd; gwk;G kiyia
%tUk; Nru;e;J te;jhYk; mila ,ayhJ. ,utyu; Nghy; ghb guprpy; ngw te;jhy; ngwyhk;
vd;w fUj;ij td;ikahf ciuf;fpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;W
te;J xypahy; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
 “glhmk; <j;j” vDk; GwehD}w;Wg;ghlypy; msngilahYk;> “Gzupd; GzuhJ” vDk; ghlypy;
mzpahYk;> “Ee;ij je;ijf;F” vDk; ghlypy; nky;ypdk;> rPu; vJifahy; epuk;gp te;J
xypf;Nfhyq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
 ,t;thW rq;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
2. kionts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Nguplu;f; fhyq;fspy; jhq;ff; $baitahf Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePu;topg; ghijfSf;fhd njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mg;ghijfisj; njhlu;e;J
guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 r%ff; fhLfs; tsu;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fisr; r%f ,af;fkhf tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf; fhLfis tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf;FLk;gk; - vt;thW?
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J> mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa
Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy> ,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vd
rq;ffhy kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt> ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G ‘$l;Lf;FLk;gj;ij’ typAWj;JfpwJ.
4. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
 fhiyapy; vOe;J> vd;Dila Ntiyia ahiuAk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fhky; ehNd nra;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.
41
 vd; je;ijf;Fk;> jhAf;Fk; VNjDk; Ntiyia nra;J cjtpahf ,Ug;Ngd;.
 khiyapy; gs;sp tpl;L tPL jpUk;gpa ehd;> cilkhw;wp iffhy;> Kfk; fOtptpl;L ghlk;
gbg;Ngd;.
 mk;khtpw;F cjtpahf mtu;fs; te;jTld; rhg;gpLtjw;F rpw;Wz;b vLj;J itg;Ngd;.
 vd; mg;gh te;jTld; mtu; nfhz;L nrd;w czT ghj;jpuq;fis fOtp itg;Ngd;.
 rikj;j czit rhg;gpLtjw;F czT Nkirf;F nfhz;Lte;J itg;Ngd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;l gpwF> ghj;jpuj;ij fOTk; ,lj;jpy; nfhz;L NghLNtd;.
 tpLKiwapy; vd; ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpAld; gf;fj;J tPl;bw;F tpisahlr;nry;Ntd;.
 nkhj;jj;jpy; njhy;iy juhj ey;yg;gps;isahf ele;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.
5. ePtpu; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPu;?
 tFg;gpw;Fs; EioAk; nghONj Gd;difAld; EioNtd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;lhu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lwpNtd;.
 midtupd; Kfj;ijAk; xUKiw Nehf;FNtd;.
 thl;lkpUe;jhy; mUfpy; mioj;J> ftiyia Nghf;FNtd;.
 Gj;jfk; ,y;yhky; ghlk; elj;JNtd;.
 ehd; khztd; NghyTk; khztu;fis MrpupauhfTk; khw;wp ghlk; elj;Jtij urpg;Ngd;.
 khztu;fSld; tpisahLNtd;.
 mtu;fs; $Wtij fhJ nfhLj;Jf;Nfl;Ngd;.
 Nju;T vd;w gaj;ijAk;> gbg;G vd;w ghuj;ijAk; fUjhj tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy; nra;Ntd;.
6. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 xU gf;fj;jpy; kpf Ez;zpa vOj;Jf;fshf ,UgJ Kg;gJ tup tiuapy; vOJtjw;Fupa nky;ypa
vOj;jhzpfs; ,Ue;jd.
 ehk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhfpjj;jpy; vOJtijg; Nghd;w Ntfj;NjhNl Vl;by; vOJtJz;L.
 khzhf;fu;fSf;F vOJk; gof;fk; ed;whf cz;lhfNtz;Lnkd;W Mrpupau;fs; xt;nthU ehSk;
mtu;fis jdpj;jdpNa VLfspy; jhNk NkNy vOjp mijg;Nghy; vOjptur; nrhy;thu;fs;.
 ,d;W ifnaOj;J gapw;rp VL > mr;rpl;L khztu;fspd; ifnaOj;J mofpid tsu;f;fpd;w d.
7. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
 fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;Tf;F cjTtJ.
 jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghf mike;jhy; trdj;jpw;Ff;$l ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
 Kjy;fhl;rpapy; Njhop xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; njhlu;tz;bg; gazr;rPl;ilf; nfhLg;ghs;.
 mLj;j fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp njhlu;tz;bapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
 vz; 7> tPiuah njU xUtu; nrhy;yp Kbg;gjw;Fs;> me;j Kftupapy; fhl;rp nrd;W epw;Fk;.
 ,t;thW jpiug;glj;jpy;> fhl;rp kiwT> cjak;> fyit mopg;G vd khwp khwp te;Jf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;Fk;.
8. Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
 Ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; Nkyhz;ikf; $Wfs; cz;L.
 rupahd gapiuj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;>
 cupa Neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;>
 ePu; Nkyhz;ikia newpg;gLj;Jjy;>
 mWtilf;Fg;gpd; ghJfhj;jy;>
 cupa tpiy tUk;tiu ,Ug;G itj;jy; vd;W xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; tpopg;Gzu;Tk;>
nghWg;Gzu;Tk; epu;thfnewpAk; ,ize;jhy;jhd; Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.
9. kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
42
 nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900 –y; gpwe;j ,tu;> 25 Mz;Lfs; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpYk; ,tu;
Xu; rpwe;j jkpo; Muha;r;rpahsu;.
 kapiy rPdp. xU jkpo;j; NjdP.
 mwptpd; thapy;fis Nehf;fpNa mtu; fhy;fs; ele;jd.
 E}yfq;fNs mtuJ jhaq;fshfpd.
 mwpit tpupT nra;J my;Yk; gfYk; Ma;tpy; %o;fpf; fUj;J Kj;Jfisj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F
toq;fpdhu;.
 Gjpa nra;jp jUjy;> GJ tpsf;fkspj;jy;> ,Uz;l gf;fq;fSf;F xspA+l;Ljy;> jtWfis kWj;J
cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jd; Ma;tpd; mZFKiwfshff; nfhz;ltu;.
 mtupd; rPupa jkpo; Muha;r;rp njhz;bid thu;j;ijfshy; tbj;njLf;f Kbahj xd;whFk;.
 jkpou; Mfpa ehk; Muha;r;rp nra;a ,aytpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,tu; nra;j Muha;r;rp E}iy
gbj;jhfpYk; gad;ngWNghkhf.
(vitNaDk; MW tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhy; NghJkhdJ)

nra;As; 6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (6)
1. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag;
ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
Kd;Diu : jha;> je;ij> cld; gpwg;G Mfpa cwTfis vy;iyf;fle;J tpupT gLj;jp epw;gtd;
,uhkd;. mtDila md;gpw;F ve;j NtypfSk; ,y;iy. mJ vy;iyf; fle;jJ vd;gjw;F
cjhuzkhf> ek; ghlg;gFjpapy;> Ntld;> gwit> vspa Kjpats;> thduk;> vjpupd; jk;gp
MfpNahuplk; mtd; fhl;Lk; md;G ekf;F njsptha; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
Ntltdpd; kPJ nfhz;l md;G:
fq;if fiuia flg;gjw;F ,uhkDf;F cjtpa Ffd;> ,uhkd; kPJ msTfle;j md;ig fhl;b
epw;fpwhd;. me;j md;ig czu;e;j ,uhkd;> mjw;F ifkhwhf> Ffdplk; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhd;.
“eP vd; jk;gp. ,yf;Ftd; cd; jk;gp. rPij cd; mz;zp> Fspu; flYk; ,e;epyKk; vy;yhk;
cdNj MFk;. ehd; cd;Dila VtYf;F Vw;g gzpGupgtd;”
,e;epfo;T ,uhkDila gz;gpd; cr;rj;ij giwrhw;wp epw;fpwjy;yth?
fOF Nte;jldplk; fhl;ba gupT:
fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiw vLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gLfpwhd;. ,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpwF ,we;Jtplfpwhd;. jd; je;ijapd;
ez;gdhfpa rlhAit jd; je;ijahfNt vz;zp> mtDf;F ,Wjp rlq;fpid kfdhf ,Ue;J
nra;J Kbf;fpwhd;. vd;Nd! mtDila gupT!
%jhl;b Jwtpia jhahf Vw;w gz;G:
rtup vd;w ngz; Jwtp> jhd; tho;tpy; xU KiwNaDk; ,uhkid fhZjNy jhd; nra;Ak; jtk;
vd;W fhj;jpUe;jhs;. ,uhkidf; fz;lJk;> jd;Dila gpwtp gyd; Kbe;jJ. ,dp vdf;F gpwtp
Ntz;lhk; vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,uhkd; mtis md;id vd mioj;J> jhq;fs; vd;Wk; vdf;F jha;
vdf; $wp mtis kfpo;tpf;fpwhd;. ifkhW fUjhj md;gpw;F vLj;Jfhl;L ,td; vd;gJ ekf;F
ed;F GydhfpwJ.
vjpupd; jk;gpia jd; jk;gpahf fUjpatd;:
,uhtzdpd; jk;gpahf ,Ue;j tPlzd;> ,uhtzdpd; jfhj nraiy jz;bj;jtd;. fhuzk; jd;
mz;zidtpl ,uhkd; kPJ ,Ue;j md;G. me;j md;ig kjpj;j ,uhkd; mtidAk; jd; jk;gpahf
Vw;W> jd; je;ij jruDf;F ,j;jid Gjy;tu;fs; Mfptpl;Nlhk;. ,dp cd; je;ij Mfpa
jrujDf;F ngUikjhd; vd jd; je;ijia mtd; je;ijahf fUJkhW nra;j ifkhW ahUf;F
tUk;?
43
KbAiu:
nra;e;ed;wpia ghuhl;Ljy; mtrpak; vd ts;Stu; $wpa topia gpd;gw;wpatd; ,uhkd;. mtd;
md;G vd;w gz;gpw;F fhl;rpahf ek;Kd; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwhd;.
2. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.
ed;wpapd; msT:
 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp nra;jpUe;jhy;
mt;Tjtp ,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ljhy;
mt;Tjtp cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J ghu;j;jhy; mJ
fliytpl ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhUk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; gid msT cau;thf
fUjtu;.
ed;wp kwthik:
 xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W: mtu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghJNj
kwe;JtpLtJ ey;yjhFk;.
 ve;j mwj;ij mopj;jtUf;Fk; jg;gpg; gpiof;f tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. xUtu; nra;j cjtpia
kwe;Jtpl;ltUf;F ca;Nt ,y;iy.
3. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f.

