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2. nghplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
nghplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; eLtzurhy; 23.12.2005,y; bjhl=;fg;gl;lJ.
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
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,ut[ gLf;iff;F bry;Yk; nghJ gLf;Fk; gha; tiu xt;bthd;Wk;
befpHpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
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mg;gor; brhy;yf;TlhJ. ek;Kd;ndhh;fs; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; befpHp
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jhtu ,dk; mHptjhy; kiH tsk; FiwfpwJ. kiH ,y;iy vd;why;
kdpjh; ,y;iyna.
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gRikjhrh; : cWjpahfr; brhy;fpnwd;-
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4. `ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF~ ? vd;Dk; ghly; thpiag; ghoath;
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5. ek; ehl;oy; fle;j gjpide;J Mz]Lfspy; vj;jid Kiw twl;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ>
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11. hpnah o b$dpnuhtpy; fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia If;fpa ehLfs;
cUthf;fpa Mz]L
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12. fle;j 110 Mz]Lfspy; kpft[k; btg;gkhd Mz]lhf ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;t[j;Jiwapdh;
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13. cyfpy; vj;jid tpGf;fhL kf;fs; jz]zPh;g; gw;whf;FiwnahL thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh;>
m) 40.5 M) 40.9 ,) 40 <) 40.8 tpil: ,
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48 m) fpzW M) Cw;W ,) kzy; <) ghiw tpil: ,
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
15. eLtz] muR njrpa nghplh; nkyhz]ik Mizaj;ij mikj;j Mz;L
m) 2005 ork;gh; 24 M) 2005 ork;gh; 23 12
,) 2005 etk;gh; 23 <) 2005 $^iy 23 tpil: M
16. Mde;j; ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfk; v=;Fs;sJ >
m) bly;yp M) F$uhj; ,) Kk;ig <) bfhy;fj;jh tpil: M
17. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs; 2
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epfH;t[fs; elf;Fk;.
Tw;W 2 : cghpePh; fhy;tha;fSk; bts;sr;rkbtspfSk; bts;sg; bgUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
Mw;wy; mw;wit.
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bts;sg;bgUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mikg;g[fis mHpj;J FoapUg;g[fs;/
bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/ fy;tp epWtd=;fis kdpjd; mikj;Js;shd;.
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26. t=;ff; flypYk; mugpf; flypYk; cUthFk; g[aYf;Fg; bgah; itf;Fk; vl;L ehLfspy;
bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
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27.
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tH=;fpa[s;s gl;oaypy; cs;s bgah;fspd; vz;zpf;if
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28.
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NH;epiy epyt[fpwJ.
m) re;jpudpy; M) tpahHdpy; ,) g[jdpy; <) g[tpapy; [tpil: <]
29. g[tp btg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf; bfhz;l rpf;fy; vd;W Twpa ,=;fpyhe;jpd; mwptpay;
fUj;jhsh;
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30. Mu;of; gFjp/ fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; vj;jid ,yl;rk; rJu iky;fs; cUfpa[s;sJ>
m) 2 M) 4 ,) 20 <) 40 [tpil: M]
33. If;fpa ehLfs; mit 1992Mk; Mz;L fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia
cUthf;fpa ,lk;
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34. rhpahd tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.
i) I.eh. mit 1992Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fpa fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg;
nguitia cUthf;fpanghJ bjhlf;fj;jpy; 50 ehLfs; cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ue;jd.
ii) gpd;dh; ,e;j vz;zpf;if 193 ehLfshf cah;e;jJ.
m) i) rhp M) ii) rhp
50 ,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,]
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36. fle;j 110 Mz;Lfspy; kpft[k; btg;gkhd Mz;lhf ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;tj
[ ; Jiwapdh; mwptpj;j
Mz;L
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38. g[tpapd; btg;gk; cah;e;J bfhz;nl nghdhy; mLj;j 50 Mz;Lfspy; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;e;J
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40. fle;j ehw;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l nghplh;fspy; 85% ................ Vw;gl;litna.
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kiHg;bghHpt[ @ykhf kz]gug;gpy; ePh; epiwe;J jhtu caphpd=;fSk;/ tpy=;fpd=;fSk;
njhd;wpd. ,t;thW rhh;e;J thGk; ,e;j caphpd=;fs; midj;Jk; xU FGthf xd;iwbahd;W
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rpWtpdh
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52
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2. nghplh; te;Jtpl;lhy; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oait ahit >
gjw;wkiljiy Kw;wpYkhfj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;. 12
thdpiy Muha;r;rp ika=;fs; btspapLk; g[ay;/ kiH bjhlh;ghd fhy=;fspd;
mog;gilapy; bghJkf;fs; bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
tje;jpfis ek;gnth/ gpwhplk; gug;gnth TlhJ/
jPaizg;g[j;Jiw/ fhty;Jiw/ jd;dhh;t bjhz]L epWtd=;fs; ,tw;wpd; cjtpa[ld;
kPl;g[g; gzpia nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
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ntz;Lk;.
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cWjpbkhHpia cUthf;Ff.
kuk; tsh;g;nghk;- befpHpiaj; jtph;g;nghk;-
kiH bgWnthk;-- kz; tsk; ghJfhg;nghk;--
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kiH nkfj;jhy; efuk; ,Us; NH;e;jJ. bga;bad kiH bga;jJ.
jpObud Nhpad; njhd;w kiHnkfj;jhy; kiwe;jpUe;j efuk; gpufhrkha;f; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
rpy kiHj;Jspfspd;kPJ gLfpd;w Nhpaf; fjph;fspd; gpujpgypg;ghy; efunk bts;is
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m) ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs; M) ePh;btsp
,) gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil <) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH tpil: m
5. Tw;W rhpah> jtwh>
Tw;W 1 : efuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : br=;Fj;jha; ,w=;fpa kiHiaf; fuj;jpDs; tHpa tpLfpnwd;.
