ID

Republic of Indonesia

Indonesia
Summary
Official Name
Republic of Indonesia
Population
272,249,000
Principal Languages
Indonesian
Literacy Rate
96% (2018 UNESCO)
International Conventions
CDE (1960), CPPDCE (2006), CSICH (2012), ICCPR (1966), UNCRPD (2006), UNDRIP (2007)
General References
Adelaar 1995, Barr et al 1979, Blust 2013, Campbell and King 2011, Fox 1991, Gray et al 2009, Grimes 1994, Grime
Deaf Population
2,000,000 or more (1993)
Language Counts
The number of established languages listed for Indonesia is 724. Of these, 710 are living and 14 are extinct. Of the

Languages by Status
1 (National)
Indonesian
[ind] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). 198,000,000 in Indonesia (2010 cens
3 (Wider communication)
Bakumpai
[bkr] 3 (Wider communication). Spoken by Dayak Ngaju people, dominant group in Central Kalimantan. LWC in the
Banjar
[bjn] 3 (Wider communication). Spoken on the east coast of Kalimantan. Increased in the 17th century under Dutch
Bugis
[bug] 3 (Wider communication). In the 17th century Bugis was widespread under Dutch rule. Used in literature (esp
Indonesian, Makassar
[mfp] 3 (Wider communication). 1,880,950, all users. L1 users: 950 (2010 census). L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Ethnic
Kaili, Ledo
[lew] 3 (Wider communication). Widely used in the northern part of Central Sulawesi in the 18th century under Dut
Kendayan
[knx] 3 (Wider communication). Became dominant in the 19th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade, agri
Lamaholot
[slp] 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in the 19th century during European colonial expansion. Used in texti
Malay, Ambonese
 [abs] 3 (Wider communication). Developed on the island of Ambon in 16th century. First used as trade language. Us
Malay, Kupang
[mkn] 3 (Wider communication). LWC used in spice trade in the 1640s. Lingua franca for interethnic communication
Malay, Manado
[xmm] 3 (Wider communication). Developed in 1658 under Dutch colonial period. Important, growing lingua franca
Malay, North Moluccan
[max] 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in Tidore in 1512; widespread medium of communication, trade lang
Malay, Papuan
[pmy] 3 (Wider communication). Used as a trade language in the 19th century and established further as an LWC by
Mandar
[mdr] 3 (Wider communication). Used for trading purposes and other inter-group communication by 5 other langua
Musi
[mui] 3 (Wider communication). Became a lingua franca in South Sumatra in the 20th century. Seven people groups
Ngaju
[nij] 3 (Wider communication). Widely used in the 19th century in Central Kalimantan. Used in trade, church, and e
4 (Educational)
Javanese
[jav] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. 68,200,000 in Indonesia (2
5 (Dispersed)
Iban
[iba] 5* (Dispersed). 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003).
Tausug
[tsg] 5* (Dispersed). Came as a trade language from northeast Mindanao around the 10th century. Lingua franca of
5 (Developing)
Amarasi
[aaz] 5* (Developing). 70,000 (2011 Unit Bahasa dan Budaya - Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (UBB-GMIT)).
Aralle-Tabulahan
[atq] 5 (Developing). 29,300 (2010 census).
Asmat, Casuarina Coast
[asc] 5* (Developing). 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan.
Auye
[auu] 5 (Developing). 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL).
Bada
[bhz] 5 (Developing). 9,780 (2010 census), increasing.
Bakati’, Rara
[lra] 5* (Developing). 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor).
Balantak
[blz] 5 (Developing). 20,500, all users. L1 users: 19,500 (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,000 (2015 R. Busenitz).
Bali
[ban] 5 (Developing). 3,300,000 (2010 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa T
Bambam
[ptu] 5 (Developing). 42,100 (2010 census).
Batak Simalungun
[bts] 5* (Developing). 151,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 435,000 (2010 census).
Bauzi
[bvz] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals.
Bidayuh, Biatah
[bth] 5* (Developing). 8,480 in Indonesia (2000).
Citak
[txt] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer).
Citak, Tamnim
[tml] 5 (Developing). 290 (1993 R. Doriot).
Dani, Lower Grand Valley
[dni] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1996 SIL).
Dani, Mid Grand Valley
[dnt] 5* (Developing). 50,000 (1990 UBS).
Dani, Upper Grand Valley
[dna] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1996).
Dhao
[nfa] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh).
Dobel
[kvo] 5 (Developing). 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing.
Ekari
[ekg] 5* (Developing). 100,000 (1985 M. Doble).
Embaloh
[emb] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1991 NTM).
Galela
[gbi] 5* (Developing). 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi.
Gerai
[gef] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2019 D. Berglund).
Hatam
[had] 5* (Developing). 16,000 (1993 TEAM).
Hawu
[hvn] 5* (Developing). 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island.
Iau
[tmu] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2018 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500.
Kaili, Da’a
[kzf] 5 (Developing). 62,600 (2010 census), increasing. Many monolinguals.
Kambera
[xbr] 5* (Developing). 240,000 (2009).
Kangean
[kkv] 5* (Developing). 110,000 (2000 census).
Kata Kolok
[bqy] 5 (Developing). 1,125, all users. L1 users: 125 (Marsaja 2008). 47 deaf and 78 hearing. L2 users: 1,000 (Marsaj
Ketengban
[xte] 5* (Developing). 9,970 (2000).
Kisar
[kje] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1995 SIL).
Kodi
[kod] 5* (Developing). 20,000.
Korupun-Sela
[kpq] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1996 E. Young).
Loloda
[loa] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun.
Luang
[lex] 5* (Developing). 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals.
Lundayeh
[lnd] 5* (Developing). 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 47,500.
Madura
[mad] 5 (Developing). 7,790,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,180,000 (2011 census)
Mai Brat
[ayz] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1987 SIL).
Mairasi
[zrs] 5* (Developing). 3,300 (1996 SIL).
Mentawai
[mwv] 5* (Developing). 62,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 68,400 (2010 census).
Meyah
[mej] 5* (Developing). 14,800 (2000).
Minangkabau
[min] 5 (Developing). 4,880,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,480,000 (2010 census).
Moma
[myl] 5 (Developing). 9,940 (2010 census).
Moni
[mnz] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1991 SIL).
Moskona
[mtj] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1996 SIL).
Mualang
[mtd] 5* (Developing). 40,000 (Tjia 2007).
Nage
[nxe] 5* (Developing). 50,000 (Forth 1993).
Nalca
[nlc] 5* (Developing). 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot).
Napu
[npy] 5 (Developing). 6,240 (2010 census), increasing.
Nduga
[ndx] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1985 M. Owen).
Nggem
[nbq] 5* (Developing). 4,400 (2005).
Nias
[nia] 5 (Developing). 867,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,040,000 (2010 census).
Sahu
[saj] 5* (Developing). 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua.
Sangir
[sxn] 5 (Developing). 110,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 165,000.
Sasak
[sas] 5* (Developing). 2,100,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 3,170,000 (2011 census).
Sedoa
[tvw] 5 (Developing). 660 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,000.
Semandang
[sdq] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2019 D. Berglund). 40,000 Semandang, 60,000 Kualan.
Sentani
[set] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.
Sikaritai
[tty] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja).
 Silimo
[wul] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals.
Sougb
[mnx] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (1987 SIL).
Sunda
[sun] 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. 32,400,000 (2015 UNSD). Ethnic popu
Tabaru
[tby] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL).
Tado
[klw] 5 (Developing). 3,640 (2010 census), increasing.
Tae’
[rob] 5* (Developing). 272,000 (2010 census), increasing.
Tarangan, West
[txn] 5 (Developing). 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals.
Tawoyan
[twy] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Tetun
[tet] 5* (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara provin
Tobelo
[tlb] 5* (Developing). 27,700 (2000).
Toraja-Sa’dan
[sda] 5 (Developing). 588,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing.
Uab Meto
[aoz] 5* (Developing). 700,000 (2009 census).
Uma
[ppk] 5 (Developing). 18,800 (2010 census), increasing.
Una
[mtg] 5 (Developing). 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing.
Wolani
[wod] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1992 UBS).
Yale, Kosarek
[kkl] 5* (Developing). 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population:
Yali, Angguruk
[yli] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson).
Yali, Ninia
[nlk] 5* (Developing). 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson).
Yamdena
[jmd] 5* (Developing). 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1991 SIL).
Yawa
[yva] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2011 SIL).
6a (Vigorous)
Abui
[abz] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Adonara
[adr] 6a* (Vigorous). 98,000 (2008 census).
Alor
[aol] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Ambelau
[amv] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700.
Ampanang
[apg] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Anakalangu
[akg] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,000 (2011 SIL).
Asmat, North
[nks] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 SIL).
Awyu, Central
[awu] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).
Babar, Southeast
[vbb] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,460 (2007 SIL).
Badui
[bac] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area.
Bagusa
[bqb] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1987 SIL).
Bahau
[bhv] 6a* (Vigorous). 19,000 (2007 SIL).
Bakati’, Sara
[sre] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2004 M. Connor).
Bangka
[mfb] 6a* (Vigorous). 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007).
Barakai
[baj] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,450 (2011 SIL).
Batak Alas-Kluet
[btz] 6a* (Vigorous). 101,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 114,000 (2010 census).
Bayono
[byl] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (2020 M. Edelen).
Beginci
[ebc] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2019 D. Berglund).
Benyadu’
[byd] 6a* (Vigorous). 54,000 (2007 SIL).
Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong
[sdo] 6a* (Vigorous).
Bilba
[bpz] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000.
Bima
[bhp] 6a* (Vigorous). 500,000 (1989).
Blagar
[beu] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Steinhauer 2014).
Boano
[bzn] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,240 (1982).
Bobongko
[bgb] 6a (Vigorous). 2,050 (2010 census).
Bonerate
[bna] 6a (Vigorous). 11,900 (2010 census).
Bulungan
[blj] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (Kawi et al 2002).
Bunak
[bfn] 6a* (Vigorous). 21,000 in Indonesia (2010).
Buol
[blf] 6a (Vigorous). 90,200 (2010 census).
Burmeso
[bzu] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Donohue 1998).
Burusu
[bqr] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,350 (2007 SIL).
Col
[liw] 6a (Vigorous). 145,000 (2000 census).
Dani, Western
[dnw] 6a* (Vigorous). 180,000 (1993 census).
Dela-Oenale
[row] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2002 UKAW).
Dengka
[dnk] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).
Duano
[dup] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000
Dusun Deyah
[dun] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Ende
[end] 6a* (Vigorous). 110,000 (2009 census).
Foau
[flh] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (2022 SIL), increasing.
Geser-Gorom
[ges] 6a* (Vigorous). 36,500 (1989 SIL).
Haji
[hji] 6a (Vigorous). 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 17,500 (Anderbeck 2007).
Iha
[ihp] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,500 (1987 SIL).
Indonesian Sign Language
[inl] 6a (Vigorous). 810,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 550,000–1,100,000 deaf signers (assuming 0.2%–0.4%
Jangkang
[djo] 6a* (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).
Kabola
[klz] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston).
Kaera
[jka] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,500 (2014 M. Kramer).
Kaili, Unde
[unz] 6a* (Vigorous). 35,700 (2010 census), increasing.
Kaimbulawa
[zka] 6a (Vigorous). 2,290 (2010 census).
Kalabra
[kzz] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,290 (2000).
Kalumpang
[kli] 6a (Vigorous). 18,000 (2010 census).
Kamoro
[kgq] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (1987 SIL).
Kanum, Sota
[krz] 6a (Vigorous). 100 (1996 M. Donohue).
Karon Dori
[kgw] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1987 SIL).
Kaur
[vkk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2000 census).
Kauwera
[xau] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (1987 SIL).
Ke’o
[xxk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000.
Kedang
[ksx] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (2008 census).
Kei
[kei] 6a (Vigorous). 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals.
Kemak
[kem] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census).
Keninjal
[knl] 6a* (Vigorous). 32,000 (2007 SIL).
Kirikiri
[kiy] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1982 SIL).
Kola
[kvv] 6a (Vigorous). 7,400 (2011 SIL).
Komering
[kge] 6a (Vigorous). 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992).
Korowai
[khe] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals.
Kosare
[kiq] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).
Kula
[tpg] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Kulisusu
[vkl] 6a (Vigorous). 32,100 (2010 census), increasing.
Kwerba Mamberamo
[xwr] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).
Laha
[lhh] 6a (Vigorous). 3,890 (1987 SIL).
Lamalera
[lmr] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).
Lamatuka
[lmq] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).
Lamboya
[lmy] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Lampung Api
[ljp] 6a (Vigorous). 827,000 (2000 census).
Lampung Nyo
[abl] 6a (Vigorous). 180,000 (2000 census).
Lawangan
[lbx] 6a* (Vigorous). 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Legenyem
[lcc] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Wurm 2000).
Lembata, South
[lmf] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (Krausse 2016).
Lembata, West
[lmj] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (2008 census).
Levuka
[lvu] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).
Lewoeleng
[lwe] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).
Lewotobi
[lwt] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000.
Li’o
[ljl] 6a* (Vigorous). 105,000 (2009 census).
Lole
[llg] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000.
Lorang
[lrn] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2011 SIL).
Loura
[lur] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Lubu
[lcf] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000 (2021).
Maba
[mqa] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,620 (2000).
Makian, West
[mqs] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands.
Malay
[zlm] 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970
Malay, Banda
[bpq] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,690 (2000).
Malay, Berau
[bve] 6a* (Vigorous). 11,200 (2007 SIL).
Malay, Bukit
[bvu] 6a* (Vigorous). 59,000 (2007 SIL).
Malay, Central
[pse] 6a (Vigorous). 1,590,000 (2000 census).
Malay, Jambi
[jax] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2000 census).
Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai
[mqg] 6a* (Vigorous). 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Malay, Tenggarong Kutai
[vkt] 6a* (Vigorous). 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in North
Malayic Dayak
[xdy] 6a* (Vigorous). 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Del
Mamasa
[mqj] 6a (Vigorous). 89,100 (2010 census).
Mamboru
[mvd] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2007).
Mandobo Atas
[aax] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2002 SIL).
Manggarai
[mqy] 6a* (Vigorous). 900,000.
Mangole
[mqc] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,280 (2000).
Manombai
[woo] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,110 (2011 SIL).
Mariri
[mqi] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2011 SIL).
Mateq
[xem] 6a* (Vigorous). 11,000 (2007 SIL).
Modang
[mxd] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Morop
[iwo] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot).
Murkim
[rmh] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2004 SIL).
Muyu, North
[kti] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (2002 SIL).
Muyu, South
[kts] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2002 SIL).
Nasal
[nsy] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals.
Ngad’a
[nxg] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (1995).
Ngad’a, Eastern
[nea] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1994).
Ngalum
[szb] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18,000.
Okolod
[kqv] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,390.
Osing
[osi] 6a (Vigorous). 300,000 (2000 census).
Ot Danum
[otd] 6a* (Vigorous). 78,800 (2007 SIL).
Panasuan
[psn] 6a (Vigorous). 770 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 800.
Pancana
[pnp] 6a (Vigorous). 9,460 (2010 census).
Pantar, Western
[lev] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,800 (Holton 2014). Ethnic population: 10,800.
Patani
[ptn] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,600 (2000).
Pekal
[pel] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2000 census).
Rajong
[rjg] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (2010).
Rejang
[rej] 6a (Vigorous). 350,000 (2000 census).
Rembong
[reb] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes).
Ribun
[rir] 6a* (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Rikou
[rgu] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2011).
Riung
[riu] 6a* (Vigorous). 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Rongga
[ror] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2005 W. Arka).
Sajau Basap
[sjb] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Sanggau
[scg] 6a* (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Seberuang
[sbx] 6a* (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).
Seko Padang
[skx] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2022 SIL).
Selayar
[sly] 6a (Vigorous). 103,000 (2010 census).
Siang
[sya] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Sika
[ski] 6a* (Vigorous). 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995).
Simeulue
[smr] 6a (Vigorous). 40,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44,700 (2010 census).
Skou
[skv] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).
So’a
[ssq] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (1994).
Sou Nama
[tlt] 6a* (Vigorous). 17,000 (1989 SIL).
Sou Upaa
[wha] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,000 (1989 SIL).
Sula
[szn] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (1983 SIL).
Sumbawa
[smw] 6a* (Vigorous). 300,000 (1989).
Talaud
[tld] 6a* (Vigorous). 53,100 (2010 census).
Taliabu
[tlv] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 in Mangei.
Tamagario
[tcg] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,500 (1987 SIL).
Taman
[tmn] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (2007 SIL).
Tarangan, East
 [tre] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 villages only.
Tause
[tad] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (2022 S. Kim).
Teiwa
[twe] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010).
Tela-Masbuar
[tvm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (2007 SIL).
Tengger
[tes] 6a* (Vigorous). 80,000 (2000 census).
Termanu
[twu] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2002 UKAW).
Tidore
[tvo] 6a* (Vigorous). 46,000, all users. L1 users: 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000.
Tidung, Southern
[itd] 6a* (Vigorous). 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL).
Tii
[txq] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).
Tofanma
[tlg] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2005 SIL).
Trimuris
[tip] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1999 SIL).
Tugun
[tzn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 monolinguals.
Tukang Besi North
[khc] 6a (Vigorous). 120,000 (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku.
Tukang Besi South
[bhq] 6a (Vigorous). 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku.
Walak
[wlw] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (2007 P. Seow).
Wanukaka
[wnk] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Watubela
[wah] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (1990 SIL).
Wejewa
[wew] 6a* (Vigorous). 55,000 (2011).
Welaun
[wlh] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 in Indonesia (2018 O. Edwards). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2018 O. Edwards).
Wemale
[weo] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2000 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,500.
Wersing
[kvw] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,700 (Grimes et al 1997).
Yali, Pass Valley
[yac] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1988 SIL).
Yetfa
[yet] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue).
6b (Threatened)
Abinomn
[bsa] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (Clouse et al 2002).
Abun
[kgr] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1995 SIL).
Aceh
[ace] 6b (Threatened). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. 2,840,000 (2010 census). Ethnic po
Adang
[adn] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2000), decreasing.
Aghu
[ahh] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).
Airoran
[air] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1998 SIL).
Alune
[alp] 6b* (Threatened). 17,200 (2000).
Ambai
[amk] 6b* (Threatened). 10,100 (2000).
Anasi
[bpo] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot).
Ansus
[and] 6b* (Threatened). 4,600 (1987 SIL).
Aoheng
[pni] 6b* (Threatened). 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Arandai
[jbj] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).
Arguni
[agf] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).
Asilulu
[asl] 6b* (Threatened). 8,760 (1987 SIL).
Asmat, Central
[cns] 6b* (Threatened). 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual.
Atohwaim
[aqm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).
Awbono
[awh] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals.
Awyu, Asue
[psa] 6b* (Threatened). 6,500 (2002 SIL).
Awyu, Edera
[awy] 6b* (Threatened). 3,870 (2002 SIL).
Awyu, Jair
[awv] 6b* (Threatened). 2,300 (2002 SIL).
Awyu, North
[yir] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1987 SIL).
Awyu, South
[aws] 6b* (Threatened). 9,340 (2002 SIL).
Babar, North
[bcd] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2007 SIL).
Baham
[bdw] 6b (Threatened). 1,100 (1987 SIL).
Bajau, Indonesian
[bdl] 6b (Threatened). 226,000 (2010 census). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in Sou
Bakati’
[bei] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1986 UBS).
Barapasi
[brp] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (1995 SIL).
Basap
[bdb] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2007 SIL).
Batak Angkola
[akb] 6b (Threatened). 535,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 614,000 (2010 census).
Batak Dairi
[btd] 6b (Threatened). 172,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 245,000 (2010 census).
Batak Karo
[btx] 6b (Threatened). 491,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,220,000 (2010 census).
Batak Mandailing
[btm] 6b (Threatened). 691,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,720,000 (2010 census).
Batak Toba
[bbc] 6b (Threatened). 1,610,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,160,000 (2010 census).
Bati
[bvt] 6b* (Threatened). 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989).
Batuley
[bay] 6b* (Threatened). 3,640 (2011 SIL).
Behoa
[bep] 6b (Threatened). 4,280 (2010 census), increasing.
Bentong
[bnu] 6b* (Threatened). 10,100 (2010 census).
Berik
[bkl] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 (1994 SIL).
Betaf
[bfe] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2005 SIL).
Betawi
[bew] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic de
Biak
[bhw] 6b* (Threatened). 70,000 (van den Heuvel 2007).
Bidayuh, Bau
[sne] 6b (Threatened).
Biga
[bhc] 6b (Threatened). 330 (Arnold 2020).
Biritai
[bqq] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1988 SIL).
Boano
[bzl] 6b (Threatened). 2,400 (2010 census).
Bobot
[bty] 6b* (Threatened). 4,500 (1989 SIL).
Bolango
[bld] 6b (Threatened). 5,770 (2010 census), decreasing.
Budong-Budong
[bdx] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2010 census), decreasing.
Bukat
[bvk] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Bukitan
[bkn] 6b (Threatened). 570 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 860.
Buli
[bzq] 6b* (Threatened). 2,520 (2000).
Bungku
[bkz] 6b (Threatened). 22,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Buru
[mhs] 6b (Threatened). 45,000 (Grimes 2009).
Busami
[bsm] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] 6b (Threatened). 466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), decreasing.
Cia-Cia
[cia] 6b (Threatened). 104,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Dai
[dij] 6b (Threatened). 820 (2007 SIL).
Damal
[uhn] 6b* (Threatened). 14,000 (Wurm 2000).
Damar, East
[dmr] 6b* (Threatened). 2,800 (1990 SIL).
Damar, West
[drn] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (1987 SIL).
Dao
[daz] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1991 SIL).
Dem
[dem] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).
Diebroud
[tbp] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (2006 SIL).
Diuwe
[diy] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL).
Dondo
[dok] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2010 census).
Duri
[mvp] 6b (Threatened). 123,000 (2010 census).
Dusun Malang
[duq] 6b* (Threatened). 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan.
Dusun Witu
[duw] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (2003).
Duvle
[duv] 6b* (Threatened). 930 (2000).
Edopi
[dbf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (2012 SIL).
Elseng
[mrf] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Foley 2018b).
Emem
[enr] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals.
Enggano
[eno] 6b (Threatened). 870 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,700 (2010 census).
Enrekang
[ptt] 6b (Threatened). 94,500 (2010 census).
Eritai
[ert] 6b* (Threatened). 530 (2000).
Erokwanas
[erw] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2000).
Fayu
[fau] 6b (Threatened). 1,400 (2012 SIL).
Fordata
[frd] 6b* (Threatened). 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000).
Galolen
[gal] 6b (Threatened). 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL).
Gamkonora
[gak] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).
Gane
[gzn] 6b* (Threatened). 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur).
Gayo
[gay] 6b (Threatened). 275,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 335,000 (2010 census).
Gebe
[gei] 6b (Threatened). 2,650 (2000).
Gorontalo
[gor] 6b (Threatened). 505,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Hamap
[hmu] 6b (Threatened). 900.
Helong
[heg] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Ethnic population: 18,000 (2015 S. Cameron).
Hitu
[htu] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 (1987 SIL).
Hovongan
[hov] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1991 NTM).
Huaulu
[hud] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1987 SIL).
Hupla
[hap] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1982 WT).
Ile Ape
[ila] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2008 census).
Ili’uun
[ilu] 6b* (Threatened). 1,400 (1990 SIL).
Irarutu
[irh] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1987 SIL).
Isirawa
[srl] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (Wurm 2000).
Itik
[itx] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200.
Jofotek-Bromnya
[jbr] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals.
Kaburi
[uka] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1986 SIL).
Kafoa
[kpu] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1981).
Kaiy
[tcq] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (Wurm 2000).
Kamang
[woi] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (Schapper 2014).
Kamaru
[kgx] 6b (Threatened). 2,330 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,700 (2019 SIL).
Kanum, Ngkâlmpw
[kcd] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Evans et al 2018).
Kanum, Smärky
[kxq] 6b (Threatened). 170 (Evans et al 2018).
Kapauri
[khp] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2006 SIL).
Karey
[kyd] 6b* (Threatened). 610 (2011 SIL).
Kawe
[kgb] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Remijsen 2001).
Kayagar
[kyt] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing.
Kayan Mahakam
[xay] 6b* (Threatened). 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kayan, Busang
[bfg] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kayan, Kayan River
[xkn] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kayan, Mendalam
[xkd] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kayan, Wahau
[whu] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kehu
[khh] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007 SIL).
Kelabit
[kzi] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000).
Kemberano
[bzp] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1987 SIL).
Kenyah, Mainstream
[xkl] 6b* (Threatened). 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all count
Kenyah, Wahau
[whk] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all coun
Kepo’
[kuk] 6b* (Threatened). 6,000 (2010).
Kereho
[xke] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2003).
Kerinci
[kvr] 6b* (Threatened). 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 285,000.
Ketum
[ktt] 6b* (Threatened). 900 (2003 SIL).
Kimaghima
[kig] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).
Kimki
[sbt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2004 SIL).
Kioko
[ues] 6b (Threatened). 5,970 (2010 census). 4,200 Kambowa dialect, 1,770 Kioko dialect. No monolinguals (2019).
Klon
[kyo] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (2008 L. Baird).
Koba
[kpd] 6b* (Threatened). 870 (2011 SIL).
Kodeoha
[vko] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Mead 1999).
Kohin
[kkx] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 (2003).
Kokoda
[xod] 6b* (Threatened). 3,700 (1991 SIL).
Kombai
[tyn] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1991 SIL).
Komodo
[kvh] 6b (Threatened). 1,730 (2015 F. Hurd).
Kompane
[kvp] 6b (Threatened). 330 (1995 SIL).
Komyandaret
[kzv] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (2000 SIL).
Konda
[knd] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1988 SIL).
Koneq-koneq
[cml] 6b (Threatened). 2,830 (2010 census), decreasing.
Konjo, Coastal
[kjc] 6b (Threatened). 167,000 (2010 census).
Konjo, Highland
[kjk] 6b (Threatened). 68,500 (2010 census).
Kopkaka
[opk] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals.
Kowiai
[kwh] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2000 SIL).
Kubu
[kvb] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 15,000 (Persoon 1989).
Kui
[kvd] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018). Ethnic population: 830 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2
Kumbewaha
[xks] 6b (Threatened). 1,010 (2010 census), decreasing.
Kur
[kuv] 6b* (Threatened). 3,180 (2000).
Kurudu
[kjr] 6b (Threatened). 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot).
Kwer
[kwr] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1998 M. Donohue).
Kwerba
[kwe] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (1996 SIL).
Kwinsu
[kuc] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2007).
Laba
[lau] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1991 SIL).
Laiyolo
[lji] 6b (Threatened). 290 (2010 census). 60 Laiyolo, 230 Barang-Barang.
Larike-Wakasihu
[alo] 6b (Threatened). 12,600 (1987 SIL).
Lasalimu
[llm] 6b (Threatened). 1,150 (2010 census).
Lauje
[law] 6b (Threatened). 49,800 (2010 census). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001).
Lepki
[lpe] 6b* (Threatened). 530 (1991 SIL).
Liana-Seti
[ste] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1989 SIL).
Lik
[eip] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).
Limola
[ley] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 W. McConvell). Ethnic population: 2,0
Lisabata-Nuniali
[lcs] 6b* (Threatened). 1,830 (1982).
Lola
[lcd] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2011 SIL).
Luhu
[lcq] 6b* (Threatened). 6,500 (Collins 1983).
Ma’anyan
[mhy] 6b* (Threatened). 150,000 (2003).
Ma’ya
[slz] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (Remijsen 2001).
Maiwa
[wmm] 6b (Threatened). 31,500 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 0 (2019). Ethnic population: 52,800 (2018).
Makasar
[mak] 6b (Threatened). 2,110,000, all users. L1 users: 1,710,000 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 400,000.
Makian, East
[mky] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL).
Maklew
[mgf] 6b (Threatened). 120.
Malay, Balinese
[mhp] 6b* (Threatened). 25,000 (2000 census).
Malay, Larantuka
[lrt] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000 (2007).
Malimpung
[mli] 6b (Threatened). 3,090 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 9,400 (2018).
Mamuju
[mqx] 6b (Threatened). 62,900 (2010 census).
Mandobo Bawah
[bwp] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000 (2002 SIL).
Manem
[jet] 6b* (Threatened). 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL).
Manipa
[mqp] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981).
Marau
[mvr] 6b* (Threatened). 1,700 (1987 SIL).
Marind
[mrz] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (1987 SIL).
Masiwang
[bnf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1989 SIL).
Matbat
[xmt] 6b (Threatened). 1,250 (Remijsen 2001).
Mawes
[mgk] 6b (Threatened). 850 (2006 SIL).
Meoswar
[mvx] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).
Mer
[mnu] 6b (Threatened). 85 (2000).
Modole
[mqo] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1983 SIL).
Molof
[msl] 6b* (Threatened). 230 (2005 SIL).
Momina
[mmb] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).
Momuna
[mqf] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm 2000).
Mongondow
[mog] 6b (Threatened). 117,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Ethnic population: 230,000 (20
Moraid
[msg] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1988 SIL).
Mori Atas
[mzq] 6b* (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).
Mori Bawah
[xmz] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).
Moronene
[mqn] 6b (Threatened). 26,300 (2010 census), decreasing. 1,850 monolinguals.
Mpur
[akc] 6b* (Threatened). 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot).
Muna
[mnb] 6b (Threatened). 266,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Munggui
[mth] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (1982 SIL).
Murut, Selungai
[slg] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 1,240.
Murut, Sembakung
[sbr] 6b* (Threatened). 3,180 in Indonesia (2000).
Murut, Tagal
[mvv] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 in Indonesia.
Nakai
[nkj] 6b* (Threatened). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).
Ndom
[nqm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,200 (2002 SIL).
Nedebang
[nec] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500.
Ninggerum
[nxr] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 in Indonesia.
Nipsan
[nps] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot).
Nisa
[njs] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1987 SIL).
Nuaulu, North
[nni] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (1990 SIL).
Nuaulu, South
[nxl] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1995 SIL).
Obokuitai
[afz] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000).
Onin
[oni] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm 2000).
Orya
[ury] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistr
Padoe
[pdo] 6b (Threatened). 3,100 (2010 census).
Palu’e
[ple] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Pamona
[pmf] 6b (Threatened). 77,900 (2010 census).
Pannei
[pnc] 6b (Threatened). 24,400 (2010 census).
Papasena
[pas] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (1982 SIL).
Papuma
[ppm] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1982 SIL).
Pendau
[ums] 6b (Threatened). 1,820 (2010 census).
Perai
[wet] 6b (Threatened). 280 (Hinton 2000).
Pom
[pmo] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (1987 SIL).
Punan Aput
[pud] 6b (Threatened). 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Punan Merah
[puf] 6b (Threatened). 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Punan Merap
[puc] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Punan Tubu
[puj] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Puragi
[pru] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1991 SIL).
Putoh
[put] 6b* (Threatened). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Rampi
[lje] 6b (Threatened). 7,500 (2010 census).
Rasawa
[rac] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1987 SIL).
Reta
[ret] 6b (Threatened). 800.
Riantana
[ran] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).
Roma
[rmm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,700 (1991 SIL).
Roon
[rnn] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot).
Sa’ban
[snv] 6b (Threatened). 850 in Indonesia (2000).
Saleman
[sau] 6b* (Threatened). 4,800 (1989 SIL).
Saluan
[loe] 6b (Threatened). 51,900 (2010 census).
Samarokena
[tmj] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1982 SIL).
Sarudu
[sdu] 6b (Threatened). 2,550 (2010 census).
Sauri
[srt] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).
Sause
[sao] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (Wurm 2000).
Sawai
[szw] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.
Saweru
[swr] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1991 SIL).
Sawila
[swt] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Grimes et al 1997).
Segai
[sge] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Seit-Kaitetu
[hik] 6b* (Threatened). 10,200 (1987 SIL).
Sekak
[lce] 6b (Threatened). 420 (2000), decreasing.
Sekar
[skz] 6b (Threatened). 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).
Seko Tengah
[sko] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987).
Selaru
[slu] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 (2001 SIL).
Seluwasan
[sws] 6b (Threatened). 2,840 (2005). 740 Makatian, 2,100 Seluwasan.
Sempan
[xse] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).
Sepa
[spb] 6b* (Threatened). 2,600 (1989 SIL).
Sikule
[skh] 6b (Threatened). 19,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,700 (2010 census).
Sowanda
[sow] 6b* (Threatened). 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL).
Suabo
[szp] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (de Vries 2004).
Taikat
[aos] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (Wurm 2000).
Talondo’
[tln] 6b (Threatened). 320 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tanahmerah
[tcm] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1978 SIL).
Tangko
[tkx] 6b (Threatened). 100 (2000 SIL).
Tefaro
[tfo] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).
Tehit
[kps] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals.
Teor
[tev] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (1986 SIL).
Tereweng
[twg] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (Grimes et al 1997).
Ternate
[tft] 6b* (Threatened). 62,000, all users. L1 users: 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000.
Tolaki
[lbw] 6b (Threatened). 238,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tombelala
[ttp] 6b (Threatened). 2,240 (2010 census).
Tomini
[txm] 6b* (Threatened). 19,700 (2010 census).
Tonsea
[txs] 6b (Threatened). 670 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tontemboan
[tnt] 6b (Threatened). 14,900 (2010 census).
Tsaukambo
[kvz] 6b* (Threatened). 780 (2000 SIL).
Tugutil
[tuj] 6b* (Threatened). 2,590 (2000).
Tunggare
[trt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1993 R. Doriot).
 Tunjung
[tjg] 6b* (Threatened). 50,000 (Nikolic´ 2008).
Ulumanda’
[ulm] 6b (Threatened). 31,600 (2010 census).
Uma’ Lasan
[xky] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005).
Uma’ Lung
[ulu] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing.
Uruangnirin
[urn] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1983 SIL).
Wae Rana
[wrx] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (2010).
Waioli
[wli] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).
Wambon
[wms] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).
Wamesa
[wad] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot).
Wanggom
[wng] 6b* (Threatened). 1,180 (2002 SIL).
Wano
[wno] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2011), decreasing. L2 users: 0. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000.
Waris
[wrs] 6b (Threatened). 500 in Indonesia (2008 SIL).
Waritai
[wbe] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).
Warkay-Bipim
[bgv] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).
Waru
[wru] 6b (Threatened). 350 (Mead 1999).
Wawonii
[wow] 6b (Threatened). 27,600 (2010 census), decreasing. 19,500 Wawonii, 8,100 Menui.
Woi
[wbw] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki).
Wolio
[wlo] 6b (Threatened). 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does not include those in other province
Yahadian
[ner] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1991 SIL).
Yaqay
[jaq] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (1987 SIL).
Yoke
[yki] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).
7 (Shifting)
Ambel
[wgo] 7 (Shifting). 1,600 (Arnold 2018).
Andio
[bzb] 7 (Shifting). 335 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals.
Anus
[auq] 7 (Shifting). 320 (2005 SIL).
Asmat, Yaosakor
[asy] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1991 SIL).
Bahonsuai
[bsu] 7 (Shifting). 780 (2010 census).
Balaesang
[bls] 7 (Shifting). 3,300 (2010 census).
Banda
[bnd] 7 (Shifting). 3,000 (1987 SIL).
Banggai
[bgz] 7 (Shifting). 88,300 (2010 census), decreasing.
Batui
[zbt] 7 (Shifting). 850 (2010 census), decreasing.
Bedoanas
[bed] 7 (Shifting). 180 (Wurm 2000).
Beneraf
[bnv] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals.
Bintauna
[bne] 7 (Shifting). 2,800 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).
Burate
[bti] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).
Buruwai
[asi] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (2000).
Busoa
[bup] 7 (Shifting). 670 (2010 census), decreasing.
Dabe
[dbe] 7 (Shifting). 440 (2005 SIL).
Dakka
[dkk] 7 (Shifting). 1,140 (2010 census), decreasing.
Dampelas
[dms] 7 (Shifting). 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing.
Dawera-Daweloor
[ddw] 7 (Shifting). 1,270 (2007 SIL).
Demisa
[dei] 7 (Shifting). 400 (Wurm 2000).
Dla
[kbv] 7 (Shifting). 300 in Indonesia (de Sousa 2006). 240 Dla, 60 Menggwa Dla in Indonesia. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (
Doutai
[tds] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot).
Fedan
[pdn] 7 (Shifting). 280 (2005 SIL).
Gorap
[goq] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1992 SIL).
Imroing
[imr] 7 (Shifting). 560 (2007 SIL).
Indonesian, Peranakan
[pea] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Kadai
[kzd] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).
Kaidipang
[kzp] 7 (Shifting). 6,660 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).
Kais
[kzm] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).
Kalao
[kly] 7 (Shifting). 22 (2010 census).
Kamberau
[irx] 7 (Shifting). 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot).
Kemtuik
[kmt] 7 (Shifting). 2,500 (1987 SIL).
Kofei
[kpi] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).
Koneraw
[kdw] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (2001 SIL).
Koroni
[xkq] 7 (Shifting). 980 (2010 census).
Kuri
[nbn] 7 (Shifting). 500 (1982 SIL).
Kwesten
[kwt] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1987 SIL).
Latu
[ltu] 7 (Shifting). 2,130 (1982 SIL).
Lengilu
[lgi] 7 (Shifting). 900 (2022 R. Saupia). Lengilu speakers are ethnically Lundayeh [lnd] (2022 R. Saupia).
Leti
[lti] 7 (Shifting). 7,710 (2017 R. Saupia).
Lisela
[lcl] 7 (Shifting). 11,900 (1989 SIL).
Marind, Bian
[bpv] 7 (Shifting). 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).
Masela, West
[mss] 7 (Shifting). 850 (2007 SIL).
Mo
[wkd] 7 (Shifting). 550 (2005 SIL).
Moi Kelim
[mxn] 7 (Shifting). 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot).
Moi Lemas
[sbg] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (1988 SIL).
Mor
[mhz] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1987 SIL).
Oirata
[oia] 7 (Shifting). 1,220 (1987 SIL).
Ormu
[orz] 7 (Shifting). 500 (Wurm 2000).
Pagu
[pgu] 7 (Shifting). 3,310 (2000).
Rahambuu
[raz] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2010 census).
Salawati
[xmx] 7 (Shifting). Unknown number. Total population of the villages where Salawati is spoken: 3,391. However, yo
Semimi
[etz] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1991 SIL).
Serui-Laut
[seu] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (1987 SIL).
Sobei
[sob] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon).
Suwawa
[swu] 7 (Shifting). 7,590 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).
Tajio
[tdj] 7 (Shifting). 6,100 (2010 census).
Tombulu
[tom] 7 (Shifting). 19,000 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tonsawang
[tnw] 7 (Shifting). 21,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals.
Totoli
[txe] 7 (Shifting). 10,800 (2010 census).
Tulehu
[tlu] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 (Musgrave 2010).
Ujir
[udj] 7 (Shifting). 1,030 (2011 SIL).
Vitou
[vto] 7 (Shifting). 630 (2007).
Wabo
[wbb] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (1987 SIL).
Warembori
[wsa] 7 (Shifting). 620, all users. L1 users: 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20.
Wares
[wai] 7 (Shifting). 200 (1993 R. Doriot).
Waropen
[wrp] 7 (Shifting). 6,000 (1987 SIL).
Wauyai
[wuy] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Remijsen 2001).
Wotu
[wtw] 7 (Shifting). 250 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009).
Yalahatan
[jal] 7 (Shifting). 1,700 (2004 SIL), decreasing.
Yaur
[jau] 7 (Shifting). 350 (1978 SIL).
Yei
[jei] 7 (Shifting). 1,280 (Evans et al 2018).
Yeresiam
[ire] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).
Yeretuar
[gop] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).
Zorop
 [wfg] 7 (Shifting). 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.
8a (Moribund)
Awyi
[auw] 8a (Moribund). 350 (Wurm 2000).
Bantik
[bnq] 8a (Moribund). 1,200 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2019).
Baras
[brs] 8a (Moribund). 64 (2010 census).
Benggoi
[bgy] 8a (Moribund). 350 (1989 SIL).
Bonggo
[bpg] 8a (Moribund). 790 (2006 SIL).
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] 8a (Moribund). 640,000 in Indonesia (1982).
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] 8a (Moribund). 766,000 in Indonesia (2015).
Chinese, Yue
[yue] 8a (Moribund). 182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc).
Dineor
[mrx] 8a (Moribund). 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing.
Gresi
[grs] 8a (Moribund). 2,500 (1987 SIL).
Haruku
[hrk] 8a (Moribund). 18,200 (1989 SIL).
Kao
[kax] 8a (Moribund). 400 (2000).
Kaptiau
[kbi] 8a (Moribund). 230 (2006 SIL).
Karas
[kgv] 8a (Moribund). 240 (1983 SIL).
Kaure
[bpp] 8a (Moribund). 450 (1995 SIL).
Kayupulau
[kzu] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007).
Keijar
[kdy] 8a (Moribund). 370 (2005 SIL).
Kembra
[xkw] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50.
Liabuku
[lix] 8a (Moribund). 160 (2019 SIL), decreasing.
Liki
[lio] 8a (Moribund). 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320.
Masela, Central
[mxz] 8a (Moribund). 510 (1980 N. de Jonge).
Masela, East
[vme] 8a (Moribund). 520 (1980 N. de Jonge).
Mekwei
[msf] 8a (Moribund). 1,200 (1987 SIL).
 Mombum
[mso] 8a (Moribund). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).
Mor
[moq] 8a (Moribund). 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström).
Nafri
[nxx] 8a (Moribund). 1,630 (1975 SIL).
Nimboran
[nir] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL).
Paku
[pku] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Diedrich 2018), decreasing.
Saparua
[spr] 8a (Moribund). 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha.
Sawi
[saw] 8a (Moribund). 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot).
Serili
[sve] 8a (Moribund). 330 (1980 N. de Jonge).
Sowari
[dmy] 8a (Moribund). 1,300 (2000), decreasing.
Sunum
[ymn] 8a (Moribund). 560 (2005 SIL).
Tabla
[tnm] 8a (Moribund). 3,750 (1990 UBS).
Taloki
[tlk] 8a (Moribund). 310 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tarpia
[tpf] 8a (Moribund). 630 (2006 SIL).
Tebi
[dmu] 8a (Moribund). 220 (2005 SIL).
Tomadino
[tdi] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2010 census).
Tondano
[tdn] 8a (Moribund). 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 T. Brickell).
Topoiyo
[toy] 8a (Moribund). 440 (2010 census), decreasing.
Towei
[ttn] 8a (Moribund). 120 (1975 SIL).
Usku
[ulf] 8a (Moribund). 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals.
Viid
[snu] 8a (Moribund). 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.
Yarsun
[yrs] 8a (Moribund). 200 (1991 SIL).
Yelmek
[jel] 8a (Moribund). 400 (1978 SIL).
8b (Nearly extinct)
Amahai
[amq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Wurm 2007).
Aputai
 [apx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 150 (Hinton 2000).
As
[asz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (Arnold 2020). Also 2 semi-speakers (Arnold 2020). Ethnic population: 45 (Arnold 2020).
Burumakok
[aip] 8b (Nearly extinct). 40 (1994 R. Kroneman).
Chinese, Min Dong
[cdo] 8b (Nearly extinct). Few speakers.
Emplawas
[emw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 250 (2007 SIL).
Ibu
[ibu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now p
Kaibobo
[kzb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 500 (Collins 1983).
Kanum, Bädi
[khd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Evans et al 2018).
Kwerisa
[kkb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130.
Lolak
[llq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017), decreasing. No monolinguals (2017). Ethnic population: 3
Malay, Bacanese
[btj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2012 SIL).
Mander
[mqr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (1991 SIL).
Masimasi
[ism] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2005 SIL).
Massep
[mvs] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85.
Mlap
[kja] 8b (Nearly extinct). 300 (Wurm 2000).
Morori
[mok] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Only a handful of Marori speakers left in 2012 (Evans et al 2018).
Namla
[naa] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (2005 SIL).
Paulohi
[plh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1982). Very few left (Wurm 2007).
Petjo
[pey] 8b (Nearly extinct). There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).
Ratahan
[rth] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1,340 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989).
Salas
[sgu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1989 SIL).
Taje
[pee] 8b (Nearly extinct). 370 (2010 census), decreasing.
Tobati
[tti] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 (Wurm 2007).
Woria
[wor] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2000 R. Doriot).
9 (Dormant)
 Awera
[awr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2022 S. Kim). Only 1 speaker remained in 2007.
Dusner
[dsn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2007).
Javindo
[jvd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers at beg
Kamarian
[kzx] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL). Ethnic populatio
Kayeli
[kzl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Leliali dialect died in 1989, and last speaker of Lumaete di
Nusa Laut
[nul] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1990s (1989 SIL). Ethnic popula
Ponosakan
[pns] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 3 or 4 semi-speakers (2019 J. Lobel).
Tandia
[tni] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1991 SIL).
10 (Extinct)
Duriankere
[dbn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers (de Vries 2004). Last fluent speaker likely died in the 1990s.
Hoti
[hti] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL).
Hukumina
[huw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1989 SIL).
Hulung
[huk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last know speakers survived into the early years of the 2000s (Wurm 200
Loun
[lox] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the late 1980s (Collins 1983).
Mapia
[mpy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: The ethnic grou
Moksela
[vms] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974.
Naka’ela
[nae] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1985 SIL).
Nila
[nil] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van E
Saponi
[spi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Wurm 20
Serua
[srw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van
Tambora
[xxt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.
Te’un
[tve] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van E
Ternateño
[tmg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died sometime in the mid-20th century.
Unestablished
Arabic, Levantine
[apc] Unestablished. 283,000 in Indonesia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
 Dutch
[nld] Unestablished. 17,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
English
[eng] Unestablished. 34,000 in Indonesia (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
French
[fra] Unestablished. 5,800 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
German, Standard
[deu] Unestablished. 5,700 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
Hindi
[hin] Unestablished. 94,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
Japanese
[jpn] Unestablished. 14,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
Korean
[kor] Unestablished. 22,800 in Indonesia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality.
Rohingya
[rhg] Unestablished. 1,000 in Indonesia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality.
Tagalog
[tgl] Unestablished. 86,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile

Full explanation

This graph shows the profile of languages in Indonesia with respect to their level of language vitality. Each individua

The vitality levels and the color coding of the bars match the scheme used in the guide on How many languages are

Dark green = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustai
Light green = Stable (EGIDS 5-6a) — The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but It is still the n
Red = Endangered (EGIDS 6b-9) — It is no longer the norm that children learn and use this language.
 These three summary levels have been derived by grouping levels in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disrup

Language Status Profile

Full explanation

This graph shows the profile of languages in Indonesia with respect to their status of language development versus

The color coding of the bars matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps

Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained
Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) — The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used
Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) — The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations.
Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) — Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the chil
Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) — The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to rest
Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) — The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic
et al 2009, Grimes 1994, Grimes 1995, Grimes et al 1997, Himmelmann 2001, Hudson 1978, Martens 1989, Noorduyn 1991, Ross 2005, Wu

ving and 14 are extinct. Of the living languages, 704 are indigenous and 6 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 17 are institutional, 82 are de

0,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 42,800,000 (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 199,113,300 (as L1: 4

entral Kalimantan. LWC in the 17th century under Dutch colonial rule. Used in daily communication. 100,000 (2003).

the 17th century under Dutch colonial rule. Used in trade, fishing, farming, plantations, transportation, and mining. 3,650,000 in Indonesi

ch rule. Used in literature (especially oral), folklore, and natural resources and agriculture development. 4,370,000 in Indonesia, all users.

users: 1,880,000 (2000). Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

in the 18th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade and government work. 215,000 (2010 census), increasing.

olonial era. Used in trade, agriculture, fishing, hunting, and church. 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 331,700.

lonial expansion. Used in textiles, literature, trade, and fishing. 268,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 180,000 in Indonesia (2010). L2 us
 irst used as trade language. Used in market domain and media. 1,600,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Co

for interethnic communication in the region and in mixed marriages. 350,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2015 C. Grimes). L2 users: 150,0

ortant, growing lingua franca in much of Sulawesi . 3,320,000, all users . L 1 users : 1,820,000 (2010 census ), increasing . L 2 users : 1,500,000 (2

m of communication, trade language. 1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 700,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). 100,000 monol

tablished further as an LWC by Dutch colonial language policies in early 20th century. Now LWC throughout Papua and West Papua, used

mmunication by 5 other language groups in the area (2020 S. Anonby). 499,000 (2010 census).

century. Seven people groups use Musi as L1. Used in farming, petroleum refineries, tourism, trade, and music. 3,105,000 in Indonesia (2

. Used in trade, church, and education. 890,000 (2003).

va. 68,200,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 95,200,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 68,278,400.

10th century. Lingua franca of the Sulu sultanate at the beginning of the 15th century. Tausug people now the dominant group in the Sulu

Timor (UBB-GMIT)).

sers: 1,000 (2015 R. Busenitz). 1,500 monolinguals (2015 R. Busenitz).

igrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands. Ethnic population: 3,950,000 (2011 census).
i, and 4,000 Sopi.

population: 1,500.

earing. L2 users: 1,000 (Marsaja 2008).

tion: 7,180,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,790,900.

countries: 165,000.
000 (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 36,700,000 (2011 census).

nd, East Nusa Tenggara province. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011).

onolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300.

Wurm 2007).
opulation all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Total users in all countries: 15,600.

17,500 (Anderbeck 2007).

f signers (assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the total population).

5,000 on Kayoa Islands.

ndonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 4

00 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai.

, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk.
users: 20,000.

2018 O. Edwards).
0,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,370,000 (2010 census).

s 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 4
vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Ethnic population: 6,800,000 (2011 census).
00 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals.
nguals. Total users in all countries: 52,000.

nguals. Total users in all countries: 9,000.

ect. No monolinguals (2019).

(Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018).

onvell). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2019 W. McConvell).

population: 52,800 (2018).

asing. L2 users: 400,000.

yoa (1983 SIL).

Ethnic population: 230,000 (2019 J. Lobel).
bdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. No monolinguals.
2 users: 20,000.
ic population: 1,000.

nclude those in other provinces.

nesia. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (de Sousa 2006). Total users in all countries: 1,200.
2022 R. Saupia).
s spoken: 3,391. However, younger generations in at least some of the villages are no longer acquiring the language, and there are large n
m 2007). Few monolinguals.
population: 45 (Arnold 2020).

elderly speakers but it is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984).

ls (2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017).

eft in 2012 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue).

 0s (Wurm 2007).

n a very few L1 speakers at beginning of 20th century (Wurm 2007).

0s (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1987 SIL).

and last speaker of Lumaete dialect died in the 1990s.

1990s (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL).

s (1991 SIL).

ed in the 1990s.

1990s (1989 SIL).

years of the 2000s (Wurm 2007).

0s (Collins 1983).

c population: The ethnic group emigrated from Micronesia in the early 20th century.

0s (1985 SIL).

on Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

decade of the 2000s (Wurm 2000).

bon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

Mount Tambora.

bon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

sed on nationality.

nguage vitality. Each individual language that has an entry for Indonesia is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estim

e on How many languages are endangered? In this scheme, the levels and colors are as follows:

point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
institutions, but It is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language.
use this language.
raded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which is the more fine-grained scale that Ethnologue uses to assess the status of every la

anguage development versus language endangerment. Each individual language that has an entry for Indonesia is included in the profile.

raphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:

t that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable.
e among all generations.
s of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transm
ing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need t
o one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.
Noorduyn 1991, Ross 2005, Wumbu et al 1986, Wurm and Hattori 1981

17 are institutional, 82 are developing, 170 are vigorous, 361 are in trouble, and 80 are dying. Also listed are 10 unestablished languages.

ountries: 199,113,300 (as L1: 43,666,200; as L2: 155,447,100).

mining. 3,650,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,655,000.

70,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 3,870,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 4,3

ers in all countries: 331,700.

000 in Indonesia (2010). L2 users: 88,000. Total users in all countries: 313,000 (as L1: 225,000; as L2: 88,000).
00,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,650,900 (as L1: 250,900; as L2: 1,

015 C. Grimes). L2 users: 150,000 (2015 C. Grimes).

creasing . L 2 users : 1,500,000 (2013 D . Mead ).

01 R. Whisler). 100,000 monolinguals.

Papua and West Papua, used for trade and daily communication. 1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 2000), increa

usic. 3,105,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 3,116,000.

untries: 68,278,400.

he dominant group in the Sulu archipelago. Used in all domains by all generations. 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
an, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang).
o, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori
anguage, and there are large numbers of speakers of other languages living in some of these villages (Arnold 2020).
ontal axis represents the estimated level of vitality. The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at th
to assess the status of every language in terms of development versus endangerment; see the Language Status page for a description of th

esia is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of development or endangerment as measured on the EG

on efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home.

utside the home would need to be developed.
e 10 unestablished languages.

Total users in all countries: 4,398,800 (as L1: 3,898,800; as L2: 500,000).
0,900 (as L1: 250,900; as L2: 1,400,000).

: 500,000 (Clouse 2000), increasing.

m and Hattori 1981).

mbas and Ketapang).
Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verheijen 1986).
s that are estimated to be at the given level.
tus page for a description of the levels of that scale. See also the pages on Development and Endangerment for more discussion.

erment as measured on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) The height of each b
for more discussion.

anation.) The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level. Consult the Status listings f
el. Consult the Status listings for Indonesia in order to see the specific languages for each level.
 Main Place
No
Region Sub-Region Province
1 Papua Eastern Papua
2 NT Eastern NTT
3 Papua Western PBD
4 Sumatra Northern Aceh
5 NT Eastern NTT
6 NT Eastern NTT
7 Papua Eastern Papua Selatan
8 Papua Eastern Papua
9 NT Eastern NTT
10 Maluku Southern Maluku
11 Maluku Southern Maluku
12 NT Eastern NTT
13 Papua Eastern Papua
14 Papua Western PBD
15 Maluku Southern Maluku
16 Kalimantan Eastern Kaltim
17 NT Eastern NTT
18 Papua Eastern Papua
19 Sulawesi Central Sulteng
20 Papua Eastern Papua
21 Papua Eastern Papua
22 Kalimantan Eastern Kaltim
23 x x x
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42 x x x
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 90 x x x
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138 x x x
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186 x x x
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234 x x x
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330 x x x
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734 x x x
 Main Place
Specific
Distrik Mamberamo Hulu, Kab Mamberamo Raya
Kec Alor Barat Daya, Kab Alor
Ayamaru, Maybrat; Moraid, Tambrauw; Sausapor, Tambrauw
-
Kec Alor Barat Laut, Kab Alor
Adonara Tengah, Flores Timur; Adonara Timur, Flores Timur; Solor Timur, Flores Timur
Distrik Jair, Kab Boven Digoel
Mamberamo Hilir, Mamberamo Raya; Pantai Barat, Sarmi
Kec Pantar, Kab Alor
Kairatu, Seram Bagian Barat; Taniwel, Seram Bagian Barat
Masohi, Maluku Tengah; Amahat, Maluku Tengah
Kec Amarasi, Kab Kupang
Yapen Selatan, Kepulauan Yapen; Yapen Timur, Kepulauan Yapen
Distrik Waigeo Selatan, Kab Raja Ampat
Waesama, Buru Selatan; Ambalau, Buru Selatan
Kec Bongan, Kab Kutai Barat
Kec Katiku Tana Selatan, Kab Sumba Tengah
Distrik Sawai, Kab Mamberamo Raya
Kec Lamala, Kab Banggai
Kec Yapen Barat, Kab Kepulauan Yapen
Kec Bonggo, Kab Sarmi
Kec Long Apari, Kab Mahakam Ulu
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 Language
Other Place
Family/Group Name ISO 639
- Papuan languages Abinomn bsa bsa
- Trans-New Guinea Abui abz abz
- Papuan languages Abun kgr kgr
Kab Tapanuli Tengah, Sumut Austronesian Aceh ace ace
- Trans-New Guinea Adang adn adn
- Austronesian Adonara adr adr
- Trans-New Guinea Aghu ahh ahh
- Tor-Kwerba Airoran air air
- Austronesian Alor aol aol
- Austronesian Alune alp alp
- Austronesian Amahai amq amq
- Austronesian Amarasi aaz aaz
- Austronesian Ambai amk amk
- Austronesian Ambel wgo wgo
- Austronesian Ambelau amv amv
- Austronesian Ampanang apg apg
- Austronesian Anakalangu akg akg
- East Geelvink Bay Anasi bpo bpo
- Austronesian Andio bzb bzb
- Austronesian Ansus and and
- Austronesian Anus auq auq
Kab Murung Raya, Kalteng Austronesian Aoheng pni pni
- x Aputai apx apx
- x Arabic, Levantine apc apc
- x Aralle-Tabulahan atq atq
- x Arandai jbj jbj
- x Arguni agf agf
- x As asz asz
- x Asilulu asl asl
- x Asmat, Casuarina Coast asc asc
- x Asmat, Central cns cns
- x Asmat, North nks nks
- x Asmat, Yaosakor asy asy
- x Atohwaim aqm aqm
- x Auye auu auu
- x Awbono awh awh
- x Awera awr awr
- x Awyi auw auw
- x Awyu, Asue psa psa
- x Awyu, Central awu awu
- x Awyu, Edera awy awy
- x Awyu, Jair awv awv
- x Awyu, North yir yir
- x Awyu, South aws aws
- x Babar, North bcd bcd
- x Babar, Southeast vbb vbb
- x Bada bhz bhz
- x Badui bac bac
- x Bagusa bqb bqb
- x Baham bdw bdw
- x Bahau bhv bhv
- x Bahonsuai bsu bsu
- x Bajau, Indonesian bdl bdl
- x Bakati’ bei bei
- x Bakati’, Rara lra lra
- x Bakati’, Sara sre sre
- x Bakumpai bkr bkr
- x Balaesang bls bls
- x Balantak blz blz
- x Bali ban ban
- x Bambam ptu ptu
- x Banda bnd bnd
- x Banggai bgz bgz
- x Bangka mfb mfb
- x Banjar bjn bjn
- x Bantik bnq bnq
- x Barakai baj baj
- x Barapasi brp brp
- x Baras brs brs
- x Basap bdb bdb
- x Batak Alas-Kluet btz btz
- x Batak Angkola akb akb
- x Batak Dairi btd btd
- x Batak Karo btx btx
- x Batak Mandailing btm btm
- x Batak Simalungun bts bts
- x Batak Toba bbc bbc
- x Bati bvt bvt
- x Batui zbt zbt
- x Batuley bay bay
- x Bauzi bvz bvz
- x Bayono byl byl
- x Bedoanas bed bed
- x Beginci ebc ebc
- x Behoa bep bep
- x Beneraf bnv bnv
- x Benggoi bgy bgy
- x Bentong bnu bnu
- x Benyadu’ byd byd
- x Berik bkl bkl
- x Betaf bfe bfe
- x Betawi bew bew
- x Biak bhw bhw
- x Bidayuh, Bau sne sne
- x Bidayuh, Biatah bth bth
- x Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong sdo sdo
- x Biga bhc bhc
- x Bilba bpz bpz
- x Bima bhp bhp
- x Bintauna bne bne
- x Biritai bqq bqq
- x Blagar beu beu
- x Boano bzl bzl
- x Boano bzn bzn
- x Bobongko bgb bgb
- x Bobot bty bty
- x Bolango bld bld
- x Bonerate bna bna
- x Bonggo bpg bpg
- x Budong-Budong bdx bdx
- x Bugis bug bug
- x Bukat bvk bvk
- x Bukitan bkn bkn
- x Buli bzq bzq
- x Bulungan blj blj
- x Bunak bfn bfn
- x Bungku bkz bkz
- x Buol blf blf
- x Burate bti bti
- x Burmeso bzu bzu
- x Buru mhs mhs
- x Burumakok aip aip
- x Burusu bqr bqr
- x Buruwai asi asi
- x Busami bsm bsm
- x Busoa bup bup
- x Chinese, Hakka hak hak
- x Chinese, Mandarin cmn cmn
- x Chinese, Min Dong cdo cdo
- x Chinese, Min Nan nan nan
- x Chinese, Yue yue yue
- x Cia-Cia cia cia
- x Citak txt txt
- x Citak, Tamnim tml tml
- x Col liw liw
- x Dabe dbe dbe
- x Dai dij dij
- x Dakka dkk dkk
- x Damal uhn uhn
- x Damar, East dmr dmr
- x Damar, West drn drn
- x Dampelas dms dms
- x Dani, Lower Grand Valley dni dni
- x Dani, Mid Grand Valley dnt dnt
- x Dani, Upper Grand Valley dna dna
- x Dani, Western dnw dnw
- x Dao daz daz
- x Dawera-Daweloor ddw ddw
- x Dela-Oenale row row
- x Dem dem dem
- x Demisa dei dei
- x Dengka dnk dnk
- x Dhao nfa nfa
- x Diebroud tbp tbp
- x Dineor mrx mrx
- x Diuwe diy diy
- x Dla kbv kbv
- x Dobel kvo kvo
- x Dondo dok dok
- x Doutai tds tds
- x Duano dup dup
- x Duri mvp mvp
- x Duriankere dbn dbn
- x Dusner dsn dsn
- x Dusun Deyah dun dun
- x Dusun Malang duq duq
- x Dusun Witu duw duw
- x Dutch nld nld
- x Duvle duv duv
- x Edopi dbf dbf
- x Ekari ekg ekg
- x Elseng mrf mrf
- x Embaloh emb emb
- x Emem enr enr
- x Emplawas emw emw
- x Ende end end
- x Enggano eno eno
- x English eng eng
- x Enrekang ptt ptt
- x Eritai ert ert
- x Erokwanas erw erw
- x Fayu fau fau
- x Fedan pdn pdn
- x Foau flh flh
- x Fordata frd frd
- x French fra fra
- x Galela gbi gbi
- x Galolen gal gal
- x Gamkonora gak gak
- x Gane gzn gzn
- x Gayo gay gay
- x Gebe gei gei
- x Gerai gef gef
- x German, Standard deu deu
- x Geser-Gorom ges ges
- x Gorap goq goq
- x Gorontalo gor gor
- x Gresi grs grs
- x Haji hji hji
- x Hamap hmu hmu
- x Haruku hrk hrk
- x Hatam had had
- x Hawu hvn hvn
- x Helong heg heg
- x Hindi hin hin
- x Hitu htu htu
- x Hoti hti hti
- x Hovongan hov hov
- x Huaulu hud hud
- x Hukumina huw huw
- x Hulung huk huk
- x Hupla hap hap
- x Iau tmu tmu
- x Iban iba iba
- x Ibu ibu ibu
- x Iha ihp ihp
- x Iha Based Pidgin ihb ihb
- x Ile Ape ila ila
- x Ili’uun ilu ilu
- x Imroing imr imr
- x Indonesian ind ind
- x Indonesian Sign Language inl inl
- x Indonesian, Makassar mfp mfp
- x Indonesian, Peranakan pea pea
- x Irarutu irh irh
- x Isirawa srl srl
- x Itik itx itx
- x Jangkang djo djo
- x Japanese jpn jpn
- x Javanese jav jav
- x Javindo jvd jvd
- x Jofotek-Bromnya jbr jbr
- x Kabola klz klz
- x Kaburi uka uka
- x Kadai kzd kzd
- x Kaera jka jka
- x Kafoa kpu kpu
- x Kaibobo kzb kzb
- x Kaidipang kzp kzp
- x Kaili, Da’a kzf kzf
- x Kaili, Ledo lew lew
- x Kaili, Unde unz unz
- x Kaimbulawa zka zka
- x Kais kzm kzm
- x Kaiy tcq tcq
- x Kalabra kzz kzz
- x Kalao kly kly
- x Kalumpang kli kli
- x Kamang woi woi
- x Kamarian kzx kzx
- x Kamaru kgx kgx
- x Kambera xbr xbr
- x Kamberau irx irx
- x Kamoro kgq kgq
- x Kangean kkv kkv
- x Kanum, Bädi khd khd
- x Kanum, Ngkâlmpw kcd kcd
- x Kanum, Smärky kxq kxq
- x Kanum, Sota krz krz
- x Kao kax kax
- x Kapauri khp khp
- x Kaptiau kbi kbi
- x Karas kgv kgv
- x Karey kyd kyd
- x Karon Dori kgw kgw
- x Kata Kolok bqy bqy
- x Kaur vkk vkk
- x Kaure bpp bpp
- x Kauwera xau xau
- x Kawe kgb kgb
- x Kayagar kyt kyt
- x Kayan Mahakam xay xay
- x Kayan, Busang bfg bfg
- x Kayan, Kayan River xkn xkn
- x Kayan, Mendalam xkd xkd
- x Kayan, Wahau whu whu
- x Kayeli kzl kzl
- x Kayupulau kzu kzu
- x Ke’o xxk xxk
- x Kedang ksx ksx
- x Kehu khh khh
- x Kei kei kei
- x Keijar kdy kdy
- x Kelabit kzi kzi
- x Kemak kem kem
- x Kemberano bzp bzp
- x Kembra xkw xkw
- x Kemtuik kmt kmt
- x Kendayan knx knx
- x Keninjal knl knl
- x Kenyah, Mainstream xkl xkl
- x Kenyah, Wahau whk whk
- x Kepo’ kuk kuk
- x Kereho xke xke
- x Kerinci kvr kvr
- x Ketengban xte xte
- x Ketum ktt ktt
- x Kimaghima kig kig
- x Kimki sbt sbt
- x Kioko ues ues
- x Kirikiri kiy kiy
- x Kisar kje kje
- x Klon kyo kyo
- x Koba kpd kpd
- x Kodeoha vko vko
- x Kodi kod kod
- x Kofei kpi kpi
- x Kohin kkx kkx
- x Kokoda xod xod
- x Kola kvv kvv
- x Kombai tyn tyn
- x Komering kge kge
- x Komodo kvh kvh
- x Kompane kvp kvp
- x Komyandaret kzv kzv
- x Konda knd knd
- x Koneq-koneq cml cml
- x Koneraw kdw kdw
- x Konjo, Coastal kjc kjc
- x Konjo, Highland kjk kjk
- x Kopkaka opk opk
- x Korean kor kor
- x Koroni xkq xkq
- x Korowai khe khe
- x Korupun-Sela kpq kpq
- x Kosare kiq kiq
- x Kowiai kwh kwh
- x Kubu kvb kvb
- x Kui kvd kvd
- x Kula tpg tpg
- x Kulisusu vkl vkl
- x Kumbewaha xks xks
- x Kur kuv kuv
- x Kuri nbn nbn
- x Kurudu kjr kjr
- x Kwer kwr kwr
- x Kwerba kwe kwe
- x Kwerba Mamberamo xwr xwr
- x Kwerisa kkb kkb
- x Kwesten kwt kwt
- x Kwinsu kuc kuc
- x Laba lau lau
- x Laha lhh lhh
- x Laiyolo lji lji
- x Lamaholot slp slp
- x Lamalera lmr lmr
- x Lamatuka lmq lmq
- x Lamboya lmy lmy
- x Lampung Api ljp ljp
- x Lampung Nyo abl abl
- x Larike-Wakasihu alo alo
- x Lasalimu llm llm
- x Latu ltu ltu
- x Lauje law law
- x Lawangan lbx lbx
- x Legenyem lcc lcc
- x Lembata, South lmf lmf
- x Lembata, West lmj lmj
- x Lengilu lgi lgi
- x Lepki lpe lpe
- x Leti lti lti
- x Levuka lvu lvu
- x Lewoeleng lwe lwe
- x Lewotobi lwt lwt
- x Li’o ljl ljl
- x Liabuku lix lix
- x Liana-Seti ste ste
- x Lik eip eip
- x Liki lio lio
- x Limola ley ley
- x Lisabata-Nuniali lcs lcs
- x Lisela lcl lcl
- x Lola lcd lcd
- x Lolak llq llq
- x Lole llg llg
- x Loloda loa loa
- x Lorang lrn lrn
- x Loun lox lox
- x Loura lur lur
- x Luang lex lex
- x Lubu lcf lcf
- x Luhu lcq lcq
- x Lundayeh lnd lnd
- x Ma’anyan mhy mhy
- x Ma’ya slz slz
- x Maba mqa mqa
- x Madura mad mad
- x Mai Brat ayz ayz
- x Mairasi zrs zrs
- x Maiwa wmm wmm
- x Makasar mak mak
- x Makian, East mky mky
- x Makian, West mqs mqs
- x Maklew mgf mgf
- x Malay zlm zlm
- x Malay, Ambonese abs abs
- x Malay, Bacanese btj btj
- x Malay, Balinese mhp mhp
- x Malay, Banda bpq bpq
- x Malay, Berau bve bve
- x Malay, Bukit bvu bvu
- x Malay, Central pse pse
- x Malay, Jambi jax jax
- x Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai mqg mqg
- x Malay, Kupang mkn mkn
- x Malay, Larantuka lrt lrt
- x Malay, Manado xmm xmm
- x Malay, North Moluccan max max
- x Malay, Papuan pmy pmy
- x Malay, Tenggarong Kutai vkt vkt
- x Malayic Dayak xdy xdy
- x Malimpung mli mli
- x Mamasa mqj mqj
- x Mamboru mvd mvd
- x Mamuju mqx mqx
- x Mandar mdr mdr
- x Mander mqr mqr
- x Mandobo Atas aax aax
- x Mandobo Bawah bwp bwp
- x Manem jet jet
- x Manggarai mqy mqy
- x Mangole mqc mqc
- x Manipa mqp mqp
- x Manombai woo woo
- x Mapia mpy mpy
- x Marau mvr mvr
- x Marind mrz mrz
- x Marind, Bian bpv bpv
- x Mariri mqi mqi
- x Masela, Central mxz mxz
- x Masela, East vme vme
- x Masela, West mss mss
- x Masimasi ism ism
- x Masiwang bnf bnf
- x Massep mvs mvs
- x Matbat xmt xmt
- x Mateq xem xem
- x Mawes mgk mgk
- x Mekwei msf msf
- x Mentawai mwv mwv
- x Meoswar mvx mvx
- x Mer mnu mnu
- x Meyah mej mej
- x Minangkabau min min
- x Mlap kja kja
- x Mo wkd wkd
- x Modang mxd mxd
- x Modole mqo mqo
- x Moi Kelim mxn mxn
- x Moi Lemas sbg sbg
- x Moksela vms vms
- x Molof msl msl
- x Moma myl myl
- x Mombum mso mso
- x Momina mmb mmb
- x Momuna mqf mqf
- x Mongondow mog mog
- x Moni mnz mnz
- x Mor mhz mhz
- x Mor moq moq
- x Moraid msg msg
- x Mori Atas mzq mzq
- x Mori Bawah xmz xmz
- x Moronene mqn mqn
- x Morop iwo iwo
- x Morori mok mok
- x Moskona mtj mtj
- x Mpur akc akc
- x Mualang mtd mtd
- x Muna mnb mnb
- x Munggui mth mth
- x Murkim rmh rmh
- x Murut, Selungai slg slg
- x Murut, Sembakung sbr sbr
- x Murut, Tagal mvv mvv
- x Musi mui mui
- x Muyu, North kti kti
- x Muyu, South kts kts
- x Nafri nxx nxx
- x Nage nxe nxe
- x Naka’ela nae nae
- x Nakai nkj nkj
- x Nalca nlc nlc
- x Namla naa naa
- x Napu npy npy
- x Nasal nsy nsy
- x Ndom nqm nqm
- x Nduga ndx ndx
- x Nedebang nec nec
- x Ngad’a nxg nxg
- x Ngad’a, Eastern nea nea
- x Ngaju nij nij
- x Ngalum szb szb
- x Nggem nbq nbq
- x Nias nia nia
- x Nila nil nil
- x Nimboran nir nir
- x Ninggerum nxr nxr
- x Nipsan nps nps
- x Nisa njs njs
- x Nuaulu, North nni nni
- x Nuaulu, South nxl nxl
- x Nusa Laut nul nul
- x Obokuitai afz afz
- x Oirata oia oia
- x Okolod kqv kqv
- x Onin oni oni
- x Onin Based Pidgin onx onx
- x Ormu orz orz
- x Orya ury ury
- x Osing osi osi
- x Ot Danum otd otd
- x Padoe pdo pdo
- x Pagu pgu pgu
- x Paku pku pku
- x Palu’e ple ple
- x Pamona pmf pmf
- x Panasuan psn psn
- x Pancana pnp pnp
- x Pannei pnc pnc
- x Pantar, Western lev lev
- x Papasena pas pas
- x Papuma ppm ppm
- x Patani ptn ptn
- x Paulohi plh plh
- x Pekal pel pel
- x Pendau ums ums
- x Perai wet wet
- x Petjo pey pey
- x Pom pmo pmo
- x Ponosakan pns pns
- x Punan Aput pud pud
- x Punan Merah puf puf
- x Punan Merap puc puc
- x Punan Tubu puj puj
- x Puragi pru pru
- x Putoh put put
- x Rahambuu raz raz
- x Rajong rjg rjg
- x Rampi lje lje
- x Rasawa rac rac
- x Ratahan rth rth
- x Rejang rej rej
- x Rembong reb reb
- x Reta ret ret
- x Riantana ran ran
- x Ribun rir rir
- x Rikou rgu rgu
- x Riung riu riu
- x Rohingya rhg rhg
- x Roma rmm rmm
- x Rongga ror ror
- x Roon rnn rnn
- x Sa’ban snv snv
- x Sahu saj saj
- x Sajau Basap sjb sjb
- x Salas sgu sgu
- x Salawati xmx xmx
- x Saleman sau sau
- x Saluan loe loe
- x Samarokena tmj tmj
- x Sanggau scg scg
- x Sangir sxn sxn
- x Saparua spr spr
- x Saponi spi spi
- x Sarudu sdu sdu
- x Sasak sas sas
- x Sauri srt srt
- x Sause sao sao
- x Sawai szw szw
- x Saweru swr swr
- x Sawi saw saw
- x Sawila swt swt
- x Seberuang sbx sbx
- x Sedoa tvw tvw
- x Segai sge sge
- x Seit-Kaitetu hik hik
- x Sekak lce lce
- x Sekar skz skz
- x Seko Padang skx skx
- x Seko Tengah sko sko
- x Selaru slu slu
- x Selayar sly sly
- x Seluwasan sws sws
- x Semandang sdq sdq
- x Semimi etz etz
- x Sempan xse xse
- x Sentani set set
- x Sepa spb spb
- x Serili sve sve
- x Serua srw srw
- x Serui-Laut seu seu
- x Siang sya sya
- x Sika ski ski
- x Sikaritai tty tty
- x Sikule skh skh
- x Silimo wul wul
- x Simeulue smr smr
- x Skou skv skv
- x So’a ssq ssq
- x Sobei sob sob
- x Sou Nama tlt tlt
- x Sou Upaa wha wha
- x Sougb mnx mnx
- x Sowanda sow sow
- x Sowari dmy dmy
- x Suabo szp szp
- x Sula szn szn
- x Sumbawa smw smw
- x Sunda sun sun
- x Sunum ymn ymn
- x Suwawa swu swu
- x Tabaru tby tby
- x Tabla tnm tnm
- x Tado klw klw
- x Tae’ rob rob
- x Tagalog tgl tgl
- x Taikat aos aos
- x Taje pee pee
- x Tajio tdj tdj
- x Talaud tld tld
- x Taliabu tlv tlv
- x Taloki tlk tlk
- x Talondo’ tln tln
- x Tamagario tcg tcg
- x Taman tmn tmn
- x Tambora xxt xxt
- x Tanahmerah tcm tcm
- x Tandia tni tni
- x Tangko tkx tkx
- x Tarangan, East tre tre
- x Tarangan, West txn txn
- x Tarpia tpf tpf
- x Tause tad tad
- x Tausug tsg tsg
- x Tawoyan twy twy
- x Te’un tve tve
- x Tebi dmu dmu
- x Tefaro tfo tfo
- x Tehit kps kps
- x Teiwa twe twe
- x Tela-Masbuar tvm tvm
- x Tengger tes tes
- x Teor tev tev
- x Tereweng twg twg
- x Termanu twu twu
- x Ternate tft tft
- x Ternateño tmg tmg
- x Tetun tet tet
- x Tidore tvo tvo
- x Tidung, Southern itd itd
- x Tii txq txq
- x Tobati tti tti
- x Tobelo tlb tlb
- x Tofanma tlg tlg
- x Tolaki lbw lbw
- x Tomadino tdi tdi
- x Tombelala ttp ttp
- x Tombulu tom tom
- x Tomini txm txm
- x Tondano tdn tdn
- x Tonsawang tnw tnw
- x Tonsea txs txs
- x Tontemboan tnt tnt
- x Topoiyo toy toy
- x Toraja-Sa’dan sda sda
- x Totoli txe txe
- x Towei ttn ttn
- x Trimuris tip tip
- x Tsaukambo kvz kvz
- x Tugun tzn tzn
- x Tugutil tuj tuj
- x Tukang Besi North khc khc
- x Tukang Besi South bhq bhq
- x Tulehu tlu tlu
- x Tunggare trt trt
- x Tunjung tjg tjg
- x Uab Meto aoz aoz
- x Ujir udj udj
- x Ulumanda’ ulm ulm
- x Uma ppk ppk
- x Uma’ Lasan xky xky
- x Uma’ Lung ulu ulu
- x Una mtg mtg
- x Uruangnirin urn urn
- x Usku ulf ulf
- x Viid snu snu
- x Vitou vto vto
- x Wabo wbb wbb
- x Wae Rana wrx wrx
- x Waioli wli wli
- x Walak wlw wlw
- x Wambon wms wms
- x Wamesa wad wad
- x Wanggom wng wng
- x Wano wno wno
- x Wanukaka wnk wnk
- x Warembori wsa wsa
- x Wares wai wai
- x Waris wrs wrs
- x Waritai wbe wbe
- x Warkay-Bipim bgv bgv
- x Waropen wrp wrp
- x Waru wru wru
- x Watubela wah wah
- x Wauyai wuy wuy
- x Wawonii wow wow
- x Wejewa wew wew
- x Welaun wlh wlh
- x Wemale weo weo
- x Wersing kvw kvw
- x Woi wbw wbw
- x Wolani wod wod
- x Wolio wlo wlo
- x Woria wor wor
- x Wotu wtw wtw
- x Yahadian ner ner
- x Yalahatan jal jal
- x Yale, Kosarek kkl kkl
- x Yali, Angguruk yli yli
- x Yali, Ninia nlk nlk
- x Yali, Pass Valley yac yac
- x Yamdena jmd jmd
- x Yaqay jaq jaq
- x Yarsun yrs yrs
- x Yaur jau jau
- x Yawa yva yva
- x Yei jei jei
- x Yelmek jel jel
- x Yeresiam ire ire
- x Yeretuar gop gop
- x Yetfa yet yet
- x Yoke yki yki
- x Zorop wfg wfg
 Languages
https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/