rpdj;ij fhj;jy;:
 jd; rpdk; nry;YgbahFk; nkypatuplj;jpy; nfhs;shky; fhg;gtNu cz;ikapy; rpdk; fhg;gtu;.
nry;Ygbahfhj typatuplj;jpy;> fhj;jhy; vd;d? fhf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;d? rpdj;ij vt;tplj;Jk;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jPikahd tpisTfs; rpdj;jhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahuplj;Jk; rpdk; nfhs;shky; mij
kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
rpdNk ngupa gif:
 rpdk; vDk; gifahdJ ek; Kfj;jpd; rpupg;igAk;> kdj;jpDila kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mopj;JtpLk;.
 xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; thuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;:
 rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj;
njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopj;JtpLk;.
4. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f.
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw
 vy;yhk; NtW NtW:
 tpz;Zk; tpz;ntspAk; NtW.
 kz;Zk; kzYk; NtW
 gdpAk; kioAk; NtW
 GfOk; nry;thf;Fk; NtW
 fhl;rp NtW fy;tp NtW
 ftpijAk; ciueilAk; NtW NtW
 ftpij Mf;fk;
 muprp NrhwhfpwJ.
 mUk;G G+ MfpwJ.
 nrhy; ftpij MfpwJ.
44
 vJif> Nkhid mw;w vz;zpylq;fhj thu;j;ij trdkhfpwJ.
 ahg;gpy; te;jlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MfpwJ.
 ftpij tUk;:
 fdp gOj;jhy; rhW tUk;.
 taypy; jz;zPu; ,Ue;jhy; VU tUk;.
 vOj;jpUe;jhy; mir tUk;
 mirapy; rPUk;> rPupy; jisAk;> jisapy> mbAk; tUk;
 ,itnay;yhk; ed;F njupe;jpUe;jhy; ftpij vOj tUk;.
 njupe;jhy; njspayhk
 vOj;J> mir> rPu;> jis> mb> njhil njupe;jhy; ftpij tUk;.
 NjkhTk;> GspkhTk; njupe;J vOjpdhy; Gytu;fspd; ghlypy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.
 Mdhy; rhkhdpa kf;fSf;F GupAk; tz;zk; ftpij gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cuj;jpy; gapu; tpistJ Nghy;> mwk; nghUspy; ftpij tpisAk;.
,t;thW Rujh jkpo; ,yf;fzk; mwpe;jhy; ftpij vOJtJ ,dpf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
5. nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+u;> fe;j Nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w d?
kapyhg;G+u; - fghyPRtuk;:
 kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; ntspg;ghL> Nfhtpy; jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 Nfhtpy; Xu; Cupd; ngUikf;Fupa milahsq;fSs; xd;W. mjd; Gfiog; giwrhw;Wk; vOr;rpNa
jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 mj;jifa jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; jpUkapiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kapyhg;G+upy; gq;Fdp
cj;jpu jpUtpohthdJ> md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu ntF tpku;rpahf nfhz;lhlg;gl;LtUfpd;wd.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;> “fapiy gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpohtpid fhzhky; nry;tJ
Kiwad;W. me;j tpohtpid fz;L fspj;j gpwNf nry;Ntd;” vd;W $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
fe;jNfhl;lk;
 mLj;jjhf ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;> nrd;id fe;jf;Nfhl;l KUfdplk;> ,iwtdpd; jpUtbia
vg;nghOJk; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; cj;jku;fspd; cwT Ntz;Lk;. cs; xd;W itj;J Gwk;
xd;W NgRthupd; cwtpid iftpl;L fhj;jUs Ntz;Lk;.
 ngha; NgrhkypUf;f Ntz;Lk;> ngz; Mir gw;whky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjk; Nga; gpbf;fhky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vg;nghOJk; ,iwtNd cd;id kwf;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ey;y mwpTk;> cd; fUizAk;>
Nehaw;w tho;Tk; jUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W MWKfkhfpa fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;J KUfg;ngUkhdplk;
Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;.
 ,t;thW nrd;idapy; cs;s rptidAk;> KUfidAk; Qhd rk;ge;jUk;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshUk;
Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ek; ghlg;gFjpahf mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhf.
6. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.
 mwpTilatdhf jpfo;e;jhy; mtd; ve;j #o;epiyapYk; jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;gtdhf ,Ug;ghd;.
 jtWfs; nra;ahjtd; mwpTilatd;.
 fPo;gbgtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vjpu;fhyj;ij fzpg;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vJTk; ,y;yhjtdhf ,Ug;gpDk; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtdhfj; jpfo;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 GfOf;F cupatd; mwpTilatd;.
 Muha;e;J mwpgtd; mwpTilatd;.
45
 cyfj;NjhL el;G nfhs;gtd; mwpTilatd; vd ts;Stu; mwpTilatd; ,ay;G>
,yf;fzq;fis jd; Fws; top mofhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; mwpTilik gw;wp ts;Stu; $wpAs;s fUj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk;
cs;mopf;fy; Mfh muz;.
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ mwpthFk;.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F eLq;f tUk;
Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtNjhu;. Neha;.
7. jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; - epWTf.
Kd;Diu:
xU tho;tpay; E}y;> ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf kl;Lky;y>
,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; Gjpa jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; topfhl;Lk; Gul;rp E}y;. ts;Stj;jpd;
nghUz;ik fhye;NjhWk; Gjpa Gjpa fUj;jhf;fq;fisj; je;J> ,dk;> nkhop> ehL vd;Dk;
vy;iyfisf; fle;J kdpj tho;f;ifia tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
tho;tpay; gjpT:
ts;Stk; jhd; Njhd;wpa fhyj;NjhL epd;W tplhky; ,e;j E}w;whz;L kdpjDf;Fk;
thor;nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ. tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ. rhuhrup kdpjd; md;whl
tho;f;ifapy; xOf Ntz;ba newpKiwfspd; njhFg;ghfj; jpUf;Fws; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ek;Kila ghlg;gFjpapy;
clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W
vd;W te;Js;s Fws; tho;f;ifapd; vjhu;j;j cz;ikia ekf;F czu;j;Jfpwjy;yth?
md;Wk; ,d;Wk;:
kJ capUf;F NfL vd;W tpsk;guk; gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; md;Nw
ts;Stu;>
fspj;jhidf; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy; fPo;ePu;f;
Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W
vDk; Fwl;ghtpy;> fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa
xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wjhFk; ts;Stu; Rl;Lfpwhu;.
jdp jdp egu;fSk; jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; :
Nrhu;tpy;yhjtd; mlf;fj;Jld; ciog;gtd; tpjpiaf; $l khw;wp mikf;Fk; typikiag;
ngWthd; vd;Wk;> capu;fisf; nfhy;yhkYk;> khkprk; rhg;gplhkYk; ,Ug;gtiuf; fz;lhy;> vy;yh
capu;fSk; if $g;gp tzq;Fk; vd;Wk;> nja;tj;ij topgl;L $l> xU nray; elf;fhky;
Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; Kaw;rpf;F jFe;j gyd; xUehs; fpilj;Nj jPUk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidNah ,J
Nghd;w fUj;Jfs; tho;tpy; jdf;F jdf;F vd filg;gpbf;Fk; tifapy; ts;Stu; vOjpAs;shu;.
KbTiu :
46
ehSk; ts;Sk; fhl;Lk; topia gpd;gw;wp ele;jhy;> kdpj epiy fle;J> ,iw epiyia
milNthk; .
8. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd -

epWTf.
 KfkJ ,uhTj;ju; ghba “Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;by;” vspa kf;fspd; typfis
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.
 Mjpfhyj;jpy; ek; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fs; gy kf;fs; tho;f;iff;F gaDs;s tifapy;
jpfo;e;jd. ifj;njhopy;fNs kf;fspd; mbg;gil MjhukhfTk; tpsq;fpd.
 ehfuPf tsu;r;rpapYk;;> ehL MSk; jpwdpSk; nry;t nropg;Gld; jpfo;e;jJ ,j;jpUehL.
 rPUk; rpwg;Gk; kpf;f ehl;il md;dpad; GFe;J mj;jidAk; mopj;Jtpl;lhd;.
 jd; nrhe;j ,lj;jpy; capu; ngw;W tho NgapDk;> ehapDk; fPoha; ek;ik ghlha; gLj;jp>
fq;fhzpfs; $yp Ntiyf;F miog;ghu;fs;.
 nfhQ;rk; fld; ngw;w gzj;ij ngUk; njhif ngw;wjhf fzf;if khw;wp vOjp> tho;ehs;
KOf;f mbik tho;f;if tho ek;ik js;sp tpLtu;.
 mf;fiw Njrk;> me;jkhd; jPT vd ghuhky;> <T ,uf;fkpy;yhky; ek;ik nts;isf;fhud; Njapiy
Njhl;lj;jpNy Nru;j;JtpLtu;.
 czTf;FNt jhd; cioj;j $yp Nghjtpy;iy vd miutapw;wpy; mbg;ghu;fs;.
 ,g;gb Jd;gg;gLtijtpl> ehk; xw;Wikaha; ,Ue;J> fy;tp> xOf;fk;> gz;ghl;by; rpwe;J>
ek;kz;zpy; ,d;gkha; tho toptFg;NghNk! vd ehl;Lg;Gw ghlyhfpa Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;L
vspa kf;fspd; typia vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ.
9. vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; ‘ fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
Kd;Diu :
kdpjdhf mtjupj;J> kdpj capu;fs; ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy mile;J> Nkhl;r tho;it
va;Jtjw;fhf rpYitapy; jd;id jpahfk; je;j ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tijglyj;ij ek; ghlg;gFjp
thapyhf mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fk;guhkhazKk;> ,ur;rzpa ahj;jpfKk; :
 fk;guhkhazj;jpy;> ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;afhz;lk; Nghy;> fpwpj;Jt fk;gUk;
jd; E}iy Mjp gUtk;>Fkhu gUtk;> epjhd gUtk;> Muz;a gUtk;> ,ul;rzpa gUtk;
vdg;gFj;Js;shu;.
 ngUk; gpupit fhz;lk; vd;Wk;> mjd; rpW cl;gpupit glyk; vd;W gpupj;jpUg;gJ Nghy
fpUl;bzUk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpfj;ij gpupj;J gilj;jspj;Js;shu;.
,uhkDk;> ,NaRTk;:
cyfj;ij fhg;gjw;fhf mtjhuk; vLg;gtu; ,uhkd;. mJNghy cyf kf;fis ,ul;gjw;fhf
kdpjdhf gpwe;jtu; ,NaR. fk;gu;> ,uhkdpd; J}a cs;sj;ij jd; ftpij eaj;jhy; fhl;rp
gLj;jpaijg; Nghy ,NaRitAk; ,tu; fhl;rp gLj;jpAs;shu;.
ghlg;gFjp thapyhf mwpAk; nra;jpfs;:
 fapw;why; fl;b Jd;GWj;Jk; NghJ Viog; Nghy mikjpahf ,Ue;jjd; fhuzk;> jd; typ
mtu;fSf;F ghtj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mt;thW jpfo;e;jhu;.
 ,fo;r;rp ciu neQ;rpy; jPf;nfhy;ypahf ,wq;fpaNghJk;> mtu;fs; Nky; rpdk; nfhs;shky;
mikjp fhj;jhu;.
 Milia fise;j NghJk; mirtw;W epd;whu;. Ks; Kb #ba NghJk; Kfk; Rspf;ftpy;iy.
 Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;jdu;. kf;fs; vty;yhUk; Ntjid mile;jdu;. ,j;jid nfhLikfs;
,iwtDf;F nra;Ak; nghOJ>cyfk; mopahky; ,d;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwNj vd Ntjid
mile;jdu;.
47
 ,fo;e;Jk;> gopj;Jk;> Jd;GWj;jpAk;> typVw;gLj;jpAk;> ,uj;jk; gPwpl;L vOk;nghOJk; cs;sj;jpy;
mikjp cilatuhf ,NaR ngUkhd; jpfo;e;jhu;.
fpUj;Jt fk;gNu :
 Mrpupa tpUj;jj;jpy; mikj;J vOjpa ,g;ghly;fs;> nrhy; RitapYk;> nghUs; RitapYk;>
midj;J tif eaq;fisAk; ngw;W rpwg;gha; jpfo;fpd;wd.
 mofpa jkpopy; fk;gDf;F epfohf gbg;gtu; Gupe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vspa tz;zk; vOjpa
cs;s ,f;ftpQu; jkpo; ftpQu; vdpDk;> fpUj;Jtj;ij jkpopy; moF gLj;jpa tprpj;jpu ftp
Mjyhy; ,tu; fpUj;Jt fk;gNu vdf; $WNthk;.