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: m
6. Tw;W rhpah> jtwh>
Tw;W 1 : kPjkhd brhl;Lfis <ukhd ku=;fs; jiyairj;J cjWfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : btapy; fz]l gwitfs; btapy; jh=;fhky; tPH;fpd;wd.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: ,
7. Tw;W rhpah> jtwh>
Tw;W 1 : if Ve;jp th=;fpa Jspfs; euk;g[fSf;Fs; kj;jsk; mof;fpd;wJ.
Tw;W 2 : nghd kiH kPz]Lk; jpUk;ghJ vd miyfpnwd;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: <
55
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
8. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
12 m) efuk; ? mikjpahapUe;jJ
M) ePh;r;RtLfs; ? Rtbu=;Fk; ,Ue;jd
,) ku=;fs; ? nth;tpl;ld
<) gwitfs; ? r=;fPjk; ,irf;ftpy;iy tpil: M
2 9.
bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) ku=;fs; ? jiyairj;J cjWfpwJ
M) gwitfs; ? r=;fPjk; ,irj;jd
,ay;
16.
nghd kiH jpUk;gt[k; tUbkd;W nkf=;fis btwpj;Jf; bfhz;L miHfpnwd; vd;W
ghoath;
m) ma;ag;g khjtd; M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) ntQnfhghyd; <) Mj;khehk; [tpil: m]
56
www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
FWtpdh 12
1. ma;ag;g khjtd; btspapl;Ls;s ftpij E}y;fs; ahit>
kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH
ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;
ePh;btsp 2
2. btspy; fz;l gwitfspd; bray; ahJ>
,ay;
btspiyf; fz;l gwitfs; cw;rhfk; gPwpl r=;fPjk; ,irf;fpd;wd.
3. R{hpaidf; fz;l ku=;fspd; bray; ahJ>
R{hpaidf; fz;l <ukhd ku=;fs; kPjKs;s brhl;Lf;fis jiyairj;J cjWfpd;wd.
rpWtpdh
1. kiHapypUe;J tpLgLk; Chpd; jd;ikiaf; ftp+h; ma;ag;g khjtd; vf;FwpaPLfspd; @yk;
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;>
kiH epd;wjhy; Rth;fs; kPJ tHpe;njhoa kiHePh; epd;wJ.
bfh+;rk; ,Ue;j ePh; RtLfisa[k; Rth; ntfkhfj; jd; trk;gLj;jpf; bfhz]lJ.
<ukhd ku=;fs; j=;fs; fpisfis mirj;J jd; kPJ glh;e;jpUe;j kPjkhd ePh;j;Jspfisa[k;
cjwpaJ.
btapiyf; fz]ljhy;/ kiH ePUf;F m+;rpapUe;j gwit cw;rhfk; btspg;gl jd; Fuyhy;
r=;fPjk; ,irj;jJ.
,itna mt;t{h; kiHapypUe;J tpLgLtijf; Fwpg;gpLk; FwpaPLfshf ma;ag;g
khjtd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
2. ftp+h; ma;ag;g khjtd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
57
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
jd;
,jHpd; ,ilbtspapy;
nerkhd cwthd
cl;g[Fe;J
btspnaWk; jUzj;jpy;- g{kpf;Fg; ghprhf
58
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
2 beLey;thil
? ef;fPuh;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; 2
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUj;jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: M
2. `bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd` ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj; bjhif M) chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; <) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; tpil: <
FWtpdh
1. ,depiu ? gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
,depiu ? ,dk; + epiu
`kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; MFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J `,depiu~ vdg;
g[zh;e;jJ.
rpWtpdh
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
1. thilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhtyh;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; njodh;>
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg; bga;jJ.
jhH;thd gFjpapy; bts;sk; bgUfpwJ.
nfhtyh;fs; jh=;fs; nkatpl;oUe;j vUik/ gR/ ML Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fSf;F khw;wpdh;.
gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; g[J ,lj;ij mile;jjhy; tUe;jpdh;.
jz]zPh; jhH;thd gFjpapy; epuk;gp tpLk; vd;gjhy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf nklhd gFjpf;Fr;
brd;wdh;. ePh;j;Jspfs; nkny gLtjhYk;/ thilf;fhw;wpd; Fsph;r;rp kpFjpahYk;
clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nrh;e;J bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;.
59
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
12 beLtpdh
1. beLey;thilapy; ef;fPuh; fhl;Lk; kiHf;fhy tUzidiar; brhy;ypy; tof;f.
Ig;grp khjk; mil kiHf;fhyk; vd;ghh;fs;. gHe;jkpHh; Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif khj=;fis
Tjph;g;gUtk; vd;W miHj;jdh;. gUt khw;w=;fshy; capupd=;fspd; ,ay;g[ thH;f;if
khw;wk; bgWfpwJ.
2 Ky;iy epy kf;fs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy=;Ffs; ,tw;wpd; thH;tpy; kiH Fspuhy; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fj;jpid beLey;thil tUzid bra;fpwJ.
,ay;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
tis, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
bgha;ah ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
g[Jg;bgay; ? gz]g[j;bjhif
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
bfhL=;nfhy; ? gz]g[j;bjhif
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
fy=;fp = fy=;F + ,
fy=;F ? gFjp
, ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
g[zh;r;rp tpjp
60
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
TLjy; tpdhf;fs; 12
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `Mh;fyp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Nhpad; M) bts;sk; ,) fly; <) epyh [tpil: M] 2
2. `fy=;fp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; rhpahd gFgj cWg;gpyf;fz gphpg;g[ Kiw
,ay;
m) fy+=;+f;+, M) fy=;fp+, ,) fy=;F+f;+, <) fy=;F+, [tpil: <]
3. thilf;fhw;W ve;jj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J tPRk;>
m) tlnkw;F M) tlf;F ,) bjd;fpHf;F <) bjw;F [tpil: M]
10. Tw;W 1 : jhk; gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; bgaUk; epiyahy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.