EGIDS Classification Population

6b Language isolate 300
6a - 16,000
6b Language isolate 3,000
6b - 2,840,000
6b - 3,000
6a - 98,000
6b - 3,000
6b - 1,000
6a - 25,000
6b - 17,200
8b - 50
5 - 70,000
6b - 10,100
7 - 1,600
6a - 5,700
6a - 30,000
6a - 16,000
6b - 2,000
7 - 335
6b - 4,600
7 - 320
6b - 2,630
8b - 150
- - 283,000
5 - 29,300
6b - 1,000
6b - 150
8b - 6
6b - 8,760
5 - 9,000
6b - 7,000
6a - 1,000
7 - 2,000
6b - 1,000
5 - 350
6b - 100
9 - 0
8a - 350
6b - 6,500
6a - 7,500
6b - 3,870
6b - 2,300
6b - 1,500
6b - 9,340
6b - 1,000
6a - 4,460
5 - 9,780
6a - 20,000
6a - 300
6b - 1,100
6a - 19,000
7 - 780
6b - 226,000
6b - 4,000
5 - 12,000
6a - 4,000
3 - 100,000
7 - 3,300
5 - 20,500
5 - 3,300,000
5 - 42,100
7 - 3,000
7 - 88,300
6a - 340,000
3 - 3,650,000
8a - 1,200
6a - 4,450
6b - 2,500
8a - 64
6b - 15,000
6a - 101,000
6b - 535,000
6b - 172,000
6b - 491,000
6b - 691,000
5 - 151,000
6b - 1,610,000
6b - 3,500
7 - 850
6b - 3,640
5 - 1,500
6a - 300
7 - 180
6a - 7,500
6b - 4,280
7 - 200
8a - 350
6b - 10,100
6a - 54,000
6b - 1,200
6b - 600
6b - 5,000,000
6b - 70,000
- - -
5 - 8,480
- - -
6b - 330
6a - 7,000
6a - 500,000
7 - 2,800
6b - 250
6a - 10,000
6b - 2,400
6a - 3,240
6a - 2,050
6b - 4,500
6b - 5,770
6a - 11,900
8a - 790
6b - 180
3 - -
6b - 400
6b - 570
6b - 2,520
6a - 30,000
6a - 21,000
6b - 22,000
6a - 90,200
7 - 100
6a - 250
6b - 45,000
8b - 40
6a - 4,350
7 - 1,000
6b - 700
7 - 670
8a - 640,000
6b - 466,000
- - -
8a - 766,000
8a - 182,000
6b - 104,000
5 - 8,000
5 - 290
6a - 145,000
7 - 440
6b - 820
 7 - 1,140
6b - 14,000
6b - 2,800
6b - 800
7 - 9,560
5 - 20,000
5 - 50,000
5 - 20,000
6a - 180,000
6b - 250
7 - 1,270
6a - 7,000
6b - 1,000
7 - 400
6a - 20,000
5 - 5,000
6b - 300
8a - 55
6b - 100
7 - 300
5 - 5,680
6b - 10,000
7 - 70
6a - 15,000
6b - 123,000
10 - 0
9 - 0
6a - 20,000
6b - 4,500
6b - 5,000
- - 17,000
6b - 930
6b - 1,500
5 - 100,000
6b - 300
5 - 10,000
6b - 2,000
8b - 250
6a - 110,000
6b - 870
- - 34,000
6b - 94,500
6b - 530
6b - 200
6b - 1,400
7 - 280
6a - 550
6b - 50,000
 - - 5,800
5 - 79,000
6b - 680
6b - 1,500
6b - 2,900
6b - 275,000
6b - 2,650
5 - 2,000
- - 5,700
6a - 36,500
7 - 1,000
6b - 505,000
8a - 2,500
6a - 17,500
- - 900
8a - 18,200
5 - 16,000
5 - 110,000
6b - 14,000
- - 94,000
6b - 16,000
10 - 0
6b - 1,000
6b - 300
10 - 0
10 - 0
6b - 3,000
5 - 1,500
5 - 15,000
8b - 35
6a - 5,500
- - 0
6b - 15,000
6b - 1,400
7 - 560
1 - 198,000,000
6a - 810,000
3 - 1,880,950
7 - 20,000
6b - 4,000
6b - 1,800
6b - 80
6a - 37,000
- - 14,000
4 - 68,200,000
9 - 0
6b - 200
6a - 3,900
 6b - 600
7 - 350
6a - 5,500
6b - 1,000
8b - 500
7 - 6,660
5 - 62,600
3 - 215,000
6a - 35,700
6a - 2,290
7 - 700
6b - 220
6a - 3,290
7 - 22
6a - 18,000
6b - 6,000
9 - 0
6b - 2,330
5 - 240,000
7 - 1,570
6a - 8,000
5 - 110,000
8b - 5
6b - 100
6b - 170
6a - 100
8a - 400
6b - 200
8a - 230
8a - 240
6b - 610
6a - 5,000
5 - 1,125
6a - 40,000
8a - 450
6a - 400
6b - 600
6b - 10,000
6b - 1,300
6b - 3,000
6b - 2,000
6b - 1,500
6b - 500
#VALUE! - 0
8a - 50
6a - 40,000
6a - 30,000
6b - 200
 6a - 85,000
8a - 370
6b - 640
6a - 10,000
6b - 1,500
8a - 20
7 - 2,500
3 - 321,000
6a - 32,000
6b - 12,000
6b - 8,000
6b - 6,000
6b - 500
6b - 260,000
5 - 9,970
6b - 900
6b - 3,000
6b - 500
6b - 5,970
6a - 250
5 - 20,000
6b - 5,000
6b - 870
6b - 1,500
#VALUE! - 20,000
7 - 100
6b - 8,000
6b - 3,700
6a - 7,400
6b - 4,000
6a - 470,000
6b - 1,730
6b - 330
6b - 300
6b - 500
6b - 2,830
7 - 1,200
6b - 167,000
6b - 68,500
6b - 400
#VALUE! - 22,800
7 - 980
6a - 3,500
5 - 8,000
6a - 250
6b - 600
6b - 10,000
6b - 100
 6a - 5,000
6a - 32,100
6b - 1,010
6b - 3,180
7 - 500
6b - 2,180
6b - 100
6b - 2,500
6a - 300
8b - 15
7 - 2,000
6b - 500
6b - 2,000
6a - 3,890
6b - 290
3 - 268,000
6a - 4,000
6a - 4,000
6a - 25,000
6a - 827,000
6a - 180,000
6b - 12,600
6b - 1,150
7 - 2,130
6b - 49,800
6a - 100,000
6a - 250
6a - 8,000
6a - 8,000
7 - 900
6b - 530
7 - 7,710
6a - 4,000
6a - 4,000
#VALUE! - 6,000
6a - 105,000
8a - 160
6b - 3,000
6b - 3,000
8a - 11
6b - 900
6b - 1,830
7 - 11,900
6b - 900
8b - 50
6a - 20,000
5 - 15,000
6a - 220
 10 - 0
6a - 10,000
5 - 18,000
6a - 2,000
6b - 6,500
5 - 23,000
6b - 150,000
6b - 4,000
6a - 6,620
5 - 7,790,000
5 - 20,000
5 - 3,300
6b - 31,500
6b - 2,110,000
6b - 20,000
6a - 12,000
#VALUE! - 120
6a - 4,910,000
3 - 1,600,000
8b - 6
6b - 25,000
6a - 3,690
6a - 11,200
6a - 59,000
6a - 1,590,000
6a - 1,000,000
6a - 80,000
3 - 350,000
6b - 20,000
3 - 3,320,000
3 - 1,000,000
3 - 1,100,000
6a - 210,000
6a - 520,000
6b - 3,090
6a - 89,100
6a - 10,000
6b - 62,900
3 - 499,000
8b - 20
6a - 10,000
6b - 20,000
6b - 400
#VALUE! - 900,000
6a - 7,280
6b - 1,500
6a - 9,110
#VALUE! - 0
 6b - 1,700
6b - 7,000
7 - 2,900
6a - 280
8a - 510
8a - 520
7 - 850
8b - 10
6b - 1,000
8b - 25
6b - 1,250
6a - 11,000
6b - 850
8a - 1,200
5 - 62,300
6b - 250
6b - 85
5 - 14,800
5 - 4,880,000
8b - 300
7 - 550
6a - 15,300
6b - 2,000
7 - 4,600
7 - 1,200
#VALUE! - 0
6b - 230
5 - 9,940
8a - 250
6b - 200
6b - 2,000
6b - 117,000
5 - 20,000
7 - 700
8a - 30
6b - 1,000
6b - 14,000
6b - 14,000
6b - 26,300
6a - 6,900
8b - 50
5 - 8,000
6b - 7,000
5 - 40,000
6b - 266,000
6b - 800
6a - 290
6b - 640
 6b - 3,180
#VALUE! - 2,000
3 - 3,105,000
6a - 8,000
6a - 4,000
8a - 1,630
5 - 50,000
10 - 0
6b - 700
5 - 16,000
8b - 30
5 - 6,240
6a - 3,000
6b - 1,200
5 - 10,000
#VALUE! - 1,500
6a - 60,000
6a - 5,000
3 - 890,000
6a - 10,000
5 - 4,400
5 - 867,000
10 - 0
8a - 2,000
#VALUE! - 1,000
6b - 2,500
6b - 500
6b - 500
6b - 1,500
9 - 0
6b - 120
7 - 1,220
6a - 3,390
6b - 500
#VALUE! - 0
7 - 500
6b - 1,600
6a - 300,000
6a - 78,800
6b - 3,100
7 - 3,310
8a - 50
6b - 10,000
6b - 77,900
6a - 770
6a - 9,460
6b - 24,400
6a - 10,800
 6b - 400
6b - 600
6a - 10,600
8b - 50
6a - 30,000
6b - 1,820
6b - 280
8b - -
6b - 2,000
9 - 0
6b - 370
6b - 140
6b - 200
6b - 2,000
6b - 700
6b - 6,000
7 - 350
6a - 6,000
6b - 7,500
6b - 200
8b - 1,340
6a - 350,000
6a - 5,000
6b - 800
6b - 1,100
6a - 45,000
6a - 12,000
6a - 14,000
#VALUE! - 1,000
6b - 1,700
6a - 4,000
6b - 1,100
6b - 850
5 - 7,500
6a - 6,000
8b - 50
7 - -
6b - 4,800
6b - 51,900
6b - 400
6a - 45,000
5 - 110,000
8a - 10,200
10 - 0
6b - 2,550
5 - 2,100,000
6b - 100
6b - 250
 6b - 12,000
6b - 300
8a - 3,500
6b - 3,000
6a - 37,000
5 - 660
6b - 2,000
6b - 10,200
6b - 420
6b - 450
6a - 6,000
6b - 2,500
6b - 8,000
6a - 103,000
6b - 2,840
5 - 100,000
7 - 1,000
6b - 1,000
5 - 30,000
6b - 2,600
8a - 330
10 - 0
7 - 1,200
6a - 60,000
6a - 175,000
5 - 2,000
6b - 19,800
5 - 5,000
6a - 40,300
6a - 700
6a - 10,000
7 - 1,000
6a - 17,000
6a - 7,000
5 - 12,000
6b - 210
8a - 1,300
6b - 800
6a - 20,000
6a - 300,000
5 - 32,400,000
8a - 560
7 - 7,590
5 - 15,000
8a - 3,750
5 - 3,640
5 - 272,000
#VALUE! - 86,000
 6b - 500
8b - 370
7 - 6,100
6a - 53,100
6a - 4,520
8a - 310
6b - 320
6a - 3,500
6a - 30,000
#VALUE! - 0
6b - 500
9 - 0
6b - 100
6a - 6,110
5 - 7,910
8a - 630
6a - 650
5 - 12,000
5 - 20,000
10 - 0
8a - 220
6b - 100
6b - 10,000
6a - 4,000
6a - 1,050
6a - 80,000
6b - 1,100
6b - 800
6a - 30,000
6b - 62,000
#VALUE! - 0
5 - 400,000
6a - 46,000
6a - 27,000
6a - 20,000
8b - 100
5 - 27,700
6a - 250
6b - 238,000
8a - 100
6b - 2,240
7 - 19,000
6b - 19,700
8a - 9,560
7 - 21,000
6b - 670
6b - 14,900
8a - 440
 5 - 588,000
7 - 10,800
8a - 120
6a - 300
6b - 780
6a - 1,200
6b - 2,590
6a - 120,000
6a - 130,000
7 - 10,000
6b - 500
6b - 50,000
5 - 700,000
7 - 1,030
6b - 31,600
5 - 18,800
6b - 1,500
6b - 3,000
5 - 5,600
6b - 400
8a - 110
8a - 250
7 - 630
7 - 1,500
6b - 3,000
6b - 3,000
6a - 20,000
6b - 3,000
6b - 5,000
6b - 1,180
6b - 1,000
6a - 10,000
7 - 620
7 - 200
6b - 500
6b - 150
6b - 300
7 - 6,000
6b - 350
6a - 4,000
7 - 300
6b - 27,600
6a - 55,000
6a - 1,500
6a - 6,000
6a - 3,700
6b - 1,800
5 - 5,000
6b - 65,000
8b - 5
7 - 250
6b - 500
7 - 1,700
5 - 2,300
5 - 15,000
5 - 10,500
6a - 5,000
5 - 25,000
6b - 10,000
8a - 200
7 - 350
5 - 10,000
7 - 1,280
8a - 400
7 - 70
7 - 350
6a - 1,400
6b - 200
7 - 230
 Languages
ps://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/

Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth at Idenburg river to hea
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Alor island. Users: 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts, about 20 villages; north coast, interio
Aceh province: Aceh Barat, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Singkil, Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Timur
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town toward Banda Sea coast. Users: 3,000 (2000), decre
East Nusa Tenggara province: Adonara and east Solor islands. Users: 98,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Jair sub-district in south interior between Mapi and Digul rivers. Users: 3,000 (1987
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat sub-districts, Isirania, Motobiak, Subu, and other vil
East Nusa Tenggara province: coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, north Pantar and adjacent islands. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 19
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu and Taniwel districts, 27 villages in Latuhelu area and Piru bay. Use
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 4 villages; Seram island in Elpaputih bay near Masohi town. Users: 50 (Wurm 20
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Timor island southwest tip; Timur sea near Benini point east to Ela point, in
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur sub-districts, 10 villages on Ambai island, Cende
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Waigeo Selatan sub-district, Go, Kabare, Kabilol, Nyandesawai, Selegop, Waifo
Maluku province: central Ambelau island; Buru island coast, Wae Tawa village; 8 villages. Users: 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic po
East Kalimantan province: east of Jambu and Lamper towns west of Mahakam river delta. Users: 30,000 (Wurm and Hatto
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 16,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir sub-district on north coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. User
Central Sulawesi province: Lamala sub-district, Tangeban and Tauge villages, peninsula east tip area. Users: 335 (2010 cen
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat sub-district, Aibondeni, Ansus, Kairawi, and Yenusi villages on Yape
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pulau Anus and Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. Users: 320 (2
Central Kalimantan province: border areas; East Kalimantan province: Sarawak border area, upper reaches of Barito, Kapu
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency; Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; Wetar strait coast, Lurang vill
Users: 283,000 in Indonesia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, S
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Aralle and Tabulalang towns, 2 separate areas. Users: 29,30
West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Bintuni sub-district; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL
West Papua province: Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. Users: 150
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Asbaken and Sorong. Users: 6 (Arnold 2020). Also 2 semi-speakers (Arnold 2020). E
Maluku province: Asilulu, Negeri Lima, and Ureng, villages. Northwest Ambon island and west Seram island, Hoamoal peni
Papua province: Mappi regency, Edera and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts on Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north to Kuti riv
Papua province: Asmat regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts, south coast from Owap river nor
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma sub-district. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to
Papua province: Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy sub-districts; lower Surets and Eilanden rivers confluence area. Users: 2,00
Papua province: Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari sub-district. South coast inland, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. Users: 1
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; central highlands in Siriwo river area. Users: 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic pop
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency; Modera river area. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened).
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district,1 village; east Cenderawasih bay at Wapoga river mouth.
Papua province: Keerom regency, Arso sub-district; northeast highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border. Users: 350
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies; inland from Pirimapun. Users: 6,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alt
Papua province: Mappi and Boven Digul regencies, Bimika, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Obaa sub-districts; south coast inla
Papua province: Merauke regency, both banks, lower Digul river. Users: 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alterna
Papua province: Merauke district. Users: 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kia River Awyu Clas
Papua province: Merauke district; Digul river west side. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Name
Papua province: Merauke and Mappi regencies, Bade town area; lower Digul river. Users: 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Th
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island. Users: 1,0
Maluku province: Ahanari, Analutur, Kokwari, Kroing, Letwurung, Manuweri, Tutuwawan, and Wakpapai villages; southeas
Central Sulawesi and border area South Sulawesi provinces: Luwu Utara and Poso regencies, Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan
Banten province: Rangkasbitung regency, Pandeglang town, on Ujung river; West Java province: Sukabumi city area, 1 villa
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district. Users: 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
West Papua province: northwest Bomberai peninsula, Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts; Kaimana r
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung, and Long Pahangai sub-districts
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Bahonsuai village on the east coast, Tolo bay. U
Gorontalo province; North Maluku province: Bacan, Kayoa, Obi, and Sula islands; Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South S
West Kalimantan province: Sambas regency; Sambas river headwaters. Users: 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b* (Threatened).
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang regency, Pejampi and 2 other villages; Sanggau regency border area; upper Lundu
West Kalimantan province: near Sanggau-Ledo. Users: 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: R
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan, and Barito Utara, and Kapuas regencies, Kapuas and Barito rivers; possibly sou
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala regency, Balaesang sub-district, Kamonji, Ketong, and Rano villages on Manimbayu pe
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balantak, Lamala, Luwuk, and Tinangkung Lamala sub-districts, at least 49 villa
Bali province: widespread; West Nusa Tenggara province: Kota Mataram and Lombok Barat regency; west central Lombok
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Maloso and Mapilli rivers watershed; into Majene and Mam
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara regency, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly a third; Kei Besar island west and n
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai Kepulauan regency, at least 157 villages; Banggai and Bowokan islands. Users: 88,300 (
Bangka Belitung Islands province: widespread, Bangka island. Users: 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom
Central Kalimantan province: Palangkaraya, Pangkalanbun, and Sampit; East Kalimantan province: Kutai, Pasir, and Pulau L
North Sulawesi province: Manado city area, 11 villages; north peninsula, northeast section. Users: 1,200 (2010 census), de
Maluku province: Apara, Bemun, Longgar, and Mesiang villages in the south; Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island n
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas sub-district; east Cenderawasih bay, Barapasi river area and tribu
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, Baras sub-district, in and north of Bambaloka village, Karossa sub-district
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Berau, Bulungan, Kutai Kartanegara, Penajam Paser Utara, and Kutai Tim
Aceh province: inland from Tapaktuan, and northwest towards Kutacane; into North Sumatra province. Users: 101,000 (20
North Sumatra province: Labuhan Batu, Labuhan Batu Selatan, Padang Lawas, Padang Lawas Utara, Tapanuli Selatan, Tapa
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Humbang Hasundutan, Pakpak Barat, Samosir, and Ta
Aceh province: Aceh Tenggara regency, at the border; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Deli Serdang, Karo, and Langkat rege
North Sumatra province: south interior from Padang Sidempuan into Riau and West Sumatra provinces. Users: 691,000 (20
North Sumatra province: Deli Serdang, Kota Pematang Siantar, Serdang Bedagai, and Simalungun regencies. Users: 151,00
North Sumatra province: Asahan, Humbang Hasundutan, Labuhan Batu Utara, Samosir, Simalungan, south Tapanuli Tenga
Maluku province: Seram island east coast between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. Users: 3,500 (Loski and Loski 198
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Batui sub-district, Balantang, Batui, Sisipan, and Tolando villages; eastern pen
Maluku province: Aru islands regency, Arafura Sea east coast offshore communities, 7 island villages. Users: 3,640 (2011 SI
Papua province: Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas sub-districts, Danau Bira
Papua province: Asmat regency, Eilanden-Steenboom river area. Users: 300 (2020 M. Edelen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas sub-district; Bomberai peninsula. Users: 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting)
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency, Nanga Tayap and Hulu Sungai. Users: 7,500 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 8 villages; Behoa and Napu valleys. Users: 4,280 (2010 ce
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Beneraf and part of Nenke village; north coast area east of Tor ri
Maluku province: Werinama and Bula districts, Balakeo, Benggoi, and Lesa villages; Seram island, north Seram Sea coast. U
South Sulawesi province: Barru, Bone, Pangkep, and Maros regencies; highland areas northeast of Makassar city. Users: 10
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang and Landak regencies; near Sarawak border. Users: 54,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a*
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Tor Atas sub-district, Beu, Bora Bora, Dangken, Doronta, Kondirjan, Safrontani, Sewan, Som
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; north coast area east of Sarmi. Users: 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (
Banten province: Tangerang recency and city; dominant in Jakarta Special Capital Region; West Java province: Bekasi, Boga
Papua province: Biak Numfor regency, Biak and Numfor islands; Yapen Island regency, north coast area; West Papua provi
West Kalimantan: Bengkayang regency, Jagoi Babang sub-district. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau-Jagoi, Jag
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency, area near Sarawak border; possibly northeast Landak regency. Users: 8,480 i
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau and Sintang regencies; Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). A
West Papua province: Sorong district, Biga village, on south Misool island. Users: 330 (Arnold 2020). Status: 6b (Threatene
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Rote island; Semau island; Timor mainland near Kupang. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW
East Nusa Tenggara province: Komodo island area; West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus, Ba
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondou Utara regency, Bintauna town and inland; Celebes Sea. Users: 2,800 (2010 c
Papua province: Puncakjaya district, Biri village. Users: 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. Users: 10,000 (Steinhauer 2014). Status:
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong sub-district, Bolano village; north peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. U
Maluku province: North Buano main village; Boano and Seram islands. Users: 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Central Sulawesi province: Batu Daka island, Tumbulawa village on northwest coast; Togian islands, Lembanato village on K
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Werinama sub-district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; Tunsai
Gorontalo province: Gorontalo Utara regency, Atinggola town area; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Selanta
South Sulawesi province: Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Selayer islands. Users: 11,900 (2010 census). Status: 6a
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armop
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Tengah regency, Topoyo sub-district, Tabolang village; Makassar strait, Budong-Budong
Central Sulawesi province: Donggola, Oti, and Toaya, west; 3 Tolo bay enclaves east; South Sulawesi province: widespread
West Kalimantan province: northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, 3 areas. Users: 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sta
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on Sarawak border, 2 enclaves on Iwan river. Users: 570 in Indonesia (2000).
North Maluku province: central Halmahera, 3 villages on Buli bay north shore. Users: 2,520 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatene
East Kalimantan province: Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. Users: 30,000 (Kawi et al 2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorou
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency, central interior, near East Timor border, on Timor island. Users: 21,000 in Indo
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Selatan, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Utara sub-districts, about 45 coastal villages from
Central Sulawesi province: Baolan, Biau, Bokat, Bunobogu, Momunu, and Paleleh sub-districts, 68 villages on north coast, n
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 1 village near Wapoga river mouth. Users: 100 (W
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district, 1 village on Middle Mamberamo river. User
Maluku province: Buru island except northeast corner, 70 villages; some on Ambon island in Jakarta. Users: 45,000 (Grime
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Kurima sub-district, Burumakok village. Users: 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Statu
East Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, Sesayap sub-district, Sekatakbunyi town area. Users: 4,350 (2007 SIL). Status
West Papua province: Fakfak and Kaimana regencies, Esania, Gaka, Guriasa, Hia, Kuna, Marobia, Tairi, and Yarona villages
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan sub-districts, Kamanap, Kaonda and Masiaroti vi
Southeast Sulawesi province: South Buton regency, Batauga district, Busoa and Lakambau villages, around 22 km south of
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Banten, Central Java, East Java, West Java, South Kalimantan: Banjarmasin city; West Kalima
Scattered. Users: 466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, C
Bali and Java provinces: scattered throughout. Users: Few speakers. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Foochow
Bali, Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra provinces: scattered. Users: 766,000 in Indonesia (2015). Status: 8a (Moribund). Altern
Jakarta Special Capital Region, Kalimantan, and North Sumatra: scattered. Users: 182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc). Sta
Southeast Sulawesi province: southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, inland between Sampolawa and Pasawajo towns; Bat
Papua province: Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak sub-district, 19 villages on south coast. Users: 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Status
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, Epem, Tamnim, Wowi, and Zinak villages; Senggo town area. Users: 290 (199
Bengkulu and South Sumatra provinces: Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north; small group east of Be
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Dabe village, Tor river valley north to coast. Users: 440 (2005 SIL
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Sinairusi, 3 other villages on Lewa island. Users: 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (T
West Sulawesi province: Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 1,140 (2010 census), decreasing. Statu
Papua province: central highlands, Paniai regency, Beoga and Ilaga sub-districts; Asmat, Deiya, Mimika, and Puncak regenc
Maluku province: southeast, 6 villages; east Damar island. Users: 2,800 (1990 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Maluku province: southeast, 2 villages; north Damar island. Users: 800 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala, Parigi-Moutong, and Toli-Toli regencies, Balaesang, Dampelas, and Sojol sub-districts
Papua province: Ndugu regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; lower gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (D
Papua province: Lanny Jaya and Ndugu regencies, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands. Users: 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status
Papua province: Lanny Jaya regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; upper gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996). Status: 5*
Papua province: Central highlands. Users: 180,000 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dani Barat, Ilag
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; west central highlands along Dao river. Users: 250 (1991 SIL). Status: 6
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages in Banda Sea on twin coral islan
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale areas. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigor
Papua province: Western highlands along Rouffaer river headwaters. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alt
Papua province: Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa, Desawa, and Muyere villages; inland in northeast Canderawasih ba
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island northwest coast, Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Statu
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote Ndao regency, Ndao island off western tip of Rote island; scattered settlements on Rote
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Users: 300 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
Papua province: Sarmi regency on north coast, Walckenaer bay area. Users: 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribun
Papua province: Asmat regency, southeast of Wamena city. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: T
Papua province: Keerom regency, 13 villages on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 300 in Indonesia (de Sousa 2006). 240 D
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru islands; Kobror island central and east coast, 18 villages; southeast Wokam
Central Sulawesi province: Buol and Tolitoli regencies, Baolan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub-distric
Papua province: Toli-Dou village southwest of Taiyeve town. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Dorio
Sumatra, Riau province: west archipelago and Daratan east coast; into Jambi province: northeast coast; Riau Province, Ben
South Sulawesi province: north Enrekang regency; Makassar city and other communities. Users: 123,000 (2010 census). St
West Papua province: one island between Salawati island and Bird’s Head west end. Users: No known L1 speakers (de Vrie
West Papua province: Teluk Wondama regency. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980
South Kalimantan province: Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; into Central Kalimantan province. Users: 20,000 (
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency, northeast and west of Muarainu town; East Kalimantan province: Kuta
Central Kalimantan province: South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns. Users: 5,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (
Users: 17,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European,
Papua province: south of Van Daalen river; Dagai river (Eastern Duvle), Fedide and Wedi rivers (Western Duvle). Users: 930
Papua province: southwest Mamberamo Raya and north Puncak regencies; Rouffaer river between Splitsingbivak and Mot
Papua province: Deiya, Dogiyai, Intan Jaya, north Mimika, south Nabire, and Paniai regencies in west central highlands and
Papua province: Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Abepura, Arso, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi sub-districts, Lake Sentani area
West Kalimantan province: northeast Kapuas Hulu regency, upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Kalis, Lauh, Leboyan, Nyabau, an
Papua province: Keerom and Pegunungan Bintang regencies, border area south of Jayapura city. Users: 2,000 (2005 SIL). S
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emplawas village, south Babar island. Users: 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nea
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
Bengkulu province: Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 small nearby islands. Users: 870 (2010 census), decreasing. E
Large cities in Java; other industrial areas. Users: 34,000 in Indonesia (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Une
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang and Pinrang regencies, Enrekang town area, west toward Mandar bay head; West Sula
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu and Mamberamo Tengah sub-districts, Erai, Haya, and Kustera villages;
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on Berau bay. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austr
Papua province: Kliki river area; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. Users: 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Al
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, coastline and island off north coast of Biri river area. Users: 280 (2005
Papua province: Jayapura and Mamberamo Raya regencies, Kecamatan sub-district, 1 village; Mamberamo basin region on
Maluku province: southeast, 30 villages; north archipelago on Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru islands; northwest, Yamdena
Users: 5,800 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, I
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Bisa island, Koto Wonto area; Obi island: Laiwai and Sesepe area, and
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Iliwaki village on Wetar island. Users: 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Baru town and inland on northwest coast. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, south peninsula. Users: 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alter
Aceh province: Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies; Sumatra highland region near Mount Se
North Maluku province: Gag, Gebe, and Yoi’umiya islands, 4 villages; Special Region of West Papua province: Halmahera is
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency. Users: 2,000 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gema, Tem
Users: 5,700 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, G
Maluku province: Seram island southeast. Users: 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gesa, Geser,
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency, Bobane and Igo villages; Pulau Morotai regency, Pilowo and Waringin v
Gorontalo province: widespread along both coasts; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Utara regency, northea
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bring, Hawa, Ibub, Klaysu, Sunna, Tabangkwari, and Yansu villages. Users: 2,500 (1987 S
South Sumatra province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency, 2 areas on Sumatra. Users: 17,500 (2000 census). Very few m
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Moru town area, 2 villages in east Kalabahi bay. Users: 900. Status: 6b (Threaten
Maluku province: Haruku island, Lease islands. Users: 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian
West Papua province: Manokwari regency. Users: 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Atam, B
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, Ende area; Raijua and Sawu islands, 3 enclaves; Sumba island, Waingapu and M
East Nusa Tenggara province: Semau island; Timor island west tip, and Kupang city. Users: 14,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Ethn
Users: 94,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European,
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Wakal villages on Ambon island, Piru Sea coast
Maluku province: east Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL).
East Kalimantan province: border area northeast near Sarawak; West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency. Users: 1,
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 10 villages on north Seram island, Salemen bay, south end near Opin town. Use
Maluku province: Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts on northwest Buru island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Hulung village on west Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last kno
Papua province: central highlands area, Baliem gorge. Users: 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names
Papua province: Puncak Jaya regency, Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages between Rouffaer and Van Daalen rivers. Users: 1
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Nanga Katungau north to Sarawak border on middle Kapuas river, east o
North Maluku province: Halmahera Barat regency, Gamlamo and Gamici villages on north Halmahera island, Iboe river mo
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts on west Bomberai peninsula. Users: 5,500
West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Fak Fak Selantan area on Bomberai peninsula south coast. Users: No known L1 spe
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, north Lomblem island, Ile Ape peninsula and inland. Users: 15,000 (2008 c
Maluku province: Erai, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Istutun, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, and Telemar villages southwest; Lirang island; W
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emroing village; Babar island southwest. Users: 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Sh
Widespread. Users: 198,000,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 42,800,000 (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total
Scattered: Java and Bali, especially Jakarta. Users: 810,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 550,000–1,100,000 deaf signe
South Sulawesi province: Makassar port area. Users: 1,880,950, all users. L1 users: 950 (2010 census). L2 users: 1,880,000
Central Java, East Java, West Java, and Yogyakarta provinces scattered on north coast. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
West Papua province: Fakfak, north Kaimana, and Teluk Bintani regencies on east Bomberai peninsula, Arguni bay north to
Papua province: Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi regency: Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast on upper Biri river. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b
West Kalimantan province: central Sanggau regency, between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns on Kapuas river tributary. U
Users: 14,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic
Banten, Central Java, and East Java provinces; Special Region of Yogyakarta; Sumatra island: Lampung province; resettleme
Java island, Central Java province: south. Users: No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Srum village (Bromnya dialect); Pantai Timur sub-district, Biridua villag
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Alor island, Bird’s Head area. Users: 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan and Teluk Bintuni regencies, Inanwatan and Merdei sub-districts; south Bird’s Head a
North Maluku province: Kepulauan Sula regency in Sula Islands, Molucca sea coast, Tjapaplulu strait area; Taliabu island, 2
East Nusa Tenggara Timur province: Abangiwang, Bibit Gomi, Matgomi/Weniwa, Padangsul, Pantar, and Tamalabang villag
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, southwest enclave. Users: 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,0
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu sub-district, Hatusua, Kaibobo, Kamarian, Seruawan, Tihulale, and W
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondo Utara regency, Kaidipang and Bolangitang towns; north coast. Users: 6,660 (
Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces: Banawa, Dolo, Marawola, Palolo, and Sigi-Biromaru sub-districts. Users: 62
Central Sulawesi province: south Donggala, Morowali, south Parigi Moutong, Poso, Sigi, and Tojo Una-Una regencies, Kota
Central Sulawesi province: Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli sub-districts; Palu bay west to Makassar strait; West Sulawesi provin
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages on Siompu island, southwest Buton island, Kambe-kambero v
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river: 8 villages. Users: 700 (1993
Papua province: Kaiy and Kokou villages in Lakes plain area, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 220 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Th
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head, Kalabra river inland. Users: 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Selayar islands; east Kalao island. Users: 22 (2010 census). Status: 7 (
South Sulawesi province; West Sulawesi province: southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang sub-district, Karama river headw
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Alor island. Users: 6,000 (Schapper 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, southwest Seram island inland from Ceram strait, Haruku, and Sapura islan
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, east Buton island on Lawelu bay. Users: 2,330 (2010 census), decreasing. Eth
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Sumba island. Users: 240,000 (2009). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Su
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bahomia, Coa, Inari, Koi, Tanggaromi, Ubia-Seramuku, Waho, Wamesa, and Wam
Papua province: south coast; Mukamuga river into West Papua province: Etna bay area. Users: 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a
Java island, East Java province: sea coast; Kangean islands. Users: 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternat
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya village; south coast border area. Users: 5 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 8b (Nearly
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya, Tomer, and Yanggandur villages south along Papua New Guinea border. User
Papua province: Kondo, Rawa Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yanggandur villages, south point bordering Papua New Guinea. U
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sota village; south, bordering Papua New Guinea. Users: 100 (1996 M. Donohue). Statu
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency; north Halmahera island on Kao bay area near Kao river mouth. Users: 4
Papua province: Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets on upper Idenburg river north bank. Users: 200 (2006 SIL). Stat
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Kaptiau village. Users: 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate
West Papua province: Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas island. Users: 240 (1983 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Na
Maluku province: Tarangan island southeast coast, Karey valley in Aru Islands. Users: 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threaten
West Papua province: Asses, Pef, Siakwa, and Sunopi villages; central Bird’s Head Kamundan river headwaters area. Users:
Northern Bali province: Buleleng regency, Kubutambahan Disctrict, Desa Kolok, about 20 km east of Singaraja. Users: 1,125
Bengkulu province: south; South Sumatra province: northwest from Danay Panay; all on Sumatra island. Users: 40,000 (20
Papua province: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on Nawa river. Users: 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund)
Papua province: middle Mamberamo river, north bank. Users: 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabe
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Bird’s Head west coast, Bianci, Menyefun, Salio, and Selepele villages; Batangp
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, southwest coast from Arafura sea inland. Users: 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasin
East Kalimantan province: Malinau and West Kutai regencies; Muller Mountains from south border north almost to Malays
Central Kalimantan province; East Kalimantan province: Muller Mountains, Belayan, upper Mahakam, and Oga river areas.
East Kalimantan province: Kayan river headwaters south, and downstream. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status:
West Kalimantan province: along Mendalam river. Users: 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Timur regency, Telen river north tributary. Users: 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b
Maluku province: Buru regency, northeast Buru island, Kayeli bay area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Lelia
Papua province: Kota Jayapura city and island in Jayapura harbor. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethni
East Nusa Tenggara province: 4 villages on south central Flores island. Users: 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Lembata island. Users: 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Papua province: Nabire regency, Sareba bay, Wapoga river in the foothills. Users: 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened).
Maluku province: about 207 villages on 10 islands southeast; Besar, Kecil, and surrounding islands, Kei island group, and Ku
Papua province: Pacific coast east, north of Tor river mouth. Users: 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, 2 remote mountain enclaves, on Sarawak border. Users: 640 in Indonesia (20
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia
West Papua province: several villages on Bird’s Head south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Kalitami across Bintuni b
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8a (Morib
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Aib, Aimbe, Braso, Mamda, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, S
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang, Kota Singkawang, Kuba Raya, Landak, Sambas, and Sanggau regencies; northwest
Central Kalimantan province; West Kalimantan province: Gelalak, Nangaella, Nangapinoh, and Nangasayan town areas, an
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Batu Kajang, Long Belua, Long Setulang, Long Uli, and Pimping villages; D
East Kalimantan province: Berau regency, Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Kampung Baru, Muara Pedohon, Tabang Lama, Uma’ Be
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Timur regency, 2 areas in central Flores island highlands. Users: 6,000 (2010). Sta
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kalimantan prov
Sumatra, Jambi province: Kerinci regency, Sungaipenuh area in western mountains; West Sumatra province: Solok Selatan
Papua province: Papua New Guinea border area, east highland slopes, scattered. Users: 9,970 (2000). Status: 5* (Developi
Papua province: foothills on east Digul river. Users: 900 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kitum, Wam
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island interior. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, near Sepik river entrance to Papua New Guinea. Users:
Southeast Sulawesi province: north Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa sub-districts, east central Buton island. Users
Papua province: Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages, west of Tariku and Kliki rivers’ confluence. Users: 250 (1982 SIL). Status:
Maluku province: south, over 20 villages; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; Roma and Wetar islands, Ama
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, Halerman, Manatang, Margera, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages. User
Maluku province: southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands in mouth of Barakai strait. Users
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Kolaka regency, Lasusua sub-district, 4 villages in upper Bone bay, east coast. Users: 1,
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba. Users: 20,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kudi Classification: Au
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; east side of Cendrawasih bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Statu
Central Kalimantan province: Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages in central and north Seruyan river area. Users: 8,000
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency in Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer gulf. Users: 3,700 (1991 SIL). Sta
Maluku province: 22 villages in north Aru islands on Kola and adjacent islands. Users: 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous
Papua province: Asmat regency, between upper Wideman and Digul rivers. Users: 4,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatene
South Sumatra province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur, Ogan Komering Ulu, and Ogan Ilir regenci
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Barat regency, Komodo island. Users: 1,730 (2015 F. Hurd). Status: 6b (Threatene
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Kompane village on Kongan island. Users: 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened
Papua province: Sungai river west bank headwaters. Users: 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-N
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, Teminabuan sub-district, Konda village; lower Waromge river in southwest
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency on Mandar bay south coast. Users: 2,830 (2010 census), decreasing. Sta
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island south coast. Users: 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Sinjai regencies; southeast peninsula on Salayer strait. Users: 167,000
South Sulawesi province: Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Sinjai regencies, south peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang are
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Burungmakok and Siradala villages in lowlands; headwaters area,
Users: 22,800 in Indonesia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classifica
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Unsongi village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 9
Papua province: southeast inland area between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. Users: 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolin
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district in eastern highlands, on Erok river upper reaches. Users: 8,000 (19
Papua province: west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence, south of Jayapura city. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status:
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Adijaya, Kayumerah, Keroi, and Namatota villages; Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau b
Sumatra, Jambi province: Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Riau province: Indrigir
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency. Lerabaing and Buraga villages on Alor island (Kui dialect); Kapebang and Sibera
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northeast coast, Kiralela, Koilela, Maukuru, Peisaka, and Takala villages; also east
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Buton regency, Bonegunu, Kulisusu Barat, Kulisusu Induk, and Kulisusu Utara sub-distr
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages on southeast Buto
Maluku province: west Kei Kecil district in Kur and surrounding islands southeast. Users: 3,180 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threate
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency, 16 villages in southwest Bomberai peninsula. Users: 500 (1982 SIL). Status: 7
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages; Kurudu islands. Users: 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Stat
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Kwer village; lowlands area at Sirac river headwaters. Users: 100
Papua province: Apiaweti, Aurime, Munukania, Tatsewalem, and Wamariri villages in Apauwer river headwaters. Users: 2,
Papua province: Edifalen, Kwerba, and Marinafalen villages on Mamberamo river east bank and into highlands. Users: 300
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Arare, Holmhaven, Mafenter, and Omte villages in Pacific coast area. Users: 2,000 (1987 SI
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Ansudu village. Users: 500 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
North Maluku province: south Loloda district, 4 villages; Halmahera island northwest interior. Users: 2,000 (1991 SIL). Statu
Maluku province: Laha and other villages on Ambon island south central coast. Users: 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Barang-Barang, Laiyolo, Lowa, and other villages on Selayar island so
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency; also Solor island; possibly north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, and surr
East Nusa Tenggara province: 3 or more villages on Lembata island south coast. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vi
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Lembata island, several villages between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewoeleng [lwe] language a
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island southwest coast. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency; Lampung province: Lampung Barat and Tanggamus regencies in Semangko bay area; Wa
Lampung province: 3 enclaves east between Kanan and Seputih rivers. Users: 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Allang, Lai, Larike, Tapi, and Wakasihu villages on southwest Ambon island coas
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Lasalima town, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages facing La
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Latu village; west Seram island, southwest Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. Users:
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala and Parigi Moutong regencies, Ampibabo, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, and Tom
Central Kalimantan province: North, East, and South Barito regencies; East Kalimantan province: Karau river area; South Ka
West Papua province: Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island, Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages in northwest main bay and s
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, south Lembata island, Atadei district. Users: 8,000 (Krausse 2016). Status:
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Lembata island. Users: 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: L
North Kalimantan province: Long Layu’, Long Padi. Users: 900 (2022 R. Saupia). Lengilu speakers are ethnically Lundayeh [l
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Teiraplu, Yefta, and Aboy districts, west of Sungai Sobger. Users: 530 (1991
Maluku province: Southwest Maluku regency, Leti island sub-district. Users: 7,710 (2017 R. Saupia). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alt
East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Lembata island. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
East Nusa Tenggara province: central eastern Lembata island; north coastal plains villages are from recent government-ind
East Nusa Tenggara province: southeastern Flores island in Lewotobi volcano area. Users: 6,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Al
East Nusa Tenggara province: east central Flores island. Users: 105,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bungi district, Bau-Bau sub-district; south Buton island Waliabuku village area north of Bau-B
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah and Seram Bagian regencies, Tehoru, Timur Bula, and Werinama districts, 8 villages from
Papua province: Eastern highlands, Eipo river area. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eip
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, Liki and Nirumoar islands. Users: 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic popu
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages, in middle Rongko river area; scattered in Sabban
Maluku province: 5 villages on west and north Seram island. Users: 1,830 (1982). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Maluku province: Buru island; Wae and Apo river valleys, and west on north Seram Sea coast; some in Ambon. Users: 11,9
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Jambuair, Lola, and Warabal villages in Aru island group on Barakan, Lola, and P
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak sub-district, Lolak, Mongkoinit, Mongkoinit Barat, Tombolan
East Nusa Tenggara province; west central Rote island, Ba’a town and north to south coast; north and central region (Nort
North Maluku province: North Halmahera regency on northwest coast, nearby islands. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bak
Maluku Province: Aru islands group, Koba island on northwest coast. Users: 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classifica
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, north central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers sur
East Nusa Tenggara province: Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso on northwest Sumba island. Users: 10,000 (Grimes et
Maluku province: Wetan island, and across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. Users: 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monoling
North Sumatra province: Mandailing Natal regency, Kotanopan district. Users: 2,000 (2021). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Luhu village on northwest and south coast of Seram island, Boano and Man
North Kalimantan province: mountainous Sesayap river area. Users: 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all count
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan and Barito Timur regencies, Awang, Dusun Hilir, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Tengah
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago on east Bantanta, central Salawati islands, and Misool island. Users: 4,000 (
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Wasilei area on southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay. Users: 6,620 (2
East Java province: Java island coast south and west of Surabaja city, Bawean, Kangean, and Sapudi islands; South Kaliman
West Papua province: about 40 villages in central Bird’s Head, Ayamaru lakes area. Users: 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Dev
Papua province; West Papua province: Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea, southeast from Arguni ba
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang, Polewali Mandar and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies; Boya river area. Users: 31,500 (20
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan, and Takalar regencies; southwe
North Maluku province: Kota Tidore Kepaluan regency; Bacan, Halmahera west coast, Kayoa, south Mori, and Obi islands.
North Maluku province: Halmahera southwest coast, Kayoa, west Makian islands. Users: 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 19
Papua province: Merauke regency, Welbuti village; south coast area. Users: 120. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Central Kalimantan, Jambi, North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, South Kalimantan, West Kalim
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru island group, Wamar island; Seram Bagian Barat regency, Ambon city, Kama
North Maluku province: at least 2 villages on Bacan and Mandioli islands. Users: 6 (2012 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Al
Bali province: widespread on Bali and Nusa islands. Users: 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: C
Maluku province: south Banda islands. Users: 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Creole, Malay based
East Kalimantan province: Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; Celebes Sea coast
South Kalimantan province: Sampanahan river area northwest of Limbungan town. Users: 59,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (V
Bengkulu province: central Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung province; South S
Bengkulu province: small area south of Lake Dipatipan; Jambi province: widespread; Riau province: Indragiri Hulu and Indr
East Kalimantan province: Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river and central Mahakam river basi
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Kupang city and Semau island; all on west Timor island. Users: 350,000, all
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency, Larantuka city area, and southwest Flores Strait towards Lewotobi tow
Gorontalo and North Sulawesi provinces. Users: 3,320,000, all users. L1 users: 1,820,000 (2010 census), increasing. L2 user
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Damar, northwest Jaronga, and south Halmahera islands. Users: 1,00
Widespread in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces. Users: 1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 20
East Kalimantan province: Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Sa
Widely dispersed; Central Kalimantan province: Katingan, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur, Lamandau, and Sukamara rege
South Sulawesi province: Pinrang regency, Patampanua sub-district, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages; north Sad
South Sulawesi province: north Pare-Pare area; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river. Users: 89,1
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Sumba island, coastal Memboro town. Users: 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorou
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong, Kalukku, and Mamuju sub-districts; Point Rangas north along M
South Sulawesi province: Pangkajene Islands regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas; West Sulawesi pro
Papua province: Sarmi regency, 2 areas on upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. Users: 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nea
Papua province: between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, toward Fly river border in Papua New Guinea. Users: 10,0
Papua province: Boven Digul regency, Aiwat, Anggai, Butiptiri, Getentiri, Kaisah, and Subur villages; south of Tanahmerah a
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area, Kiba, Wembi, and Yeti villages. Users: 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL)
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, western third. Users: 900,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austrones
North Maluku province: Sula islands on Mangole island south coast, south to Sula Besi island south tip. Users: 7,280 (2000)
Maluku province: Central Maluku regency, 4 villages on Manipa island, west of Seram island. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and
Maluku province: Aru islands, Manombai strait to Wakua island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Ben
Papua Barat province: Manokwari regency, Mapia islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 19
Papua province: 5 villages on east Yapen island, Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Class
Papua province: Merauke regency south coast area; also, enclave in extreme south Papua. Users: 7,000 (1987 SIL). Status:
Papua province: Merauke regency, Muting sub-district, Sanayu village in upper Bian river area. Users: 2,900 (2002 Sohn M
Maluku province: 1 village southeast on Mairi island in Aru island group. Users: 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages in Ilbutung area on Marsela island. Users: 510 (1980 N. de Jonge).
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages from Welulora to Latalola Besar on east central Marsela island we
Maluku province: 5 villages on Masela island west tip. Users: 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: West Ma
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Masi-Masi island off north coast. Users: 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b
Maluku province: Bula district along Seram island northeast coast. Users: 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast; also west of Sarmi near Apauwer river. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic popula
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago in Misool and Segaf islands. Users: 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threa
West Kalimantan province: Balaikarangan and Kembayan to Sarawak border area. Users: 11,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vi
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti, and Mawes Wres villages on Buri river wes
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Kendate, Maribu, Sabron Dosay, and Waibrong villages. Users: 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status:
West Sumatra province: Sumatra island; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. Users: 62,300 (2010 census). Ethnic po
West Papua province: Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
Papua province: Nabire regency; West Papua province: Kaimana and Teluk Wondama regencies on central Bird’s Head, he
West Papua province: Bird’s Head northeast coast. Users: 14,800 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arfak,
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency, Pulau Banyak and Singkil districts; Simeulue regency, Sinabang; South Aceh regency; S
Papua province: Jayapura regency, west of Lake Sentani. Users: 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Na
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; Wakde island, and north coastal area. Users: 550 (2005 SIL). Stat
East Kalimantan province: 5 enclaves on upper reaches of Belayan, Kelinjau, Mahakam, and Segah rivers. Users: 15,300 (W
North Maluku province: Kao river headwaters on north Halmahera island. Users: 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened
West Papua province: 9 villages on west Bird’s Head; Salawati island, Sorong city east and southeast. Users: 4,600 (1993 R.
West Papua province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. Users: 1,200 (198
Maluku province: east Buru island near Kayeli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct)
Papua province: 9 villages 100 km south of Jayapura city. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names
Central Sulawesi province: Kulawi sub-district, Kulawi and Toro town areas. Users: 9,940 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Develop
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kemelom, Kemelom
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Samboka village on lowland hills at headwaters of Brazza and Einladen rivers. Users: 2
Papua province: west Asmat regency into Yahukimo regency; lowlands south of main ranges. Users: 2,000 (Wurm 2000). S
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, and Bolaang Mongondow Timur regencies;
Papua province: central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. Users: 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Papua Barat province: Nabire regency, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay; coastal area northeast of Ruwianui point. User
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on northwest Bomberai peninsula, Berau bay inland. Users: 30 (2012 H. Hammarströ
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head inland, Mata to Worbo area. Users: 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Cla
Central Sulawesi province: Lembo, Mori Atas, and Petasia sub-districts, 25 villages on southeast peninsula neck; South Sula
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah, Lembo, and Petasia sub-districts, 24 villages; South Sulawesi province: Mahalo
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bombana regency, Bombana district, Wita Ea village; Rumbia mountains on southeast mainla
Papua province: Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur east to Ok Denom. Dewok (Dinamne dialect); Aurarin hamlet (Uppe
Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Only a handful of Marori speakers left in 2012 (Ev
West Papua province: southeast Bird’s Head, west Bituni Bay; Sebjor river basin. Users: 8,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (Develo
West Papua province: Manokwari regency on north coast of Bird’s Head; also Kebar valley. Users: 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). S
West Kalimantan province: Belitang, Belitang Hilir, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau sub-districts along Ayak and Belitang rivers.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Kendari city; Central Buton, Muna, West-Muna, and South Buton regencies. U
Papua province: Yapen island north coast, 1 village. Users: 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nata
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, Milki and Mot villages. Users: 290 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency on upper Sembakung river. Users: 640 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all co
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, Sembakung river mouth. Users: 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b* (Threa
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, northwest valley east to Simalumung. Users: 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b
South Sumatra province: widespread in northern 2 thirds of province from Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains
Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 8,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataut, Kati-Nin
Papua province: south coast, north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. Users: 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
Papua province: Jayapura area, Nafri village on southeast Yotafa bay. Users: 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classi
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Flores island, west slopes of Ebu Lobo volcano. Users: 50,000 (Forth 1993). Status: 5*
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Taniwel village on Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known
Papua province: east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil nort
Papua province: east highlands north slopes. Users: 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hm
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, Namla village. Users: 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classi
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 10 villages in Tomini bay. Users: 6,240 (2010 census), incr
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru, and Tanjung Betuah villages in Nasal river area on Suma
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolop
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Tiom in central highlands, and scattered. Users: 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Status: 5* (D
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Pantar island in Banda sea. Users: 1,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 60,000 (1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: B
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores, Desa Rowa, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Boawae, Kecamatan Golewa
Central Kalimantan province: Gunung Mas, Kapuas, Katingan, Kota Palangkaraya, Kotawaringin Timur, and Pulang Pisau reg
Papua province: Ok Bon, Ok Sibil, and Ok Tsop valleys. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18
Papua province: middle Hablifoeri river north of Wamena. Users: 4,400 (2005). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Nggem
North Sumatra province: Batu, Nias and Mursala islands. Alasa, Sirombu and Mandrehe (Northwest dialect); Gomo, and so
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 6 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted
Papua province: Jayapura regency, about 26 villages west of Lake Sentani. Users: 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b* (Threatened).
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district west of Hmanggona. Users: 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Th
Papua province: east Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. Users: 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name
Maluku province: 2 villages on Seram island, central north coast and inland, and Saleman bay. Users: 500 (1990 SIL). Status
Maluku province: Amahai district, 6 villages on Seram island inland from south coast. Users: 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Lease islands and Nusa Laut island in Titawai village. Users: No known L1 speak
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Obogwi village on Lakes plain north of Rouffaer river. Users: 120 (Wurm 2000
Maluku province: southeast Maluku Barat Daya regency; Kisar island, Oirata village; some in Ambon city. Users: 1,220 (198
East Kalimantan province: Sabah border area in northwest. Users: 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on north Bomberai peninsula in Berau bay south coast west to Wetin point, then sou
Papua Barat province: Fak Fak regency, Maruntiri area on Onin peninsula and inland highlands. Users: No known L1 speake
Papua province: Jayapura regency north coast, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Sh
Papua province: Jayapura and Sarmi regencies, Bonggo, Lereh, and Unurum-Guay sub-districts, Taja, Wamho, and Witi villa
East Java province: Banyuwangi regency area on far east Java island facing Bali strait. Users: 300,000 (2000 census). Status
Central Kalimantan province: upper south Kapuas river, 7 villages; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kal
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Malili, Mangkutana, and Nuha sub-districts, 9 villages inland between Lake
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency on lower Kao river and west to interior foothills. Users: 3,310 (2000). St
Central Kalimantan province: East Barito regency, Paku district, Bantei Napu, Kalamus, Tampa, and Tarinsing villages. Users
East Nusa Tenggara province: Palu’e island; Flores mainland, Nangahure village northwest of Maumere. Users: 10,000 (Gri
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Bungku Tengah, Bungku Utara, Lage, Mori Atas, Pam
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency northwest; West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko
Southeast Sulawesi province: central Buton island, east and west coasts. Users: 9,460 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 24,400 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Thre
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Pantar island. Users: 10,800 (Holton 2014). Ethnic population: 10,800. Status: 6a* (Vigo
Papua province: Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river. Users: 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Lake
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Papuma village on Yapen island south coast. Users: 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (
North Maluku province: 9 villages on Halmahera island along the west coast. Users: 10,600 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous).
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Kecamatan and Amahai villages on Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore. Use
Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces: northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to Argamakmur area south. Users: 30
Central Sulawesi province: Balaesang sub-district, Sibayu, Walandano, and other villages; scattered north to Dampal Utara
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Moning and Uhak villages on Wetar island northeast coast. Users: 280 (Hint
Jakarta Special Capital Region. Users: There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Nam
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Mias Endi, Pom, and Serewen villages on Yapen island, from Pon bay west to W
North Sulawesi province: Belang town area. Users: No known L1 speakers. 3 or 4 semi-speakers (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 9 (D
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency south of Kayan river. Users: 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threat
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency on Mahakam river. Users: 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threate
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on upper Malinau river. Users: 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Thre
East Kalimantan province: Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency on southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, and inl
North Kalimantan province: Malinau and Nunukan regencies, Bangalan, Longberang, and Mensalong towns in Mentarang r
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka Utara regency, Pakue sub-district on upper Bone bay west coast, Batunong and north
East Nusa Tenggara province: Central Flores island near Mount Watuweri, 2 areas. Users: 6,000 (2010). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
Central Sulawesi province: border area southwest of Lake Poso; South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Rampi distr
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 2 villages on Cenderawasih bay east coast at Rombak rive
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on northeast peninsula and Tomini bay. Users: 1,340 (2010 census), decreasin
Bengkulu province: Arga Makmur, Curup, Kapahiang, and Muara Aman town areas in southwest highlands; South Sumatra
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island. Users: 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classificatio
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, south Pura and south Ternate (Alor) islands. Users: 800. Status: 6b (Threatened
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: K
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu sub-district, Landak river area. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hatt
East Nusa Tenggara province: East Rote island, Landu, Oe Pao, and Rikou areas. Users: 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Riung. Users: 14,000 (Wurm an
Users: 1,000 in Indonesia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-Europ
Maluku province: Jerusu village on Roma island. Users: 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Roma
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 4,000 (2005 W. Arka). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification
West Papua province: Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency. Users: 850 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: M
North Maluku province: Jailolo town area on north Halmahera island. Users: 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in T
East Kalimantan province: Berau and Bulungan regencies. Users: 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). A
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Gunung village on Seram island northeast coast. Users: 50 (1989 SIL). Statu
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, northwest Salawati island. Users: Unknown number. Total population of the vi
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency on Saleman bay, north central Seram island, 3 areas. Users: 4,800 (1989 SIL). Sta
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balingara town east to Mount Balantak area; Lamala bay southwest along Pele
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Sarmi regencies, Karfasia, Maseb, Samarkena, and Tamaya villages on north coast,
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency along Kapuas river. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigo
North Sulawesi province: Great Sangir island east peninsula. Users: 110,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Total u
Maluku province: Hualoy, Iha, Kairatu, Kulur, Latu, Siri-Sori, Tomalehu villages; Saparua and Seram islands. Users: 10,200 (1
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, south Pasangkayu sub-district, 1 area near Lariang river mouth, another s
West Nusa Tenggara province: Lombok island. Users: 2,100,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 3,170,000 (2011 census). Status
Papua province: Waropen regency, Sauri-Sirami village on east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threa
Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puara
North Maluku province, Halmahera Tengah and Halmahera Selatan regencies, Gane Timur and Weda districts;13 villages. H
Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Yapen island, an island south of Yapen island ne
Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ay
East Nusa Tenggara Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. Users: 3,000 (G
West Kalimantan province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Sea
Central Sulawesi province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa
East Kalimantan province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). St
Maluku Province, Maluku Tengah regency, Piru bay, Ambon island, north coast: Seit and Kaitetu villages. Users: 10,200 (19
Riau province; Riau Islands province; Bangka Belitung Islands province: Bangka Barat, Banka Tenga, and Bangka Selatan reg
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas area on northwest Bomberai peninsula coast; Ogar island. Users: 450 (Voegel
Central Sulawesi Tengah province: Palolo valley; South Sulawesi province: North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong sub-dis
South Sulawesi province: west Limbong sub-district along Betue river. Users: 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987). Statu
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Tanimbar island group; at least 6 villages on Nuswotar, Selaru, and Yam
South Sulawesi province: Selayar island. Users: 103,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Sala
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Batu Putih, Makatian, Marantutu, and Wermatang villages in Tanimbar
West Kalimantan province: Ketapang regency in Kualan and Semandang river areas. Users: 100,000 (2019 D. Berglund). 40
Papua province: Nabire regency, border area west of Lake Jamur; West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bomberai penin
Papua province: middle south coast, between Agats and Kokonao. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
Papua province: Lake Sentani area, about 30 scattered villages; scattered in other parts of Indonesia. Users: 30,000 (1996 S
Maluku province: Sepa village on Seram island, and several areas on southwest coast. Users: 2,600 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b*
Maluku province: Babar island group, Papilewan town on northeast Marsela island. Users: 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status:
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 4 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Serui town area on Yapen island south coast; west past Panduan point; Sareba
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency, Barito river north along tributary. Users: 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Flores island. Users: 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
Papua province: Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages in Lakes plain area. Users: 2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja). Status: 5 (Developin
Aceh province: central Simeulue island. Users: 19,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,700 (2010 census). Status: 6b (T
Papua province: central highlands, Amo and Kiniage valleys. Users: 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Devel
Aceh province: east and west Simeulue island; Babi and Banyak islands. Users: 40,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44
Papua province: Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai, and Sko-Yambe villages, north coast border area at Tami river mouth. Users: 700 (199
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada. Users: 10,000 (1994). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, north coast area, Bagaiserwar, Sarmi, and Sawar villages. Users: 1,000 (
Maluku province: south Seram island, Teluti bay area. Users: 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: S
Maluku province: 30 villages on north Seram island mountain area; south along Teluti bay. Users: 7,000 (1989 SIL). Status:
West Papua province: about 50 villages in Bird’s Head area, southeast from Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cende
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area. Users: 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
Papua province: Ambora, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, and Yougafsa villages on north coast. Users: 1,300 (2000), decreasing. S
West Papua province: south Bird’s Head, 15 villages along Maccluer bay. Users: 800 (de Vries 2004). Status: 6b* (Threaten
North Maluku province: Sula islands; Sula Besi (Sanana) island, widespread; Mangole island scattered on east, west and no
West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa and Moyo islands. Users: 300,000 (1989). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Name
Banten and West Java provinces: western third of Java; Central Java province: Cilacap regency. Users: 32,400,000 (2015 UN
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, coastal area and Nirumoar island. Users: 560 (2005 SIL). Status: 8
Gorontalo province: Bone Bolango regency, Bone river valley. Users: 7,590 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (20
North Maluku province: West Halmahera regency, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba sub-districts. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (D
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bukia, Depapre, and Wari towns, and 13 villages on north coast. Users: 3,750 (1990 UB
Central Sulawesi province: Lindu sub-district, Anca, Langko, and Tomado villages near Lake Lindu. Users: 3,640 (2010 censu
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and North Luwu regencies; northwest coast; Bone bay; Bastem sub-district, Rongkong river
Users: 86,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, M
Papua province: northeast border area south of Jayapura. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Na
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong regency, Ampibabo and Parigi Tengah sub-districts in Tomini bay. Users: 370 (2
Central Sulawesi province: Ampibabo, Sindue, and Tinombo sub-districts, 21 villages on Tomini bay west coast. Users: 6,10
North Sulawesi province: Talaud islands. Users: 53,100 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talaur, Tala
North Maluku province: Sula island group; Taliabu island northwest coast; some on Mangole island. Users: 4,520 (2000). 5
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton Utara regency; Kapontori and Wakorumba sub-districts, Maligano and Wakalambe vill
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Bonehau sub-district, Bonehau village area. Users: 320 (2010 census), decreasin
Papua province: south coast area. Users: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wago
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency; upper Kapuas river. Users: 30,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alte
West Nusa Tenggara: central Sumbawa. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the 1815 eruption of Mount T
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency on north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Bapai and Gondu river areas. Users
Papua province: Nabire regency, Bird’s Head neck area south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river; possibly Papua B
Papua province: Kawemaot village. Users: 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Aw
Maluku province: 12 villages in south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor). Users: 6,1
Maluku province: south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. Users: 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Stat
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Demta sub-district, Tarfia village on north coast. Users: 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Mori
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies, 3 areas on Rouffaer river. Users: 650 (2022 S. Kim). Status: 6a
North Kalimantan province: scattered coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. Users: 12,0
Central Kalimantan province: Palori town area; East Kalimantan province: southeast border area. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and
Maluku province: 4 villages on central and south central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers com
Papua province: Keerom regency, Affi, Dubu, and Jembatan Web villages’ border area. Users: 220 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (M
Papua province: Demba and Tefaro villages in east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
West Papua province: Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan sub-district, half of Sawiat sub-district, about 31 villages in sou
East Nusa Tenggara province: 6 villages on central Pantar island. Users: 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a* (Vigor
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Masbuar and Tela villages on southwest Babar island. Users: 1,050 (2007 SIL
East Java province: south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. Users: 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alte
Maluku province: Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. Users: 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
East Nusa Tenggara province: 2 villages on Tereweng island; 1 village on Pantar island. Users: 800 (Grimes et al 1997). Stat
East Nusa Tenggara province: Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Talae, and Termanu areas on central Rote island. Users: 30,000 (2002 U
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate regency, Hiri and Ternate islands; Halmahera Selatan regency, islands between Baca
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate city on Ternate island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died sometime in
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Timor island. Users: 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Status: 5* (Developing). De facto la
North Maluku province: Tidore, Mare, and Moti islands; Halmahera island west coast areas. Users: 46,000, all users. L1 use
North Kalimantan province: Atap, Malinau, Mensalong, Nunukan, Pembeliangan, Tarakan, and Tideng Pale towns. Users: 2
East Nusa Tenggara province: southwest Rote island. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
Papua province: Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam, and Tobati villages on Jayapura bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2007). St
North Maluku province: Kao, Jailolo, and Tubelo districts on north Halmahera island; Maba and Wasile districts on central
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, most of Namla, Tofanma Dua, and Tofanma Satu villages in south Jay
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka, North Kolaka, Konawe, North Konawe, and South Konawe regencies, Mekongga distr
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah sub-district, Sakita village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 100 (2010 census). Stat
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, 4 villages on Tolo bay west coast. Users: 2,240 (
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency, Kota Tomohon city. Users: 19,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shiftin
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong and Toli-Toli regencies; Gorontalo province: Pohuwato regency, east to Mautan
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on north peninsula, Lake Tondano area. Users: 9,560 (2010 census), decreasin
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Tenggara regency; north area near Ronoketang town. Users: 21,000 (2010 census), de
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Utara regency, Kota Bitung and Kota Manado cities. Users: 670 (2010 census), decreas
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Selatan regency on Amurang bay inland; Minahasa and Minahasa Tenggara regencies,
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong sub-district, inland along Budong-Budong river. Users: 440 (201
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and Tana Toraja regencies; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency; possibly Makassar c
Central Sulawesi province: Toli-Toli regency, Baolan, Dampal Selatan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Towe Hitam village. Users: 120 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district on Mamberamo river east bank. Users: 300 (1999 SIL)
Papua province: upper Digul river west side. Users: 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotogut, Ko
Maluku province: southwest in Arwala, Ilpokil, Ilway, Kahailin, Mahuan, Masapun, and Tomliapat villages; southeast Wetar
North Maluku province: East Halmahera regency, Maba district, Miaf, Bebsili, and Marasipno villages; Wasile district, pass
Southeast Sulawesi province: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Kaledupa, Maluku, Mongole, Runduma, Seram, Sulabesi, Taliabu, and W
South Sulawesi province: Selayar regency, Bonerate, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Madu islands; Alor, Ambon, Buru, Maluku, M
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Ambon island, Liang, Tulehu, Tengah-tengah, and Tial villages. Users: 10,000 (M
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cendrawasih bay, Nabire town northeast past Ruwiami point. Users: 500 (1993 R. D
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency border area; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanega
East Nusa Tenggara province: most of west Timor island. Users: 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Maluku province: Kepulauan-Aru regency; northwest Aru islands on Udjir and Wokam islands. Users: 1,030 (2011 SIL). Stat
West Sulawesi province: Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies, mostly interior. Users: 31,600 (2010 census). S
Central Sulawesi province: Sigi regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro sub-districts, 32 villages on Lariang river and tributaries
East Kalimantan province: Malinau regency, Long Jelet Mesahan, Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect), and Long Pujungan villag
North Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, small area; Malinau regency, Batu Kajang, Pimping, Long Belua, Long Setula
Papua province: Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon areas in east Weip and Yay valleys. Users: 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing. St
West Papua province: Fak-Fak regency, Faur and Tuburuasa islands; southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland; possibly Kar
Papua province: Keerom regency, Usku village west of Sobger river. Users: 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from
Papua province: Senggi village in border area south of Jayapura. Users: 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 8a (Morib
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Takar village inland. Users: 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Altern
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, 6 villages on Yapen island, north and south coast. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Statu
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island, 2 separate areas between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] lan
North Maluku province: northwest Halmahera island coast from Sasu town inland to highland interior. Users: 3,000 (Voorh
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Asologoima, Biri, Bolakme, Bugi, Koragi, Ngguma (Tagima), Pyramid, Silo Karno, Wolo
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Ambatkwi sub-district. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classificati
West Papua province: Manokwari, Wasior, Wandamen bay to Bintuni bay east end. Users: 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, upper Digul river area. Users: 1,180 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate
Papua province: Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies in central highlands area; Van Daalen river to upper Rouffaer river. Use
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vi
Papua province: Maberamo Raya regency, Bonoi, Poiwai, Tamakuri, and Warembori villages, Mamberamo river mouth we
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Maweswares village on Biri river headwaters south side. Users: 200 (1993 R. Doriot). Statu
Papua province: Keerom regency, Waris sub-district. Users: 500 in Indonesia (2008 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Papua province: Tolikara regency; Taiyeve area south of Idenburg, Mamberama, and Rouffaer rivers’ confluence. Users: 15
Papua province: Asmat regency south coast, 3 villages near Otsianep and northeast near Bapiem. Users: 300 (1993 R. Dori
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; south Waropen bay area (Ambumi dialect), and southwest to
Southeast Sulawesi province: Konawe Utara regency, Asera sub-district interior, Mopute village. Users: 350 (Mead 1999). S
Maluku province: Watubela islands east central area. Users: 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esir
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Wauyai village on southeast coast. Users: 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifti
Southeast Sulawesi province: Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. Users: 27,600 (2010 census), decreasing. 19,5
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island interior. Users: 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: V
East Nusa Tenggara: Belu regency, Asumanu, Baudaok, Bauho, Raiulun, Sarabau, Silawan, Tohe, and Tulakadi. Users: 1,500
Maluku province: at least 14 villages on Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; also southwest Seram
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Pietoko, Pureman, and 2 enclaves on central north, east, and southeast coasts. U
Papua province: west Yapen island, Wooi and Wainap villages. Users: 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Papua province: west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers area northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Bau-Bau city on Buton island southwest coast. Users: 65,000 in Indonesia (20
Papua province: Waropen regency, Botawa village; Sanoringga river mouth to interior, and northeast. Users: 5 (2000 R. Do
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Timur regency, Wotu sub-district, Bawalipu and Lampenai villages in north Bone bay; coast
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head along Maccluer bay. Users: 500 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Th
Maluku province: Makulu Tengah regency, south central Seram island coastal area. Users: 1,700 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Sta
Papua province: eastern highlands. Users: 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethni
Papua province: central highlands area. Users: 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Angguru
Papua province: central highlands, Holuwon, Lolat, and Ninia villages. Users: 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developin
Papua province: central highlands, Jayawijaya, Kurima, and Kurulu regencies. Users: 5,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous
Maluku province: Tannembar islands, east coast Yamdena island, south to north tip of Selaru island, 35 villages; southwest
Papua province: Mappi regency, south coast along Obaa river north to Gandaimu area. Users: 10,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austrones
Papua province: Nabire regency, west Cenderawasih bay, Manggua point south to Wororomi. Users: 350 (1978 SIL). Status
Papua province: central Yapen island, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages. Users: 10,000 (2
Papua province: Merauke regency, 6 villages in south coast area, along Maro river. Users: 1,280 (Evans et al 2018). Status:
Papua province: Merauke regency, Bibikem, Dodalim, Wanam, and Woboyo villages; South coast, east Muli strait. Users: 4
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cenderawasih bay, Yamur lake area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency. Users
Papua province: Nabire regency, lower Kwatisore bay; West Papua province: south Teluk Wondama regency, Wandamen p
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mantarbori village northeast of Rombebai lake, east of Mamberamo river. Users: 200 (199
Papua province: Keerom regency, Warlef village. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
y, south coast enclave. Users: 2,840,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,370,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). De facto

olynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai
, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi
70,000 (2011 Unit Bahasa dan Budaya - Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (UBB-GMIT)). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Timor Am
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Ya
u Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-W

, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western

, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western
anic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
orth Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’
sian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu
, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat
tened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat

-Dumut, Awyu
(2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobada’ Autonym: Bádá’ Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese

rai, West Bomberai Proper

Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper
aki, Eastern, East Coast
7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al 2007), and several thousa

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’

ntury under Dutch colonial rule. Used in daily communication. Alternate Names: Bara-Jida Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

Alternate Names: Balanta, Kosian Autonym: Wurung Balantak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan
Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balinese Autonym: Basa Bali Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sum
olynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu

nggai, Eastern

th and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait. Users: 3,650,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all cou

arrier Islands, Batak, Northern

n: 614,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anakola, Angkola Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
ak Dairi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern
tak, kalak Karo Autonym: cakap Karo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, North
Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern
ayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan
6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Toba Batak Autonym: Batta Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Ba

eloping). Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Autonym: Bauzi Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti

e Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor

pulation: 6,800,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Betawi, Batavi, Batavian, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Ja
Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Biak, Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch,

asih Bay, Raja Ampat

ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
hilippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot

ang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow,

armi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

n, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan
Bone bay east coast; West Sulawesi province: More, Pasangkayu on Mandar bay; possibly in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra

North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

ast of Lake Poso. Users: 22,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Tamboeko, Tambuku,
ayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

t-Kamoro, Sabakor
an, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western
Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan
a province. Users: 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

ng Autonym: Cia-Cia Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buto
gme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal

n, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North

yo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

uclear Timor, Rote

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao

uar Autonym: Dla Classification: Senagi

tatus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aru, Doibel, Kobro’or, Kobroor, Sersifar Tannin Autonym: Dobel Classification: Austronesian, M
olitoli, Tomini, Northern

ulation all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Total users in all countries: 15,600. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desin Dola

almahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic

Tariku, Central
Mana, Tapiro Autonym: Me Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes

h, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic

ayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu

ssification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East

Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

guage towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar Au
ncy, Rau and Morotai islands. Users: 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5* (Devel

Halmahera, East Makian-Gane

nesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands
yo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

nym: Hulontalo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

u, Sawunese Autonym: Lii Hawu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, H
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon

h, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

u, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Hukumina
aluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung

Plain, Tariku, Central

lternate Names: Sea Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic
nct). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu

lynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

g Pandang Indonesian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera
a Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa

tus: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa Autonym: Jawa Class
astern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East
er Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili
ed in the northern part of Central Sulawesi in the 18th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade and government work. Alternat
, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili

o-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan

wan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

nea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor

ad-Upper Maro, Tonda

New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

ge Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

th Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay
 ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata

n). Became dominant in the 19th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade, agriculture, fishing, hunting, and church. Alternate N
sian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic
007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 52,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highlan
ened). Alternate Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, K

wakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

ayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

a Meher Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-R

n, West Coast

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung

uth Sulawesi, Makassar

wai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai
9). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Dalam, Orang Hutan, Orang Rimba Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
e Names: Lerabaing, Masin-Lak Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
 ntar, Tanglapui
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu
Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton

Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

reater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear

Straits, Ambon
ebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao
s: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in the 19th century during European colonial expansion. Used in textiles, literature, trade, a

omering Ulu Selatan, and Ogan Komering Ulu Timur regencies, near Kanan river headwaters. Users: 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal

Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton
m Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua
cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North
alayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

Bima-Lembata

uclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

ahlakim Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-S

estern Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

aebunta, Lemolang, Lemolango, Limolang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang
rthwest Seram
ian, Central Maluku, Buru

nct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

e Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote
u, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun

ynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang

aluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram

Autonym: Buri’ Lun Bawang, Buri’ Lun Dayeh Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, K
and Tawahan. Users: 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Classification: Austrones
ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
h Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast
oping). Alternate Names: Madhura, Madurese Autonym: Basa Mathura Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese

South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu

assa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Autonym: Basa Mangkasara’ Classification: Austr
Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halm

matra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000
onesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,6

sian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

n Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bahasa Melayu Jambi, Bahaso Daerah, Bahaso Dusun, Baso Jambi, Batin, Djambi, Jambi Classifi

munication in the region and in mixed marriages. Alternate Names: Basa Kupang Autonym: Kupang Classification: Creole, Malay based

s: Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay Autonym: Bahasa Manado Classification: Creole, Malay based
medium of communication, trade language. Alternate Names: Melayu Maluku Utara, North Maluku Malay, Ternate Malay Autonym: B
ury. Now LWC throughout Papua and West Papua, used for trade and daily communication. Alternate Names: Bahasa Tanah, Logat Pa
ggarong Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
g, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja town areas (Kayung and Delang dialects); Sintang to Putus Sibau town areas (Semitau, Suh

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju

00 (2010 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used for trading purposes and other inter-group communication by 5 other langu

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic
, Yapen, Central-Western

ela-South Babar
ar, South, Masela-South Babar

Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

est New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

ra-Barrier Islands
inea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic

ce. Sumatra island, Indian Ocean coast, Padang is central area. Users: 4,880,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,480,000 (2010 cen

orth New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

population: 230,000 (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolang-Mogondo, Minahassa, M

an, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior

mori, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeaster
onolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene Autonym: Moronene Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia

ar Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

wasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western
tries: 3,116,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Became a lingua franca in South Sumatra in the 20th century. Seven people groups

usaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai

a, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
Used in trade, church, and education. Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito Autonym

tonym: Li Nias Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias

west Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuha

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai

Bay, Jayapura Bay

pok, Warpu Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya

layo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior

and north Wotu sub-districts. 193 villages. Users: 77,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bare’e, Baree, Pos
esian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan
Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua

Tomini, Southern

ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

ayic, Kelabitic
-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast

eboni Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern

Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

nea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

Seram, Manusela-Seti
other languages living in some of these villages (Arnold 2020). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maden, Palamul, Saparan, Sapran C
m, Sawai-Nuaulu
ana sub-districts, 136 villages. Users: 51,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Coastal Saluan, Loinang, Loindan
Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast

st, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua

amona, Southern
eda-Sawai, Were Autonym: Sawai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo

sification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili

usaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu

b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Orang Sawang, Sawang, Seka, Sekah Classification: Austro

Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern

an, Land Dayak, Southern

west Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

stern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

olynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

Head, Mantion

yo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula

e Autonym: Basa Sunda Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese

estern Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
o-Mongondow, Gorontalic

g, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, Toala’, Toraja, Toraja Timur, Toware Autonym: Tae’ Classification: Austronesian, Malay
esian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

h New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

he beginning of the 15th century. Tausug people now the dominant group in the Sulu archipelago. Used in all domains by all generatio
ater Barito, East, North
r-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Teun

ation: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head

an, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

o-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung

ayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay
ng). Autonym: Tobelo Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda

6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, To’olaki, Tokia, Tololaki Autonym: Tolaki Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi

omini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern

Minahasan, North, Northeast

o-Polynesian, Minahasan, North

 ’, Taeq, Toradja, Toraja Autonym: Basa Tora’a Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’da
bic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli

-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

0 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tobelo Boeng, Togutil Autonym: O Totobeloho Classification: West Papuan, Nort
layo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate
areas. Users: 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatob
Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon

es: Tunjung Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam

ym: Uab Meto Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab M

South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu

west bank area. Users: 18,800 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro Autonym: Bas
akan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan
nesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

era-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

mes: Lower Pyramid, Wodo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper

n, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

ea, West, Dani, Wano

lynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen

wasih Bay, Raja Ampat

gku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast

, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale

uinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

o-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio

an, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers

n: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern

rin Autonym: Tanempar, Tanempar Liriny Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southe

ea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur

n, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim
ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar
 300 300
16.000 16000
3.000 3000
layo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic,
2.840.000 Chamic, Acehnese
2840000
3.000 3000
98.000 98000
3.000 3000
1.000 1000
25.000 25000
17.200 17200
50 50
70000 70000
10.100 10100
1.600 1600
5.700 5700
30.000 30000
16.000 16000
2.000 2000
335 335
4.600 4600
320 320
2.630 2630
150 150
283000 283000
29.300 29300
1.000 1000
150 150
6 6
8.760 8760
9.000 9000
7.000 7000
1.000 1000
2.000 2000
1.000 1000
350 350
100 100
0 0
350 350
6.500 6500
7.500 7500
3.870 3870
 2.300 2300
1.500 1500
9.340 9340
1.000 1000
4.460 4460
9780 9780
20.000 20000
300 300
1.100 1100
19.000 19000
780 780
w, Orang Laut, Sama, T 226.000 226000
4.000 4000
12000 12000
4.000 4000
100.000 100000
3.300 3300
20500 20500
3.300.000 3300000
42.100 42100
3.000 3000
88.300 88300
340.000 340000
ntations, transportation,3650000
and mining. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Jaku Banjar, Labuhan Autonym: Bahasa B
3650000
1.200 1200
4.450 4450
2.500 2500
64 64
15.000 15000
101.000 101000
535.000 535000
172.000 172000
491.000 491000
691.000 691000
151.000 151000
1.610.000 1610000
3.500 3500
850 850
3.640 3640
1.500 1500
300 300
180 180
7.500 7500
4.280 4280
200 200
350 350
10.100 10100
54.000 54000
 1.200 1200
600 600
5.000.000 5000000
Guinea, West New Gu 70.000 70000
- -
8480 8480
- -
330 330
7.000 7000
500.000 500000
2.800 2800
250 250
10.000 10000
2.400 2400
3.240 3240
2.050 2050
4.500 4500
5.770 5770
11.900 11900
790 790
180 180
as L2: 500,000). S - -
400 400
570 570
2.520 2520
30.000 30000
21000 21000
22.000 22000
90.200 90200
100 100
250 250
45.000 45000
40 40
4.350 4350
1.000 1000
700 700
670 670
640000 640000
466000 466000
- -
766000 766000
182000 182000
104.000 104000
8.000 8000
290 290
145.000 145000
440 440
820 820
1.140 1140
14.000 14000
2.800 2800
800 800
9.560 9560
20.000 20000
50.000 50000
20.000 20000
180.000 180000
250 250
1.270 1270
7.000 7000
1.000 1000
400 400
20.000 20000
5.000 5000
300 300
55 55
100 100
300 300
5.680 5680
10.000 10000
70 70
15000 15000
123.000 123000
0 0
0 0
20.000 20000
4.500 4500
5.000 5000
17000 17000
930 930
1.500 1500
100.000 100000
300 300
10.000 10000
2.000 2000
250 250
110.000 110000
870 870
34000 34000
94.500 94500
530 530
200 200
1.400 1400
280 280
550 550
50.000 50000
 5800 5800
79.000 79000
680 680
1.500 1500
2.900 2900
275.000 275000
2.650 2650
2.000 2000
5700 5700
36.500 36500
1.000 1000
505.000 505000
2.500 2500
17.500 17500
900 900
18.200 18200
16.000 16000
110.000 110000
14.000 14000
94000 94000
16.000 16000
0 0
1.000 1000
300 300
0 0
0 0
3.000 3000
1.500 1500
15000 15000
35 35
5.500 5500
0 0
15.000 15000
1.400 1400
560 560
1.98E+08 198000000
810.000 810000
1880950 1880950
20.000 20000
4.000 4000
1.800 1800
80 80
37.000 37000
14000 14000
68200000 68200000
0 0
200 200
3.900 3900
600 600
350 350
5.500 5500
1.000 1000
500 500
6.660 6660
62.600 62600
215.000 215000
35.700 35700
2.290 2290
700 700
220 220
3.290 3290
22 22
18.000 18000
6.000 6000
0 0
2.330 2330
240.000 240000
1.570 1570
8.000 8000
110.000 110000
5 5
100 100
170 170
100 100
400 400
200 200
230 230
240 240
610 610
5.000 5000
1125 1125
40.000 40000
450 450
400 400
600 600
10.000 10000
1.300 1300
3.000 3000
2.000 2000
1.500 1500
500 500
0 0
50 50
40.000 40000
30.000 30000
200 200
85.000 85000
370 370
640 640
10000 10000
1.500 1500
20 20
2.500 2500
321000 321000
32.000 32000
12000 12000
8000 8000
6.000 6000
500 500
260000 260000
9.970 9970
900 900
3.000 3000
500 500
5.970 5970
250 250
20.000 20000
5.000 5000
870 870
1.500 1500
20000 20000
100 100
8.000 8000
3.700 3700
7.400 7400
4.000 4000
470.000 470000
1.730 1730
330 330
300 300
500 500
2.830 2830
1.200 1200
167.000 167000
68.500 68500
400 400
22800 22800
980 980
3.500 3500
8.000 8000
250 250
600 600
10.000 10000
100 100
5.000 5000
32.100 32100
1.010 1010
3.180 3180
500 500
2.180 2180
100 100
2.500 2500
300 300
15 15
2.000 2000
500 500
2.000 2000
3.890 3890
290 290
268000 268000
4.000 4000
4.000 4000
25.000 25000
827.000 827000
180.000 180000
12.600 12600
1.150 1150
2.130 2130
49.800 49800
100.000 100000
250 250
8.000 8000
8.000 8000
900 900
530 530
7.710 7710
4.000 4000
4.000 4000
6000 6000
105.000 105000
160 160
3.000 3000
3.000 3000
11 11
900 900
1.830 1830
11.900 11900
900 900
50 50
20000 20000
15.000 15000
220 220
 0 0
10.000 10000
18.000 18000
2.000 2000
6.500 6500
23000 23000
150.000 150000
4.000 4000
6.620 6620
7790000 7790000
20.000 20000
3.300 3300
31.500 31500
2110000 2110000
20000 20000
12.000 12000
120 120
Malayu Classificati 4910000 4910000
d medi 1600000 1600000
6 6
25.000 25000
3.690 3690
11.200 11200
59.000 59000
1.590.000 1590000
1.000.000 1000000
80.000 80000
350000 350000
20.000 20000
3320000 3320000
1000000 1000000
1.100.000 1100000
210.000 210000
karaja town areas ( 520000 520000
3090 3090
89.100 89100
10.000 10000
62.900 62900
499.000 499000
20 20
10.000 10000
20.000 20000
400 400
900000 900000
7.280 7280
1.500 1500
9.110 9110
0 0
1.700 1700
7.000 7000
2.900 2900
280 280
510 510
520 520
850 850
10 10
1.000 1000
25 25
1.250 1250
11.000 11000
850 850
1.200 1200
62.300 62300
250 250
85 85
14.800 14800
4880000 4880000
300 300
550 550
15.300 15300
2.000 2000
4.600 4600
1.200 1200
0 0
230 230
9.940 9940
250 250
200 200
2.000 2000
117.000 117000
20.000 20000
700 700
30 30
1.000 1000
14.000 14000
14.000 14000
26300 26300
6900 6900
50 50
8.000 8000
7.000 7000
40.000 40000
266.000 266000
800 800
290 290
640 640
 3180 3180
2000 2000
aso Palembang Classi 3105000 3105000
8.000 8000
4.000 4000
1.630 1630
50.000 50000
0 0
700 700
16.000 16000
30 30
6.240 6240
3.000 3000
1.200 1200
10.000 10000
1500 1500
60.000 60000
5.000 5000
890.000 890000
10000 10000
4.400 4400
867000 867000
0 0
2.000 2000
1000 1000
2.500 2500
500 500
500 500
1.500 1500
0 0
120 120
1.220 1220
3390 3390
500 500
0 0
500 500
1.600 1600
300.000 300000
78.800 78800
3.100 3100
3.310 3310
50 50
10.000 10000
77.900 77900
770 770
9.460 9460
24.400 24400
10.800 10800
 400 400
600 600
10.600 10600
50 50
30.000 30000
1.820 1820
280 280
- -
2.000 2000
0 0
370 370
140 140
200 200
2.000 2000
700 700
6.000 6000
350 350
6.000 6000
7.500 7500
200 200
1.340 1340
350.000 350000
5.000 5000
800 800
1.100 1100
45.000 45000
12.000 12000
14.000 14000
1000 1000
1.700 1700
4.000 4000
1.100 1100
850 850
7.500 7500
6.000 6000
50 50
Bay, Raja Ampat - -
4.800 4800
51.900 51900
400 400
45.000 45000
110000 110000
10.200 10200
0 0
2.550 2550
2.100.000 2100000
100 100
250 250
12.000 12000
300 300
3.500 3500
3.000 3000
37.000 37000
660 660
2.000 2000
10.200 10200
420 420
450 450
6.000 6000
2.500 2500
8.000 8000
103.000 103000
2.840 2840
100.000 100000
1.000 1000
1.000 1000
30.000 30000
2.600 2600
330 330
0 0
1.200 1200
60.000 60000
175.000 175000
2.000 2000
19.800 19800
5.000 5000
40.300 40300
700 700
10.000 10000
1.000 1000
17.000 17000
7.000 7000
12.000 12000
210 210
1.300 1300
800 800
20000 20000
300.000 300000
32.400.000 32400000
560 560
7.590 7590
15.000 15000
3.750 3750
3.640 3640
272000 272000
86000 86000
 500 500
370 370
6.100 6100
53.100 53100
4.520 4520
310 310
320 320
3.500 3500
30.000 30000
0 0
500 500
0 0
100 100
6110 6110
7.910 7910
630 630
650 650
ian, Greater Central Ph 12000 12000
20.000 20000
0 0
220 220
100 100
10.000 10000
4.000 4000
1.050 1050
80.000 80000
1.100 1100
800 800
30.000 30000
62000 62000
0 0
400000 400000
46000 46000
27000 27000
20.000 20000
100 100
27.700 27700
250 250
238.000 238000
100 100
2.240 2240
19.000 19000
19.700 19700
9.560 9560
21.000 21000
670 670
14.900 14900
440 440
 588000 588000
10.800 10800
120 120
300 300
780 780
1.200 1200
2.590 2590
120.000 120000
130.000 130000
10.000 10000
500 500
50.000 50000
700.000 700000
1.030 1030
31.600 31600
18.800 18800
1500 1500
3.000 3000
5.600 5600
400 400
110 110
250 250
630 630
1.500 1500
3.000 3000
3.000 3000
20000 20000
3.000 3000
5.000 5000
1.180 1180
1.000 1000
10.000 10000
620 620
200 200
500 500
150 150
300 300
6000 6000
350 350
4.000 4000
300 300
27.600 27600
55.000 55000
1500 1500
6.000 6000
3.700 3700
1.800 1800
5.000 5000
 65000 65000
5 5
250 250
500 500
1.700 1700
2.300 2300
15.000 15000
10.500 10500
5.000 5000
25.000 25000
10.000 10000
200 200
350 350
10.000 10000
1.280 1280
400 400
70 70
350 350
1400 1400
200 200
230 230
Abinomn bsa

Abui abz

Abun kgr

Aceh ace

Adang adn

Adonara adr

Aghu ahh

Airoran air
Alor aol

Alune alp

Amahai amq

Amarasi aaz

Ambai amk

Ambelau amv

Ampanangapg

Anakalang akg

Anasi bpo
Andio bzb

Ansus and

Anus auq

Aoheng pni

Aputai apx

Aralle-Tab atq

Arandai jbj

Arguni agf

As asz
Asilulu asl

Asmat, Casasc

Asmat, Cencns

Asmat, Nornks

Asmat, Yaoasy

Atohwaim aqm

Auye auu

Awbono awh

Awera awr
Awyi auw

Awyu, Asu psa

Awyu, Centawu

Awyu, Ederawy

Awyu, Jair awv

Awyu, Nor yir

Awyu, Sou aws

Babar, Norbcd

Babar, Souvbb
Bada bhz

Badui bac

Bagusa bqb

Baham bdw

Bahau bhv

Bahonsuai bsu

Bajau, Ind bdl

Bakati’ bei
Bakati’, Ra lra

Bakati’, Sa sre

Bakumpai bkr

Balaesang bls

Balantak blz

Bali ban

Bambam ptu

Banda bnd

Banggai bgz
Bangka mfb

Banjar bjn

Bantik bnq

Barakai baj

Barapasi brp

Baras brs

Basap bdb

Batak Alas-btz

Batak Angkakb
Batak Dairibtd

Batak Karobtx

Batak Mand
btm

Batak Simabts

Batak Tobabbc

Bati bvt

Batui zbt

Batuley bay

Bauzi bvz
Bayono byl

Bedoanas bed

Behoa bep

Beneraf bnv

Benggoi bgy

Bengkala Sbqy

Bentong bnu

Benyadu’ byd

Berik bkl
Betaf bfe

Betawi bew

Biak bhw

Bidayuh, B bth

Bidayuh, B sdo

Biga bhc

Bilba bpz

Bima bhp
Bintauna bne

Biritai bqq

Blagar beu

Boano bzl

Boano bzn

Bobongko bgb

Bobot bty

Bolango bld

Bolongan blj
Bonerate bna

Bonggo bpg

Budong-Bubdx

Bugis bug

Bukat bvk

Bukitan bkn

Buli bzq

Bunak bfn

Bungku bkz
Buol blf

Burate bti

Burmeso bzu

Buru mhs

Burumakokaip

Burusu bqr

Buruwai asi

Busami bsm

Busoa bup
Campalagi cml

Chinese, H hak

Chinese, Mcmn

Chinese, Mcdo

Chinese, Mnan

Chinese, Y yue

Cia-Cia cia

Citak txt

Citak, Tam tml

Col liw

Dabe dbe

Dai dij

Dakka dkk

Damal uhn

Damar, Easdmr

Damar, Wedrn

Dampelas dms
Dani, Lowedni

Dani, Mid dnt

Dani, Uppedna

Dani, Westdnw

Dao daz

Dawera-Daddw

Dela-Oenalrow

Dem dem

Demisa dei
Dengka dnk

Dera kbv

Dhao nfa

Diebroud tbp

Dineor mrx

Diuwe diy

Dobel kvo

Dondo dok

Doutai tds
Duano dup

Duri mvp

Duriankeredbn

Dusner dsn

Dusun Deydun

Dusun Malduq

Dusun Wit duw

Duvle duv

Edopi dbf
Ekari ekg

Elseng mrf

Embaloh emb

Emem enr

Emplawas emw

Ende end

Enggano eno

Enrekang ptt

Eritai ert
Erokwanaserw

Fayu fau

Fedan pdn

Foau flh

Fordata frd

Galela gbi

Galolen gal

Gamkonor gak
Gane gzn

Gayo gay

Gebe gei

Geser-Gor ges

Gorap goq

Gorontalo gor

Gresi grs

Haji hji

Hamap hmu
Haruku hrk

Hatam had

Hawu hvn

Helong heg

Hitu htu

Hoti hti

Hovongan hov

Huaulu hud

Hukumina huw
Hulung huk

Hupla hap

Iau tmu

Iban iba

Ibu ibu

Iha ihp

Iha Based Pihb

Ile Ape ila

Ili’uun ilu
Imroing imr

Indonesianind

Indonesianinl

Indonesianpea

Irarutu irh

Isirawa srl

Itik itx

Jangkang djo

Javanese jav
Javindo jvd

Jofotek-Br jbr

Kabola klz

Kaburi uka

Kadai kzd

Kafoa kpu

Kaibobo kzb

Kaidipang kzp
Kaili, Da’a kzf

Kaili, Ledo lew

Kaili, Unde unz

Kaimbulawzka

Kais kzm

Kaiy tcq

Kalabra kzz

Kalao kly

Kalumpangkli
Kamang woi

Kamarian kzx

Kamaru kgx

Kambera xbr

Kamberau irx

Kamoro kgq

Kangean kkv

Kanum, Bädkhd

Kanum, Ngkcd
Kanum, Smkxq

Kanum, So krz

Kao kax

Kapauri khp

Kaptiau kbi

Karas kgv

Karey kyd

Karon Dori kgw

Kaur vkk
Kaure bpp

Kauwera xau

Kawe kgb

Kayagar kyt

Kayan Mahxay

Kayan, Busbfg

Kayan, Kayxkn

Kayan, Me xkd

Kayan, Wa whu
Kayeli kzl

Kayupulau kzu

Kedang ksx

Kehu khh

Kei kei

Keijar kdy

Kelabit kzi

Kemak kem
Kembayan xem

Kemberan bzp

Kembra xkw

Kemtuik kmt

Kendayan knx

Keninjal knl

Kenyah, M xkl

Kenyah, Wwhk

Ke’o xxk
Kepo’ kuk

Kereho xke

Kerinci kvr

Ketengbanxte

Ketum ktt

Kimaghimakig

Kimki sbt

Kioko ues

Kirikiri kiy
Kisar kje

Klon kyo

Koba kpd

Kodeoha vko

Kodi kod

Kofei kpi

Kohin kkx

Kokoda xod

Kola kvv
Kombai tyn

Komering kge

Komodo kvh

Kompane kvp

Komyandarkzv

Konda knd

Koneraw kdw

Konjo, Coaskjc

Konjo, Hig kjk

Kopkaka opk

Koroni xkq

Korowai khe

Korupun-Sekpq

Kosare kiq

Kowiai kwh

Kubu kvb

Kui kvd
Kula tpg

Kulisusu vkl

Kumbewahxks

Kur kuv

Kuri nbn

Kurudu kjr

Kwer kwr

Kwerba kwe

Kwerba M xwr
Kwerisa kkb

Kwesten kwt

Kwinsu kuc

Laba lau

Laha lhh

Laiyolo lji

Lamaholot slp

Lamalera lmr

Lamatuka lmq
Lamboya lmy

Lampung Aljp

Lampung Nabl

Larike-Wakalo

Lasalimu llm

Latu ltu

Lauje law

Laura lur

Lawangan lbx
Legenyem lcc

Lembata, Slmf

Lembata, lmj

Lemolang ley

Lengilu lgi

Lepki lpe

Leti lti

Levuka lvu

Lewo Elenglwe
Lewotobi lwt

Liabuku lix

Liana-Seti ste

Lik eip

Liki lio

Lindu klw

Li’o ljl

Lisabata-Nulcs
Lisela lcl

Lola lcd

Lolak llq

Lole llg

Loloda loa

Lorang lrn

Loun lox

Luang lex

Lubu lcf
Luhu lcq

Lun Bawanlnd

Ma’anyan mhy

Maba mqa

Maden xmx

Madura mad

Mai Brat ayz

Mairasi zrs

Maiwa wmm
Makasar mak

Makian, Eamky

Makian, Wmqs

Maklew mgf

Malay zlm

Malay, Amabs

Malay, Bacbtj

Malay, Bal mhp

Malay, Banbpq
Malay, Berbve

Malay, Bukbvu

Malay, Cenpse

Malay, Jamjax

Malay, Kotmqg

Malay, Kupmkn

Malay, Lar lrt

Malay, Makmfp

Malay, Ma xmm
Malay, Normax

Malay, Pappmy

Malay, Tenvkt

Malayic Daxdy

Malimpungmli

Mamasa mqj

Mamboru mvd

Mamuju mqx
Mandar mdr

Mander mqr

Mandobo Aaax

Mandobo bwp

Manem jet

Manggarai mqy

Mangole mqc

Manikion mnx

Manipa mqp
Manombaiwoo

Manusela wha

Mapia mpy

Marau mvr

Marind mrz

Marind, Bi bpv

Mariri mqi

Masela, Cemxz

Masela, Eavme
Masela, Wemss

Masimasi ism

Masiwang bnf

Massep mvs

Matbat xmt

Mawes mgk

Ma’ya slz

Mekwei msf

Mentawai mwv
Meoswar mvx

Mer mnu

Meyah mej

Minangkabmin

Mlap kja

Mo wkd

Modang mxd

Modole mqo

Moi mxn
Moksela vms

Molof msl

Moma myl

Mombum mso

Momina mmb

Momuna mqf

Mongondomog

Moni mnz
Mor mhz

Mor moq

Moraid msg

Mori Atas mzq

Mori Bawaxmz

Moronene mqn

Morop iwo

Morori mok

Moskona mtj
Mpur akc

Mualang mtd

Muna mnb

Munggui mth

Murkim rmh

Musi mui

Muyu, Norkti

Muyu, Sou kts

Nafri nxx
Nage nxe

Naka’ela nae

Nakai nkj

Nalca nlc

Namla naa

Napu npy

Narau nxu

Nasal nsy

Ndom nqm
Nduga ndx

Nedebang nec

Ngad’a nxg

Ngad’a, Ea nea

Ngaju nij

Ngalum szb

Nggem nbq

Nias nia

Nila nil
Nimboran nir

Ninggerumnxr

Nipsan nps

Nisa njs

Nuaulu, Nonni

Nuaulu, Sonxl

Nusa Laut nul

Obokuitai afz
Oirata oia

Okolod kqv

Onin oni

Onin Basedonx

Ormu orz

Orya ury

Osing osi

Ot Danum otd

Padoe pdo
Pagu pgu

Paku pku

Palu’e ple

Palumata pmc

Pamona pmf

Panasuan psn

Pancana pnp

Pannei pnc

Pantar, Welev
Papasena pas

Papuma ppm

Patani ptn

Paulohi plh

Pekal pel

Pendau ums

Perai wet

Petjo pey

Pom pmo
Ponosakanpns

Punan Apupud

Punan Merpuf

Punan Merpuc

Punan Tub puj

Puragi pru

Putoh put

Rahambuuraz

Rajong rjg
Rampi lje

Rasawa rac

Ratahan rth

Rejang rej

Rembong reb

Reta ret

Riantana ran

Ribun rir
Rikou rgu

Riung riu

Roma rmm

Rongga ror

Roon rnn

Sa’ban snv

Sahu saj

Sajau Basa sjb

Salas sgu
Saleman sau

Saluan loe

Samarokentmj

Sanggau scg

Sangir sxn

Saparua spr

Saponi spi

Sarudu sdu

Sasak sas
Sauri srt

Sause sao

Sawai szw

Saweru swr

Sawi saw

Sawila swt

Seberuang sbx

Sedoa tvw

Segai sge
Seget sbg

Seit-Kaitet hik

Sekak lce

Sekar skz

Seko Pada skx

Seko Teng sko

Selaru slu

Selayar sly

Selungai Mslg
Seluwasan sws

Semandan sdm

Sembakungsbr

Semimi etz

Sempan xse

Sentani set

Sepa spb

Serili sve
Serua srw

Serui-Laut seu

Siang sya

Sika ski

Sikaritai tty

Sikule skh

Silimo wul

Simeulue smr

Skou skv
So’a ssq

Sobei sob

Sowanda sow

Sowari dmy

Suabo szp

Sula szn

Sumbawa smw

Sunda sun

Sunum ymn
Suwawa swu

Tabaru tby

Tabla tnm

Tae’ rob

Tagal Murumvv

Taikat aos

Taje pee

Tajio tdj

Talaud tld
Taliabu tlv

Taloki tlk

Talondo’ tln

Tamagario tcg

Taman tmn

Tanahmeratcm

Tandia tni

Tangko tkx

Tarangan, tre
Tarangan, txn

Tarpia tpf

Tause tad

Tausug tsg

Tawoyan twy

Tebi dmu

Tefaro tfo

Tehit kps
Teiwa twe

Tela-Masb tvm

Teluti tlt

Tengger tes

Teor tev

Tereweng twg

Termanu twu

Ternate tft

Ternateño tmg
Tetun tet

Te’un tve

Tidong tid

Tidore tvo

Tii txq

Tobati tti

Tobelo tlb

Tofanma tlg

Tolaki lbw
Tomadino tdi

Tombelala ttp

Tombulu tom

Tomini txm

Tondano tdn

Tonsawangtnw

Tonsea txs

Tontembo tnt

Topoiyo toy
Toraja-Sa’ sda

Totoli txe

Towei ttn

Trimuris tip

Tsaukambokvz

Tugun tzn

Tugutil tuj

Tukang Beskhc

Tukang Besbhq
Tulehu tlu

Tunggare trt

Tunjung tjg

Uab Meto aoz

Ujir udj

Ulumanda’ulm

Uma ppk

Uma’ Lasa xky

Uma’ Lung ulu

Una mtg

Uruangniri urn

Usku ulf

Viid snu

Vitou vto

Wabo wbb

Wae Rana wrx

Waigeo wgo
Waioli wli

Walak wlw

Wambon wms

Wandamenwad

Wanggom wng

Wano wno

Wanukaka wnk

Waremboriwsa

Wares wai
Waris wrs

Waritai wbe

Warkay-Bi bgv

Waropen wrp

Waru wru

Watubela wah

Wauyai wuy

Wawonii wow

Wejewa wew
Wemale weo

Wersing kvw

Woi wbw

Wolani wod

Wolio wlo

Woria wor

Wotu wtw

Yahadian ner

Yalahatan jal
Yale, Kosarkkl

Yali, Angguyli

Yali, Ninia nlk

Yali, Pass Vyac

Yamdena jmd

Yaqay jaq

Yarsun yrs

Yaur jau
Yawa yva

Yei jei

Yelmek jel

Yeresiam ire

Yeretuar gop

Yetfa yet

Yoke yki

Zorop wfg
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth east of Dabra at Idenbur

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, western half, Alor island. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: “Barawahing” (pe

Papua Barat Province, Sorong regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid subdistricts, about 20 villages; north coast, interio

Aceh Province, north tip of Sumatra, both coasts; into Sumatera Utara Province, south coast enclave. 3,500,000 in Indones

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northwest (Bird’s Head), Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town towards Banda Sea coast.

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Adonara and east Solor islands, between Flores and Lembata islands. 98,000 (2008 census)

Papua Province, Merauke regency, Jair subdistrict, interior south coast area. Between Mapi and Digul rivers west of Tanam

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, and other villa
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, pockets along north Pantar and adjacent islands. 25,000 (Grime

Maluku Province. West Seram island, Seram Barat district, Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 27 villages. 17,200 (2000). Status: 5 (D

Maluku Province, 4 villages. Southwest Seram island, near Masohi town. 50 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alter

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, southwest tip, Timor island, 80 villages. Dialect locations: Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts, 10 villages. On Ambai island in Cen

Maluku Province, central Ambelau island off southeast coast of Buru island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambel

Southern Kalimantan Timur Province, west of Mahakam river delta, east of Jambu and Lamper towns. 30,000 (Wurm and H

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Sumba island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. 2,000 (1
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lamala subdistrict, Tauge and Tangeban villages. Near tip of eastern peninsula. 1,700 (Busenitz

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages. Easternm

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. 320 (2

Kalimantan Timur Province, near Sarawak border, western end of province, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam

Southwest Maluku Province, 2 villages. North central Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; south central Wetar, W

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mambi subdistrict. Between Mandar and Kalumpang towns. 12,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 5 (Develop

Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Bintuni subdistrict; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast; west from Sebyar (Tim

Papua Barat Province, Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf, off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. 150 (Wurm

Papua Barat Province, Asbakin, Maklaumkarta, and Mega villages. West Bird’s Head area, north coast east of Dampler stra
Maluku Province, Asilulu, Ureng, and Negeri Lima villages. Northwest Ambon island; some in west Seram island, Hoamoal p

Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts. Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north, to Kuti river

Papua Province. Casuarina coast areas. Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coa

Papua Province, Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to t

Papua Province, Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast, lower Sirac river area. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7

Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast inland, northeast of Pirimapun town, between Coo

Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. Central highlands southeast of Cenderawasih bay; Siriwo river area. 350

Papua Province, Jayawuarar district. Modera river area. 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alterna

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict,1 village. East side of Cenderawasih bay, Wapoga riv
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Arso subdistrict. Northeast, highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border, south of

Papua Province, South coast area, southwest of Wildeman river, east of Kampong river, inland from Pirimapun. 6,500 (200

Papua Province, Mappi and Boven Digul regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast inlan

Papua Province, Merauke district. Inland, both banks, lower Digul river; north of Keisak town. 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (

Papua Province, Merauke district. West of northward bend, Digul river. 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classificatio

Papua Province, Merauke district. West side, Digul river, upstream from Tanamerah town. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vig

Papua Province, Merauke district. Both banks, lower Digul river; Bade town area. 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened)

Maluku Province, south, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island east of Timor island. 1,000 (2007

Maluku Province, Kroing, Letwurung, Kokwari, Wakpapai, Ahanari, Analutur, Manuweri, and Tutuwawan villages. Southeas
Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Selatan provinces, northwest of Lake Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Poso Pesisir, and

Java, separate enclaves: Banten Province, Rangkasbitung regency, on Ujung river; Pandeglang town, near Mount Kendeng;

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mamberamo river, south of Lake Rombebai. 30

Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. Northwest Bomberai peninsula, east of Fak

Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Pahangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts. Ar

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Bahonsuai village on the east coast. 200 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shi

Well dispersed throughout north central Indonesia; Sulawesi Utara Province, Wori, Tumpaan, and Belang subdistricts; Sula

Kalimantan Barat Province, northwestern area; Sambas river headwaters. 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
Kalimantan Barat Province, Pejampi and 2 other villages. Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, southeast of Sambas town. 12,0

Kalimantan Barat Province, near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

Kalimantan Tengah Province; Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kuala Kapuas. 100,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider commu

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Balaesang subdistrict, Manimbayu peninsula, Ketong, Kamonji, and Rano villages. 3,200 (Himme

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, at least 49 villages. Eas

Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat provinces; entire island of Bali, and to east, west central Lombok island, Mataram area. 3,330

Sulawesi Barat Province, west Polmas regency, Mambi subdistrict. Watershed of Maloso and Mapilli rivers; into Majene an

Maluku Province, south, Kei islands, west and northeast side of Kei Besar island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly

Sulawesi Tengah Province, at least 157 villages. Off eastern peninsula, Banggai Islands. 125,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Sh
Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, widespread, Bangka island. 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of th

Kalimantan south and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait; Kalimantan Tengah Province as far as Pangkalanb

Sulawesi Utara Province, 11 villages. Northern peninsula, northeast section, area around Manado city. 3,000 (Utsumi 2001

Maluku Province, southern area, Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang villages. Southeast Aru chain, Barakai island; some

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawasih bay, along Barapasi river and tribu

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju Regency, Karossa subdistrict, Salubiro village, Baras subdistrict, in and north of Bambalok

Kalimantan Timur Province, scattered in Bulungan, Sangkulirang, and Kutai regencies. 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threat

Two areas, Aceh Province; 1: inland from Tapaktuan, and 2: northwest towards Kutacane; eventually into Sumatera Utara

Sumatera Utara Province; Sipirok town area; inland from near Sibolga city towards southern provincial border. 750,000 (19
Sumatera Utara Province southwest of Lake Toba; area around Sidikalang town, south to coast; also in Aceh Province inlan

Sumatera Utara Province, north central area west and northwest of Lake Toba; Aceh Province, small border areas. 600,000

Sumatera Utara Province; southern interior area extending from Padang Sidempuan, across borders with Riau and Sumate

Sumatera Utara Province; area northeast of Lake Toba; Pematangsiantar town area. 1,200,000 (2000). Status: 5 (Developin

Sumatera Utara Province; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing)

Maluku Province. East coast, Seram island between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989). Sta

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Batui subdistrict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, and Batui villages. Eastern penin

Maluku Province, 7 island villages. Aru islands, east coast, Tanah Besar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Al

Papua Province, Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, No
Papua Province, Merauke district. Eilanden and Steenboom rivers. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None

Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kokas subdistrict. Bomberai peninsula. 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). C

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 8 villages. Most speakers in Behoa valley, northwest of Lake Mantana. so

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Tor river mouth, Beneraf and part of Nen

Maluku Province, Benggoi, Balakeo, and Lesa villages. Seram island, Werinama and Bula districts, north Seram Sea coast. 3

Java and Bali provinces, Bali island, Buleleng regency, Bengkala village. 41 (2007 SIL). More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; a

Sulawesi Selatan Province, inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru regencies where Bugis [bug], Makassar [mak]

Kalimantan Barat Province, Landak and Bengkayang regencies. Northwest near Sarawak border. 54,000 (2007). Status: 6a

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanen
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threate

Java island, Jawa Barat Province, Bogar, Bekasi, and Karawang regencies; Banten Province, from Tangerang east to Jakarta

Papua Barat Province, Biak Numfor regency. Biak and Numfor islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Bird’

Kalimantan Barat Province, area east of Suruh village, near Sarawak border. 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 5 (Developin

Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Al

Papua Barat Province, Sorong district, Biga village; south of Misool island. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Class

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northeast end of Rote island, west of Rikou; communities on Semau island and Timor main

Nusa Tenggara Barat Province; eastern third of Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus; northeast, Sangeang and Banta island
Sulawesi Utara Province, around Bintauna town. 11,200 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bintaoe

Papua Province, Puncakjaya district, Biri village. North of mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, East Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Statu

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong subdistrict, Bolano village. North peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. 2,700 (

Maluku Province, North Buano main village. Boano island, facing northwest point, Seram island. 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a (V

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Togian islands, Lembanato village on Kilat bay, north side of Togian island, and Tumbulawa villa

Maluku Province. Southeast Seram, Werinama district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; also Tunsai village in Lia

Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency; Gorontalo Province, northeast coast, Atinggola town area, and so

Kalimantan Timur Province, Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt
Sulawesi Selatan Province. Selayer island group; Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. 9,500 (1987 SIL). Status:

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict. 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armopa, Bgu,

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou village. Budong-Budong river area. 70 (Fri

Sulawesi area, scattered communities generally on various coasts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia,

Kalimantan Barat Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. 400 (Wurm and

Kalimantan Timur Province, Iwan river; northwestern, Sarawak border. 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countr

Maluku Utara Province, 3 villages. Central Halmahera, Buli bay, north shore. 2,520 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: B

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Timor island, central interior, near border with Timor Leste; many in Belu district. 21,000 in

Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along coast from M
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, and Baolan subdistricts, 68 villages. North coast, nea

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, 1 village. Near Wapoga river mouth. 100 (Wurm 20

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict,1 village. Middle Mamberamo river, northeast of Lake Ho

Maluku Province, all of Buru island, except northeast corner, 70 villages. Some on Ambon island, in Jakarta. 33,000 in Indo

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Burumakok village. 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Status: 8b (Nearly exti

Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi town area, west of Kayan river delta. 4,3

Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana subdistrict, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka vil

Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, south and north coast, Serui island,

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages; southwest tip, Buton island, Flores sea. 2,300
Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. South coast, Mandar bay west of Madjene town. 30,000 (Strømme 198

Widespread. Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau islan

Scattered throughout Indonesia. 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification:

Scattered throughout Java and Bali provinces. Few speakers. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Foochow, Hokchiu,

Scattered throughout Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan provinces. 700,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Altern

Scattered in Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and Central Sumatra generally. 180,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund).

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, extreme southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, area inland between Pasawajo and Membula

Papua Province, Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, 19 villages. South coast area, west of upper Digul river, northeast

Papua Province, Mappi,and Asmat regencies, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, and Wowi villages. Senggo town area. 290 (1993 R. Do
Sumatra, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces, Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north generally;

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Dabe village. Tor river valley north to coast. 440 (2005 SIL). Status

Maluku Province, Sinairusi, 3 other villages; Babar island group, Dai island; north of Babar. 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threa

Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Northwest of Matakali town. 1,500 (Strømme

Papua Province, Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southe

Maluku Province, southeast, 6 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, east side. 2,800 (1990

Maluku Province, southeast, 2 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, north side. 800 (1987

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas, Sojol, and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. Northwesternmost point, north peninsu
Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; lower gorge. 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate N

Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley. 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balie

Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; upper gorge. 20,000 (1996). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification:

Papua Province. Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga river valley. 180,000 (1993 ce

Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. West central highlands; east of Cenderawasih bay, along Dao river. 250

Maluku Province; twin coral islands northeast of Babar island, Daweloor island, to south, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyam

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorou

Papua Province. Western highlands; along Rouffaer river headwaters; north of Ilaga town. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vig

Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa, Muyere, and Botawa villages. Inland, northeast Canderawasih bay, s
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, northwest coast, from Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay near northwest corner of i

Northeast Papua Province, 13 villages. South of Jayapura town, near Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Ndao island, off western tip of Rote island; other settlements scattered on Rote and Timor

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Area south of Idenburg river, east of Taiyeve town. 300 (200

Papua Province, Jayapura district. North coast; area near Toarim river mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribu

Papua Province, southeast of Wamena city; east of Catalina river. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Tr

Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, entire east coast of Kobror island, 1 village in southeast Wokam island, 4 vill

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli and Buol regencies, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistrict

Papua Province, Toli-Dou village. Area west and south of Taiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. D
Sumatra, Riau Province, west Riau archipelago and Riau Daratan east coast; into Jambi Province, northeast coast. 15,000 in

Sulawesi Selatan Province, north Enrekang regency. Northwest of Enrekang town, west of Sadang river. Also, Makassar city

Papua Barat Province; one island between Salawati island and the west end of Bird’s Head. 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic popula

Papua Barat Province, Manokwari district. No known L1 speakers. There were 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007). Sta

Kalimantan Selatan Province, Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; also into Kalimantan Tengah Province. 20,000 (W

Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, one area west of Muarainu town; a second, northeast of Muarateweh

Kalimantan Tengah Province, South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns; south of Muarateweh town. 5,00

Papua Province. Area south of Van Daalen river. Eastern dialect along Dagai river, western dialect along Fedide and Wedi r

Papua Province, Yapen Waopen district. Area at Tariku and Kliki rivers confluence. 1,500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing).
Papua Province, Paniai district; west central highlands, inland; Lake Paniai area; into south-southwest Papua Barat Provinc

Papua Province, Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi subdistricts. South of Jayapura

Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and

Papua Province. Border area south of Jayapura city. 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened).

Maluku Province, southern area, Emplawas village, Babar island, southern tip, then northwest. 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (N

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island. 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:

Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 smaller nearby islands. 1,500 (2000 census),

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Pinrang regencies; Enrekang town area, west toward head of Mandar bay; into co

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts, Erai, Kustera, and Haya villages, n
Papua Barat Province. Bomberai peninsula. 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribun

Papua Province. Kliki river area, west of its juncture with Tariku river; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. 1,400 (2012 S

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of Biri river area. 280 (2005 SIL).

Papua Province, Mamberamo Raya and Jayapura regencies, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1 village. Mamberamo basin region, bo

Maluku Province, southeast, 30 villages; North Tanimbar islands, Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru groups; northwest, Yamd

Maluku Utara Province, Halmahera island; Galela bay, north to northern tip of island, scattered communities, southwest co

Maluku Province, southwest area, Wetar island, Iliwaki village. 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern

Maluku Utara Province, a few coastal villages. North Halmahera island, northwest coast, from Baru town inland. 1,500 (Vo
Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southernmost peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat

Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies. North Sumatra highland region near Mo

Maluku Utara Province, 4 villages; Papua Barat Province, Halmahera island; Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, and Gag islands between Ha

Maluku Province, Seram island, southeast tip, nearby Gorom islands. 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na

Maluku Utara Province, Morotai island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. 1,000 (1

Gorontalo Province, along both coasts, Sulawesi sea north, eastward from Triggula, Maluku sea south, eastward from Popa

Papua Province, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, and Klaysu villages. West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Gen

Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency. 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monoling

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island, east Kalabahi bay, around Moru town, 2 villages; area surrounds Kui [kvd] langu
Maluku Province. Haruku island, including Lease islands; between Ambon and Seram islands. 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a

Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency. 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adihup, Atam, B

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sawu and Raijua islands; 3 enclaves, 2 on Sumba island, Waingapu and Melolo areas; south

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Semau island off of Timor island, western tip of Timor, and Kupang city; interspersed with A

Maluku Province, Wakal, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Hila villages. Northeast Ambon island, Piru Sea coast, Hitu peninsula.

Maluku Province, East Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). 10 elderly speakers in 1987, but now probably e

Kalimantan Barat (Kapuas Hulu regency) and Kalimantan Timur provinces; border area, far northeast corner near Sarawak.