ciueil 6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (6)
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
gz;ilj; ftpQUf;F mofpay; czu;T NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
jkpo; mofpaypd; milahsk; rq;f,yf;fpakhFk;. moF gz;ghl;bd; cr;rk;. mJ ek; nkhopapy;
vq;Fk; gutp cs;sJ. ,jid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
• nkhoprhu; fiy
 ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; gpupj;jwpahj mofpay; ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
 fiyfspy; NtWgLtJ ftpijf;fiy
 NgRgtd;> Nfl;gtd; #oYf;F Vw;g ,aw;wg;gLtJ fiy
 tuyhW KOf;f nkhopapd; <uk; ,Ue;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ nkhoprhu;e;j fiy.
 eilapay; tpsf;fk;
 ftpijapd; eilapy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs;> nrhw;fspd; Gyk;> njhlupay; Nghf;F Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
 ; ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ ‘eiletpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; eilapay; gw;wpa
nra;jpia njuptpg;gjhf cs;sd.
 Mrpupag;ghf;Fs; tQ;rpg;ghTk;> ntz;ghf;Fs; fypg;ghTk; mlq;Fk; vd;W (njhy;) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 nkhopf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikahd Mw;wy; ftpijapd; %yKk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yKk;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
 ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; eil.
 ve;jxU nkhopAk; irifapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
 mJNghy; jhd; nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpa ve;j ftpijAk; ,irNahLk; ,ir fUtpNahLk;;jhd;
gpwf;fpwJ.
 XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.
 (v-fh) fle;jLjhid %tpUq;$b…
 ,g;ghly; td;ik czu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; kpFe;Jte;Js;sd.
 (v.fh) glhmk;… msngil gapd;Wte;Js;sJ
 (v-fh)Gzupd; GzuhJ --- nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
 (v.fh) Ee;ij je;ijf;F…. nky;ypdk; gapd;WtUjy;
 neby;> capu;> ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> jpUk;gtuy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; xypf;Nfhyq;fSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 nrhy;ypy;jhd; czu;Tk; nghUSk; fplf;fpd;wd.
 fiyAk; gz;ghLk; tuyhWk; murpaYk; nghjpe;Jfplf;fpd;wd.
 nrhy;tsk; gz;ghl;bd; milahsk;.
48
 v-fh Ky;iyf;fyp – fhisapd; ,dq;fs;
 v-fh fp.uh[ehuhazd; - ‘fpil’ ehty; - MLfspd; tif
 jdp nrhy;yhfTk;>xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; gpize;Jk; nkhopapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
 rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhopapd; milahsk;> njhifepiy MFk;.
 njhifnkhop vd;gJ nrwpthf;fg;gl;l xU tbtikg;G MFk;
 mJ thf;fpa mikg;gpy; nrhy; NghyNt eilngWk;.
2. ‘nefpop jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mu;tyu; gRikjhrdhUld;
ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;F mbg;gil kioahFk;
• kioahdJ gUtk; jg;gpAk;> ngha;j;Jk; tpLfpwJ.
• fhuzk; jpl;lkpLjypd;wp ngUefu ngUf;fk;.
• ePu; Nkyhz;ikapy; ftdk; nrYj;jhikAk; MFk;
 gUt khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
• ,e;jpahtpy; gy khepyq;fspy; nts;sg;ngUf;Fk;> ep\h> jhNd> tu;jh Nghd;w ngUk;Gay;fs;
tho;tpd; mbg;gilfisg; ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
• ekJ ehl;by; Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; twl;rpAk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
• ,j;jifa khWgl;l ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; Neu;tjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
• Gtp ntg;gkakhjNy MFk;.
• Njitahd kuq;fs; ,d;ikAk;> fhw;W khR miljYk;> gRikf;Fby; thAf;fSNk MFk;.
 Gtp ntg;gkakhjy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpa rpf;fy; .
 Mu;bf; gFjp> fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ehd;F ,yl;rk; rJu ikapy;fs; cUfpAs;sJ.
 fhu;gd; il Mf;irL> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> XNrhd;> ePu; thA ,itfis gRikf;Fby;
thAf;fs; vd;wiog;gu;.
 ,jd; msT mjpfkhf mjpfkhf Gtp ntg;gkilaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; fhyepiy khw;wk; Vw;gl;L> Gtpapd; ,af;fk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ.
 #upa Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> i`l;u[d; Mw;wy;> jhtu Mw;wy; Nghd;w Mw;wy;fis Nehf;fp
cyf ehLfs; XusNtDk; nrd;why; kl;LNk ntg;gkakhjiy jLf;f KbAk;.
 jplf;fopT kw;Wk; nefpop
nefpopiaAk; jplf;fopTfisAk; nfhl;b ePu;topg; ghijfisf; FWf;fp nts;sr; rkntspfs;
,y;yhky; nra;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
 ,d;W Mw;wpy; ghiwfs; njupAk; mstpw;F kzy; ms;sg;gl;L> nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;F
fhuzkhapw;W.
 epyj;jb ePu; kl;lk; Fiwa Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.
 Gay;> kio> ngUnts;sk;> ,aw;ifr; rkepiy> Gtp ntg;gkakhjy;> ,aw;if tsq;fisf;
fhj;jy;> ePu;epiyfisg; ngUfr; nra;jy;> Nguplu;f; fhyq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;Jj; njhlu;e;J ciuahl Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahikAk; NjitAk; ekf;F
,Uf;fpwJ.
3. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;g pypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ
- vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu:
 FLk;gk; vd;w cauikg;gpd; %yNk cyfr;r%fk; ,aq;FfpwJ.
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; FLk;g mikg;G NkNyhq;fpa xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
 FLk;gk; njhlq;fpf; Fyk;> $l;lk;> ngUq;FO> r%fk;> vd;w mikg;Gtiu tpupT ngWfpwJ.
 FLk;gk; :
 FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;F mbg;gil jpUkzNk.
49
 ‘jpUkzk;’>’FLk;gk;’ Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; vq;Fk;
,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
 FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy; KKjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; tUfpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ‘Flk;ig’’FLk;G>fLk;G’ Mfpa nrhw;fs; FLk;g mikg;NghL njhlu;Gilait.
 ‘FLk;G’ vDk; nrhy; $b thOjy; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLfpwJ.
 thoplk;
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> ,y;> kid> Fuk;ig> Gyg;gpy;> Kd;wpy;> Fby;> $iu> tiug;G> Kw;wk;> efu;>
khlk; Kjypa nrhw;fs; FLk;gq;fspd; tho;tplq;fspy; cs;s NtWghLfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
 ‘kid’ vDk; nrhy;’ek;kid’> ‘jd;kid’> vk;kid> vd rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy;
thoplj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjd;ikr; nrhy;yhf cs;sij mwpayhk;.
 kze;jfk;
 fztDk; kidtpAk; Nru;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy; <Lglf;$ba njhlf;f fl;lNk’kze;jfk;’
vdg;gLfpwJ.
 FLk;gKk; capu;fisg;Nghd;Nw Njhd;wp tsu;e;J> gy epiyfis milfpwJ.
 ,j;jifa ePz;l ghijapd; njhlf;fk; jpUkzNk MFk;..
 jha;topf; FLk;gk;
 rq;ffhyj;jpy; jhNa jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhs;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;F gpd;Gk; ngz; jd; ,y;yj;jpNy tho;it njhlu;e;j jha Kiw ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ‘,tsJ kfd;’ vd;w njhlNu NkNyhq;fpaJ.
 jha;top nrhj;Jk; tsq;fSk; nry;tq;fSk; ngz;fSf;Fr; nrd;W Nru;e;jd.
 je;ijtopf; FLk;gk
 Mz; r%f Kiw tYthd Ntu;
 kidAw kfspu;f;F MltNu capu; – (FWe; -125)
 nghUs; tapw; gpupT> Nghu;> tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; vdg; gy;NtW r%ff;
fsq;fspy; fhz ,aYk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gk;
 jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUKs;s jdpf;FLk;g k; kpfTk; neUf;fkhdJ vd;gjhy; ,J
njhlf;fepiy> vspa kw;Wk; neUf;fkhd FLk;gk; vdg;gLk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gtif> r%fg; gb epiyapy; ,Wjpahf Vw;gl;l xd;whFk;.
 njhopy; r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> Mjpf;Fbapy; Kf;fpakhd FLk;g Kiwahf
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;w xU thjk; cz;L.
 epiwTiu:
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J> mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa
Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy ,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vdr;
rq;ffhy kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G Kiw jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; milahsg;
ngUkpjkhFk;.
4. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf.
fw;g pf;Fk; ,lq;fs;:
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; Mrpupau; ,Ug;gplk; Nehf;fp khztu;fs; nrd;whu;fs;. kd;wq;fs;> klq;fs;>
ghlrhiyfs;> gs;spfs; vd mit khwpkhwp ngau;fspy; ,Ue;jd. ,t;tplq;fspy; khztu;fs;
Mrpupaiu Nehf;fp gazpj;jhu;fs;. kuj;jpd; mbapYk;> ,aw;if topapYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; fhyk;
,y;yhky; mDgt topapy; kpFe;j FU gf;jpAld; fw;wy; epfo;thdJ ,Ue;jJ.
njhlf;f fy;tp :
50
Ie;J tajpy; jd; gps;isia fy;tpfw;f mDg;Gk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; Vl;bd; kPJ kQ;rs; G+rp> G+rpj;J
Mrpu;tjpj;J mDg;gp itg;ghu;fs;. cghj;jpahau;fs; neLq;fzf;if nrhy;yp jUthu;fs;.
vOj;Jfis fw;wy; :
Xiy Rtbapy; gbf;Fk;nghOJ fz; nflhkypUf;f> trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhyp ,iy rhW>
khtpiyf;fup> Kjypatw;iw $l;b ikahf nra;J mjd; kPJ jltp gbf;fr; nra;tu;. ,jdhy;
fz;fSf;Fk; Fspu;r;rp jUk;. mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;> nrhw;tsk; Vw;gl> jkpo; epfz;L> ed;D}y;>
fhupif> ePjp E}y;fis fw;gpg;ghu;fs;.
ifnaOj;jpw;F cghj;jpahau; jiuapy; vOJ mkjd; Nky; gps;isfs; vOjp goFthu;fs;.
kdkdg;gaw;rpf;nfd rpWtajpy; tha;g;ghLfs;> Mj;jp; #b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd; Nghd;wtw;iw gbf;f
itg;ghu;fs;.
VnlOJjy; :
fhfpjq;fs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;> gid Xiyfis Kiwahf mLf;fp mij nghj;jypl;L
fk;gpf;nfhz;L Nfhu;j;J> VLNghy; itj;J> mjpy; vOjtjw;F tiftifahd vOj;jhzpfis
itj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
jz;lid ,y;iy :
mjpj FUgf;jp ,Ue;jjhy; fz;bf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy. khztu;fSk; jtW nra;jNj ,y;iy.
fye;Jiuahly; :
mf;fhyj;jpNy fye;Jiuahly; %yk; fUj;Jfis njspTg;gLj;jp khztu;fs; fw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
tho;ehs; KOJk; fw;wy;> E}y; gy fw;wy; vd fw;wYf;F vy;iy ,y;yhky; fw;w fhyk; mJ.
5. “xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtoFk; cz;L” - ePq;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ tho;e;j xU efuk;
Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
Kd;Diu : “nrhu;f;fNk vd;whYk; mJ ek;%U Nghy tUkh?!” vd;w jpiug;gl ghly; tupf;F Vw;g
mtu; Cu; mtutUf;F nrhu;f;fkhFk;. mJg;NghyNt vd;Dila Cuhfpa jpU mUiz vdf;F
nrhu;f;fkhFk;. ,t;T+upd; mUikiaAk;> gok; ngUikiaAk; ,q;F $w tpiofpNwd;.
jpUtz;zhkiy:
,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehL khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU
ngUefuhl;rp MFk;. jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; jiyefUk; ,JNt MFk;. Gdpj efukhf
fUjg;glk; ,e;efupy; mz;zhkiyahu; jpUf;Nfhapy; cs;sJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy efuk; cUthf;fk;:
jpUtz;zhkiyapy; fp.K. 1 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kd;dNu efuikj;J tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,J
“kJiu” efupidtpl goikahdJ vd;W rpyuhy; $wg;gLfpwJ. jpUtz;zhkiy efuk; gw;wpa
Fwpg;G rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy ,lq;fspy; tUfpd;wd.
fhu;j;jpif jPgk; :
gupghlypy; fhu;j;jpif jPgk; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G
,e;efiu njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; Mz;Lte;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ.
kiyapd; Njhw;Wtha; :
jpUtz;zhkiy xU ,we;j vupkiy MFk;. gy E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd; ,J ntbj;J ,jd;
jPf; Fok;G ePupy; Njha;j;J cUthdJjhd; jf;fhzk; vd;W rpyu; $Wtu;.
jpUtz;zhkiy Nfhapy; :
rptngUkhdpd; gQ;rG+j jyq;fspy; mf;dpj; jykhFk;. gpuk;khTk;> jpUkhYk; jq;fSf;Fs;
ahu; ngupatu; vd;W rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;lNghJ> rptngUkhd; rptngUkhd; mf;dp J}zhf
epd;whu; vd;W tuyhW $WfpwJ.
rpj;ju;fs; tho;e;j G+kp:
,ilf;fhlu;> Fif ekr;rpthau;> ,ukz kfup\p> Nr\hj;jpup> tprpwp rhkpahu;> %f;Fg;nghb
rpj;ju; Nghd;Nwhupd; [Pt rhkjpfs; ,q;F rpj;ju;fs; tho;e;J Kj;jp NgW mile;Js;sdu;
vd;gij giw rhw;wp epw;fpd;wd.
51
njhopy;fs; :
gy fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;j efukhf jpUtz;zhkiy jpfo;fpwJ. tptrhaNk njhopyhf
,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. kioapd;ik fhuzkhf kf;fs; njhopy; Njb gf;fj;J khepyq;fSf;F
Ntiyf;fhf nry;fpwhu;fs;. ngupjhf njhopy; rhiyfNsh> njhopy;fNsh fpilahJ.
Gdpj Rw;Wyh jyk;:
Gdpj Rw;Wyh jdkhf fUjg;gLtjhy; rpW tzpfk; rpwg;ghdnjhU ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sJ.
kf;fs; ,iwtdpd; mUshy; rpwe;jnjhU tho;it tho;e;J tWik gpbapypUe;J tskhd tho;it
tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.
KbTiu:
,k;kz;zhy; ehd; ngUik milfpNwd;. epidj;jhNy Kj;jp jUk; jpU mUizapy;> ehd;
gpwe;J tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ngwpid ngw;Ws;Nsd; vd;gij vz;zp ngUik milfpNwd;.
thUq;fs; midtUk; vk; efUf;F!
6. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopyh? my;yJ fiyfspd; rq;fkkh?