Tw;W 2 : bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp <) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW [tpil: ,]
11. Tw;W : t
ise;j nfhiya[ila Mah; vUik/ gR/ ML/ Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fspy; nkatpl;ldh;.
tpsf;fk; : cyfk; FspUkhW g[jpa kiH bghHpe;jjhy; jhH;thd gFjpfspy; bgUfpa
bts;sj;jhy; nklhd epyk; brd;wdh;.
m) Tw;W rhp tpsf;fk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW tpsf;fk; jtW
,) Tw;Wk; tpsf;fKk; rhp <) Tw;W jtW tpsf;fk; rhp [tpil: ,]
61
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
12. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
12 m) thif ? Jiw
M) Tjph;g;ghriw ? jpiz
,) bfhL=;nfhy; ? tise;j nfhy;
<) fz]zp ? fd;dk; tpil: ,
2 13.
bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) g[Jg;bgay; ? g[jpa tay;
M) g[yk;g[ ? jdpik
,ay;
,) kh ? tpy=;F
<) ft[s; ? fd;dk; tpil: m
14. bghUe;jhjijf; njh;f.
m) g[Jg;bgay; ? <Wnghjy;/ ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd;
frjg kpFk;.
M) bfhL=;nfhy; ? <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
,) tyndw;g[ ? caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
<) ,depiu ? kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; tpil: ,
15. bghUj;Jf.
m) Mh;fyp ? 1. bgz] Fu=;F
M) ft[s; ? 2. jiyapy; NLk; khiy
,) ke;jp ? 3. fd;dk;
<) fz]zp ? 4. bts;sk;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil: ,
16. beLey;thilia ,aw;wpath;
m) fgpyh; M) guzh; ,) ef;fPuh; <) nkhrpfPudhh;[tpil: ,]
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
,ay;
m) i, ii rhp M) ii, iii rhp ,) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
<) i, iii rhp
24. Tjph;g;gUtj;jpw;Fhpa khj=;fs;
m) ij/ khrp M) g=;Fdp/ rpj;jpiu
,) Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif <) khh;fHp/ ij [tpil: ,]
FWtpdh
1. `beLey;thil~ ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
jiytidg; gphpe;j jiytpf;Fj; Jd;g kpFjpahy; beLthil (ePz]l thil)ahf
,Ue;jJ.
nghh;g;ghriwapy; ,Ue;j jiytDf;F btw;wp bgw VJthd ey;thilahf ,Ue;jJ.
63
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
2. ef;fPuu; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.
12 kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfd; ef;fPuh;.
mfehD}w;wpy; 17 ghly;fs;/ FWe;bjhifapy; 8 ghly;fs;/ ew;wpizapy; 7 ghly;fs;/
g[wehD}w;wpy; 3 ghly;fs; ghoa[s;shh;.
,iwadhh; fstpaYf;Fr; rpwe;j ciuje;jth;.
3. `thifj;jpiz~ tpsf;Ff.
btw;wp bgw;w murDk; mtdJ tPuh;fSk; btw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;g{itr;
NLtjhFk;.
jh=;fs; bgw;w btw;wpiaf; bfhz]lJ thifj;jpiz.
4. `Tjph;g;ghriw~ vd;why; vd;d>
Tjph;g;ghriw vd;gJ nghh;nkw;bfhz;l murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; jh=;Fk; giltPlhFk;.
5. Tjph;gUtk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif khj=;fs; Tjph;g;gUtkhFk;.
6. Fsphpidg; nghf;f nfhtyh;fs; vd;d bra;jhh;fs;>
nfhtyh;fs; gyUk; Tof; bfhs;sp beUg;gpdpy; iffisf; fhl;o Nlhf;fp Fsphpidg; nghf;f
Kaw;rpj;jhh;fs;.
rpWtpdh
1. Tjph; fhyj;jpd; jd;ikahd beLey;thil Fwpg;gpLgit ahit>
tpy=;Ffs; nka;r;riy kwe;jd.
bgz] Fu=;Ffspd; cly; Fspuhy; Tdpg; nghapd.
gwitfs; Fspuhy; eL=;fp kuj;jpd; kPjpUe;J fPnH tpGe;jd.
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd...
? vd;w beLey;thilg; ghly;.
2
,ay;
bghUj;jk;:
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ. thilf;fhw;wpd; Fsph;r;rp kpFjpahYk; clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nrh;e;J bfhs;sp
beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;. mth;fnshL nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
j=;Fk; giltPL Tjph;g;ghriw.
65
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
12
2
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk;
Kjy;fy;
? cj;jknrhHd;
2
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghWg;g[zh;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; bghWg;g[zh;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyj;ij
tpthpf;f.
Kd;Diu :
cyf caph;fis thHitg;gJ kiH. me;j kiHia ehk; Kiwahfg; ghJfhf;fhky; rpy
caph;fisa[k;/ gaph;fisa[k; ehrkhf;Ffpnwhk;. mijf; fz;L kdk; behe;J jdp kdpjdhf
,Ue;J jk; Ciug; bghWg;g[zh;r;rpahy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fisg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
kiHapd; nfhuk; :
t=;ff;flypy; cUthd Fiwe;j fhw;wGj;jf; jhH;t[ kz;lyj;jhy; kzpf;F E}W fpnyh
kPl;lh; ntfj;jpy; fhw;Wld; Toa kiH bga;fpwJ. ehw;Wg; gpL=;fp/ cuk; nghl;L el;L
xU thunk Md FHe;ij nghy; fhl;rpaspj;j gaph;fs; vy;yhk; kiHapy; @H;fpaJ. cghp ePh;
btspnawtpy;iy ,g;gona nghdhy; mGfptpLk; vd;d bra;tJ vd;W V=;fpdhd; kUjd;.