Maluku Province, 10 villages. North Seram island, Salemen bay, south end. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alterna

Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island, Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts. No known L1 speakers.
Maluku Province, central area, west Seram, Hulung village, Sauweli hamlet. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Spoken b

Papua Province. Central highlands area, Baliem gorge, east. 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sob

Papua Province. Puncak Jaya regency, Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai villages. Area between Rouffaer, upper Van Daalen rivers. D

Kalimantan Barat Province; upper Kapuas river, north bank, to Sarawak border, from east of Mount Betung, west to Senan

Maluku Utara Province, north Halmahera island, Ibu river mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages. 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser

Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency; Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai peninsula. 5,500 (1987 SIL)

Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin,

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north Lembata island, Ile Ape peninsula; into nearby mainland Lembata island. 15,000 (200

Maluku Province, southwest, Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai, Nabar, Esulit, and Istutun villages; Wetar island w
Maluku Province, south, Imroing village; Babar island, southwest. 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Imr

Widespread. 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000), increasing. Population total all countries: 23,200,480. L2 users: 140,000,000 i

Scattered, Java and Bali. 8,000 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: A blend of Mala

Scattered, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur provinces; north coastline area towards Pamanukan town; also in Yog

Papua Barat Province, 44 villages. East Bomberai peninsula; Arguni bay north to Bintuni bay, southwest. 4,000 (1987 SIL). S

Papua Province, Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewa

Papua Province. North coast east of Tor river, along upper Biri river. 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b (T

Kalimantan Barat Province, Central Sanggau regency. Between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns along tributary of Kapuas ri

Jawa Tengah Province, east third of west Java island, southwest half of east Java, including Banyumas, Cilacap, and Purbali
Java island, Jawa Tengah Province, southern area. No known L1 speakers. May be a few L2 speakers and even a very few L

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Jofotek spoken in

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Alor island, eastern half, Bird’s Head, north of Kalabahi town. 3,900 (1995 N. Joh

Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts. South Bird’s Head, inland north of Macclue

Maluku Utara Province, Sula Islands; Taliabu island, eastern interior mountains. Possible speakers in Mangole island moun

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest Alor island, enclave north of Aluben town. 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethn

Maluku Province, Kairatu district, Kaibobo, Hatusua, Waisamu, Kamarian, Seruawan, and Tihulale villages. West Seram isla

Sulawesi Utara Province; north coast, west and east of Bolaangitang town. 26,600 (2000 census). Kaidipang 8,900, Bolaang
Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Barat provinces in Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, and Banawa subdistricts. ‘Bunggu

Sulawesi Tengah Province, coastal area, both sides of neck south of Manimaya peninsula. 350,000 (2000 census), increasin

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli subdistricts; from Pulu bay west to Makassar strait shore; also Sulaw

Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Siompu island, Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages; southwest Buton island, southwest of Baubau

Papua Barat Province, 8 villages. South Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). A

Papua Province, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Lakes plain area around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer river. 220 (Wurm 2000). S

Papua Barat Province. West Bird’s Head, southeast of Sorong city, along Kalabra river inland. 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigo

Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar islands; east end, Kalao island, west of Bonerate island. 500 (Friberg and Laskowske 198

Headwaters, Karama river; Sulawesi Barat Province, southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang subdistrict; also, Sulawesi Sela
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Alor island. 6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alter

Maluku Province, West Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Under 10 in 1987; now probably extinct (Wurm

Sulawesi Tenggara Province; southeast Buton island. 3,500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexi

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, eastern half. 240,000 (2009). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East S

Papua Barat Province, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, and Coa villages. Sout

Papua Province, south coast; Mukamuga river into Papua Barat Province, Etna bay area. 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor

Java island, Jawa Timur Province, sea coast; Kangean islands, east of Madura island. 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vig

Papua Province, south coast border area, southeast of Merauke city. 10 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Al

Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, and Onggaya villages. Southernmost point of province, east of Merauke city; along Pa
Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages. Southernmost point of province, southeast

Papua Province, Sota village. Southernmost point of province, east northeast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guine

Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island; on Kao bay, area near Kao river mouth. 400 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Al

Papua Province, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Upper Idenburg river, north bank; southwest of Jayapura city.

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. North coast west of Jayapura city. 230 (2006 SIL). Statu

Papua Barat Province, Antalisa and Mas villages. Karas island off southwest coast of Bomberai peninsula; outside of Sebako

Maluku Province, southern area, South Aru Islands, Tarangan island, southeast coast, Karey valley. 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6

Papua Barat Province, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, and Siakwa villages. Central Bird’s Head; area of headwaters of Kamundan river.

Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, southernmost extent of province; Sumatera Selatan Province, area extending northwe
Papua Province, southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages. 450 (1995 SIL). Status:

Papua Province, Middle Mamberamo river, north bank east; southeast of Lake Rombebai. 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor

Papua Barat Province, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, and Menyefun villages. West coast of Bird’s Head, west end of Waigao island

Papua, south coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. Status: 6

Kalimantan Timur Province, West Kutai and Malinau regencies. Area extends from Muller Mountains from south border no

Kalimantan Timur Province, Muller Mountains, upper Mahakam, Oga, and Belayan river areas; also Kalimantan Tengah Pro

Kalimantan Timur Province; 2 Kayan river areas: one downstream, the other larger one, headwaters and south. 2,000 (Wu

Kalimantan Barat Province. Northeast of Putus Sibau town, along Mendalam river. 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status:

Kalimantan Timur Province; north of Muara Wahau town, along north tributary of Telen river. 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981
Maluku Province; North Buru island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last speaker of Liliali dialect died in 1989 (Wurm

Papua Province. Jayapura harbor. 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Near

Nusa Tenggara Timur province; northeast Lembata island. 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: D

Papua Province, Wapoga river between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). C

Maluku Province, southeast portion, about 207 villages on 10 islands; Kei island group west of Aru islands; Kecil, Besar, and

Papua Province. Pacific coast east; north of Tor river mouth. 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Keder Di

Kalimantan Timur Province, remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Longkemuat. 640 in Indonesia (2000). St

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census). Stat
Kalimantan Barat Province. Area from Balaikarangan and Kembayan towns to near Sarawak border, east of Landak river. 1

Papua Barat Province, several villages. Bird’s Head, south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, south from Kalitami across

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8b (Nearly extinc

Papua Province, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Seko

Kalimantan Barat Province, Sambas regency. Northeast of Bengkayang town, Madi and Papan jungle area. 321,000 in Indo

Kalimantan Barat Province, areas near Nangapinoh, Nangaella, Nangasayan, and Gelalak towns, and along Sayan and Mela

Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Kayan, Mahakam, Upper Baram, Bahau, Upper Balui, Malinau, Belayan, Sega

Kalimantan Timur Province; Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Uma’ Dian, Muara Pedohon, Kampung Baru, Uma’ Bekuai, and Taban

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 4 villages; south central Flores island, south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. 40,000 (20
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 separate areas, central Flores island; between Manggarai [mqy], Rembong [reb], and Wa

Near Sarawak border, Kereho river; Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency; Kalimantan Barat Province, far ea

Sumatra, Jambi Province, Kerinci regency, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, north and west; also into Sumatera Bara

Papua Province. Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes; scattered. 9,970 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alte

Papua Province. Foothills of Eastern Highlands, east of East Digul river, about 40 km west of Papua New Guinea border. 90

Papua Province, southeast area; Kolopom island, interior, east of Merauke city. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). A

Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict. Border area where Sepik river enters Papua New Guinea

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa subdistricts; east central Buton island, Banda

Papua Province, Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages. On Papua New Guinea border, west of confluence of Tariku and Kliki riv
Maluku Province, southern part, over 20 villages total; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; nearby Roma and

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest, Alor island, Halerman, Margera, Manatang, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur vi

Maluku Province, southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands southeast of Kobroor island, mo

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka regency, Lasusua subdistrict, 4 villages. Upper Bone bay, east coast. 1,500 (Mea

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, West Sumba. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kudi Dialects: Kodi Bangedo,

Papua Province. East side of Geelvink bay. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 6

Kalimantan Tengah Province, Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages. Central and north Seruyan river area. 8,000 (2003).

Papua Barat Province, Sorong district. Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan city. 3,700 (1991 S

Southeast Maluku, 22 villages. North Aru islands, Kola island, widespread, to adjacent islands. 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (
Papua Province. Interior south coast area; on plain between upper Wideman and Digul rivers, east of Senggo city. 4,000 (1

Sumatera Selatan Province; separate areas along Komering river from Lake Ranau to near Palembang city. 470,000 (2000 c

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Komodo island, west coast, Flores island. 700 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: No

South Maluku Province, Kompane village. Northeast Aru islands, Kongan island east of Wokam island. 330 (1995 SIL). Statu

Papua Province. Headwaters of Sungai river, west bank. 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. May b

Papua Barat Province, Teminabuan subdistrict, Konda village; Southwest Bird’s Head area facing Seram Sea; lower Warom

Southeast Papua Province. Kolopom island, south coast. 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Konorau Cl

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng regencies. Southeasternmost corner of peninsula; Salayer stra

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, and Bulukumba regencies. Southern peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatan
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, and Burungmakok villages. In lowlands south of the main

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Unsongi village. On Tolo bay, east coast, south of Bungku town. 500

Papua Province. Southeast inland area, northeast of Senggo town; between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. 3,500 (2007 P. de

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict. Eastern highlands, on upper reaches of Erok river. 8,000 (1996 E. Y

Papua Province. West of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence; south of Jayapura city. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vig

Papua Barat Province, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, and Kayumerah villages. Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast; Kamrau ba

Sumatra, Jambi Province, Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Sumatera Selatan Prov

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island; Kui dialect on south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga villages, also in Moru in Kala
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Alor island, central eastern mountains, between Kamang [woi] and Sawila [swt] language a

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Kulisusu Utara, Kulisusu Induk, Kulisusu Barat, and Bonegunu subdistric

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton regency, Lasalimu subdistrict, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages. Buton island, south

Maluku Province, southeast area, West Kei Kecil district. Kur and surrounding islands. 3,180 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). D

Papua Barat Province, 16 villages. Southwest Bomberai peninsula; area south of Bituni bay, northeast of Arguni bay. 500 (1

Papua Province, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages. Kurudu islands between east tip of Serui (Yapen) island and northwest mainlan

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area south of main ranges; headwaters of S

Papua Province, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem, and Apiaweti villages. Northeast mainland interior; headwate

Papua Province, Kwerba, Edifalen, and Marinafalen villages. East bank, Mamberamo river, into highlands; southeast of Kas
Papua Province. Lower Rouffaer river. 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Name

Papua Province, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, and Omte villages. Pacific coast area east of Sarmi town; lower Tor river are

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. 500 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names:

Maluku Utara Province, south end of Loloda district, 4 villages. North Halmahera island, interior from northwest coast. 2,0

Maluku Province, Laha and other villages. Ambon island, south central coast. 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Laiyolo, Barang-Barang, Lowa, and other villages; south tip, Selayar island. 800 (1997 SIL). 250 L

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east tip Flores, west Solor islands; in pockets on north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, surrou

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south coast, Lembata island. At least 3 villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous).

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Lembata island, between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [lwe] language areas; several
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak city. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997)

Southernmost Sumatra island, Selat Sunda, scattered communities; west, central, and south Lampung Province; nearby isla

Sumatra, east Lampung Province. 3 enclaves situated between Kanan and Seputih rivers. 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a

Maluku Province, Larike, Wakasihu, Tapi, Allang, and Lai villages. Southwesternmost Ambon island coast, Hitu peninsula. 1

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Lasalimu subdistrict, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages. Buton island, southeast; Lasalima town a

Maluku Province, Latu village. Seram island southwest, Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. 2,130 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dial

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts. Northwest coast along To

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, from Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso. 10,000 (Grimes et al.

Central Kalimantan Timur Province, Karau river area; Kalimantan Selatan Province, Kotabaru, Balangan, Tabalong regencie
Papua Barat Province, Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island in northwest end of main bay and on south coast; Beo, Lempinto

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Lembata island, between Lamalera [lmr] and Lamatuka [lmq] language areas. 7,000

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Lembata island, western end. 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages. Inland from northeast coast, Bone bay; middle

Kalimantan Timur Province, northeast corner, Benuang area. 3 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Aus

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. Near middle Sogber river, north of Apmisibil town. 530 (1991 SIL

Maluku Province, Leti island. 7,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Marginal intelligibility and difficul

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Lembata island between Ile Ape [ila] and Lamalera [lmr] language areas. 4,000

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central eastern Lembata island, between Lamatuka [lmq] and Kedang [ksx] language areas
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeastern Flores island across from Solor island, Lewotobi volcano area. 6,000. Status: 6

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bungi subdistrict; on south Buton island across From Muna island, part of Liabuku village nort

Maluku Province, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru districts, 8 villages. Seram island, from east Teluti bay north to Seram Sea c

Papua Province. Eastern highlands area, Eipo river, east of Naltya town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic popula

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lindu subdistrict, Anca, Tomado, and Langko villages. Area near Lake Lindu. 2,400 (2000 census

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east central Flores island, bi-coastal, between Sika [ski] and Ende [end] language areas. 105

Maluku Province, 5 villages. West and north Seram island, across north coast. 1,830 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat
Maluku Province. Buru island, west of Manipa, Seram islands. 4 separate areas; largest area: northeast coast, lower inland

Maluku Province, southeast area, Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair villages. Aru island group; 3 islands east of Kobroor and Bau

Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak subdistrict, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang villages. Inland

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Rote island, from northern coast Ba’a town to south coast; North Lole dialect

Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island, northwest coast, nearby islands. 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. Status: 5

Southeast Maluku Province. Central Aru island group, Koba island, northwest coast. 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). D

Maluku Province, central, north central Seram. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Ma

Maluku Province. East of Timor island; entire Wetan island, across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. 18,000 (1995 SI

Sumatra, Sumatera Utara Province, southern end, Kotanopan area. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Maluku Province, western Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, Luhu village. Boano and Kelang islands, west of Seram island.

Kalimantan Timur Province; mountainous area where Sesayap River tributaries arise. 2 enclaves in western Sabah State. 23

Kalimantan Tengah Province, Barito Selatan regency, Dusun Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintan

Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay; Wasilei area. 6,620 (2000). Sta

Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat islands; western Salawati island. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternat

Jawa Timur Province, coastal areas of main island south and west of Surabaja city, southwest of Madura island; other islan

Papua Barat Province, about 40 villages. Central Bird’s Head, area around Ayamaru lakes. 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Dev

Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea; area from Arguni bay east, southeast towa

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies. Interior highlands east of Enrekang town; both sid
Sulawesi Selatan Province, southwest corner of the peninsula, most of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and T

Maluku Utara Province; South Halmahera island, west coast; nearby east Makian and south Mori islands; Kayoa, Bacan, an

Maluku Utara Province; south Halmahera island, southwest coast near Gita town; west Makian island, some Kayoa islands

Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] language area

Primarily coastal regions of central and north Sumatra, sections of Kalimantan, and the island provinces between them; Ria

Maluku Province, central area: Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, and Saparua islands, coastal areas of Seram island; southern ar

Maluku Utara Province, at least 2 villages. Bacan island west of southern Halmahera island, Labuha Area; some on Mandio

Bali Province, Bali island. 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Ba

Maluku Province. Banda islands; south, off southeast coast of Seram island. 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: M
Kalimantan Timur Province; central coastal area; north, Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Se

Kalimantan Selatan Province; central interior; Sampanahan river area, northwest of Limbungan town. 59,000 (2007 SIL). St

Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province; east down Lematang and Ogan river valleys, south of Muaraenim town, east a

Southeast Sumatra island, Jambi Province, widely spoken throughout; Sumatera Selatan Province, thin shared language zo

Kalimantan Timur Province; Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river; westward then south, central

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west end,Timor island, Kupang city area. 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). L2 users: 100,000. Statu

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east end, Flores island, Larantuka city area. 20,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alterna

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Makassar port area. L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Na

Sulawesi Utara Province, throughout Minahasa regency; other areas in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces. 850,000 (
Maluku Utara Province; islands off of southern tip of Halmahera island; Sula and Obi island groups to south and west. 700,

Papua Province. 500,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. L1 and L2 speakers combined. L2 users: 500,000 L1 and L2 speakers combin

Kalimantan Timur Province; east central coastal area, from Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cap

Widely dispersed; Kalimantan Tengah Province, southwest, Sukamara, Lamandau, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur and Kati

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Pinrang regency, Patampanua subdistrict, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages. Northwa

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river; into Sulawesi Selatan Province, area north of Pare-Pare. 1

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, coastal area, Memboro town. 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts on Makassar strait coast. 60
Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Polewali Mandar, and Mamuju regencies. Main area near Cape Mandar and Majene city

Papua Province, north coast area; upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Clas

Papua Province. Area south of Digul river headwaters, between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, extending towards F

Papua Province, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, and Kaisah villages. Area east of Digul river south of Tanahmerah

Papua Province, Wembi, Yeti, and Kiba villages. Northeast border area, south of Jayapura. 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). Stat

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Flores island, western third. 900,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Central Manggarai (Ru

Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Mangole island, south coast; south to Sulabesi island, south tip. 7,280 (2000). Status:

Papua Barat Province, about 50 villages; Bird’s Head area, east, southeast from the Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwes

Maluku Province, 4 villages. Manipa island, west of Seram island. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous
Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, Manombai strait (Sungai) area as far as Wakua, west coast of Wokam island

Maluku Province, 30 villages. Seram island, north, Mansuela mountain area; south, area along Teluti bay. 7,000 (1989 SIL).

Papua Province, Mapia islands, about 290 km north of Manokwari town. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: The eth

Papua Province, 5 villages. South coast, eastern Serui island fronting Cenderawasih bay. 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigoro

Papua Province, Merauke regency. South coast area; north and west of Merauke city. Also enclave at southernmost extrem

Papua Province, Merauke regency, Muting subdistrict, Sanayu village. Upper Bian river area. 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).

Maluku Province, southeast area, 1 village. Aru island group; Mariri island, east of Kobroor island. 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6

Maluku Province, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, Marsela town area. 510 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status:

Maluku Province south, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, east central area across island. 520 (1980 N. d
Maluku Province south, 5 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, western tip. 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threat

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, island off north coast east of Tor river mouth. 10 (2005 SIL). Statu

Maluku Province, Bula district. Seram island; area along northeast coast, up from Waru bay. 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (V

Papua Province, north coast east of Mamberamo river mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer river. 25 (Wurm 2000). Eth

Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat archipelago; Misool and Segaf islands. 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). A

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, and Mawes Mukti villages. Northeast coasta

Papua Barat Province; Raja Ampat islands; central Waigeo, Salawati islands. 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened

Papua Province, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, and Sabron Dosay villages. Area west of Lake Sentani. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Statu

Sumatra island, Sumatera Barat Province; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. 58,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Dev
Papua Barat Province; Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam

Papua Barat Province; Central Bird’s Head area; headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo rivers. 85 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatene

Papua Barat Province. Eastern Bird’s Head; northeast coast, west of Manokwari town. 14,800 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing

Widespread in the Indonesian Archipelago; Sumatra island, Indian ocean coast, Sumatera Barat Province, Padang is centra

Papua Province. Northwest coast, west of Lake Sentani. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ku

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. Coastal area of Wakde island, off the north coast, just east of Tor

Kalimantan Timur Province; 5 enclaves, upper reaches of the Mahakam, Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers. 15,300 (Wurm

Maluku Utara Province; interior north Halmahera island, Kao river headwaters. 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte

Papua Barat Province, 9 villages. West Bird’s Head area; eastern Salawati island around to Sorong city east and southeast.
Maluku Province, possibly east Buru island, near Kayeli. No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extin

Papua Province, 9 villages. Around 100 km south of Jayapura city, west of Senggi town. 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Kulawi subdistrict. Primarily Kulawi and Toro town areas. 5,500 (Barr, Barr, and Salombe 1979).

Papua Province. Island next to southeast coast of Kolopom island; west of Marauke city across Arafura Sea. 250 (1993 R. D

Papua Province, Samboka village. Low hills just south of main ranges; headwaters area of Brazza and Einladen rivers. 200 (

Papua Province, lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq] language are

Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, both coasts; north side from Poigar town west to Bijaj river; south side, between

Papua Province, central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:
Papua Barat Province, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay near Nabire. 700 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Name

Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Maccluer Gulf, inland area, southeast of Mariar. 30 (2012 H. Hamm

Papua Barat Province, West Bird’s Head inland, from Mata to Worbo generally. 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Clas

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts, 25 villages; southeast peninsula neck, southeast of

Sulawesi island, southeast peninsula neck, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tengah Province, Petasia, Lembo, and Bungku Tenga

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bombana regency. Southeast mainland, Rumbia mountains area. Kabaena island, Tokotu’a vil

Papua Province, Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Dintere dialect: 22 villages; Dinmane dialect: De

Papua Province, south coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. 50 (1998 M. Donohue). E

Papua Barat Province, southeast Bird’s Head, western Bituni Bay, west of Manikion language area; Sebjor river basin. 8,000
Papua Barat Province, north coast of Bird’s Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar valley. 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (

Kalimantan Barat Province, Belitang Hilir, Belitang, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau subdistricts. Area along Ayak and Belitang ri

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Muna and Buton (northwest coast) islands; several nearby islands; possible community in Am

Papua Province, north coast of Serui island, 1 village. 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Natabui Diale

Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa [yet] language area, Mot and Milki vil

Sumatera Selatan Province, mainly northern 2 thirds of province; Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downst

Papua Province, south coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms] language areas. 8,000 (20

Papua Province, south coast, just north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous).

Papua Province, Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa bay, Nafri village. 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classific
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, Ebu Lobo volcano north, west slopes, northeast of Ngad’a [nxg] langu

Maluku Province, central area, northwest Seram, Kairatu village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None

Papua Province, east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil nort

Papua Province, northeast of Korupun [kpq] language area and southeast of Nipsan [nps] language area, north slopes, east

Papua Province, Senggi subdistrict, Keerom regency, Namla village. 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Non

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 10 villages. Napu valley. 6,100 (2000 R. Hanna), increasing. Status: 6b (Th

Status: Unattested. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: 2006 survey data indicates language may not exist and

Sumatra, Bengkulu Province, Kaur regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, and Tanjung Baru villages. Nasal river area.

Papua Province, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island. 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reporte
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Banda sea; north central Pantar island, south, southwest of Kabir town. 1,500. Status: 6a (V

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy], Ende [end], and Li’o [ljl] language a

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Golewa between Ngad’a [nxg] and

Kalimantan Tengah Province; upper reaches or headwaters of Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers. 890,000 (20

Papua Province, northeast of Nakai [nkj] language area, Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhaps Ok Bon valleys, main range border a

Papua Province, north of Wamena, middle Hablifoeri river. 4,400 (2005). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: None known. Lex

Sumatra island, Sumatera Utara Province; Nias, Batu islands off west coast; Northwest dialect: Alasa area, west in Sirombu

Maluku Province, south central Seram island transmigration area; 6 villages (originally from Nila island in south central Ma
North Papua Province, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). S

Papua Province, border area. 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroe

Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, just west of Hmanggona. 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigoro

Papua Province, east side of Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name

Maluku Province, 2 villages. Seram island, central north coast, inland from west shore, Saleman bay. 500 (1990 SIL). Status

Maluku Province, Amahai district, 6 villages. Seram island, upland from south coast. 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous)

Maluku Province, central, Lease islands, Nusa Laut island, Titawai village. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,230

Papua Province, Lakes plain just north of mid-Rouffaer river, Obogwi village. 120 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Al
Maluku Province, southwestern portion, southeast Kisar island, east and west Oirata. 2 villages; Ambon city. 1,220 (1987 S

Kalimantan Timur Province; along Sabah border, northwestern corner of province; east of Lumbis town, north of Lundayeh

Papua Barat Province, north and northwest Bomberai peninsula. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

Papua Province, Onin peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Onin based

Papua Province, north coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops mountains, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. 5

Papua Province, Unurum-Guay, Bonggo, and Lereh subdistricts, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. 1,600 (1

Jawa Timur Province, Banyuwangi regency area, easternmost extent of Java island; facing Bali strait. 300,000 (2000 census

Kalimantan Tengah Province, remote area, upper reaches of south Kapuas river, large area south of Schwaner range, 7 villa

Sulawesi Selatan Province, east Luwu Utara regency, Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistricts, 9 villages. Inland betwen L
Maluku Utara Province; interior northern Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] language area, to mouth of Kao river. 3,310 (

Kalimantan Tengah Province, East Barito regency. South of Ampah town. 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Stat

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Palu’e island, north of central Flores island. North coast, Flores mainland, northwest of Ma

Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balam

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Poso regency; Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubo

Sulawesi Selatan Province, northwest, area north of Karema river; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Kalumpang a

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, central Buton island, both east and west coasts. 6,000 (2005 D. Andersen). Status: 6a (Vigorou

Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. 9,000 (1983). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west Pantar island. 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
Papua Province, Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river just east of Rouffaer river juncture. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor

Papua Province, Serui island south coast, Papuma village. 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. L

Maluku Utara Province, 9 villages. Halmahera island, narrow tip, southeast peninsula, west along the coast. 10,600 (2000).

Central area, Maluku Province, west Seram, south central Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore, 2 villages: Kecamatan, A

Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces; west coast, near northern provincial border; northeast of Ipuh

Sulawesi Tengah Province, centered in Balaesang district, Walandano, Sibayu, and other villages. Scattered settlements as

Maluku Province, southwestern area, Wetar island northeast coast, north of Timor, Uhak and Moning villages. 280 (Hinton

Java island, Jakarta Raya; urban area, Special Capital Region. There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly

Papua Province, west Serui island, Pom, Serewen, and Mias Endi villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialect
Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, south coast, Belang town area. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Mori

Kalimantan Timur Province; south of Kayan river, northwest of Mount Menyapa. 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b

Kalimantan Timur Province; Mahakam river, east of Ujohhilang town. 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatene

Kalimantan Timur Province; upper Malinau river, east of Longkemuat town. 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Thre

Kalimantan Timur Province; Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (

Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, inland. 700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (

Kalimantan Timur Province; area on both sides of Mentarang river; Longberang, Mensalong, and Bangalan town areas. 6,0

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka Regency, Pakue subdistrict; west coast, upper Bone bay, north of Kodeoha [vko]

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 enclaves on Central Flores island: area near Mount Watuweri; also, south of northern Ke
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Rampi district, 6 isolated mountain villages; also scattered in Sabbang, Lim

Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. 200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification:

Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast section of peninsula, southwest of Lake Tondano to northeast coast. 500 (Himmelman

Sumatra, north Bengkulu Province, southwest highlands; areas near Arga Makmur, Muara Aman, Curup, and Kapahiang to

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, between eastern Manggarai [mqy] and Riung [riu] language are

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Pura island; south Ternate island. 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Re

Papua Province, Frederik Hendrik island. 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kima

Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu subdistrict. Landak river area west of Kembayan town. 45,00
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; East Rote island, Rikou, Landu, and Oe Pao domains. 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). A

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. 14,000 (Wurm and Hattor

Maluku Province, southwestern area, Jerusu village. Roma island east of Wetar island. 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg], and south of Wae

Papua Barat Province, Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay, north of Wandamen peninsula. 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Statu

Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency; east of Sarawak border, south of Benuang town. 850 in Indonesia (2000). St

Maluku Utara Province, southwestern coast, north Halmahera island, Jailolo town area, north of Ternate and Tidore island

Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau, and Bulungan regencies; northeast of Muaramalinau town. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19

Maluku Province, central area, Seram island, Gunung village. 50 (1989 SIL). Likely less than the 50 reported in 1989 (Wurm
Maluku Province, Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, and Wahai villages. North central Seram island, Saleman bay. 4,800 (1989

Sulawesi Tengah Province, east portion, Batui, Batui, Kintom, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Boalemo, Pagimana, Bunta, and Nuhon s

Papua Province, north coast inland just east of Apauwar river, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, and Tamaya vill

Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau regency. Kapuas river, both sides, west, south of Sanggau town. 45,000 (Wurm and Ha

Sulawesi Utara Province; northwest of east end of peninsula, Great Sangir island. 200,000 in Indonesia (Maryott 1993), inc

Maluku Province, Kulur, Iha, Siri-Sori, Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy, Tomalehu, and Kairatu villages. Saparua, nearby Seram islan

Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classifica

Sulawesi Barat Province, north Mamuju regency, south Pasangkayu subdistrict. Enclaves on Makassar strait north coast. 4,

Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Lombok island. 2,100,000 (1989). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lombok Dialects
Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay near Waropen [wrp] language area, Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami river. 1

Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puara

Maluku Utara Province, Gane Timur and Weda districts,13 villages. Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, Weda bay, both

Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui island, an island south of Yapen island ne

Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ay

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. 3,000 (Grime

Kalimantan Barat Province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Sea

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa

Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status:
Papua Barat Province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. 1,200 (1988 SIL).

Maluku Province, Seit and Kaitetu villages. Ambon island, north coast. 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternat

Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province; 2 coastal enclaves, northeast Bangka island and western Belitung island; Le

Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula coast, Kokas area; one offshore island. 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1

Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong subdistrict. Northwestern corner of province. Also, Cen

Sulawesi Selatan Province, northern section, west Limbong subdistrict; area along Betue river. 2,500 (Laskowske and Lasko

Maluku Province, southeast area, at least 6 villages. Tanimbar island group; Selaru island off southwest tip of main island Y

Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar island. 128,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Salayar,

Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. East of Lumbis town; upper reaches of Sembakung river. 640 in Indonesia (2
Maluku Province, southeast area, Wermatang, Batu Putih, Marantutu, and Makatian villages; Tanimbar island group, Yamd

Kalimantan Barat Province, Ketapang regency. Kualan and Semandang river areas. 20,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vi

Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. Sembakung river mouth; west of Alang town. 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Sta

Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula near Kaniran, south end extending west to Triton bay; Papua Timur Province, fa

Papua Province, middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq] and west of Asmat language areas

Papua Province, Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. 30,000 (1996 SIL), in

Maluku Province, Sepa village. Seram island, several enclaves along southwest coast between Elapaputih and Teluti bays. 2

Maluku Province, southern area, Babar island group, Marsela island, northeast tip. 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Mor
Central Maluku Province, south central Seram island, transmigration area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Ex

Papua Province, south central Serui island, Nau island south of Serui. 5 villages. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). A

Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency. Northern bend area, Barito river, north along tributary. 60,000 (Wurm

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east Flores island, between Li’o [ljl] and Lamaholot [slp] language areas. 175,000 (Lewis an

Papua Province, Lakes plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer river junctions north, Mamberamo river, Sikari, Haya, and Iri villag

Sumatra, Aceh Province. Simeulue archipelago; central portion, Simeulue island. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N

Papua Province, central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem River, Amo and Kiniage valleys. 5,000 (19

Sumatra, Aceh Province. West and east ends of Simeulue island; Babi and Banjak islands. 30,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt

Papua Province, east of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami river mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, and Sko-Sai villages.
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad’a [nxg] and Riung [riu] langu

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1

Papua Province, south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam

Papua Province, north coast west of Tanahmerah bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, and Yougafsa villages. 1,300 (200

Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, southeast of Suabo river, along Maccluer bay, 15 villages. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status

Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Sulabesi island, widespread, scattered on Mangole island, east and west ends, north c

Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Sumbawa island, west of the isthmus, Moyo island off northern coast. 300,000 (1989). Stat

Java island, Jawa Barat and Banten provinces; western third of the island, though generally inland from north shore; across

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island off north coast, east of Tor river. 560 (2
Sulawesi Utara Province, Maluku sea, Pinogu area inland; Gorontalo Province, Bunda river valley, east of Gorontalo city. 5,

Maluku Utara Province, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. North Halmahera island. 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). A

Papua Province, Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahmerah bay. 3,750 (1990 UBS

Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu and North Luwu regencies. Main area along the northwest coast; Bone bay; west in Baste

Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Semambu, Se

Papua Province, due south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Parigi Tengah, and Ampibabo subdistricts. 350 (Himmelmann 2001), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nea

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts, 21 villages. Western shore, Tomini bay. 12,000 (H

Sulawesi Utara Province; Talaud islands, northeast of Sangir islands. 82,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
Maluku Utara Province; Sula island group; Taliabu island, northwest coast; some on Mangole island. 4,520 (2000). 500–1,5

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton island. Wakorumba subdistrict, Maligano village; northwest coast; Kapontori subdistric

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Bonehau subdistrict, part of Bonehau village. 1,200 (2011 A. Tadollo), increasin

Papua Province, south coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq] language areas. 3,500 (1987 SIL)

Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river; upriver from Putussibau town. South of Mount Lawi

Papua Barat Province, north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Gondu and Bapai rivers. 500 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threaten

Papua Province, Bird’s Head neck area just south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river. No known L1 speakers. Statu

Papua Province, west of Nakai [nkj] language area, Kawemaot village. 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classificatio

Maluku Province, southeastern portion, south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and villages in Maikor strait (Sungai
Maluku Province, southeastern area, south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. 0 monolin

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarfia village. 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Name

Papua Province, west Lakes plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau] and northwest o

Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. 12,000 in Indonesia

Eastern area, Kalimantan Tengah Province, east of Barito river, area around Palori town; border area, southeast Kalimanta

Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, south of Zorop [wfg], east of Emem [enr], and north of Towei [ttn] languag

Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern

Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict, a
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 6 villages. Central Pantar island. 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt

Maluku Province south, Tela and Masbuar villages. Southwest Babar island. 1,050 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte

Maluku Province. South Seram island, Teluti bay. 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Silen, Taluti, Te

Jawa Timur Province, south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

Maluku Province. Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tio

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 villages on Tereweng island off southeast coast of Pantar island, and one village on Panta

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai domains. Central Rote island. 30,000 (2002 UKAW

Maluku Utara Province; Ternate island. Kayoa islands on north end of Lapan bay; islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islan

Maluku Utara Province, Ternate island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ternatenyo Dialects:
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Timor island, bi-coastal. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Population total all countries:

Maluku Province, central portion, south central Seram island location area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (E

Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency. Sembakung and Sibuka river deltas; Tarakan, Bunyu, Baru, Tibi, and nearby

Maluku Utara Province; Tidore island. Ternate, Mare, and northern Moti islands. Also Halmahera island, west coast areas,

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, southwest. East of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole [llg], and south of Dengka [

Papua Province, Jayapura bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, and Tanah Hitam villages. 100 (Wurm 200

Maluku Utara Province, Tubelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, North Halmahera; Maba and Wasile districts, Central Halmahera.

Papua Province, south Jayapura border area, Keerom regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most o

South Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe, Konawe, South Konawe, Kolaka, and North Kolaka regencies, Mekongga
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Sakita village. On east coast, Tolo bay, near Bungku town. 600 (Mea

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, 4 villages. On west coast, Tolo bay, south of Bungku town. 1,100 (M

Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast coast, near Manado city, Tanawangko and Tomohon areas. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong, Tomini, and Tinombo subdistricts, 42 villages. Northeast coast along Tomini bay, inla

Sulawesi Utara Province, Toulour regency. North peninsula, Lake Tondano area southeast and east. 92,000 in Indonesia (W

Sulawesi Utara Province; landlocked area southwest of Lake Manado; near Tombatu town. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 198

Sulawesi Utara Province, northeasternmost tip. 90,000 (1989), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tons

Sulawesi Utara Province; Minahasa peninsula, northeast coast, southern shore, Amurang bay inland. 150,000 (1990 J. Mer

Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict. Inland along Budong-Budong river. 450 (Yamaguch
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Tana Toraja and Luwu regencies; border areas, Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency; poss

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, and Dondo subdistricts, 29 villages. Northernmost portion of pro

Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [dmu] and west of Emem [enr] languag

Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo river east bank, between Kauwera [xau]

Papua Province, west side of upper Digul river, north of Wanggom, south of Komyandaret. 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor

Maluku Province, southwestern area, Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, and Arwala villages. Wetar isla

Maluku Utara Province, Tobelo, Kao, Wasile, and Maba districts, Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno villages; North Halmahera is

Sulawesi Tenggara Province,Tukang Besi archipelago north, Kaledupa and Wangiwangi islands; also, Runduma islands, to e

Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Tukang Besi archipelago, south islands; northern Binongko and Tomea islands; South Sulawes
Maluku Province, 4 villages. Ambon island, northeast coast. 18,800 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: North

North central Papua Province, west of Mamberamo river, east Geelvink bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp] langu

Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai regency; area between Adas, Dempar, and Melak towns; then down the Mahakam rivers

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; most of west Timor island. 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names

Maluku Province, southeast portion; Northwest Aru islands, jir and Wokam islands west peninsula tip. 1,030 (2011 SIL). Sta

Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies. Mostly interior area north of Majene town. 30

Sulawesi Tengah Province, Donggala regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro subdistricts, 32 villages; along Lariang river and tr

Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Long Pujungan, Long Jelet Mesahan, and Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect) villa
Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. Midd

Papua Province, east highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip val

Papua Barat Province, 2 small islands between Karas island and southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland, some possible on

Papua Province, south of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa] and south of Molof [msl] language areas. 110 (2004 S

Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. 250 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alter

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ta

Papua Province, Serui island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate N

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, 2 separate enclaves between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg

Papua Barat Province, north central Waigeo island off western Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, W
Maluku Utara Province; northwest Halmahera island, Coastal area, from Sasu town, inland to highland interior. 3,000 (Voo

Papua Province, Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, and Wurigelebut villages. 20,000 (2007 P. Seow). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte

Papua Province, south coast area north of Mandobo language area. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kenon

Papua Barat Province, Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih bay along Wandamen bay extending to east end of Bintuni

Papua Province, upper Digul river area. East of Kombai [tyn] and west of Wambon [wms] language areas. 1,180 (2002 SIL).

Papua Province, central highlands area, upper Rouffaer river basin north of Damal [uhn], northwest of Dem [dem], south o

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, southwest coast, southeast of Waikabubak city. 10,000 (Wurm and Ha

Papua Province, north coast, Mamberamo river mouth and west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi villages. 600

Papua Province, north coast area inland from Kwesten [kwt] language area on upper Biri river, south side, Maweswares vil
Papua Province, northeastern area, Keerom regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jayapura. 1,500 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (T

Papua Province, Lakes plain area around Taiyeve. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wari, Were

Papua Province, south coast area bordering Asmat languages to east and Sawi [saw] language to west, lower Eilanden rive

Papua Province, Yapen and Waropen regencies. Ambumi dialect: south of the Wandamen bay. 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (

Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe regency, Asera subdistrict, Mopute village. Interior area; north of confluence o

Maluku Province, east central area, Watubela islands, north of Kur island. 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

Papua Barat Province, island off of southeast Waigeo island, Wauyai village. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Class

Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. 30,000 (2004 D. Andersen), increas

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, interior. 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Veveva
Maluku Province, at least 14 villages. Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; southwest Seram, north

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island. East coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on central n

Papua Province, west Serui island, Wooi and Wainap villages. 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na

Papua Province, west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] language area, northeast

Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Buton island, southwest coast towards Buntung strait; Baubau city, adjacent areas northeast

Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. 5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None kno

Sulawesi Selatan Province, East Luwu regency, Wotu subdistrict, Lampenai, and Bawalipu villages. Northern end of Bone b

Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, along Maccluer bay between lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers. 500 (1991 SIL). S

Maluku Province, south central Seram island, coastal area west of Teluti bay. 1,700 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt
Papua Province, eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguru

Papua Province, central highlands area northwest of Nalca [nlc] and east of Grand Valley Dani language areas. 15,000 (199

Papua Province, central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat village

Papua Province, central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima regencies. 5,

Maluku Province, southeast area, 35 villages. Tannembar islands; east coast Yamdena island, down to north tip of Selaru is

Papua Province, south coast Obaa river area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu] language ar

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, island off north coast east of Biri river. 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Morib

Papua Province, lower end of Cenderawasih bay, west of Yeresiam [ire] language area. 350 (1978 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). A
Papua Province, Yapen island: 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages, all in the central portio

Papua Province, south coast border area, east of Marind along Maro river. 6 villages. 2,390 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). A

Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island and mainland. 4

Papua Province, south Cenderawasih bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur lake; into Papua Barat Province, area north of

Papua Province, lower Kwatisore bay, between 2 peninsulas; into Papua Barat Province, southern end, Wandamen peninsu

Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east and north of Sobger river, south of Ji m

Papua Province, Sarmi regency, east of Warembori, east of Mamberamo river, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coas

Papua Province, northeastern portion, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu. 230 (2005 SIL). 0 mono
 ate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

uage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

Madik), Abun Tat (Karon Pantai). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

hinese Dialects: Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, M

bola [klz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian.

entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim, Christian.

harnggala [gtu] of Australia. Christian, traditional religion.