cq;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
fdT fz;L nfhz;Nl fdTf;Fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy ek;ikr; #o;e;e;j ngUq;fdNt
jpiug;glkhFk;. fij vOjp> jpiuf;fij vOjp> trdk; vOjp> ,af;fp> xspg;gjpT nra;J> ,ir
Nru;j;J> ngUk; KjyPl;by; cUthFk; jpl;lkpl;l $l;LKaw;rpNa jpiug;glkhFk;.
,j;jpiug;glkhdJ> Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghW;Wk; njhopyhfTk;> fiyfspd; rq;fkhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.
Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopy; :
,uz;Lkzp Neuk; ,urpf;f itj;J> ek;ik rpupf;f itj;J> ek;ik tpaf;fitj;J> ek;
ftiyia kwf;f itj;J> ek;ik <u;j;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,j;jpiug;glk; cUthf Mapuk; Mapuk;
Ngupd; fbd ciog;Ng fhuzkhFk;. Njdpf;fs; Nghy xt;nthU gpuptpYk;> xt;nthUtUk;
jq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfis rpwg;Gld; Mw;wp tUfpwhu;fs;.
fiyQuhf kl;Lkpy;yhky;> gy;yhapuk; FLk;gj;jpw;F tho;tspf;Fk; $l;L ciog;ghfTk;
jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. ,jdhy;jhd; jpiug;gl JiwapdUf;F rq;fk; mikj;J
mtu;fspd; ,Wjpfhyj;jpw;F cjtp mspf;Fk; jpl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;Js;shu;fs;.
,d;W jpiug;glj;Jiw xU njhopyhfTk; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntiytha;g;Gf;F mbj;jskhfTk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
fiyfspd; rq;fk;:
jpiug;glj;jpy; fij njhlq;fp> vbl;bq;tiu xt;nthU fiyfSk; kpspu;e;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd;
,Uf;fpd;wJ. fij fijf;Nfw;w trdk;> trdj;jpw;Nfw;w #oy;> #oYf;Nfw;w ebg;G> ebg;gpw;Nfw;w
,ir> ,irf;Nfw;w Fuy;> fhl;rpf;Nfw;w gjpT gjpTf;F Vw;w Neuk; vd mtutu; fiyfis
thu;j;njLj;J tbtikj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; rq;fkNk jpiug;glkhFk;. xj;j Nghf;if khw;Wk; eldk;>
eifr;Rit> rz;il fhl;rp> xg;gid> gpd;dzp fhl;rp> gpukhz;l tbtikg;G> njhopy; El;gk; vd
jpiug;glf; fiyahdJ tpupe;Jf;nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.
KbTiu:
,d;iwa jpiug;glkhdJ fiyfs; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;gpd; rq;fkkhfj;jhd; Njhd;WfpwJ.
7. kapiyahu; Xu; “ Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu;” vd;Dk; $w;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuahf;f.
 nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900 –y; gpwe;j ,tu;> 25 Mz;Lfs; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpYk; ,tu;
Xu; rpwe;j jkpo; Muha;r;rpahsu;.
 kapiy rPdp. xU jkpo;j; NjdP.
 mwptpd; thapy;fis Nehf;fpNa mtu; fhy;fs; ele;jd.
 E}yfq;fNs mtuJ jhaq;fshfpd.
52
 mwpit tpupT nra;J my;Yk; gfYk; Ma;tpy; %o;fpf; fUj;J Kj;Jfisj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F
toq;fpdhu;.
 Gjpa nra;jp jUjy;> GJ tpsf;fkspj;jy;> ,Uz;l gf;fq;fSf;F xspA+l;Ljy;> jtWfis kWj;J
cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jd; Ma;tpd; mZFKiwfshff; nfhz;ltu;.
mtu; Xu; Muha;r;rp NguwpQNu:
 jkpo; Muha;r;rp khehl;by; r.j. rw;Fzu;> epfo;j;jpa fpwpj;JtKk;> jkpOk; vd;w ciuahy;>
Muha;e;J> ‘fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk;’ vDk; Ma;T E}iy gilj;jspj;jhu;.
 njhy; vOj;J <Lghl;bd; fhuzkhf ‘ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;”; > “rkzKk; jkpOk;” E}iy
gilj;;jspj;jhu;.
 rq;ffhyj;jpw;F mLj;j fhyj;ij jkpou;fs; ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;wdu;. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp fhyj;ij
Ma;tpy; nfhz;L> “fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapy; jkpofk”; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;.
 ftpd; fiyia vd;iwf;Fk; czUk; tifapy; ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;fiyfs;’ vd;Dk; E}yhy;
ngUik Nru;j;Js;shu;.
 ‘jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW’ vd;Dk; E}y; ,tUila kPl;LUthf;f Kaw;rpf;Fr; rupahd rhd;whFk;.
 ;kiwe;JNghd jkpo;E}y;fs;’ vd;Dk; E}y; Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fspd; mupa Mtzg;gzpfspy;
xd;whFk;.
ngw;w gl;lq;fs;:
jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky;> Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; Nghd;w gl;lq;fis mspj;J kapiy.rPdp.
Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fis jkpofk; ngUik gLj;jpAs;sJ. ek; ghlg;gFjp thapyhf ,tu; Muha;r;rpg;
NguuwpQu; vd;gij ek;khy; czu KbfpwJ.