cghpePh; btspnaw;wk; :
fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky; fiu tHpna te;jhd;. cghpj; jz;zPh;
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
btspnaw ntz;oa kjif vl;og; ghh;j;jhd;. kjifr; Rw;wp kl;Lky;yhky; Ciur; Rw;wp
v=;F ghh;j;jhYk; kz;of;fple;j bea;ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F jz;zPiuj; jLj;J epWj;jpf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
kUjdpd; ey;nahrid :
kUjd;/ gaph;fs; @H;fhkYk; bkhj;j fpuhk=;fSk; jg;gpf;f ey;y tHpia nahrpj;jhd;.
jd; capiug; gw;wp rpwpJk; ftiyg;glhky; jz;zPhpy; ,w=;fp broiag; gpL=;fp mhpe;jhd;.
khhp tUjy; :
khhp ,e;jr; rdpad;gpor;r broahyjhd; jz;zp toa khl;nl=;FJ" eP thlh bfh+;r
cjtp bra; vd;whd; kUjd;. mtd; kWj;jij vz;zp kUjd; nfhgk; mile;jhd;.
kUjdpd; Mf;fk; :
,g;gona nghdhy; Cnu ehw;wk; vLj;J tpLk; vd;W Vf;fj;njhL brofisg; gpo=;fpf;
bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;nghJ me;j tHpahf te;j fpHtd; fhspag;gdplk; Twpdhd;. mth; bghpa
epyf;fpHhh; vd;gjhy; tPl;L xUth; te;J brofisg; gpo=;fp gapiua[k;/ capiua[k; fhg;ghw;w
Koa[k; vd;W vz;zp mthplKk; Twpdhd;. mtUk; gpd; th=;fpdhh;. gpwF gpnuk;Fkhiur;
re;jpj;jhd;" mtDk; gy fhuzk; Twptpl;L efh;e;jhd;.
66
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
kUjdpd; g[yk;gy; :
tPL jpUk;gpa kUjd; CUf;F Vw;gLk; Mgj;ij ahhplKk; brhy;yp gyd; ,y;iy. kd 12
typahy; Joj;jhd; cz;ztpy;iy/ cw=;ftpy;iy. ftiy njha;e;j Kfj;njhL kPz;Lk;
,unthL ,uthf fhl;lhkzf;F bro gpL=;f fpsk;gpdhd;.
my;yp tUjy; :
Koia ms;spr; brhUfpf; bfhz;L tha;f;fhiy nehf;fp ele;jhs; my;yp. jd;de;jdpna
jz;zPhpy; kUjd; gLk;ghl;ilf; fz;L jpifj;jhs;. mtis mwpahknyna g[litia 2
thpe;Jf;fl;o tha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fpdhs;.
,ay;
khkh eP brhy;wJ ep$k;jhd;. CU ey;yh ,Ue;jhjhd; ehk ey;yh ,Uf;f Koa[k;. ePa[k;
ehDk; nrh;e;J bra;nthk; vd;W bra;jhs;.
Ch; kf;fs; tuy; :
beho neuj;jpy; Ch; kpuhR fhspag;gd; tz;oapypUe;J Fjpj;J ntl;oiaf; fiuapy;
nghl;Ltpl;L tha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fpdhh;. tz;of;fhud; @yk; bra;jp gutpaJ. Cnu To
tha;f;fhiy nehf;fp XoaJ .
Kot[iu :
``mHptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mhp tHpgaf;Fk;
CjpaKk; NH;e;J bray;~~
vd;gjw;F Vw;g thGk; CUf;F vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ ed;ik bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp
Muha;e;J bray;gl;L Ciuna bray;gl itj;j kUjdpd; gz;g[eyd; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.
2. g[ay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FoapUg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;g[fisr;
rhpbra;af; nfhhp c=;fs; Ch; kpd;thhpag; bghwpahsh;fSf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eh;
Ch;g; bghJ kf;fs;/
ghisa=;nfhl;il/
jpUbey;ntyp.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
2
gyt[s; bjhpf
,ay;
J}a;ikahfptpLk;.
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: M
7. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) kUjd; ? FKjk;
M) gpnuk;Fkhh; ? ehTh;gpr;ir
,) fhspag;gd; ? ntiyahs;
<) khhpKj;J ? tptrhap tpil: M
8. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) 60 ntyp ? Chpd; bkhj;j epyk;
M) my;yp ? kUjdpd; mk;kh
,) Ky;iyak;kh ? fhspg;gdpd; jha;
<) fhspag;gd; ? trjpaw;wth; tpil: m
68
www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
9. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) totha;f;fhy; ? fhl;lhkzf;Fr; bro 12
M) g{tur jiH ? khl;Lf;F czt[
,) fhspag;gd; ? tpy; tz]o
<) kUjd; ? my;yp tpil: ,
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) Ky;iyak;kh ? 1. tiynghLgth; 2
M) ehTh; gpr;ir ? 2. my;yp
,ay;
,) khhpKj;J ? 3. fhspag;gd;
<) kUjd; ? 4. gpnuk;Fkhh;
m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: ,
11. j+;irr; rpWfijfs; vd;Dk; bjhFg;gpDf;F chpath;
m) bry;tuh$; M) nrhiy Re;jug; bgUkhs;
,) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp <) ,th;fspy; vtUkpyh; [tpil: M]
12. cj;jk nrhHdpd; Ch;
m) Fk;gnfhzk; mUnf rptg[uk; M) jpUj;Jiwg;g{z;o mUnf ePthk;khs;g[uk;
,) flY}h; mUnf k+;rf;Fg;gk; <) kapyhLJiw mUnf njuHe;J}h; [tpil: M]
13. kdpjj;jPt[fs;/ FUtp kwe;j tPL cs;spl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrphpah;
m) nrhiy Re;jug; bgUkhs; M) cj;jknrhHd;
,) nkyhz;ik bghd;Dr;rhkp <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: M]
12 beLtpdh
1.
`Ch;Toj; njh; ,Gf;Fk; nghJk;~ njh; tlj;ijg; gpof;Fk; Kjy;fukhd ,Ue;j kUjdpd; gz]g[
eyj;ij tpthp.