West Coast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.

Alune (Nikulkan-Murnaten-Wakolo), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu). Rambatu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe [kgb] m

an [kzx], 58% with Kaibobo [kzb], 52% with Luhu [lcq] and Hulung [huk], 50% with Alune [alp], 49% with Naka’ela [nae], 47% with Lisab

ects: Kotos, Ro’is, Ro’is Hero (Kopa), Ro’is Tais Nonof. Part of Uab Meto language chain. Reportedly similar to Uab Meto [aoz] but with

Randawaya. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau Comments: Schools through junior high on the
 ], 62% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 66% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Ban

. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-W

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comm

% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Hovongan [hov]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kaya

remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai [wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Ili’uun [ilu], 57% with

: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

mberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Ch

l religion, Christian.

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
u, Negeri Lima (Henalima, Lima), Ureng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik

ea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Dialects: Ajam (Ayam), Misman, Simai (Simay). Reportedly similar to Sem

ssel Lakes Comments: Distinct from Awyi [auw] (Awye) in Taikat group. Christian, traditional religion.

al similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono Comments: Frequently at war with Kopkaka and Korowai.
 ani-Moni group. Christian, traditional religion.

ral Awyu [awu] and Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional

sification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Traditional religion.

mments: Christian.
g. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bada’, Tobada’ Dialects: Ako, Bada. Lexical similarity: 85% with Bada and Behoa [bep], 91%

ensus). 12,000 in Kenekes village area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo Dialects: Sometimes cons

erba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

berai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

enyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Musl

ovince on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula islands. 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982),
alayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’ Comments: Traditional religion.

larity: 75% with Ngaju [nij], 45% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South Comm

es: Balanta, Kosian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Saluan [loe], 39% with Bobongko [bgb]. Cl

hland Bali (“Bali Aga” (pej.)), Lowland Bali (Badung, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem, Klungkung, Tabanan), Nusa Penida. Rep

n, Pakkau, Pattae’, Salu Mokanam. Complex dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 83%–94% with Bumal; 85%–80% with dialects of Aralle-Tab

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser Comments: The people originally came from the Banda Islands, but the languag

nggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.

er of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: A netw

owards Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; smaller region, Kalimantan Barat Province, coastal Matua. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 ce

rity: 70% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Chri

4% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

f], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona,

ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

e). Alas dialect may be more similar to Karo Batak [btx], 81% cognate (Soravia 2002), while Kluet and Singkil may be more closely relate

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian.

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

b]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: A general form of

nds, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Strong separation of ethnolinguistic identity from G

[bzb], 54% with Bobongko [bgb], 46% with Balantak [blz], 38% with Banggai [bgz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

. Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Dialects: Aumenefa, Gesda Dae, Neao. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Commen
 n: Bayono-Awbono

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

t from Bada [bhz] and Napu [npy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments

preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.

with dialects; 54%–66% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Salas Gunung dialect [sgu], 32%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification

s: In the linguistic literature the language is referred to as Kata Kolok which means ‘deaf language’ in Balinese [ban].

to Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: ‘Bentong’ and ‘Dentong’ are Bug

nate Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ur
 Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte Dialects: None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from

h, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor Dialects: Ariom, Bo’o, Bosnik, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Kamer, Korido, Korim, Mandusir, Mapia, Mios Num

Biatah [bth] of Sarawak. Christian, traditional religion.

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern

, Raja Ampat

Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote C

ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.

ariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

olynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Different from Boano [bzn] in Maluku. Muslim.

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Different fro

al similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 44% with Andio [bzb], and 30% with Gorontalo [gor], 25%–30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow

luti [tlt], 42% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku

olang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Dialects: Atinggola (Andagile, Attingola, Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (Uki). Classification: Austronesia

ng Comments: Traditional religion.

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.

apura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Bgu may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.

ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju [mqx] and Seko Padang [skx], 61% with Seko Tengah [sko], 72% with Panasuan [psn]. Classifi

outh of lake, along east coast of Bone bay, 3 enclaves; Kasiputih area facing Muna island; Sulawesi Tengah Province, west side, areas a

-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang Comments: Christian.

South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Several communities of over 100 dwellings. Muslim, Christian.

ps scattered among other languages. Traditional religion.

; interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. 27,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Nahina
 lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: M

religion, Christian.

n 5% with other languages. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu), Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect sp

known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, tr

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New

1% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Lantoi [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Bu
 ], 55% with Bugis Bone [bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene [bug], Bugis Sidrap [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, So

nesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Kaesabu, Masiri, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialec

Vakam. Reportedly similar to Asmat [cns]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional r

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 gi. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comm

). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

rthern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

ungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Dialects: Amongme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Mo

Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East Damar

Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar

o-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Dampal dialect is extinct. Muslim.
 West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

imilarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Chris

l Lakes Comments: Traditional religion.

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

tral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Christian, traditiona
 dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of, ngg, in Eastern Dengka dialect become, nd, in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Ethnic auto

s Plain, East Comments: Used as an inter-language. Christian, traditional religion.

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

merchants and other outsiders who live in Dobel villages and residents of Lorang use it as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names

sian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Most of the hill Dondo interact socially with the Dondo coastal population
esin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central

y: 90% with the 2 dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

n, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

ariku, Duvle Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 imilar to Wolani [wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments:

lated to any other language. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Almost no outside influence. ‘Morwap’ is vigorously rejected

Maloh). Kalis may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments:

ayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

y established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Christian, Muslim.

atulappa-Kassa), Ranga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim

, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is reportedly similar but not the same.
 tern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

Doa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–49% with Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Ethnic name is

ge towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida

00 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may

abar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Immigrants from Kisar learned Galolen. Christian.
 n Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: Muslim.

people consider Alas [btz] a distant Gayo dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands C

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Gu

ith Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda

Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. Classification: Austronesian, Malay

ello, Holontalo, Hulontalo Dialects: East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, Limboto (Limbotto), Tilamuta, West Gorontalo (Kwandang). Classifi

ran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

eographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with Adang. Classification: Trans-New
% with Saparua [spr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram

, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese Dialects: Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua), Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu). Classification: Austronesian,

), Helong Darat (Bolok), Helong Pulau (Island Helong, Semau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Stra

ng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘P

n, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Culturally distinct from Manusela. Traditional religion.
 la [nae], 63% with Alune [alp], 59% with Wemale [weo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Poly

Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Dialects: Foi, Iau, Turu. Reportedly similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. Varieties listed as dialects m

Demam, Maung, Sebaru’, Sekapat, Seklau, Sesat, Sigarau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, I

nherently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu

oper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

esian, Bima-Lembata

u, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, Telemar, Ustutun. All also use the Ili’uun dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%–97% among dialects, 73% with Tug
h Standard Malay [zsm]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, M

esian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin [cmn] elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [

Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera Co

a, Western Isirawa. Reportedly similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa Comm

is language may no longer exist or speakers moved to another location. Christian, traditional religion.

si, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Population total all countr
 reole, Dutch based

n, traditional religion.

y be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate language from Adang [adn]. C

hristian, traditional religion.

entral Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: The government wants to resettle them along the coast. Traditional religion.

ments: The name Kafoa is not known locally.

ct, 75% with Kamarian [kzx], 62%–65% with Saparua [spr], 62% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, M

: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.
nguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binggi, Bunggu, Da’a, Pakawa, Pekava, Pekawa Dialects: Da’a (Dombu), Inde. Some in

Edo (Sidondo), Ija (Sigi), Ledo (Palu), Rai (Sindue-Tawaili, Tawaili-Sindue), Raio (Kori), Ta’a (Dolago-Sausu, Sausu), Taa (Palolo), Tado (Ri

ayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Lole has negative term, unde. Ganti has negative term, ndepuu. Mu

: 81% with Kambe-kambero dialect, 75% with Busoa [bup], 64%–74% with Muna [mnb] dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku [lix

Christian, traditional religion.

sian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim.

maller dialects not listed. Lexical similarity: 78% with Mamasa [mqj], 78% with Tae’ [rob], 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]; 82% between K
 or-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: North central Alor language complex.

arua [spr], 60% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 59% with Amahai [amq], Luhu [lcq], Naka’ela [nae], and Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austro

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: Muslim.

hern Sumba, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai). Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Lewa and Uma Ratu Nggai di

uwai [asi]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tion: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro Comments: Different from Yeretuar (Umari) [gop]. Christian, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese

so classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethni

languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification
are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. C

l intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Moreh

hera, Sahu Comments: Muslim.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay,

ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

traditional religion.

nd for Central Malay [pse] speakers. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Malay [pse] dialects Pasemah and Serawai. A member of macr
tional religion, Christian.

olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Ce

w Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

akan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Linguistic influences from Ot Danum [otd].

yo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli Comments: Shifted to Ambonese Malay [abs]

yo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.

utonese who live in Kei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Keiese, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav Dialects: Kei Besar, Kei Kecil, Ta’am

rth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian.

r Timor Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

 Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Commen

milarity: 80% with Gresi [grs]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ames: Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Kendayan-Ambawang, Salako Dialects: Ahe, Ambawang, Kendayan, Selako. Classifica

ore than 80% with other “Malayic Dayak” dialects in Melawi Basin like Barai, Nanga Nuak, Kebahan, Ransa, Kenyilu, Limbai and Kubin. C

52,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah Dialects: Badeng, Bakung, Lep

Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Dialects: Lebu’ Kulit, Uma Timai, Uma’ Ujok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North B

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: People and language are both called
. Lexical similarity: 69% with Hovongan [hov], 69% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, N

dialect diversity in a small area, shading into Jambi Malay [zlm] east and Minangkabau [min] north. Distinct from Kerinci-Minangkaba

ditional religion.

yu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

o dialect of Muna [mnb], 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku [lix] and Busoa [bup]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cel
 wa Dialects: Not related to Oirata [oia], which has sometimes been called a dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

or-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

; 54% with the several Mori and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern,

ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

ori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kem

with Ujir [udj]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ng, Kayu Agung Asli, Komering, Upstream Komering. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp]; 74% with Sun

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Kadjang, Kajang, Tana Towa). Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 76% with Makassar [mak]; Tana Toa dialect

al Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Christian.
similar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

alect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bun

th dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai Comments: Traditional religion.

s]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

wai, Namatota, Namatote Dialects: Adijaya, Keroi, Namatota. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-

Ridan, Supat, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu Lako. Related to Lubu [lcf]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesi

s: Batulolong, Kiramang (Kramang), Kui (Buraga, Lerabaing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, A
pui Dialects: Arumaka, Iramang, Kula, Kula Watena, Kulatela, Larena, Sumang, Watena. Reportedly structurally similar to Sawila [swt],

77% with Tolaki [lbw], 75% with Koroni [xkq], 66% with Wawonii [wow] and Bungku [bkz] group, 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with

outheastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.

Kei [kei], 71%–83% with Teor [tev], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, C

stern Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

oup. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahe

ame language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western

kwabai, Sasawa, Serikenam. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Com

erba, Nuclear Comments: ‘Nopukw’, language, in the Kwerba family, and does not distinguish a particular variety. Traditional religion, C
% with Galela [gbi], 78% with Loloda [loa]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits,

etween Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect, 76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Wotu [wtw], 39% with Muna [mnb].

bang, Taka, Tanjung Bunda), West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), West Solor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 . 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir Dialects: Daya, Krui (Kro

milarity: 72% between the Menggala dialect and the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp], 77% among dialects. Classification: Austrone

asihu dialects; 92% between Larike and Wakasihu; 68%–71% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–72% with Negeri Lima dialect of Asilulu [asl]. Class

ng Besi South [bhq], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 50% with Wolio [wlo] and Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

u, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua

abo (Ampibabo-Lauje). Ampibabo dialect may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomin

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

: Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Benua, Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Pa
 Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Muslim, Chri

own. Lexical similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq], 38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with Wolio [wlo], 31% with

u, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. They share historical and cultural heritage with Luang [lex], but maintain their own identity and local p

ern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

bly most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comment
%–76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko [ues]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eas

cal similarity: 66%–74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast) dialects, 69%–78% between Kobi and Seti

yo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: ‘Tado’ (alternate for Lindu) is different from Tad

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

with Naka’ela [nae], 67% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M
Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo Dialects: Lisela (Licela, Licella), Tagalisa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

from Mongondow [mog]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Ponosakan [pns], 63% with Kaidipang [kzp]. Classifi

gah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Ba’a, North Lole, South Lole. North Lole, na-hina, becomes South Lole, ni-hina. Classification: Austronesian

. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian.

milarity: 89% with Leti [lti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwe
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Ama

ndayeh, Southern Murut Dialects: Lun Bawang (Long Bawan, Sarawak Murut), Lun Daye, Papadi. Not Murutic, although sometimes call

enclaves near Tawahan and Damar. 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Dialects: Dus

ra-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Muslim.

-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Possibly the same as Maya [slz]. Christian, tradition

0 in Indonesia (2000 census), decreasing. 86,000 Bawean. 2000 census reports large population decrease. Due to intermarriage, langu

with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], and its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat Comments: Ethnic autonym: Ayamaru. T

Mairasi. Reportedly similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi [etz]

omments: Muslim.
 oa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Dialects: Gowa (

kian Timur Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern

age isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian

hristian, traditional religion.

ng provinces. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asah

3 (Wider communication).Became an LWC through trade, and is used in inter-cultural ommunication, market, and some media. Alterna

Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: No evidence of an earlier indigenous language (1987 J. Collins). Muslim.
of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Shares ph

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Traditional religion.

nsus). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bengkulu, Besemah, Enim, Lintang, Midden Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Seraw

Bengkulu Province, small area south of Lake Dipatipan. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batin, Djamb

ts (Northern Kutai). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Mala

te and Chinese languages, Portuguese [por], Uab Meto [aoz], Sabu [hvn], Spanish [spa], Dutch [nld], English [eng]. Christian, Muslim.

nese Malay, Minahasan Malay Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to North Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lank
ernate Names: Ternate Malay Dialects: None known. Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. Reportedly more simil

offices. Became an LWC through trade. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [

rnate Names: Kutai, Tenggarong Dialects: Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai, Tenggarong Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bang

ng city northeast towards Kotabaru; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus S

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: They view themselves as distinc

ng, Southern Mamasa, Tae’). Lexical similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South S

as. Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju Comments: Mu
g islands near Makassar city, other areas. 475,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Man

ew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ntion Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

eit-Kaitetu [hik], 55%–60% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 56% with Boano [bzn] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
 en on Wamar island. 9,110 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam Dialects: None known. Not in

eties, 67%–75% with Hatuolo, 64%–86% with Maneo, 66%–86% with Maneoratu, 67%–80% with South Manusela; 64%–72% with Hua

sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote O

apuma [ppm], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-P

ant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nucle

ind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

h Babar Comments: Christian.

Comments: Christian.
armi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Ma

t New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

onal religion.

ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, tradition

[kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Different from Moi (Mosana) [mxn]. Christian, traditional religion.

alayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 erawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

i, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Padang Dialects: Agam, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Orang Mamak, Pajokumbuh, Pancuang

intermarriage with Kemtuik [kmt] speakers. Kwansu is an obsolete village name. Christian, traditional religion.

anic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

orth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

mments: Some intermarriage with the Tabaru [tby]. Christian.

nt from Mekwei [msf] (Moi) dialect. Christian, traditional religion.

tional religion.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.

Mombum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ahai Comments: They have contact with Dani who are learning Momuna. Christian, traditional religion.

moga, Lolayan, Passi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, M
Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor Comments: Different from Trans-New Guinea Mor [moq]. Traditional religion, Christian.

Mor [mhz]. Christian, traditional religion.

Dialects: Impo, Molio’a, Molongkuni, Tambee (Ajo, South Mori, Tambee, Zuid-Mori), Ulu Uwoi. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori

i, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Dialects: Karunsi’e (Karonsie, Korongsi, Sinongko), Moiki (Tomoiki), Nuha (Soroako

0 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. Wita Ea 23,000, Tokotu’a 14,000. Includes about 3,500 living in cities. Second or third generations in c

sification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: Ethnonym: Morop. Dintere most widespread dialect. The previous la

emony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Comments: Christian, traditional religio

nx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
elligibility from Mualang to Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Christian

mpu, Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Tiworo (Eastern Muna). Subvarieties of standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, W

ation).Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it

assification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland

esian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Formerly lived in mou

my] difficult to understand. Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Not the same as Larantuk

ith Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Korupun (Kimyal) dialect of Korupun-Se

rn, Badaic Comments: Christian.

ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nasal Comments: Muslim.

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

sity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

east Ngada Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bim

nt, market, etc.). Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito Dialects: Ba’amang (Bara-Bare,

Dialects: Apmisibil, Ngalum, Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.

entral Nias, North Nias (Gunung Sitoli), Northwest Nias, South Nias, West Nias. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North

an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

 land on the Indonesia side where they temporarily migrate to gather food. Christian, traditional religion.

tern Comments: Distinct from Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Christian, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Distinct from Huaulu [h

% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuh
t Timor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Christian.

Okolod variety in Sabah, 70% with Pensiangan Murut dialect of Tagal Murut [mvv], 34% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austrone

on, Christian.

h New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ned). Alternate Names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences.

e Names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum Dialects: Dohoi, Kadorih, Kuhin, Ot Balawan, Ot Banu’u, Ot Murung 1 (Murung 1, Pu

Threatened). Alternate Names: Alalao, Pado-e, Padoé, South Mori Dialects: Central Padoe, Western Padoe. 2 dialects. Lexical similarity
esian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

languages; marginal intelligibility of Li’o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Le

u, and Bone-Bone subdistricts; total 193 villages. 137,000 (Lauder et al. 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baree, Bare’e

7% with Seko Tengah [sko], 63% with Seko Padang [skx], 72% with Budong-Budong [bdx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

Muna [mnb], 57% with Cia-Cia [cia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nu

e-Tabulahan [atq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.
an, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, tradition

mahera, Southeast Comments: Schools. Muslim.

am, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua Comments: Experienced a severe earthquake and tidal wave in 2009.

A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Commen

ic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: “Umalasa” is a Bugis [bug] exonym meaning ‘the sick ones’ with negative connotation

uun [ilu], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, So

dominantly Malay and Dutch [nld] vocabulary, with Malay and Sundanese elements.

Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Muslim.

orneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

ricultural peoples (Blust 1974). There are no Penan languages as a distinguishable subgroup.

Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

e, Wiau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [
 b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect. Classificatio

, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Musi (Curup), Pasisir, Rawas. Lebong recognized as central dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang Comments:
yo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: ‘Ringgou’ is the pronunciation in some other Rote languages. Ethnic auto

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

uinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

to Waioli [wli] and Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

oi [bgy], 35%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central M
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Commen

a’, Lingketeng), Luwuk. Lexical similarity: 74% with Batui [zbt], 53% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Balantak [blz

stian, traditional religion.

ble. Koman and Semerawai could be in this group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak

ko), Siau (Sjauw), Tabukang (Tabukan), Tagulandang (Tahulandang), Taruna (Tahuna). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

82%–84% with Latu [ltu], 69% with Amahai [amq], 67% with Kamarian [kzk], 68%–71% with Haruku [hrk], 65% with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%–

ma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Contact with Bugis [bug] and K

mplex dialect network. Some varieties have low mutual intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumba
on: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

exical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eas

on: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

; distinct historical ethnic identities. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Many current vi

Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

e Names: Baria, Tawaelia, Tawailia, Topobaria Dialects: Not a dialect of nearby Napu [npy] or of Kaili languages. Most closely related to

Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, W

Kapalajernih, and Kundur; possible scattered populations on mainland. 420 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

n Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Many primary schools. Christian, Muslim.

n [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to nearby languages. Lexical similarity: 56% with Seluwasan [sws]. Classification:

ts: Muslim, Christian.

urutic, Murut
atian dialect quite different from others. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southea

ditional religion, Christian.

akan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Ethnic autonym: Buyaka. Traditional religion, Christian.

ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East
Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua Comments: Government had moved them from Serua Island, south central Ma

olynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-We

a Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-L

ssification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

k Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

omments: Christian, traditional religion.

 al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay,

Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

Sundanese Dialects: Bogor (Krawang), Cirebon, Pringan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: Musli

Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 lippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Separate language from Gorontalo [gor]. Muslim.

omments: Christian.

% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentan

s in East Luwu regency, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako. 340,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ea

ngan, Taggal, Tagul), Rundum (Arundum), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tagal (North Borneo Mu

of Kaili Unde [unz]. Muslim.

ynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Ethnic autonym: Tajio. Kasimbar is the main town. Muslim.

elong). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian.

milar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: T

larity: 77% with Kulisusu [vkl]; 75% with Koroni [xkq]; 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz];

i]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Muslim, Christian.

on: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

aditional religion, Christian.

a, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

outh East Tarangan. Lexical similarity: 71% with West Tarangan [txn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern
ern Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and M

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian.

ents: First contact with outside world in 1982. Christian, traditional religion.

nesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug Comments: Muslim.

own. Lexical similarity: 77% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greate

nal religion, Christian.

lmeit, Sfa Riere, Tehit Jit. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, trad
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, Ea

rom Javanese. Hindu.

ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim, Christian.

rn Termanu). Reportedly seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated

northeast Halmahera. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tidore [tvo]. Classification: West Papuan, N
a Tenggara province. Alternate Names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Laklu

em from Teun Island, south central Maluku, due to volcanic activity on their island.

ones, Tiroon, Zedong Dialects: Nonukan (Nunukan), Penchangan, Sedalir (Sadalir, Salalir, Saralir, Selalir), Sesayap (Sesajap), Sibuku, Tar

cation: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.

prefix, na-fa’da, varies with, i-fa’da. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar,

tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, No

at islands. Papua Province, Sorong area. 27,700 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Boëng, Dodinga, Tobelo (Heleworuru). Classific

ts: Christian, traditional religion.

ws. 331,000 (2000 census). 298,000 Tolaki (Konawe), 33,000 Mekongga and 200 Wiwirano. Asera and Laiwui not separately listed, but
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Muslim.

ngku [bkz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Consider themselve

o [tdn] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Tradition

yo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Muslim.

mbulu [tom] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: C

gion, Christian.

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North Comments: Christian.

]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Recent settlers from elsewhere a
a, Toraja Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu’), Toraja Barat (Mappa-Pana, West Toraja). Rantepao is prestige dialect. C

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Muslim.

th Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

m Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

e Names: Mahuan, Tutunohan Dialects: Arwala, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat. Lexical similarity: 92%–97% amon

ers in Maba district. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. 2,590 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kusuri, Teluk Lili. Possibly seve

ous). Alternate Names: Buton, Wakatobi Dialects: Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wangi- Wangi, Wanje, Wanji, Wantji). Lexical similarit

rn Papua Province. 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wa
 ialects, 74%–82% with Hitu [htu], 72%–76% with Haruku [hrk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay

65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: May be better consi

Names: Tunjung Dayak Dialects: Pahu, Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Linggang, Tunjung Londong. Classification: Austronesian, M

anuban-Amanatun (Amanatun, Amanuban, Amanubang), Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi (Amabi, Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule’u), Biboki-Insana

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

tteng, Sondoang, Tappalang. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity: 75%–80% with dialect of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], and Pa

other areas north of Palu; small area in Sulawesi Barat Province, near west bank, Lariang river. 20,000 (1990 M. Martens), increasing. 1

ynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan Comments: Christian.
 n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

one known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Com

h Bomberai Comments: Blust (1991) says this appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Christian, traditional religion.

anguage. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Afra may be the name preferred by the people.

Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

etsam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmah
 Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ni, Dasener, Steenkool, Wamesa (Ubu), Waruritinao, Wasior, Windesi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern

s: 0. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waano Dialects: Central Wano, East Wano, West Wano. Reportedly similar to Nggem [

wu, Sumba

assification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

wres village now inhabited by Mawes [mgk] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.
rn Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen Comments: Christian.

alects, 79% with Mekongga and other Tolaki [lbw] dialects, 70% with Rahambuu [raz] and Kodeoha [vko], 54% with the Mori [mzq] or

41% with Teor [tev] and Kur [kuv], 37% with Bobot [bty], 34% with Masiwang [bnf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ct of Bungku [bkz], 66% with Taloki [lbw], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Mal

yo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ale, West Wemale, West-Central Wemale. Lexical similarity: 84% with east and west dialects, 70% with South Wemale dialect. Classific

sification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Cultural and historical relationship with Liquisa area in East Timor. C

nesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Weste

Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

1% with Cia-Cia [cia]; 60% with Masiri dialect of Cia-Cia and Lantoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

nd Waropen [wrp]-speaking village.

lternate Names: Wadu Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with South S

d’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Teluti [tlt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusak
Dialects: Gilika (Kilika), Kosarek, Tiple. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan [nps], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea

galik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan Dialects: None known. Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Hupla [hap]. C

nea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

lirin Dialects: North Yamdena (Nus Das), South Yamdena (Nus Bab). A chain of related varieties from north to south with 90% lexical s

Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Bay, Sarmi Comments: Yarsun may not exist or speakers may have moved (2005 SIL). Christian, traditional religion.

Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

awa, South Yawa, West Yawa. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Maro, Yey Comments: Different cultural group from Marind. Christian, traditional religion.

n, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

o-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim Comments: Traditional religion, Christi

n, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar Comments: Distinct from Kamoro [kgq]. Christi

si, Biksi, Inisine Dialects: None known. Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language. Classification: Unclassified Com

[wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

sification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 Indonesia
https://www.ethnologue.com/18/country/ID/languages/

[bsa Abinomn [bsa] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Lakes plain area, Baso
[bsa] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Lakes plain area, Baso river mou

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[abz Abui [abz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, western half, Alor island. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorou
[abz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, western half, Alor island. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat

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[kgr Abun [kgr] Papua Barat Province, Sorong regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid subdistricts,
[kgr] Papua Barat Province, Sorong regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid subdistricts, about 20 v

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[ace Aceh [ace] Aceh Province, north tip of Sumatra, both coasts; into Sumatera Utara Province, sou
[ace] Aceh Province, north tip of Sumatra, both coasts; into Sumatera Utara Province, south coast en

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[adn Adang [adn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northwest (Bird’s Head), Alor island, northwest of Ka
[adn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northwest (Bird’s Head), Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi tow

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[adr Adonara [adr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Adonara and east Solor islands, between Flores and L
[adr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Adonara and east Solor islands, between Flores and Lembata isl

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[ahh Aghu [ahh] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Jair subdistrict, interior south coast area. Betwee
[ahh] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Jair subdistrict, interior south coast area. Between Mapi and

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[air Airoran [air] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat subdistricts, Su
[air] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motob

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 [aol Alor [aol] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, pockets along north Panta
[aol] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, pockets along north Pantar and adja

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Central-Eastern [alp Alune [alp] Maluku Province. West Seram island, Seram Barat district, Kairatu, Taniwel districts,
[alp] Maluku Province. West Seram island, Seram Barat district, Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 27 villages.

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entral Maluku, East, Se [amq Amahai [amq] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Southwest Seram island, near Masohi town. 50 (Wurm
[amq] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Southwest Seram island, near Masohi town. 50 (Wurm 2007). Sta

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lary like Kotos di [aaz Amarasi [aaz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, southwest tip, Timor island, 80 villages. Dialect locati
[aaz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, southwest tip, Timor island, 80 villages. Dialect locations: Kotos

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im, Christian. [amk Ambai [amk] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistri
[amk] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts, 10 villa

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[amv Ambelau [amv] Maluku Province, central Ambelau island off southeast coast of Buru island; Buru co
[amv] Maluku Province, central Ambelau island off southeast coast of Buru island; Buru coast, Wae T

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[apg Ampanang[apg] Southern Kalimantan Timur Province, west of Mahakam river delta, east of Jambu an
[apg] Southern Kalimantan Timur Province, west of Mahakam river delta, east of Jambu and Lamper

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[akg Anakalang [akg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Sumba island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. 1
[akg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Sumba island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. 16,000. Stat

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[bpo Anasi [bpo] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower
[bpo] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank

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[bzb Andio [bzb] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lamala subdistrict, Tauge and Tangeban villages. Near tip
[bzb] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lamala subdistrict, Tauge and Tangeban villages. Near tip of eastern

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[and Ansus [and] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, A
[and] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, a

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[auq Anus [auq] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Podena islands off north coas
[auq] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Podena islands off north coast; coastal a

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[pni Aoheng [pni] Kalimantan Timur Province, near Sarawak border, western end of province, upper re
[pni] Kalimantan Timur Province, near Sarawak border, western end of province, upper reaches of Ka

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[apx Aputai [apx] Southwest Maluku Province, 2 villages. North central Wetar island, Banda Sea coast,
[apx] Southwest Maluku Province, 2 villages. North central Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih villa

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[atq Aralle-Tab [atq] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mambi subdistrict. Between Mandar and Kalumpang towns
[atq] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mambi subdistrict. Between Mandar and Kalumpang towns. 12,000 (1

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[jbj Arandai [jbj] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Bintuni subdistrict; South Bird’s Head, Cer
[jbj] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Bintuni subdistrict; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coa

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[agf Arguni [agf] Papua Barat Province, Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf, off northwest c
[agf] Papua Barat Province, Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf, off northwest coast, Bomb

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[asz As [asz] Papua Barat Province, Asbakin, Maklaumkarta, and Mega villages. West Bird’s Head a
[asz] Papua Barat Province, Asbakin, Maklaumkarta, and Mega villages. West Bird’s Head area, north
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tern Malayo-Polyne [asl Asilulu [asl] Maluku Province, Asilulu, Ureng, and Negeri Lima villages. Northwest Ambon island; s
[asl] Maluku Province, Asilulu, Ureng, and Negeri Lima villages. Northwest Ambon island; some in we

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[asc Asmat, Cas[asc] Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts. Casuarina Coa
[asc] Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts. Casuarina Coast from Ew

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[cns Asmat, Cen[cns] Papua Province. Casuarina coast areas. Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and
[cns] Papua Province. Casuarina coast areas. Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kas

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[nks Asmat, Nor[nks] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Pater Le Cocq river h
[nks] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters

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[asy Asmat, Yao[asy] Papua Province, Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast, lower Sirac
[asy] Papua Province, Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast, lower Sirac river area.

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[aqm Atohwaim [aqm] Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast inland, nort
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[auu Auye [auu] Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. Central highlands southeast of Ce
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[awh Awbono [awh] Papua Province, Jayawuarar district. Modera river area. 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolin
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[awr Awera [awr] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict,1 village. East
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[auw Awyi [auw] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Arso subdistrict. Northeast, highland enclave nea
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[psa Awyu, Asu [psa] Papua Province, South coast area, southwest of Wildeman river, east of Kampong riv
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[awu Awyu, Cent[awu] Papua Province, Mappi and Boven Digul regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, an
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[awy Awyu, Eder[awy] Papua Province, Merauke district. Inland, both banks, lower Digul river; north of Kei
[awy] Papua Province, Merauke district. Inland, both banks, lower Digul river; north of Keisak town. 3

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[awv Awyu, Jair [awv] Papua Province, Merauke district. West of northward bend, Digul river. 2,300 (2002
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[yir Awyu, Nor [yir] Papua Province, Merauke district. West side, Digul river, upstream from Tanamerah t
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[aws Awyu, Sou [aws] Papua Province, Merauke district. Both banks, lower Digul river; Bade town area. 9,3
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[bcd Babar, Nor[bcd] Maluku Province, south, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar i
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[vbb Babar, Sou[vbb] Maluku Province, Kroing, Letwurung, Kokwari, Wakpapai, Ahanari, Analutur, Manuw
 [vbb] Maluku Province, Kroing, Letwurung, Kokwari, Wakpapai, Ahanari, Analutur, Manuweri, and Tu

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Pamona, Southern, [bhz Bada [bhz] Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Selatan provinces, northwest of Lake Poso; Lore Selat
[bhz] Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Selatan provinces, northwest of Lake Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamon

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to location and status [wbac Badui [bac] Java, separate enclaves: Banten Province, Rangkasbitung regency, on Ujung river; Pa
[bac] Java, separate enclaves: Banten Province, Rangkasbitung regency, on Ujung river; Pandeglang t

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[bqb Bagusa [bqb] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mambe
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[bdw Baham [bdw] Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. Nor
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2007), and several thousa

[bdl Bajau, Ind [bdl] Well dispersed throughout north central Indonesia; Sulawesi Utara Province, Wori, T
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[bei Bakati’ [bei] Kalimantan Barat Province, northwestern area; Sambas river headwaters. 4,000 (198
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 [lra Bakati’, Ra [lra] Kalimantan Barat Province, Pejampi and 2 other villages. Upper Lundu and Sambas riv
[lra] Kalimantan Barat Province, Pejampi and 2 other villages. Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, south

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[sre Bakati’, Sa [sre] Kalimantan Barat Province, near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. 4,000 (2004 M. Co
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[bkr Bakumpai [bkr] Kalimantan Tengah Province; Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kuala Kapuas. 10
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[bls Balaesang [bls] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Balaesang subdistrict, Manimbayu peninsula, Ketong, Kam
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[blz Balantak [blz] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamal
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sian, Bali-Sasak-Sumb [ban Bali [ban] Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat provinces; entire island of Bali, and to east, west centr
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[ptu Bambam [ptu] Sulawesi Barat Province, west Polmas regency, Mambi subdistrict. Watershed of Ma
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[bnd Banda [bnd] Maluku Province, south, Kei islands, west and northeast side of Kei Besar island, Ban
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[bgz Banggai [bgz] Sulawesi Tengah Province, at least 157 villages. Off eastern peninsula, Banggai Island
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 [mfb Bangka [mfb] Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, widespread, Bangka island. 340,000
[mfb] Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, widespread, Bangka island. 340,000 (2000 cens

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already dominant in [bjn Banjar [bjn] Kalimantan south and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait; Kalimantan
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[baj Barakai [baj] Maluku Province, southern area, Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang villages. South
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[brp Barapasi [brp] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawa
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[brs Baras [brs] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju Regency, Karossa subdistrict, Salubiro village, Bara
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notations. Unclear whe[btz Batak Alas-[btz] Two areas, Aceh Province; 1: inland from Tapaktuan, and 2: northwest towards Kutac
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[akb Batak Angk[akb] Sumatera Utara Province; Sipirok town area; inland from near Sibolga city towards s
[akb] Sumatera Utara Province; Sipirok town area; inland from near Sibolga city towards southern pr
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[btd Batak Dairi[btd] Sumatera Utara Province southwest of Lake Toba; area around Sidikalang town, sout
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[btx Batak Karo[btx] Sumatera Utara Province, north central area west and northwest of Lake Toba; Aceh
[btx] Sumatera Utara Province, north central area west and northwest of Lake Toba; Aceh Province, s

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[btm Batak Mand

[btm] Sumatera Utara Province; southern interior area extending from Padang Sidempuan
[btm] Sumatera Utara Province; southern interior area extending from Padang Sidempuan, across bo

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[bts Batak Sima[bts] Sumatera Utara Province; area northeast of Lake Toba; Pematangsiantar town area.
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[bbc Batak Toba[bbc] Sumatera Utara Province; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. 2,000,
[bbc] Sumatera Utara Province; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 U

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[zbt] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Batui subdistrict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, and B

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[bay Batuley [bay] Maluku Province, 7 island villages. Aru islands, east coast, Tanah Besar island. 3,640
[bay] Maluku Province, 7 island villages. Aru islands, east coast, Tanah Besar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL).

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[bvz Bauzi [bvz] Papua Province, Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and W
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[bgy Benggoi [bgy] Maluku Province, Benggoi, Balakeo, and Lesa villages. Seram island, Werinama and B
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[bqy] Java and Bali provinces, Bali island, Buleleng regency, Bengkala village. 41 (2007 SIL). More than

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[bnu Bentong [bnu] Sulawesi Selatan Province, inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru regencie
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[byd Benyadu’ [byd] Kalimantan Barat Province, Landak and Bengkayang regencies. Northwest near Sara
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[bkl Berik [bkl] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, T
 [bkl] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Da

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[bfe Betaf [bfe] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sar
[bfe] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. 600 (20

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onesian [pea] and Bali [b

[bew Betawi [bew] Java island, Jawa Barat Province, Bogar, Bekasi, and Karawang regencies; Banten Pro
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Numfor dialect 2 lan [bhw Biak [bhw] Papua Barat Province, Biak Numfor regency. Biak and Numfor islands north, numero
[bhw] Papua Barat Province, Biak Numfor regency. Biak and Numfor islands north, numerous small is

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[bth Bidayuh, B[bth] Kalimantan Barat Province, area east of Suruh village, near Sarawak border. 8,480 in
[bth] Kalimantan Barat Province, area east of Suruh village, near Sarawak border. 8,480 in Indonesia

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[sdo Bidayuh, B[sdo] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Mount Cemaru, near Sar
[sdo] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak bord

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[bhc Biga [bhc] Papua Barat Province, Sorong district, Biga village; south of Misool island. 300 (Remi
[bhc] Papua Barat Province, Sorong district, Biga village; south of Misool island. 300 (Remijsen 2001).