Jizg;ghlk; 6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (6)
1. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw
tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu: “ePL Japy; ePf;f ghbte;j epyh” “ ghl;Lj;jpwj;jhNy ,t;itaj;ij ghypj;jpl nra;jtu;”.
Mk;! ,g;GfOf;F cupatu; ek; kfhtp ghujp Mthu;. fbjk; vOJk; vtUk; Njitiaj; jhz;b
NtnwJTk; vOjkhl;lhu;. Mdhy; ghujpapd; fbjj;jpNyh> NjitahdJ jdf;fhf ,y;yhky;
ehl;bw;fhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid ek;khy; ed;F czu KbfpwJ.
ney;iyag;gUf;F:
 jd; cld; gpwe;j jk;gpf;F vOJk; cupikia ,f;fbjk; czu;j;JfpwJ.
 mtUf;F guhrf;fp Jiz ,Ug;ghs; vd;w tho;j;JjYld; njhlq;FfpwJ mtu; fbjk;.
 ney;iyag;gUf;F gy nkhop mwpT ,Ug;gJ xUtifapy; ed;ikjhd;. Vndd;why;> mk;nkhopapy;
ntspte;j nra;jpfis jkpou;f;F czu;j;j cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wp ,Ug;gJ> ve;jnkhop
mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mJ jkpou;f;Fk; jkpo;ehl;Lk; cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mtupd; nkhop
gw;wpidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;if vd;w tYthd kd cWjpAld; NkNy Vw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mwpTWj;Jk; ghujp> ,e;j cWjp jkpo;ehl;il cau;j;j gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 jd;Dila cs;sj;jpy; vg;nghOJk; jkpo;ehL tho;f tho;f vd vOjpf;nfhs; vd;W kpifahf
vOe;j ehl;Lgw;wpid Mokhf njuptpf;fpwhu;.
 ehl;by; cs;s MZk; ngz;Zk; Xu; capu; <Wly; Nghd;W fUj Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUf;Fk;
fUj;jpy;> kdpju;fis vt;tsT Nerpj;jpUf;fpwhu; vd;gJ njspthf njupfpwJ.
 ehl;bd; nfhLikiaf; fz;L ntFz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;> ngz;izj; jho;ik
nra;gtd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;lhd; vd jd; thu;j;ijf; fdiy tPRfpwhu;.
53
 ehl;by; njhopy;> tzpfk;> fiyfs; ,itnay;yhk; fpisf;fpisaha; tsu;e;J jkpo;ehNl cyfpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd xU ts ehlhfj;jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghujpahu; tpUk;gp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
KbTiu: xU rpW fbjj;jpy; xt;nthU tupAk;> thu;j;ijAk; mtupd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk;>
nkhopg;gw;iwAk; kdpj Nerpg;igAk; glk; gpbj;J fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2. ‘Cu;$bj; Nju; ,Of;Fk;NghJk;’ Nju; tlj;ijg; gpbf;Fk; Kjy; fukhf ,Ue;j kUjdpd; gz;G
eyj;ij tptup.
Kjy;fy;
(cj;jkNrhod;)
Kd;Diu:
gapu;fis thoitg;gJ kioahFk;. mk;kio ngUkioahfp> nts;skha;j; Njq;Fifapy;
gapu;fisNa mopj;JtpLfpwJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; ,aw;if ePu;j;Njf;fq;fis Kiwahf
guhkupf;fg;glhikNa MFk;. ,ij czu;j;Jk; tifapy; mike;j ‘Kjy;fy;’ vDk; rpWfijapy;
tUk; kUjdpd; gz;G eyd;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
thndhyp nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L mile;j gjw;wk;:
tq;ff;flypy; cUthd fhw;wOj;j jho;T kz;lyj;jhy; gyj;j kio nga;af; $Lk; vd;w
nra;jpiaf;Nfl;lTld;> kUjg;gd; Jbj;Jg;Nghdhd;. ‘rk;ghtpw;fhf ePiu vjpu;g;ghu;j;Jtpl;L> kio
fhl;ba fUizahy; ,g;nghOJjhd; ehw;W el;L xUthuk; Md ‘Foe;ijg; gapu;fs; jhd;’
kioapd; mjpf md;gpdhy; kio ePu; tay;KOJk; %o;fp fplf;fpwNj! ‘,d;Dk; xUehs; kio ePu;
Njq;fpdhYk;> kio kPz;Lk; nga;jhYk; gapu;fs; mopfptpLNk’ vd kpfTk; tUe;jpdhd;.
kUjg;gdpd; Nahrid:
cgup ePu; tbtjw;fhd kjifg; ghu;j;j mtDf;F ,Uczu;T Njhd;wpaJ. ePu; tbtjw;F
topapy;yhky; kz;bf;fple;j fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbiag;ghu;j;J mjpu;e;jJ xd;W> ,ij mfw;wpdhy;>
epyj;jpy; cs;s ePiu tbfl;lyhk; vd;w Nahrid kw;nwhd;whFk;.
Cu; $b Nju; ,Of;fyhk; :
mr;nrbfis mfw;Wtjw;F Cupy; cs;stu;fis mioj;jhy;> midtUk; Nru;e;J tpiutpy;
mfw;wptpl;L> gapiu fhf;fyhk; vd;w kfpo;r;rpapy;> vjpupy; tha;f;fhypy; kPd; gpbj;j kUjdplk;
$wpdhd;.; mjw;F mtd; ,J elf;fhj fhupak; vd gjpy; msp;j;Jtpl;L jd; Ntiyapy;
%o;fpdhd;.
Cupy; ngupa kpuhrhd fhspag;gd; fpotidg;ghu;j;J nra;jpia njuptpj;jhd;. Cuhu; ,tu;
thu;j;ijf;F kjpg;Gf;nfhLg;ghu; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;. Mdhy; mtu; mij kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ehk;
mioj;jhy; $yp Nfl;ghu;fs;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; ehis mtru Ntisahf jd; kfs; CUf;F
nry;y ,Ug;gjhfTk; njuptpj;jhu;.
‘eh$u; gpr;ir’ vDk; ngau; nfhz;l ‘gpNuk; Fkhu;’ Cupy; gbj;j gl;ljhup. Xu; mikg;gpw;F
jiytd;. mtid re;jpj;Jg;Ngrpdhy;> ,f;fhupak; if $Lk; vDk; ek;gpf;ifapy;> mtdplk; nrd;w
kUjDf;F
mJTk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. Cu; $b Nju; ,Og;gJ> ,Of;fhfpaJ.
nghJeyk; kpf;ftd; ,td;:
,Jtiu ,td; jd; epyKk; ePu; %o;FfpwJ vd;w gijg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;why; ,y;iy.
,tDf;F epyNk fpilahJ. ,e;j Cupy; cs;s mWgJ Fop epyj;jpy; ,k;kpAk; jdf;F
fpilahJ. jd; ifAk; fhYk;jhd; nrhj;J. ,e;j Cu; ,y;iy vd;whYk; Cu; Cuhf nrd;W
$ypf;F Ntiyg;ghu;g;gtd;. Vd; tUe;j Ntz;Lk;? vd kidtp jpl;Lfpwhs;.
jd;dpiy kwe;jtd;
Cu; tho xj;Jiog;G Nfl;l mtDf;F cjtp fpilf;fhjjhy; nrayw;W ,Ue;jhd;. jdf;F
itj;j cztpd; RitAk; mwpahJ filikf;F rhg;gpl;lhd;.
jd;dk;gpf;if:
54
,utpy; kidtp mtid Njl> mtd; tPl;by; ,y;iy. eL ,utpy; jd;dhy; Kbe;jtiu
Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jz;zPupy; ,wq;fp nrbfis mWj;Jg;Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
mij fz;l kidtp jhDk; ,wq;fpdhs;. kWg;G njuptpj;j midtUk; xt;nthUtuhf ,wq;fpdu;.
‘jilapd; fw;fis Kjypy; ePf;fpatd; ,td;’ ‘,td; itj;j Kjy; fy;’ vy;yhiuAk; ,wq;f
itj;jJ.
KbTiu:
ey;yJ nra;a cld; ahu; tUthu;fs; vd jtpf;fhjPu;fs;. jhd; Kd;te;jhy;> gpwu; epr;rak;
gpd;dhy; tUthu;fs; vd;gjw;F ,f;fij xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
3. ‘cupikj;jhfk;’ fijapy; rNfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;… fijiaj;

njhlu;e;J vOjp Kbf;f.
cupikj; jhfk;
(G+kzp)
Kd;Diu:
tl;lhu tof;fpy; vOjg;gl;l ,r;rpWfijapy;> tWikf;fhf epyj;ij mlF itj;j xUtd;> gapu;
itf;Fk; jUzj;jpy; jtpf;Fk; gupjtpg;gpid ,f;fij czu;j;JfpwJ. ciog;gtDf;F epyk;
nrhe;jk;. mjid Vkhw;wp mjpfhu tu;f;fk; mgfupf;f KbahJ. kf;fs; tpopj;jhy;> jiynjwpf;f
XbtpLthu;fs; vd;gij czu;j;Jk; fijahf ,f;fij tpsq;fp epw;fpd;wJ.
fijapd; KbT NtW tpjkha; NghapUe;jhy;..
mz;zp %f;fk;khtpd; Ngr;R:
cd; jk;gp mtd; ghfj;ij flDf;fhf mlF itj;jpUf;fpwhdhk;. nrhj;ij gpupj;Jf;nfhL vd;W
miye;jhd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W mij fl;bf;fhf;f topapy;yhky; tpl;Ltpl;L epw;gJ vdf;F
re;Njh\k;jhd; vd;W $Wfpwhs;.
mz;zd; Kj;ijadpd; Ngr;R:
Ntz;lhj Ngr;R ekf;nfjw;F? Foe;ijahf epidr;R mtid tsu;j;j ekf;F ey;y ghlk;
Gfl;bl;lhd;. fl;b te;j ngz;lhl;b Ngr;irf; Nfl;L> vd; rl;ilia gpbj;jtd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W
mtd; fQ;rpff;F topapy;yhky; epd;why; $l vdf;F ftiy ,y;iy. gl;lhy;jhd; Gj;jp tUk;.
Cu; fhuu; :
kio J}wp vy;yhUk; GQ;irapy ntjntijf;f Muk;gpr;rpl;lhq;f. cd; jk;gp ghtk;
tptrhak; ghf;fhk tPl;Lf;Fs;s Klq;fp fplf;fpwhd;. mtd; thq;fpa gzj;ij vg;gbahtJ
nfhLj;Jtpl;L> mtDf;F me;j epyj;ij jpUg;gp jur;nrhy;Nyk;g;gh. Mapukl ,Ue;jhYk; mtd;
cd; jk;gp ,y;iyah? vd;wu; Cuhu;.
jk;gp nts;isad; :
ahUk; vdf;fhf mtdplk; Ngr Ntz;lhk;. ehd; vd; epyj;ij cOfpNwd;. me;j gq;fhU
rhkp vd;djhd; nra;awhd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. vdfpwhd;.
epfo;e;j rk;gtk;:
vJTk; vOjhj gj;jpuj;jpy; fPNo ifnaOj;J Nghl;Lf;nfhLj;jjd; tpisT> mtd; epyj;ij
cOk;nghOJ> gq;fhUrhkp fhtypAld; te;J mtid ifJ nra;jdu;. midtUk; vjpu;j;J Nfl;l
nghOJ> cupik gj;jpuk; vOjp nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd;. vd;dplk; mjpf njhif thq;fp ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;W> ngha; rhd;iw nka;ahf;fp mtid eLj;njUtpy; epw;f itj;J tpl;lhu; gq;fhUrhkp.
nts;isr;rhkpapd; epiy:
epyj;jpw;F epyKk; Ngha;tpl;lJ> mrYf;F tl;bAk; fl;b jPu;e;J tpl;lJ. thq;fhj gzj;ij
mjpfkhf $wp tho;Nt ghukhfptpl;lJ.
4. ‘rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL’ - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;aNtz;bad ahit?