Kd;Diu :
" bghpa kpurhf tyk; tUk; fhspag;gdplk; ,J gw;wpg; ngRk; nghJk; " fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy;
gl;ljhupahd gpnuk;Fkhhplk; ngrp tptuj;ij tpsf;fp Vkhw;wk; mila[k; nghJk; " jd;
Mw;whikia jd; kidtp my;ypaplk; Twpg; g[yk;g[k; nghJk; kdk; jsuhky; jd; flikia
vg;goahtJ epiwntw;wpl ntz]Lk; vd;w mtdJ kd cWjpg;ghL Twpg; g[ydhFk;.
jdpahshfr; bra;a Koahj ,r;braYf;fhf vy;nyhhpd; cjtpiaa[k; kUjd; ehLtJ
mtdJ bghJeyid btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kUjdpd; bghJeyd;
me;j Chpy; ,Ue;j mWgJ ntyp epyj;jpy; xU `rf;fiuf;FHp~ mst[ Tl epyk; ,y;yhj
kUjd; bghJeyid kl;Lnk fUj;jpy; bfhz]L/ vg;goahtJ ePiu toj;Jtpl ntz]
Lk; vd;w vz]zj;Jlnd kUjd; ,Uf;fpd;whd;. kUjd; mtDf;Fg; g[fH; fpilf;f ntz]
Lbkd;W bray;gltpy;iy. ePhpy; @H;Fk; mj;jid gaph;fisa[k; fhg;ghw;w ntz]Lk;"
Chpidr; NH;e;jpUf;Fk; ePhpid toa tpl ntz]Lk; vd;w vz]znk mtdplk; ,Ue;jJ.
CUf;F tHpfhl;oa jiyikg;gz]g[ilatd; :
,ut[ KGtJk; J}f;fkpy;yhky; jtpj;j kUjd; tpotjw;Fs; jdp xUtdha;
totha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fp ,Ug[wKk; NH;e;jpUe;j fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofis mhpe;J
70 mg;g[wg;gLj;;jpdhd;. ,jidf; fz]l mtdJ kidtp my;ypa[k; cjtpf;F Xo tu/
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
tiynghl;Lf; bfhz]oUe;j khhpKj;Jt[k; mtDld; ,iza/ bryt[ te;jpLnk vd;w
vz]zj;jhy; kfs; tPl;ow;Fr; bry;tjhff; Twp tpy; tz]oapy; brd;W bfhz]oUe;j kpuhR 12
fhspag;gDk; totha;f;fhypy; ,w=;f Cnu xd;whff; Tote;J fhl;lhkzf;Fr; broia
Mh;tkhf mg;g[wg;gLj;j kUjd;/ tHpfhl;oahf tps=;fpdhd;.
Kot[iu :
2
Raeyk; ,y;yhky;/ bghJeyidf; fUj;jpy; bfhz]L ehnk braypy; ,w=;fpdhy;
btw;wp bgwyhk; vd;w cah;e;j Fzk; cilathd kUjd; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ekf;F
Vd; tPz] tk;g[ vd;W xJ=;fhky; Kjypy; ek;khy; Koe;jjijr; bra;nthk; vd;w Jzpt[ld;
,ay;
braypy; ,w=;fpa kUjd; njh;tlj;ijg; gpoj;j Kjy; fukhf tps=;fpdhd;.
c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpy; eilbgWk; jpUkztpHht[f;F tUif jUk; tpUe;jpdh;fSf;F kuf;fd;W
xd;W jUtjhf Kot[ bra;Js;sPh;fs;. kuf;fd;W th=;Fk; nehf;f=;fisa[k; mjidg; gaphpLtjhy;
Vw;gLk; bghJ ed;ikfisa[k; bfhz;l ,Ugf;fr; rpw;nwl;il cUthf;Ff.
kuf;fd;W tH=;Fjd; nehf;fk; :
ku=;fs; mHpf;fg;gl;L tUk; NHy;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; eLtjw;fhd Vw;w NHiy
cUthf;Fjy;.
gHk;/ gl;rzk;/ btw;wpiy nghd;wtw;iwg; igapny nghl;Lf; bfhLg;gijtpl
kuf;fd;Wfs; bfhLg;gJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
Rw;Wr;NHiy ey;yKiwapy; mikf;fnt kuf;fd;Wfs; tH=;Fjy;.
bghJ eyd;fs; :
kuf;fd;Wfs; tsh;g;gjhy; ey;y J}a fhw;W fpilf;Fk;.
nfhilapy; epHy; cUthFk;.
ku=;fs; khRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
ku=;fs; Fsph;r;rp jUk;
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
Fsph;r;rpahy; kiH cz;lhFk;.
kiH bghHpe;jhy; kz; kfs; rpyph;g;ghs;.
kiHahy; gaph;tsk; bgUFk;.
gaph;tsj;jhy; tptrhak; bgUFk;.
tptrhak; bgUfpdhy; tPL eyk; bgWk;.
tPL eyk; bgw;why; ehL jhnd tsk; bgWk;.
71
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
12
,ay; 2 ehy;tifg; bghUj;j=;fs;
,yf;fzk;
2
,yf;fzj; njh;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 41
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. jkpHpy; bghUl;Fwpg;ig mog;gilahff; bfhz]L ................. ghFghL mike;Js;sJ.
m) ,Ujpizg; M) ghy; ,) ,lg; <) vz] [tpil: M]
2.
bgUk;ghyhd bjhlh;fspy; vGthia itj;Jf; bfhz]nl tpidKw;wpd; .................
72 Mfpatw;iwr; brhy;yptplyhk;.
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
m) jpiz/ ghy; M) jpiz/ vz]
,) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz] <) jpiz/ tpFjp tpil: , 12
3. `mth;fs;~ vd;Dk; brhy; gd;ikg; bghUis czh;j;Jk;
m) bgah;r;brhy; M) tpidr;brhy;
,) gjpypL bgah;r;brhy; <) gjpypL tpidr;brhy; tpil: ,
4. jkpHpy; glh;f;ifg; gyh;ghy; brhy;yhfpa jh=;fs; vd;gJ jw;nghJ ................ ,lj;jpYk; tUk;. 2
m) glh;f;if M) jd;ik
,ay;
,) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy <) Kd;dpiy tpil: <
5. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) gj;Jkuk; tPH;e;jJ ? xUik gd;ik ntWghL vGthapy; btspg;gltpy;iy
M) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
,) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? xUik gd;ik ntWghL vGthapy; btspg;gLfpwJ
<) mth;fs; ? gjpypL bgah;r;brhy; tpil: <
6. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) ahh;> vJ> ? ghy; ntWghL
M) Mrphpah; te;jhh; ? gyh;ghy; tpFjp cah;t[ tpFjp tUk;
,) mth; te;jhh; ? gd;ikg; bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ
<) j=;fkzp ghodhd; ? bgz]ghy; tpFjp bgw;Ws;sJ tpil: M
7. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ.
M) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sd.
,) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ.
<) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sd. tpil: ,
8. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
FWtpdh
1. bkhHpapd; gz;g[fs; ahit>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;.
2. gadpiy tpFjpfspy; vit ghy; gFg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wd>
Md;/ Ms;/ Mh;/ mJ/ md;.
3.
jw;fhyj;jpy; mBwpiz vGtha; khw;wk; mile;Js;sij czh;j;Jk; ,U bjhlh;fis
vGJf.
fhiskhL taypy; cGjJ.
Mz]Fu=;F kuj;jpy; Fjpj;jJ.
4. bgah;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; vj;jid tifahfg; gphpg;gh;> mit ahit>
bgah;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; ,Utifahfg; gphpg;gh;. mit: cah;jpizg; bgah;/
mBwpizg; bgah;.
74
www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
5. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
,lk; @tifg;gLk;. mit: jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if. 12
6.
gjpypL bgah;fs; ahit>
mtd;/ mts;/ mth;/ mJ/ mit.
7. jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if vd miHf;fg;gLtd ahit>
ngRgtd; 2
Kd;dpUe;J nfl;gtd;
,ay;
ngrg;gLgtd; (my;yJ) ngrg;gLk; bghUs;
Mfpa @d;Wk; Kiwna jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if vd miHf;fg;gLk;.
8. csg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgth; (jd;ik) Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dila nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;L ngRtJ csg;ghl;Lj;
jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W : ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
9. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jtph;j;Jj; jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ csg;gLj;jhj
jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W : eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
10. jd;ikg; gd;ikapd; tiffs; ahit>
jd;ikg;gd;ik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj;
jd;ikg; gd;ik.
11. bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;Jj; jkpH; eilf; ifnal;od; Tw;W ahJ>
xU bkhHpapy; mog;gil mwpt[ vd;gJ me;j bkhHpapy; cs;s vGj;Jfisa[k; brhw;fisa[k;
mtw;wpd; bghUisa[k; thf;fpa mikg;g[fisa[k; bjhpe;jpUg;gnj. nkny Fwpg;gpl;l
ehd;ifa[k; cs;slf;fpaJ xU bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ jkpH; eilf; ifnal;od;
,lg;ghFghL bjhlh; mikg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjpapypUe;J rhd;W
fhl;Lf.
jkpHpy; jd;ikapnyh Kd;dpiyapnyh xUik gd;ik ghFghL cz;nl jtpu Mz;ghy;/
bgz;ghy; ghFghL ,y;iy.
rhd;W: ehd; g[j;jfk; goj;njd;.
jd;ikg; gd;ik
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dld; nrh;j;Jf;bfhz;Lg; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;. 75
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
12
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiuj; jtph;j;J jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
``fy;tp tp&aj;ijg; gw;wp cd; ghyd; brhy;tijf; nfs;~~ vd;W vd; gpjh Mf;+hgpj;jhh;.
clnd vd; jhahh; vd; Kfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhs;. ehd; Kd; brhd;dgo vd; ghl;oahhplj;jpny
fw;Wf;bfhz]l ghlj;ij vd; jhahUf;Fr; brhd;ndd;. mijf; nfl;lt[lnd vd; jhahUf;F
Kfk; khwptpl;lJ. gpwF rw;W neuk; bghWj;J/ vd; jhahh; vd;id nehf;fp/ ``vd; fz]kzpna/
eP brhy;tJ vs;sst[+; rhpay;y. fy;tpo vd;fpw gpurf;jpna ,y;yhjth;fshd rhkhdpa
ghku $d=;fisg; ghh;. mth;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk; kpUf=;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk;
vd;d ngjkpUf;fpwJ > ekf;F Kff; fz]zpUe;Jk; Nhpag; gpufhrk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; vd;d
gpunah$dk;>~~ vd;whh;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;jpd; bgah; vd;d>
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; vJ> mjid vGjpath; ahh;>
3. kha{uk; ntjehafk; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j jkpHwp+h;fs; ahth;>
4. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehtyhd gpujhg; Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;>
5. ghh;j;jhs; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
6. kha{uk; ntjehafk; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit >
76
7. `brhd;ndd;~ ? ,r;brhy;ypd; nth;r;brhy; vJ>
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
tpilfs;:
1. jhJ tUlg; g+;rk;. 12
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;. mjid vGjpath; kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
3. kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;/ ,uhkyp=;f ts;syhh;/ Rg;gpukzpanjrpfh;.
4. kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
5. ghh;j;jhs; ? ghh; + j; + j; + Ms; 2
ghh; ? gFjp
,ay;
j; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Ms; ? bgz]ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
6. M=;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[fisj; jkpHpy; bkhHp bgah;j;J `rpj;jhe;j r=;fpufk;~
vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;" nkYk; bgz]kjp khiy/ jpUtUs; me;jhjp/ rh;t rka rkurf;
fPh;j;jid/ RFz Re;jhp Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; gy jdpg;ghly;fisa[k;/ Mapuj;jpw;F nkw;gl;l
fPh;j;jidfisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.