Kd;Diu:
55
tho;it KOikahf;Fk; $WfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ gazk;. mjpYk; rhiytopg; gazk; kdjpw;F
,d;gj;ij mspf;ff; $baJ. mj;jifa gazj;ij midtUk; ghJfhg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. rhiy tpjpfis ehk; filgpbf;fNtz;Lk;. gpwiuAk; filgpbf;fr;nra;aNtz;Lk;.
tpgj;jpy;yh jkpo;ehl;il cUthf;FtJ ek; xt;nthUtu; flik MFk;.
rhiy tpgj;jpy; jkpo;ehL:
 ehnshd;wpw;F 1317 tpgj;Jfs; epfo;fpd;wd. ,jpy; 413 Ngu; capupof;fpwhu;fs;.
 Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo;ehLjhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; elf;Fk; tpgj;Jfspd; nkhj;j tpOf;fhl;by; jkpo;ehL 15 tpOf;fhLfisg; ngWfpwJ.
rhiy tpgj;J Vw;gLk; thfdq;fs;:
 ek; ehl;by; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfspy; 35 tpOf;fhL ,Urf;fu Cu;jpahy; kl;LNk Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jw;F fhuzk; Xl;Leu; cupkk; ngw ,ayhj 18 tajpw;Fk; Fiwthd khztu;fs; Xl;LtjhYk;>
 ifNgrpAld; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl nry;tjhYk; MFk;.
tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo; ehL cUthf:
 fl;lhak; jiyftrk; mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rhiy tpjpfisAk;> FwpaPLfisAk; njupe;J itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tz;b Xl;Lk; NghJ ftdk; rhiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 epjhdk; Ntz;Lk;. mjpf Ntfj;ij jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;lj;ij kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 XLk; NgUe;jpy; VwNth> gbf;fl;by; gazpf;fNth $lhJ.
 ifNgrpapy; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nlh> kJ mUe;jptpl;Nlh thfdk; ,af;ff; $lhJ.
 eil Nkil> eilg;ghijia gad;gLj;Jjy; $lhJ.
 rhiyapd; tiffs;> NkL gs;sq;fs;> FWfy;fs;> Ntfj;jil> tpgj;J gFjp> tisTfis mwpe;J
rPuhf thfdj;ij ,af;Fjy; Ntz;L;k;.
 tpgj;J Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fsplk; gug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu:
 mUik kpf;f capiu mfhy kuzj;jpw;F ms;sp jUtJ KiwNah? Fiwtpy;yh tho;f;ifia
cly; Cdf;Fiwf;F ,iuahf;FtJ jFNkh? rpe;jpg;gPu; ! rPuhf gazpg;gPu;. ghijapy; ghJfhg;G
gazk;. gakpy;yh gazk;.
5. “fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd” - jiyf;Fsk; fijapd;wp cq;fs; fUj;ij

tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu : “Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;” vd;W ghba xsitapd; tupf;F Vw;g xt;nthU
Cu;fSk; ePupd;wp nghyptpoe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU fhyj;jpy; FwpQ;rpAk;> Ky;iyAk; kUjKkhf
fhl;rp mspj;j Cu;fs; mj;jidAk;> ghiyahf khwp tUfpd;wd. ,jw;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; mwptpay;
Kd;Ndw;wkh? efu ngUf;fkh?
ghl;bfs; nrhd;d fij:
kio ePupy; kPd;fs; Js;sp tUkhk;? thrypy; epd;W Ntbf;if ghu;f;Fk; rpWkpfs; jq;fspd;
ghthilia kPd; gpbf;Fk; tisahf Nghl;L kPd; gpbj;J> kiof;F Urpahf kz;rl;b kzf;f
Fok;G itj;J rhg;gpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $Wthu;fs;.
mk;khf;fs; nrhd;d fij :
khu;fop khjj;jpy; tpbaw;fhiy ,Ul;by; Fsf;fiuapy; ngz;fs; vy;yhk; FOkp ePr;ry;
Nghl;b elj;Jthu;fshk;. Cu; eLNt ,Uf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; Mz;fs; vOe;jpUf;Fk; Kd; ,sk;
ngz;fs; Fspj;J Kbj;J> Milfis Jitj;J> fij Ngrp ghl;L ghb> $l;lkhf
,Ug;ghu;fshk;.
mg;gh nrhd;d fij:
56
Mykuj;jpd; tpOij gpbj;J Fsj;J ePupy; njhg;ngd Fjpj;J ePr;ry; ,Lthu;fshk;.
jhj;jhtpd; Fuy; Nfl;L jg;gpg;gjw;fhf> Fsj;jpy; jiy ntspNa njupahky; %r;R gpbj;J
ePUf;Fs; %o;fp ,Ug;ghu;fshk;. kdpjid fz;L Xl;by; xspe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mik> fhy;
mbapy; te;J jd;id fhl;b nfhLj;JtpLkhk;. ,g;gb Rthurpakhd fijia Nfl;lJk; cz;L.
khkh nrhd;d fij:
guz;kPJ ,Ue;j gioa rhiyf; fhl;b> gj;J Vf;fUf;F ney; elT nra;a> gR
khl;ilf;fl;b> gj;J epkplj;jpy; ePu; ,iwj;J coT nra;jhu;fshk;.
xt;nthd;Wk; milahsk; :
,we;j gpd; vYk;G $L kdpjd; tho;e;jhd; vd;gjw;F milahsk; fhl;b
epw;fpd;w dNth mJNghy vq;fs; CupYk; rpy Fsq;fSk;> fpzWfSk; ePNuhL
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;w milahsj;ij fhl;bf;nfhz;L epw;fpd;wd.
milahsKk; ,d;wp :
tsu;e;J tUk; ngUefuq;fs;> VupfisAk;> MWfisAk; milahsj;jpw;F $l tpl;L
itf;fhky; njhopyfq;fshf> fy;tp epiyaq;fshf khw;wptpl;ld. khWjy; Ntz;Lk; tho;tjw;F!
tho;jiy khWjyhf;fp ,d;W tPo;jYf;F Ngha; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; vd;gij jiyf;Fsk; fij
thapyhf vq;fs; Cupd; milahskw;w epiyia ehd; czu;fpNwd;.
KbTiu :
“,dp xU tpjp nra;Nthk;” ,dpNaDk; ePu; epiyfis Gjpjhf cUthf;FNthk;. milahsk;
njupe;j ePu; epiyfis J}W thUNthk;. kioePiu Njf;fp itf;Fk topfisfis ifahSNthk;.
mofpa Ciu fhZNthk;.
6. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.