7. nth;r;brhy; ? `brhy;~.
bkhHpg; bgah;g;g[g; gFjpiag; goj;J/ ,UgJ M=;fpyr; brhw;fisa[k; mjd;
jkpHhf;fj;ija[k; vLj;J vGJf
In 1977, shocked at the environmental 1977?Mk; Mz]oy; jdJ caphpDk; ,dpa
devastation caused by deforestation bfd;ah ehl;oy; fhLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l
in her beloved Kenya, Wangari Mathai nguHpt[ fz]L kdk; btJk;gp t=;fhhp kj;jha;
founded the Green Belt Movement. For
gRik tshf ,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. mijj;
thirty years, the movement has enabled
bjhlh;e;J Kg;gJ Mz]Lfs;/ ,e;j ,af;fj;jhy;
many women to plant trees in their regions
gy Mg;gphpf;fg; bgz]fs; jkJ gFjpfspy;
providing them with food, fuel and halting
soil erosion and desertification. She used
ku=;fis el;L/ mjd; tHpahfj; j=;fSf;Fj;
78
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
Kd;Diu :
,g;ghliyg; ghoath; kfhftp ghujpahh; Mthh;. vl;ilag[uj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; 12
,isikapny ftpg;ghLk; Mw;wy; bgw;wtuhfj; jpfH;e;jhh;. ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf mnef
ghly;fisg; ghoajhy; njrpaf; ftp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ fz]zd; ghl;L/
Fapy;ghl;L/ gh+;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; Kg;bgUk; E}y;fs; kpft[k; rpwg;g[g; bgw;witahFk;.
2
jpuz]l fUj;J :
g{kpia nehf;fp mof;Fk; kpd;dyhdJ gspr;brd;w btspr;rj;Jld; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Nwhtsp fhw;W mog;gjhy; tpz]izj; bjhLk; mstpw;F flyiyahdJ bgh=;Ffpd;wJ.
,ay;
nkf=;fs; xd;nwhL xd;W nkhjp cz]lhf;Fk; XirahdJ fhjhy; nfl;f Koahj
mstpw;Ff; bfhl;o ,of;fpd;wJ. `TT~ vd;w Xira[ld; fhw;whdJ ntfkhf tPrp tpz]izf;
Filfpd;wJ. kiHj;Jsp kz]zpy; tpGk; nghJ cz]lhFk; xypnah kj;js=;fs; ,irj;Jj;
jhsk; nghLtJ nghy xypf;fpd;wd. ,iltplhky; kiHiag; bghHpe;J bghHpe;J thdk;
fidf;fpd;wJ. vl;Lj;jpira[k; ,oapd; Xir nfl;f kiH vg;gog; g{kpia te;jile;jJ.
nkhid eak; :
FatDf;Fg; ghid
bra;;a[Sf;F nkhid
KjbyGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidahFk;.
rhd;W:
btl;oaof;FJ vl;Lj;jpira[k;
tPuj; v=;=dk;
vJif eak; :
kJiuf;F itif
bra;a[Sf;F vJif
KjbyGj;J mst[ xj;Jepw;f ,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.
rhd;W:
btl;oaof;FJ
gj;jp:
mf;nlhgh; khjk; 2?Mk; ehs; fhiy 10 kzpf;F/ brd;id fiythzh; mu=;fpy;
nghplh; nkyhz]ikf; fUj;ju=;fk; eilbgw cs;sJ. ,f;fUj;ju=;fpw;F ,aw;if ntshz;
cHth; jpU/ mKjd; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwhh;. ,f;fUj;ju=;fpy; Kidth; br=;Fl;Ltd;
mth;fs; ,aw;ifr; rPw;w=;fSk; gUtfhy khw;w=;fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpU. Kfpyd;
mth;fs; nghplh;fis vjph;bfhs;SjYk; jPh;t[fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh
mth;fs; ePh;tHpg; ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpU. tpd;brd;l; mth;fs;
nghplh;f; fhy=;fspy; bra;af;ToaJk; bra;af; TlhjJk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk; fUj;Jfisj; ju
cs;sdh;.
fUj;ju=;fpd; epiwthf/ nghplh; nkyhz]ik ,af;Feh;/ jpU. ,katuk;gd;
80 mth;fs; jiyika[iu Mw;Wthh;fs;. epfH;r;rpf;F tUfpd;wth;fisr; br+;rpYitr; r=;f
www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
xU=;fpizg;ghsh; jpUkjp. murp mth;fs; tuntw;f cs;shh;. gRikg;gil khzth; jiyth;
$kPyh mth;fs; ed;wpa[iu Mw;wpl cs;shh;. bjhlf;fj;jpy; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;JlDk;/ 12
fUj;ju=;f epiwtpy; ehl;Lg;gz]QlDk; epfH;r;rp epiwtila[k;. midtUk; fye;J
bfhz]L gad;bgw c=;fs; midtiua[k; md;g[ld; miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
,ay;
m) milkiH bga;j mLj;j ehs; M) jz]zPUk; kiHa[k; ,y;yhky;
gilgilaha; te;jjhk; gaph; gr;iraha; ,Uf;fpwJ
gu=;fp ehl;L tpkhdk; ghf;F btw;wpiy nghlhky;
vjphp Rlhknyna tha; rptg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ ? vd;d >
,wbfhoe;J ,we;jjhk; ? vd;d > tpil : fpsp
tpil : <ry;
,d;Dk; g[jph; mwpnthk;
vz]z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff
2 kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F mUfpy;
bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk; nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/ bfhjpf;f itj;j ePiuna gUFjy;/
thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk; Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffSf;F
,ay;
ehd; j=;fs; gs;spapy; 12?Mk; tFg;g[ `m~ gphptpy; gapd;W tUfpd;nwd;. jw;nghJ
kiHf;fhykhf ,Ug;gjhy; ek; gs;spapy; gapYk; khzth;fs; midtUk; kiHf;fhyj;jpy;
nkw;bfhs;s ntz]oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffs; Fwpj;j tpHpg;g[zh;itg; bgw ntz]
oaJ mtrpakhFk;.
vdnt/ kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW
Mfpadtw;wpw;F mUfpy; bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk; nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/
bfhjpf;f itj;j ePiuna gUFjy;/ thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk;
Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffSf;F xj;JiHj;jy; nghd;w kiHf;fhy ghJfhg;g[
eltof;iffs; Fwpj;j nghjpa tpHpg;g[zh;it chpa egh;fs; @yk; tH=;fpdPh;fs; vd;why;
v=;fSf;F kpFe;j ed;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
Mfnt/ jh=;fs; mjw;Fhpa Vw;ghLfisr; bra;J midj;J khzth;fSk; nghjpa
tpHpg;g[zh;itg; bgw cjtpLkhW kpft[k; jhH;ika[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
jpUr;rp/ ,g;gof;F/
09.07.2019. j=;fs; cz]ika[s;s/
mmmm.
82
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
bra;J fw;nghk;
12
c=;fs; gFjpapy; g[H=;Fk; ,UgJ brhw;fisf; bfhz]L tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhy; bjhFg;g[ xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
1. ehd; brhy;Ynjd; ehd; brhy;fpnwd;
2. mtd; epf;fhd; mtd; epw;fpwhd;
2
3. eP=;f tUjpafsh> eP=;fs; tUfpwPh;fsh>
,ay;
4. Vsh - eP vg;g tUj> V gps;is - eP vg;bghGJ tUfpwha;>
5. KLf;FJ beU=;FfpwJ
6. brhy;Yjhd; brhy;fpwhd;
7. bra;jhd; bra;fpwhd;
8. Mr;rp tajhd bgz]kzp / ghl;o
9. Vy(ny) ez]gid miHg;gJ
10. kf;fh ez]gh
11. igjh rf;fuk;
12. bfhz]o jhH;g;ghs;
13. iga bkJthf
14. rhuk; Y=;fp
15. nfhl;o kdepiy rhpapy;yhjth;
16. tst[ KLf;F/ re;J
17. rpiu bjhe;jut[
18. kr;rp kho
19. Mf;f=;bfl;lJ bfl;lneuk;
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
20. brj;j neuk; bfh+;r neuk;
Platform ? eilnil
Ticket Inspector ? gazr;rPl;L Ma;th;
Train Track ? ,Ug;g[g;ghij
Level Crossing ? ,Ug;g[g;ghijiaf; flf;Fkplk;
Railway Signal ? bjhlh;tz]o tHpf;Fwp
Metro Train ? khefuj; bjhlh;tz]o
83
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
12
,ay; 2 khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? 2
tFg;g[ : 12
neuk; : 2.30 kzp kjpg;bgz; : 90
2 I. gyt[s; bjupf. 6×1=6
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.
,ay;
1. bghUj;Jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
2. euk;g[fSf;Fs;; tPiz kPl;of; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) Nhpa xspf;fjpu; M) kiH nkf=;fs; ,) kiHj; Jspfs; <) ePh; epiyfs;
3. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf;fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jo ePh; cwp+;rg;gLjy;
4. bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj;bjhif M) cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; <) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;bgabur;rk;
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tp btg;gkakhjiyf; Rl;Lg;gLj;j
Koa[k; ? ,j;bjhlh; czu;j;JtJ
m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ.
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ.
,) fhyepiy khW gLfpwJ.
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ.
6. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ................. mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlh;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf. 8×1=8
7. ``cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
8. ahh;> vJ> Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czh;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
m) mBwpiz/ cah;jpiz M) cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz
,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cah;jpiz
9. bghUj;Jf.
m) mtd; mts; mth; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgah;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgah;fs;
m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
10. `tis,~ ? vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
84 m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) vz;Qk;ik
,) brhy;ypir msbgil <) ck;ikj; bjhif
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH
11. ? vd;gjd; jkpH;r;brhy;iy njh;e;bjLf;ft[k;.
Platform
m) ,Ug;g[ ghij M) eilnkil ,) bjhlh;tz;o <) tHpf;Fwp 12
12. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs;
m) $%d; 5 M) $%iy 5 ,) Vg;uy; 14 <) nk 5
13. fy=;fp ? ,r;brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) fy + =; + f; + , M) fy=;F + , ,) fy=;F + f; + , <) fy + f; + f; + ,
14. Tjph;g; ghriw vd;gJ
m) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL
2
M) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; njhw;Wg; gJ=;Fk; giltPL
,ay;
,) jiytDk; jiytpa[k; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; tPL
<) nghhpy; fhak; mile;j kd;dd; rpfpr;ir bgWkplk;
III. FWtpdh. 3×2=6
m) vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. ~~,depiu~~ ? gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
16. ``efuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~~ tpsf;fk; jUf.
17. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlh; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gadgLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td vit>
18. cah;jpiz gd;ik bgah;fs;/ gd;ik tpFjp bgw;W tUkhW ,uz;L bjhlh;g[fis vGJf.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf : 2×2=4
19. MSf;bfhU kuk; tsh;g;nghk; vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlh; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
20. kdpjd; jd; nguhirf; fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit
,d;W re;jpj;J bfhz;oUf;fpwhd; ? ,U bjhlh;fshf Mf;Ff.
21. fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
IV. vitnaDk; VHDf;F tpil jUf : 7 x 2 = 14
22. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
m) fy=;fp M) te;J
23. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) g[Jg;bgay; M) bt=;fjph;
24. kug[g;gpiHia ePf;fp vGJf.
86 www.nammakalvi.org