Kd;Diu: fiykhkzp tpUJ> gj;j= tpUJ> gj;k G+\d;t tpUJ> nrthypau; tpUJ> jhjhrhnfg;
ghy;Nf tpUJ vd ebg;Gj;Jiwapy; gy tpUJfisg; ngw;w ebfu; jpyfk; rpth[p fNzrd;
mtu;fis cyfNk tpae;J ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ> ehk; tpag;giltjpy; Iak; ,y;iy.
ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lk; :
kiyahsf; ftpQUk; ebfUkhd ghyr;re;jpud; vOjpa Rs;spf;fhL vDk; fl;Liuapy; ebfu;
jpyfk; rpth[p fNzrd; mtu;fis gw;wp jd; edNthl;lkhd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nra;jpfis
gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 rpth[p fNzrdpd; jpiug;glk; ,uhjh gpf;ru;]; Ngyrpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd jdJ Fuyhy;
tpsk;guk; nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j ghyr;re;jpud;> jd;Dila Kg;gj;njl;lhtJ tajpy; rpth[p
fNsrid Neupy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G fpl;baJ.
 rpth[papd; tPl;bw;F jpiug;gl ,af;FeUld; nrd;w ,tu;> tPL my;y. mJ xU muz;kid
vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Ntiyg;ghLfs; epiwe;j tPl;ilf;fz;L mjpraj;j mtu;> xt;nthU glq;fspYk; Ntlkpl;L ebj;j
Gifg;gl Xtpaq;fis fz;L tpae;jhu;.
 rj;ugjp rpth[p> fl;lg;nghk;kd;> ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; vd gy fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; fk;gPu glq;fis
fz;L cte;jhu;.
 rpth[p mtu;fs; ,tiu tuNtw;f tUk;nghOJ> “nky;y nky;yr; rpq;f eil ele;J tUk; me;j
kfhebfidg; ghu;j;jnghOJ uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; tUifiag; ghu;j;jnghOJ uh[uh[ Nrhodpd;
tUifiag; ghu;j;j jkpo;ehl;Lj; njUg;gps;isfisg; Nghy ehd; Js;sp vOe;Njd;” vd;W tpae;J
$Wfpwhu;.
 mtu; uh[pt;ehj;aplk; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ> GUtq;fisAk;> fz;fisAk;> Kf
mgpeaq;fisAk;> cjLfisAk;> iftpuy;fisAk; jhs> ya mgpeaq;fisAk;> rydq;fisAk;
ghu;j;J urpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
57
 jpUtpisahly; glj;jpy; MLk; Uj;u jhz;ltk;> Fz;lyk; nfhLj;j fu;zd;> FU fhspjhrd;>
rpe;Jejpkpir ghba ghujp>tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; vd jd; kd mLf;Ffspy;
mf;fjhghj;jpuq;fis fz;Lfspg;gjhf $wp kfpo;e;jhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd;> Ik;gJtaJ tiu nrhe;jkhf ehlff; fk;ngdp elj;jp> muq;fq;fspy; ebj;Jk;
te;jtu;. mtu;> jpiug;gl ebg;gpidg;gw;wp $wpa fUj;jpid ,d;Wk; ePq;fhky; ,Uf;fpwJ vd
tpaf;fpwhu; “ muq;fj;J ebg;NghL xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;f;Fk; NghJ vd;Dila rpdpkh ebg;G
xz;ZNkapy;y. rupj;jpuj;jpYk; Guhzq;fspYk; tUk; tPuGU\u;fisj; jj;&gkha; ebj;J
mtu;fis vq;fs; ehl;bd; Viofspd; kdjpy; FbGfr;nra;Njd;” vd rpth[p fNzrd; $wpaij
fz;L vt;tsT mlf;fj;Jld; jd; ebg;ig $wpdhu; vd;W tpaf;fpwhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd; Kd; jhd; ebj;J fhl;ba NghJ> rpth[p fNzrd; jhd; xU kfhebfd;
vd;gJNghy; ghu;f;fhky;> ehlfk; ghu;f;Fk; xU fiyQdhf ghu;j;jhu;. iffis jl;b ghuhl;L
njuptpj;J> jd;id tho;j;jpdhu; vd;W ghyr;re;jpud; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
KbTiu :
rpth[p ebj;j jpiug;glj;jpw;F tpsk;guk; gLj;Jk; rpWtdhf ,Ue;j jhd;> rpth[p fNzrid
Neupy; re;jpj;J> mtuhy; ghuhl;Lg;ngw;w jUzj;ij> <uk; khwhj epidtiyfs; vd;W
ghyr;re;jpud; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;
7. cq;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQu; xUtiu Neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 vq;fs; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tyir vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; fiykhkzp tpUJ ngw;w fiyQu;
xUtiu gw;wpjhd; $wtpiofpNwhk;.
 jpU.khzpf;fk; vd;gtu; vq;fs; Cupy; xU fiyQd; Nghy; jpfo khl;lhu;. rhjhuz
kdpjiug;NghyNt tay;ntspapy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUg;gtu;.
 Mbkhjk;> gq;Fdp khjk; mtiu Cupy; ehd; ghu;j;jNj ,y;iy.
 Mbkhjk; mk;kd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpy; vq;fs; Cupy; tUlh tUlk; $j;J eilngWk;.
 kWehs; gs;spf;$lk; ,Ug;gjhy; vq;fs; tPl;by; tpba tpba ghu;g;gjw;F mDkjpf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
njhlq;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F nrd;W fl;baq;fhud; tUk; tiu ,Ue;Jtpl;L te;JtpLNthk;.
 ,d;W ,uhkhazf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ> kfhghujf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ vd
ghl;bkhu;fs; NgRtij Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;.
 CUf;F ahNuh te;J ebj;Jtpl;L Nghthu;fs; vd;W ,Ue;Njd;.
 xU ehs; fiyQu;fis fTutpf;Fk; epfo;r;rp njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mjpy;
vq;f Cu; khzpf;fk; ,Ue;jhu;.mtUila fiy gzpia midtUk; ghuhl;bdu;. mtu; ,Jtiu
500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nkilfspy;> E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fis ebj;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdhu;.
mijf;Nfl;L ehd; tpae;Njd;.
 vd; je;ijaplk; ,e;epfo;r;rpia gw;wp Nfl;Fk; nghOJ> Mk;! mtu; khngUk; $j;J ebfu;. ek;%upy;
eilngWk; $j;Jfspy;> ,uhkdhf> KUfdhf Vd; rpyNtisfspy; rPijahff;$l ngz;
Ntlq;fspy; $l ebg;ghu; vd;W $wpdhu;.
 mtiu re;jpj;J Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W vdf;F Njhd;wpaJ.
 mtiu re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp mtiu ehd; tPl;by; re;jpj;j nghOJ> Vu; fyg;igia rup
nra;j gbNa vdf;F $j;J fiyapd; ebg;G xg;gid trdk;> mjpypUf;Fk; Jd;gk;> ,urid
midj;ijAk; Rthurpakhff; $wpdhu;.
 gpd;tUk; fhyq;fspy; ,J kiwaTk; tha;g;gpUg;gjhff; $wp ftiyg;gl;lhu;. jhd; ahu; ahuplk;
,f;fiyia fw;whu; vd;gijAk;> mtuplk; ahu; ahu;fw;whu;fs; vd;w tptuj;ijAk; vdf;F $wpdhu;.
 xU kzp Neuk; mtuplk; ciuahbaNj njupahky; kwe;JNghNdd;.
 gpwF mtuplk; ehDk; fiyia fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; khztdhf ,ize;Njd;.
 mtutu; CupYk; xU fiyQd; ,Ug;ghd;. mtid ehk; nfhz;lhb kfpo;Nthkhf.
58
8. Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj Neag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
 ,d;W cyfj;jpy; jha; je;ij ,y;yhj Vjpypf; Foe;ijfSk; cs;sdu;. gps;isfs; ,y;yhj
Kjpatu;fSk; cs;sdu;.
 mtu;fis Vw;W mutizj;J kdpj Neak; kpf;ftu;fis fhz;gJ mupjhfjhd; cs;sJ.
 ,f;fijapy; tUk; tajhd ngupatupd; kUkSk;> kfDk; ,we;Jtpl> mtu;fs; ngw;w Foe;ijia
mdhijahf;f tpUk;ghj jhj;jh> js;shj tajpYk; mf;Foe;ijf;fhf tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.
 jdf;F gpwU ,f;Foe;ijia ghuj;Jf;nfhs;gtu;fs; ahu;? jd;Dila capiu ,dp vj;jid
Mz;Lfs; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L tho ,aYk; vd ftiyf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
 Foe;ijf;F fha;r;ry;. kUj;Jt kidf;F mioj;J nrd;w NghJ Foe;ijapd; mOifia
fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahky; mtu; jtpj;j jtpg;G ngUk; typ MFk;.
 Foe;ijf;F Crp Nghl;l eu;];> Jizf;F ahUk; tutpy;iyah? vd;W ,tupd; taJ Kjpu;thy;
if eLf;fj;ijg;ghu;j;J $wpaijf;Nfl;L rpe;jpf;fpwhu;.
 thbf;ifahf kUe;J thq;Fk; kUe;j fez;gu;> ,f;Foe;ijia jj;J Nfl;fpwhu;fs; vd;W vd;Nwh
$wp ,Ue;jhu;.
 jhj;jh> mij md;W kWj;jpUe;jhYk;> ,d;W mtuplk;> gy Kiw Nahrpj;Njd;. vdf;F gpwF
,f;Foe;ij mdhij Mtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtu;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb ,f;Foe;ijia jj;J
nfhLf;FfpNwd; vd;W $wpdhu;.
 ,unty;yhk; cwf;fk; ,y;yhky; jtpj;jhYk;> Foe;ijapd; ed;ik fUjp ,J rupNa vd mtu;
kdk; xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
 kWehs; Foe;ijia jj;J ngw te;j jk;gjpau;> ed;wp njuptpg;gjhy;> ,e;j cgfhuj;jpw;F>
<lhfhJ vd ngUe;jd;ikahf $wpahdu;fs;.
 mJkl;Lky;yhky;> Foe;ijf;Fk; jd; ,UtUf;Fk; Mjuthf ,Uf;Fk; jd;DlNd tUk;gbAk;
jhj;jhit mioj;jhu;fs;.
 jhj;jhtpw;F kfpo;r;rpahy; mlf;fp itj;jpUe;j fz;zPu;> Mde;j fz;zPuha; Jspu;j;jJ.
epiwTiu :
Raeyj;jpw;F jdf;F Foe;ij ,d;ikahy; Foe;ijia jj;njLf;Fk; jk;gjpfs; vj;jidNah Ngu;
,Uf;ifapy;> Foe;ijAk; KjpatiuAk; jj;njLj;j kdpjNeak; kpf;ftu;fs; xU rpyNu cs;sdu;.
,J Nghd;w fijapd; thapyhf ehkhKk; kdpjk; ngw;W Gdpjk; ngWNthk;.
kdg;ghlk; (6)
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efuhl;rp ngz;fs; muR khjpup Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy.

Mu;fyp - nts;sk; etj;tPgk; - tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu;

 fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisr; rpW gj;jpahf khw;Wf.

2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;w tu;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ

3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ

5. MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L

 fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; ,UNtW njhluikf;f

jhNd - ,uhkd; jhNd ghbdhd;!

mz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghu;j;j r%ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd;

 mzp> jpiz (4)

3. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f

4. ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; clk;ghL ,y;yhjtiu ghk;gpw;F ctikahf Rl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.

v - fh: Xq;fypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp --- jz;bayq;fhug;ghly;.

2. thif jpiz tpsf;Ff.

3. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.

13. G+k;ghtha; - G++ ghtha;

xuP, - nrhy;ypir msngil

1. ntFsp - ntFs; + , c - tpidnar;r tpFjp

 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; (4)

 Kd;Diu: Fkup khtl;lk; Nj&upy; rptjhZg;gps;is> Mjpyl;Rkpf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. gf;jp>

3. me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

5. thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

19. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijAk; kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; nrhw;rpkpopy;

ciueil 4 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (8)

(vitNaDk; MW tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhy; NghJkhdJ)

3. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f.

8. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd -

(vitNaDk; MW tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhy; NghJkhdJ)

6. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopyh? my;yJ fiyfspd; rq;fkkh?

(vitNaDk; MW tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhy; NghJkhdJ)

3. ‘cupikj;jhfk;’ fijapy; rNfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;… fijiaj;

4. ‘rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL’ - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;aNtz;bad ahit?

5. “fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd” - jiyf;Fsk; fijapd;wp cq;fs; fUj;ij

6. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.

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