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[bpz Bilba [bpz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northeast end of Rote island, west of Rikou; commun
[bpz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northeast end of Rote island, west of Rikou; communities on Se

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[bhp Bima [bhp] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province; eastern third of Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus
[bhp] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province; eastern third of Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus; northeast

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 [bne Bintauna [bne] Sulawesi Utara Province, around Bintauna town. 11,200 (2000 census). Status: 6b (T
[bne] Sulawesi Utara Province, around Bintauna town. 11,200 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened)

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[bqq Biritai [bqq] Papua Province, Puncakjaya district, Biri village. North of mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (19
[bqq] Papua Province, Puncakjaya district, Biri village. North of mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (1988 SIL). Sta

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[beu Blagar [beu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, East Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. 1
[beu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, East Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. 11,000 (Wu

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[bzl Boano [bzl] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong subdistrict, Bolano village. North peninsula, sout
[bzl] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong subdistrict, Bolano village. North peninsula, south coast, fa

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[bzn Boano [bzn] Maluku Province, North Buano main village. Boano island, facing northwest point, Se
[bzn] Maluku Province, North Buano main village. Boano island, facing northwest point, Seram island

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[bty Bobot [bty] Maluku Province. Southeast Seram, Werinama district, southeast from Atiahu village
[bty] Maluku Province. Southeast Seram, Werinama district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Ba

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[bld Bolango [bld] Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency; Gorontalo Province, northea
[bld] Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency; Gorontalo Province, northeast coast, A

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[blj Bolongan [blj] Kalimantan Timur Province, Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi
[blj] Kalimantan Timur Province, Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002)

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 [bna Bonerate [bna] Sulawesi Selatan Province. Selayer island group; Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karo
[bna] Sulawesi Selatan Province. Selayer island group; Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islan

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[bpg Bonggo [bpg] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict. 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Morib
[bpg] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict. 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alter

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[bdx Budong-Bu[bdx] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou villa
[bdx] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou village. Budon

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ncentrations in Kal [bug Bugis [bug] Sulawesi area, scattered communities generally on various coasts; Sulawesi Selatan
[bug] Sulawesi area, scattered communities generally on various coasts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, K

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[bvk Bukat [bvk] Kalimantan Barat Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, southeast
[bvk] Kalimantan Barat Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, southeast of Mendala

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[bkn Bukitan [bkn] Kalimantan Timur Province, Iwan river; northwestern, Sarawak border. 570 in Indon
[bkn] Kalimantan Timur Province, Iwan river; northwestern, Sarawak border. 570 in Indonesia (2000)

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[bzq Buli [bzq] Maluku Utara Province, 3 villages. Central Halmahera, Buli bay, north shore. 2,520 (2
[bzq] Maluku Utara Province, 3 villages. Central Halmahera, Buli bay, north shore. 2,520 (2000). Statu

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[bfn Bunak [bfn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Timor island, central interior, near border with Timor
[bfn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Timor island, central interior, near border with Timor Leste; ma

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with Pamona dialects [bkz Bungku [bkz] Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Se
[bkz] Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subd
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[blf Buol [blf] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, and Baolan sub
[blf] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, and Baolan subdistricts, 68

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[bti Burate [bti] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, 1 village. Near
[bti] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, 1 village. Near Wapoga r

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[bzu Burmeso [bzu] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict,1 village. Middle Ma
[bzu] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict,1 village. Middle Mamberamo

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between Masaret [mhs Buru [mhs] Maluku Province, all of Buru island, except northeast corner, 70 villages. Some on A
[mhs] Maluku Province, all of Buru island, except northeast corner, 70 villages. Some on Ambon islan

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[aip Burumakok[aip] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Burumakok village. 40 (1994
[aip] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Burumakok village. 40 (1994 R. Kronem

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[bqr Burusu [bqr] Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi tow
[bqr] Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi town area, we

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[asi Buruwai [asi] Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana subdistrict, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Ma
[asi] Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana subdistrict, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guria

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[bsm Busami [bsm] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistric
[bsm] Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, south a

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[bup Busoa [bup] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages; southw
[bup] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages; southwest tip, Bu
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[cml Campalagi [cml] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. South coast, Mandar bay west of
[cml] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. South coast, Mandar bay west of Madjene t

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[hak Chinese, H[hak] Widespread. Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon is
[hak] Widespread. Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papu

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[cmn Chinese, M[cmn] Scattered throughout Indonesia. 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing. Status: 3 (
[cmn] Scattered throughout Indonesia. 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider com

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[cdo Chinese, M[cdo] Scattered throughout Java and Bali provinces. Few speakers. Status: 8a (Moribund).
[cdo] Scattered throughout Java and Bali provinces. Few speakers. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate N

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[nan Chinese, M[nan] Scattered throughout Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan provinces. 700,000 in Indo
[nan] Scattered throughout Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan provinces. 700,000 in Indonesia (1982

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[yue Chinese, Y [yue] Scattered in Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and Central Sumatra generally. 180,000 in Ind
[yue] Scattered in Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and Central Sumatra generally. 180,000 in Indonesia (19

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sian, Malayo-Poly [cia Cia-Cia [cia] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, extreme southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, area inla
[cia] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, extreme southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, area inland betwee

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[txt Citak [txt] Papua Province, Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, 19 villages. South coast area
[txt] Papua Province, Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, 19 villages. South coast area, west of up

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[tml Citak, Tam [tml] Papua Province, Mappi,and Asmat regencies, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, and Wowi villag
 [tml] Papua Province, Mappi,and Asmat regencies, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, and Wowi villages. Senggo

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[liw Col [liw] Sumatra, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces, Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi a
[liw] Sumatra, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces, Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south,

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[dbe Dabe [dbe] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Dabe village. Tor river valle
[dbe] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Dabe village. Tor river valley north to

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[dij Dai [dij] Maluku Province, Sinairusi, 3 other villages; Babar island group, Dai island; north of Ba
[dij] Maluku Province, Sinairusi, 3 other villages; Babar island group, Dai island; north of Babar. 820 (2

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[dkk Dakka [dkk] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Northw
[dkk] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Northwest of Mata

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[uhn Damal [uhn] Papua Province, Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west
[uhn] Papua Province, Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Wester

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[dmr Damar, Eas[dmr] Maluku Province, southeast, 6 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma islan
[dmr] Maluku Province, southeast, 6 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar i

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[drn Damar, We[drn] Maluku Province, southeast, 2 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma islan
[drn] Maluku Province, southeast, 2 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar is

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[dms Dampelas [dms] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas, Sojol, and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. N
[dms] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas, Sojol, and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. Northwester

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[dni Dani, Lowe[dni] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; lower gorge. 20,000 (1996 S
[dni] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; lower gorge. 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status:

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[dnt Dani, Mid [dnt] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley. 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5
[dnt] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley. 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5 (Developi

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[dna Dani, Uppe[dna] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; upper gorge. 20,000 (1996)
[dna] Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; upper gorge. 20,000 (1996). Status: 5 (

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[dnw Dani, West[dnw] Papua Province. Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Ke
[dnw] Papua Province. Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga r

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[daz Dao [daz] Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. West central highlands; east of Ce
[daz] Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. West central highlands; east of Cenderawas

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[ddw Dawera-Da[ddw] Maluku Province; twin coral islands northeast of Babar island, Daweloor island, to s
[ddw] Maluku Province; twin coral islands northeast of Babar island, Daweloor island, to south, Wira

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[row Dela-Oenal[row] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. 7
[row] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. 7,000 (2002

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[dem Dem [dem] Papua Province. Western highlands; along Rouffaer river headwaters; north of Ilaga
[dem] Papua Province. Western highlands; along Rouffaer river headwaters; north of Ilaga town. 1,00

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[dei Demisa [dei] Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa, Muyere, and Botawa villages.
[dei] Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa, Muyere, and Botawa villages. Inland, nor

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n Malayo-Polynesian, T[dnk Dengka [dnk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, northwest coast, from Ba’a town west to
[dnk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, northwest coast, from Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay

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[kbv Dera [kbv] Northeast Papua Province, 13 villages. South of Jayapura town, near Waris. 1,000 in
[kbv] Northeast Papua Province, 13 villages. South of Jayapura town, near Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (

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[nfa Dhao [nfa] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Ndao island, off western tip of Rote island; other sett
[nfa] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Ndao island, off western tip of Rote island; other settlements sc

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[tbp Diebroud [tbp] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Area south of Idenbur
[tbp] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Area south of Idenburg river, eas

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[mrx Dineor [mrx] Papua Province, Jayapura district. North coast; area near Toarim river mouth. 55 (20
[mrx] Papua Province, Jayapura district. North coast; area near Toarim river mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), de

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[diy Diuwe [diy] Papua Province, southeast of Wamena city; east of Catalina river. 100 (1999 SIL). Stat
[diy] Papua Province, southeast of Wamena city; east of Catalina river. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Thr

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tronesian, Malay [kvo Dobel [kvo] Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, entire east coast of Kobror island, 1 vil
[kvo] Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, entire east coast of Kobror island, 1 village in sou

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[dok Dondo [dok] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli and Buol regencies, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo,
[dok] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli and Buol regencies, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, an

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[tds Doutai [tds] Papua Province, Toli-Dou village. Area west and south of Taiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 20
[tds] Papua Province, Toli-Dou village. Area west and south of Taiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic
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[dup Duano [dup] Sumatra, Riau Province, west Riau archipelago and Riau Daratan east coast; into Jam
[dup] Sumatra, Riau Province, west Riau archipelago and Riau Daratan east coast; into Jambi Provinc

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[mvp Duri [mvp] Sulawesi Selatan Province, north Enrekang regency. Northwest of Enrekang town, w
[mvp] Sulawesi Selatan Province, north Enrekang regency. Northwest of Enrekang town, west of Sad

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[dbn Duriankere[dbn] Papua Barat Province; one island between Salawati island and the west end of Bird’s
[dbn] Papua Barat Province; one island between Salawati island and the west end of Bird’s Head. 30

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[dsn Dusner [dsn] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari district. No known L1 speakers. There were 6 elde
[dsn] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari district. No known L1 speakers. There were 6 elderly speaker

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[dun Dusun Dey[dun] Kalimantan Selatan Province, Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; also into K
[dun] Kalimantan Selatan Province, Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; also into Kalimantan

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[duq Dusun Mal[duq] Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, one area west of Muarainu town
[duq] Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, one area west of Muarainu town; a second

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[duw Dusun Wit [duw] Kalimantan Tengah Province, South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil to
[duw] Kalimantan Tengah Province, South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns; south

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[duv Duvle [duv] Papua Province. Area south of Van Daalen river. Eastern dialect along Dagai river, we
[duv] Papua Province. Area south of Van Daalen river. Eastern dialect along Dagai river, western diale

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[dbf Edopi [dbf] Papua Province, Yapen Waopen district. Area at Tariku and Kliki rivers confluence. 1,
[dbf] Papua Province, Yapen Waopen district. Area at Tariku and Kliki rivers confluence. 1,500 (2012
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[ekg Ekari [ekg] Papua Province, Paniai district; west central highlands, inland; Lake Paniai area; into
[ekg] Papua Province, Paniai district; west central highlands, inland; Lake Paniai area; into south-sout

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[mrf Elseng [mrf] Papua Province, Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, and
[mrf] Papua Province, Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi subd

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[emb Embaloh [emb] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leb
[emb] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh

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[enr Emem [enr] Papua Province. Border area south of Jayapura city. 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly m
[enr] Papua Province. Border area south of Jayapura city. 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolingua

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[emw Emplawas [emw] Maluku Province, southern area, Emplawas village, Babar island, southern tip, then
[emw] Maluku Province, southern area, Emplawas village, Babar island, southern tip, then northwest

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[end Ende [end] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island. 110,000 (2009 census). S
[end] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island. 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (V

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[eno Enggano [eno] Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 smalle
[eno] Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 smaller nearby is

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[ptt Enrekang [ptt] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Pinrang regencies; Enrekang town area, wes
[ptt] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Pinrang regencies; Enrekang town area, west toward h

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[ert Eritai [ert] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistr
 [ert] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts, Erai, K

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[erw Erokwanas[erw] Papua Barat Province. Bomberai peninsula. 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 2
[erw] Papua Barat Province. Bomberai peninsula. 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm

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[fau Fayu [fau] Papua Province. Kliki river area, west of its juncture with Tariku river; northwest tow
[fau] Papua Province. Kliki river area, west of its juncture with Tariku river; northwest towards Cende

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[pdn Fedan [pdn] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north
[pdn] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of B

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[flh Foau [flh] Papua Province, Mamberamo Raya and Jayapura regencies, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1
[flh] Papua Province, Mamberamo Raya and Jayapura regencies, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1 village. Ma

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nesian, Central-East [frd Fordata [frd] Maluku Province, southeast, 30 villages; North Tanimbar islands, Fordata, Larat, and
[frd] Maluku Province, southeast, 30 villages; North Tanimbar islands, Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru

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[gbi Galela [gbi] Maluku Utara Province, Halmahera island; Galela bay, north to northern tip of island,
[gbi] Maluku Utara Province, Halmahera island; Galela bay, north to northern tip of island, scattered

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[gal Galolen [gal] Maluku Province, southwest area, Wetar island, Iliwaki village. 680 in Indonesia (1990
[gal] Maluku Province, southwest area, Wetar island, Iliwaki village. 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Statu

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[gak Gamkonor[gak] Maluku Utara Province, a few coastal villages. North Halmahera island, northwest co
[gak] Maluku Utara Province, a few coastal villages. North Halmahera island, northwest coast, from B

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[gzn Gane [gzn] Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southernmost peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. T
[gzn] Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southernmost peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Sta

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[gay Gayo [gay] Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies. N
[gay] Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies. North Suma

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[gei Gebe [gei] Maluku Utara Province, 4 villages; Papua Barat Province, Halmahera island; Gebe, Yo
[gei] Maluku Utara Province, 4 villages; Papua Barat Province, Halmahera island; Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, an

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[ges Geser-Gor [ges] Maluku Province, Seram island, southeast tip, nearby Gorom islands. 36,500 (1989 S
[ges] Maluku Province, Seram island, southeast tip, nearby Gorom islands. 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status:

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[goq Gorap [goq] Maluku Utara Province, Morotai island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halma
[goq] Maluku Utara Province, Morotai island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Boba

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[gor Gorontalo [gor] Gorontalo Province, along both coasts, Sulawesi sea north, eastward from Triggula, M
[gor] Gorontalo Province, along both coasts, Sulawesi sea north, eastward from Triggula, Maluku sea

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[grs Gresi [grs] Papua Province, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, and Klaysu villages. W
[grs] Papua Province, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, and Klaysu villages. West of Lak

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[hji Haji [hji] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency. 17,5
[hji] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency. 17,500 (2000 c

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[hmu Hamap [hmu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island, east Kalabahi bay, around Moru town, 2
[hmu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island, east Kalabahi bay, around Moru town, 2 villages; a

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[hrk Haruku [hrk] Maluku Province. Haruku island, including Lease islands; between Ambon and Seram
[hrk] Maluku Province. Haruku island, including Lease islands; between Ambon and Seram islands. 18

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[had Hatam [had] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency. 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5 (Developi
[had] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency. 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5 (Developing). Altern

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[hvn Hawu [hvn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sawu and Raijua islands; 3 enclaves, 2 on Sumba isla
[hvn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sawu and Raijua islands; 3 enclaves, 2 on Sumba island, Wainga

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[heg Helong [heg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Semau island off of Timor island, western tip of Timo
[heg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Semau island off of Timor island, western tip of Timor, and Kup

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[htu Hitu [htu] Maluku Province, Wakal, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Hila villages. Northeast Ambon
[htu] Maluku Province, Wakal, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Hila villages. Northeast Ambon island, Piru

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[hti Hoti [hti] Maluku Province, East Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). 10 elderly s
[hti] Maluku Province, East Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). 10 elderly speakers in

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[hov Hovongan [hov] Kalimantan Barat (Kapuas Hulu regency) and Kalimantan Timur provinces; border ar
[hov] Kalimantan Barat (Kapuas Hulu regency) and Kalimantan Timur provinces; border area, far nort

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[hud Huaulu [hud] Maluku Province, 10 villages. North Seram island, Salemen bay, south end. 300 (198
[hud] Maluku Province, 10 villages. North Seram island, Salemen bay, south end. 300 (1987 SIL). Stat

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[huw Hukumina [huw] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island, Hukumina, Palumata, and To
[huw] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island, Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu distr
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[huk Hulung [huk] Maluku Province, central area, west Seram, Hulung village, Sauweli hamlet. No know
[huk] Maluku Province, central area, west Seram, Hulung village, Sauweli hamlet. No known L1 speak

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[hap Hupla [hap] Papua Province. Central highlands area, Baliem gorge, east. 3,000 (1982 WT). Status
[hap] Papua Province. Central highlands area, Baliem gorge, east. 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 5 (Develo

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[tmu Iau [tmu] Papua Province. Puncak Jaya regency, Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai villages. Area betwee
[tmu] Papua Province. Puncak Jaya regency, Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai villages. Area between Rouffaer

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[iba Iban [iba] Kalimantan Barat Province; upper Kapuas river, north bank, to Sarawak border, from
[iba] Kalimantan Barat Province; upper Kapuas river, north bank, to Sarawak border, from east of Mo

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[ibu Ibu [ibu] Maluku Utara Province, north Halmahera island, Ibu river mouth, Gamlamo and Gam
[ibu] Maluku Utara Province, north Halmahera island, Ibu river mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages.

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[ihp Iha [ihp] Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency; Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. West
[ihp] Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency; Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai

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[ihb Iha Based P[ihb] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second
[ihb] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language o

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[ila Ile Ape [ila] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north Lembata island, Ile Ape peninsula; into nearby m
[ila] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north Lembata island, Ile Ape peninsula; into nearby mainland Le

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west Maluku, Wetar [ilu Ili’uun [ilu] Maluku Province, southwest, Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai, Nabar, Esul
[ilu] Maluku Province, southwest, Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai, Nabar, Esulit, and Istu
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[imr Imroing [imr] Maluku Province, south, Imroing village; Babar island, southwest. 560 (2007 SIL). Sta
[imr] Maluku Province, south, Imroing village; Babar island, southwest. 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shift

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[ind Indonesian[ind] Widespread. 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000), increasing. Population total all countrie
[ind] Widespread. 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000), increasing. Population total all countries: 23,200,4

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[inl Indonesian[inl] Scattered, Java and Bali. 8,000 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Deaf sign l
[inl] Scattered, Java and Bali. 8,000 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Deaf sign language Co

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[pea Indonesian[pea] Scattered, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur provinces; north coastline area
[pea] Scattered, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur provinces; north coastline area towards P

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[irh Irarutu [irh] Papua Barat Province, 44 villages. East Bomberai peninsula; Arguni bay north to Bintu
[irh] Papua Barat Province, 44 villages. East Bomberai peninsula; Arguni bay north to Bintuni bay, sou

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[srl Isirawa [srl] Papua Province, Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari,
[srl] Papua Province, Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Sia

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[itx Itik [itx] Papua Province. North coast east of Tor river, along upper Biri river. 80 (Wurm 2000).
[itx] Papua Province. North coast east of Tor river, along upper Biri river. 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic pop

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[djo Jangkang [djo] Kalimantan Barat Province, Central Sanggau regency. Between Sanggau and Balai Seb
[djo] Kalimantan Barat Province, Central Sanggau regency. Between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns a

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on, Tjirebon), Indrama [jav Javanese [jav] Jawa Tengah Province, east third of west Java island, southwest half of east Java, incl
 [jav] Jawa Tengah Province, east third of west Java island, southwest half of east Java, including Bany

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[jvd Javindo [jvd] Java island, Jawa Tengah Province, southern area. No known L1 speakers. May be a f
[jvd] Java island, Jawa Tengah Province, southern area. No known L1 speakers. May be a few L2 spea

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[jbr Jofotek-Br [jbr] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Bonggo subd
[jbr] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Bonggo subdistrict, Srum

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[klz Kabola [klz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Alor island, eastern half, Bird’s Head, north
[klz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Alor island, eastern half, Bird’s Head, north of Kalabah

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[uka Kaburi [uka] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts. Sout
[uka] Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts. South Bird’s He

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[kzd Kadai [kzd] Maluku Utara Province, Sula Islands; Taliabu island, eastern interior mountains. Poss
[kzd] Maluku Utara Province, Sula Islands; Taliabu island, eastern interior mountains. Possible speake

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[kpu Kafoa [kpu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest Alor island, enclave north of Aluben town
[kpu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest Alor island, enclave north of Aluben town. 1,000 (W

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[kzb Kaibobo [kzb] Maluku Province, Kairatu district, Kaibobo, Hatusua, Waisamu, Kamarian, Seruawan,
[kzb] Maluku Province, Kairatu district, Kaibobo, Hatusua, Waisamu, Kamarian, Seruawan, and Tihula

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[kzp Kaidipang [kzp] Sulawesi Utara Province; north coast, west and east of Bolaangitang town. 26,600 (2
[kzp] Sulawesi Utara Province; north coast, west and east of Bolaangitang town. 26,600 (2000 census

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n: Austronesian, Mal [kzf Kaili, Da’a [kzf] Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Barat provinces in Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palo
[kzf] Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Barat provinces in Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, and Ba

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fferences. Lexi [lew Kaili, Ledo [lew] Sulawesi Tengah Province, coastal area, both sides of neck south of Manimaya penin
[lew] Sulawesi Tengah Province, coastal area, both sides of neck south of Manimaya peninsula. 350,0

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[unz Kaili, Unde[unz] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli subdistricts; from Pulu bay we
[unz] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli subdistricts; from Pulu bay west to Maka

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h Liabuku [lix]. Cl [zka Kaimbulaw[zka] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Siompu island, Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages; southwe
[zka] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Siompu island, Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages; southwest Buton is

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[kzm Kais [kzm] Papua Barat Province, 8 villages. South Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river. 700
[kzm] Papua Barat Province, 8 villages. South Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river. 700 (1993 R. D

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[tcq Kaiy [tcq] Papua Province, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Lakes plain area around Kaiy airstrip on low
[tcq] Papua Province, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Lakes plain area around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer

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[kzz Kalabra [kzz] Papua Barat Province. West Bird’s Head, southeast of Sorong city, along Kalabra river
[kzz] Papua Barat Province. West Bird’s Head, southeast of Sorong city, along Kalabra river inland. 3,2

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[kly Kalao [kly] Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar islands; east end, Kalao island, west of Bonerate is
[kly] Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar islands; east end, Kalao island, west of Bonerate island. 500 (

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[kli Kalumpang[kli] Headwaters, Karama river; Sulawesi Barat Province, southeast Mamuju regency, Kalum
[kli] Headwaters, Karama river; Sulawesi Barat Province, southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang sub

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 [woi Kamang [woi] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Alor island. 6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. M
[woi] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Alor island. 6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau).

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[kzx Kamarian [kzx] Maluku Province, West Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Under 10
[kzx] Maluku Province, West Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Under 10 in 1987; n

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[kgx Kamaru [kgx] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; southeast Buton island. 3,500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Thr
[kgx] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; southeast Buton island. 3,500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened).

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n, traditional religion. [xbr Kambera [xbr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, eastern half. 240,000 (2009). Status: 5
[xbr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, eastern half. 240,000 (2009). Status: 5 (Developin

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[irx Kamberau [irx] Papua Barat Province, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi,
[irx] Papua Barat Province, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wame

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[kgq Kamoro [kgq] Papua Province, south coast; Mukamuga river into Papua Barat Province, Etna bay a
[kgq] Papua Province, south coast; Mukamuga river into Papua Barat Province, Etna bay area. 8,000 (

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[kkv Kangean [kkv] Java island, Jawa Timur Province, sea coast; Kangean islands, east of Madura island.
[kkv] Java island, Jawa Timur Province, sea coast; Kangean islands, east of Madura island. 110,000 (20

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[khd Kanum, Bäd[khd] Papua Province, south coast border area, southeast of Merauke city. 10 (1996 M. Do
[khd] Papua Province, south coast border area, southeast of Merauke city. 10 (1996 M. Donohue). St

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[kcd Kanum, Ng[kcd] Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, and Onggaya villages. Southernmost point of p
[kcd] Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, and Onggaya villages. Southernmost point of province, ea
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[kxq Kanum, Sm[kxq] Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages. South
[kxq] Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages. Southernmost p

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[krz Kanum, So[krz] Papua Province, Sota village. Southernmost point of province, east northeast of Mera
[krz] Papua Province, Sota village. Southernmost point of province, east northeast of Merauke city; b

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[kax Kao [kax] Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island; on Kao bay, area near Kao river mo
[kax] Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island; on Kao bay, area near Kao river mouth. 400 (2

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[khp Kapauri [khp] Papua Province, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Upper Idenburg river, no
[khp] Papua Province, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Upper Idenburg river, north bank; s

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[kbi Kaptiau [kbi] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. North coast west
[kbi] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. North coast west of Jayapur

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[kgv Karas [kgv] Papua Barat Province, Antalisa and Mas villages. Karas island off southwest coast of
[kgv] Papua Barat Province, Antalisa and Mas villages. Karas island off southwest coast of Bomberai p

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[kyd Karey [kyd] Maluku Province, southern area, South Aru Islands, Tarangan island, southeast coast
[kyd] Maluku Province, southern area, South Aru Islands, Tarangan island, southeast coast, Karey val

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[kgw Karon Dori[kgw] Papua Barat Province, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, and Siakwa villages. Central Bird’s Head; a
[kgw] Papua Barat Province, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, and Siakwa villages. Central Bird’s Head; area of head

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[vkk Kaur [vkk] Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, southernmost extent of province; Sumatera Sela
[vkk] Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, southernmost extent of province; Sumatera Selatan Provinc
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[bpp Kaure [bpp] Papua Province, southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta,
[bpp] Papua Province, southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villa

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[xau Kauwera [xau] Papua Province, Middle Mamberamo river, north bank east; southeast of Lake Romb
[xau] Papua Province, Middle Mamberamo river, north bank east; southeast of Lake Rombebai. 400 (

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[kgb Kawe [kgb] Papua Barat Province, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, and Menyefun villages. West coast of B
[kgb] Papua Barat Province, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, and Menyefun villages. West coast of Bird’s Head

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[kyt Kayagar [kyt] Papua, south coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. 10
[kyt] Papua, south coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. 10,000 (1993

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[xay Kayan Mah[xay] Kalimantan Timur Province, West Kutai and Malinau regencies. Area extends from M
[xay] Kalimantan Timur Province, West Kutai and Malinau regencies. Area extends from Muller Moun

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[bfg Kayan, Bus[bfg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Muller Mountains, upper Mahakam, Oga, and Belayan ri
[bfg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Muller Mountains, upper Mahakam, Oga, and Belayan river areas; a

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[xkn Kayan, Kay[xkn] Kalimantan Timur Province; 2 Kayan river areas: one downstream, the other larger o
[xkn] Kalimantan Timur Province; 2 Kayan river areas: one downstream, the other larger one, headw

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[xkd Kayan, Me[xkd] Kalimantan Barat Province. Northeast of Putus Sibau town, along Mendalam river. 1
[xkd] Kalimantan Barat Province. Northeast of Putus Sibau town, along Mendalam river. 1,500 (Wurm

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[whu Kayan, Wa[whu] Kalimantan Timur Province; north of Muara Wahau town, along north tributary of T
 [whu] Kalimantan Timur Province; north of Muara Wahau town, along north tributary of Telen river.

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[kzl Kayeli [kzl] Maluku Province; North Buru island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last speake
[kzl] Maluku Province; North Buru island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last speaker of Liliali d

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[kzu Kayupulau [kzu] Papua Province. Jayapura harbor. 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic
[kzu] Papua Province. Jayapura harbor. 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wu

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[ksx Kedang [ksx] Nusa Tenggara Timur province; northeast Lembata island. 30,000 (2008 census). Stat
[ksx] Nusa Tenggara Timur province; northeast Lembata island. 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vig

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[khh Kehu [khh] Papua Province, Wapoga river between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. 20
[khh] Papua Province, Wapoga river between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. 200 (2007 SIL

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data [frd] than othe [kei Kei [kei] Maluku Province, southeast portion, about 207 villages on 10 islands; Kei island group
[kei] Maluku Province, southeast portion, about 207 villages on 10 islands; Kei island group west of A

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[kdy Keijar [kdy] Papua Province. Pacific coast east; north of Tor river mouth. 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 7
[kdy] Papua Province. Pacific coast east; north of Tor river mouth. 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting).

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[kzi Kelabit [kzi] Kalimantan Timur Province, remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Lon
[kzi] Kalimantan Timur Province, remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Longkemuat. 6

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[kem Kemak [kem] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. 1
[kem] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. 10,000 in In

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 [xem Kembayan[xem] Kalimantan Barat Province. Area from Balaikarangan and Kembayan towns to near S
[xem] Kalimantan Barat Province. Area from Balaikarangan and Kembayan towns to near Sarawak bo

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[bzp Kemberan [bzp] Papua Barat Province, several villages. Bird’s Head, south coast, northwest Bombera
[bzp] Papua Barat Province, several villages. Bird’s Head, south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula

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[xkw Kembra [xkw] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic po
[xkw] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 5

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[kmt Kemtuik [kmt] Papua Province, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon,
[kmt] Papua Province, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sa

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[knx Kendayan [knx] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sambas regency. Northeast of Bengkayang town, Madi a
[knx] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sambas regency. Northeast of Bengkayang town, Madi and Papan j

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[knl Keninjal [knl] Kalimantan Barat Province, areas near Nangapinoh, Nangaella, Nangasayan, and Gela
[knl] Kalimantan Barat Province, areas near Nangapinoh, Nangaella, Nangasayan, and Gelalak towns,

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akan, Kayan-Kenyah, [xkl Kenyah, M[xkl] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Kayan, Mahakam, Upper Baram, Bahau
[xkl] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Kayan, Mahakam, Upper Baram, Bahau, Upper Ba

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[whk Kenyah, W[whk] Kalimantan Timur Province; Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Uma’ Dian, Muara Pedohon, K
[whk] Kalimantan Timur Province; Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Uma’ Dian, Muara Pedohon, Kampung Ba

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[xxk Ke’o [xxk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 4 villages; south central Flores island, south and sout
[xxk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 4 villages; south central Flores island, south and southeast of Eb

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[kuk Kepo’ [kuk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 separate areas, central Flores island; between Man
[kuk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 separate areas, central Flores island; between Manggarai [mq

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[xke Kereho [xke] Near Sarawak border, Kereho river; Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya rege
[xke] Near Sarawak border, Kereho river; Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency; Kalima

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[kvr Kerinci [kvr] Sumatra, Jambi Province, Kerinci regency, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, no
[kvr] Sumatra, Jambi Province, Kerinci regency, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, north and we

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[xte Ketengban[xte] Papua Province. Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes; scattered. 9,9
[xte] Papua Province. Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes; scattered. 9,970 (2000).

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[ktt Ketum [ktt] Papua Province. Foothills of Eastern Highlands, east of East Digul river, about 40 km w
[ktt] Papua Province. Foothills of Eastern Highlands, east of East Digul river, about 40 km west of Pap

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[kig Kimaghima[kig] Papua Province, southeast area; Kolopom island, interior, east of Merauke city. 3,000
[kig] Papua Province, southeast area; Kolopom island, interior, east of Merauke city. 3,000 (1987 SIL)

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[sbt Kimki [sbt] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict. Border area where
[sbt] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict. Border area where Sepik river

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[ues Kioko [ues] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa subdistr
[ues] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa subdistricts; east c

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[kiy Kirikiri [kiy] Papua Province, Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages. On Papua New Guinea border, wes
[kiy] Papua Province, Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages. On Papua New Guinea border, west of conflu
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[kje Kisar [kje] Maluku Province, southern part, over 20 villages total; Kisar island, northeast of Timo
[kje] Maluku Province, southern part, over 20 villages total; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19

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[kyo Klon [kyo] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest, Alor island, Halerman, Margera, Manatan
[kyo] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest, Alor island, Halerman, Margera, Manatang, Probur,

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[kpd Koba [kpd] Maluku Province, southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel is
[kpd] Maluku Province, southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands sout

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[vko Kodeoha [vko] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka regency, Lasusua subdistrict, 4 villages. Up
[vko] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka regency, Lasusua subdistrict, 4 villages. Upper Bone b

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[kod Kodi [kod] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, West Sumba. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
[kod] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, West Sumba. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: K

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[kpi Kofei [kpi] Papua Province. East side of Geelvink bay. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dial
[kpi] Papua Province. East side of Geelvink bay. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None

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[kkx Kohin [kkx] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages. Central and no
[kkx] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages. Central and north Seruya

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[xod Kokoda [xod] Papua Barat Province, Sorong district. Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer Gulf
[xod] Papua Barat Province, Sorong district. Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer Gulf, east of In

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[kvv Kola [kvv] Southeast Maluku, 22 villages. North Aru islands, Kola island, widespread, to adjacen
[kvv] Southeast Maluku, 22 villages. North Aru islands, Kola island, widespread, to adjacent islands. 7
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[tyn Kombai [tyn] Papua Province. Interior south coast area; on plain between upper Wideman and Dig
[tyn] Papua Province. Interior south coast area; on plain between upper Wideman and Digul rivers, e

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[kge Komering [kge] Sumatera Selatan Province; separate areas along Komering river from Lake Ranau to
[kge] Sumatera Selatan Province; separate areas along Komering river from Lake Ranau to near Palem

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[kvh Komodo [kvh] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Komodo island, west coast, Flores island. 700 (2000)
[kvh] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Komodo island, west coast, Flores island. 700 (2000). Status: 6b

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[kvp Kompane [kvp] South Maluku Province, Kompane village. Northeast Aru islands, Kongan island east
[kvp] South Maluku Province, Kompane village. Northeast Aru islands, Kongan island east of Wokam

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[kzv Komyandar[kzv] Papua Province. Headwaters of Sungai river, west bank. 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vi
[kzv] Papua Province. Headwaters of Sungai river, west bank. 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). D

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[knd Konda [knd] Papua Barat Province, Teminabuan subdistrict, Konda village; Southwest Bird’s Head
[knd] Papua Barat Province, Teminabuan subdistrict, Konda village; Southwest Bird’s Head area facin

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[kdw Koneraw [kdw] Southeast Papua Province. Kolopom island, south coast. 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (
[kdw] Southeast Papua Province. Kolopom island, south coast. 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). A

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m, traditional religion. [kjc Konjo, Coas[kjc] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng regencies. Southeasternm
[kjc] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng regencies. Southeasternmost corne

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[kjk Konjo, Hig [kjk] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, and Bulukumba regencies. Southern p
 [kjk] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, and Bulukumba regencies. Southern peninsula in

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[opk Kopkaka [opk] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, and Burungmakok
[opk] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, and Burungmakok villages. In

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[xkq Koroni [xkq] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Unsongi village. On Tolo bay,
[xkq] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Unsongi village. On Tolo bay, east coast,

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[khe Korowai [khe] Papua Province. Southeast inland area, northeast of Senggo town; between upper S
[khe] Papua Province. Southeast inland area, northeast of Senggo town; between upper Sirac and Dig

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[kpq Korupun-Se[kpq] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict. Eastern highlands, on upper
[kpq] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict. Eastern highlands, on upper reaches o

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[kiq Kosare [kiq] Papua Province. West of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence; south of Jayapura city
[kiq] Papua Province. West of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence; south of Jayapura city. 250 (199

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[kwh Kowiai [kwh] Papua Barat Province, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, and Kayumerah villages. Bomberai
[kwh] Papua Barat Province, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, and Kayumerah villages. Bomberai peninsula,

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[kvb Kubu [kvb] Sumatra, Jambi Province, Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern
[kvb] Sumatra, Jambi Province, Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp reg

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[kvd Kui [kvd] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island; Kui dialect on south coast in Lerabaing an
[kvd] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island; Kui dialect on south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga v

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[tpg Kula [tpg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Alor island, central eastern mountains, between Kam
[tpg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Alor island, central eastern mountains, between Kamang [woi] a

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[vkl Kulisusu [vkl] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Kulisusu Utara, Kulisusu Induk, Ku
[vkl] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Kulisusu Utara, Kulisusu Induk, Kulisusu Bara

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[xks Kumbewah[xks] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton regency, Lasalimu subdistrict, Kumbewaha and W
[xks] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton regency, Lasalimu subdistrict, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya v

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[kuv Kur [kuv] Maluku Province, southeast area, West Kei Kecil district. Kur and surrounding islands
[kuv] Maluku Province, southeast area, West Kei Kecil district. Kur and surrounding islands. 3,180 (20

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[nbn Kuri [nbn] Papua Barat Province, 16 villages. Southwest Bomberai peninsula; area south of Bitu
[nbn] Papua Barat Province, 16 villages. Southwest Bomberai peninsula; area south of Bituni bay, nor

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[kjr Kurudu [kjr] Papua Province, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages. Kurudu islands between east tip of Serui
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[kwr Kwer [kwr] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area
[kwr] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area south of m

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[kwe Kwerba [kwe] Papua Province, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem, and Apiaweti villages.
[kwe] Papua Province, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem, and Apiaweti villages. Northeast

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[xwr Kwerba M [xwr] Papua Province, Kwerba, Edifalen, and Marinafalen villages. East bank, Mamberamo
[xwr] Papua Province, Kwerba, Edifalen, and Marinafalen villages. East bank, Mamberamo river, into

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 [kkb Kwerisa [kkb] Papua Province. Lower Rouffaer river. 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Statu
[kkb] Papua Province. Lower Rouffaer river. 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8b (Nea

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[kwt Kwesten [kwt] Papua Province, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, and Omte villages. Pacific coast area e
[kwt] Papua Province, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, and Omte villages. Pacific coast area east of Sarm

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[kuc Kwinsu [kuc] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. 500 (2007).
[kuc] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. 500 (2007). Status: 7 (S

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[lau Laba [lau] Maluku Utara Province, south end of Loloda district, 4 villages. North Halmahera islan
[lau] Maluku Utara Province, south end of Loloda district, 4 villages. North Halmahera island, interior

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[lhh Laha [lhh] Maluku Province, Laha and other villages. Ambon island, south central coast. 3,890 (1
[lhh] Maluku Province, Laha and other villages. Ambon island, south central coast. 3,890 (1987 SIL). S

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[lji Laiyolo [lji] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Laiyolo, Barang-Barang, Lowa, and other villages; south tip,
[lji] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Laiyolo, Barang-Barang, Lowa, and other villages; south tip, Selayar isl

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i Lamaholot[slp] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east tip Flores, west Solor islands; in pockets on north
[slp] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east tip Flores, west Solor islands; in pockets on north Pantar co

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[lmr Lamalera [lmr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south coast, Lembata island. At least 3 villages. 4,000
[lmr] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south coast, Lembata island. At least 3 villages. 4,000 (2008 cen

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[lmq Lamatuka [lmq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Lembata island, between Ile Ape [ila] and Lew
[lmq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Lembata island, between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [l
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[lmy Lamboya [lmy] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikab
[lmy] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak city.

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wer grades. Muslim. [ljp Lampung A[ljp] Southernmost Sumatra island, Selat Sunda, scattered communities; west, central, and
[ljp] Southernmost Sumatra island, Selat Sunda, scattered communities; west, central, and south Lam

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[abl Lampung N[abl] Sumatra, east Lampung Province. 3 enclaves situated between Kanan and Seputih riv
[abl] Sumatra, east Lampung Province. 3 enclaves situated between Kanan and Seputih rivers. 180,00

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[alo Larike-Wak[alo] Maluku Province, Larike, Wakasihu, Tapi, Allang, and Lai villages. Southwesternmost
[alo] Maluku Province, Larike, Wakasihu, Tapi, Allang, and Lai villages. Southwesternmost Ambon isla

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[llm Lasalimu [llm] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Lasalimu subdistrict, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages. But
[llm] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Lasalimu subdistrict, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages. Buton island, s

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[ltu Latu [ltu] Maluku Province, Latu village. Seram island southwest, Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. 2,13
[ltu] Maluku Province, Latu village. Seram island southwest, Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. 2,130 (1982 SI

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[law Lauje [law] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo
[law] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistrict

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[lur Laura [lur] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, from Mamboru town west t
[lur] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, from Mamboru town west to Cape Kar

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(population 25,000, six[lbx

s Lawangan [lbx] Central Kalimantan Timur Province, Karau river area; Kalimantan Selatan Province, Ko
[lbx] Central Kalimantan Timur Province, Karau river area; Kalimantan Selatan Province, Kotabaru, Ba
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[lcc Legenyem [lcc] Papua Barat Province, Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island in northwest end of main ba
[lcc] Papua Barat Province, Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island in northwest end of main bay and on s

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[lmf Lembata, S[lmf] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Lembata island, between Lamalera [lmr] and L
[lmf] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Lembata island, between Lamalera [lmr] and Lamatuka [l

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[lmj Lembata, [lmj] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Lembata island, western end. 8,000 (2008 census). St
[lmj] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Lembata island, western end. 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (V

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esian, South Sulaw [ley Lemolang [ley] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages. Inland fro
[ley] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages. Inland from northeas

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[lgi Lengilu [lgi] Kalimantan Timur Province, northeast corner, Benuang area. 3 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8
[lgi] Kalimantan Timur Province, northeast corner, Benuang area. 3 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly

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[lpe Lepki [lpe] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. Near middle Sogber river, n
[lpe] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. Near middle Sogber river, north of Ap

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[lti Leti [lti] Maluku Province, Leti island. 7,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None know
[lti] Maluku Province, Leti island. 7,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Margina

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[lvu Levuka [lvu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Lembata island between Ile Ape [ila] and
[lvu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Lembata island between Ile Ape [ila] and Lamalera

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[lwe Lewo Eleng[lwe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central eastern Lembata island, between Lamatuka [
 [lwe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central eastern Lembata island, between Lamatuka [lmq] and K

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[lwt Lewotobi [lwt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeastern Flores island across from Solor island, L
[lwt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeastern Flores island across from Solor island, Lewotobi vo

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[lix Liabuku [lix] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bungi subdistrict; on south Buton island across From Mu
[lix] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bungi subdistrict; on south Buton island across From Muna island, p

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ustronesian, Malayo- [ste Liana-Seti [ste] Maluku Province, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru districts, 8 villages. Seram island, from
[ste] Maluku Province, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru districts, 8 villages. Seram island, from east Teluti

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[eip Lik [eip] Papua Province. Eastern highlands area, Eipo river, east of Naltya town. 3,000 (1987
[eip] Papua Province. Eastern highlands area, Eipo river, east of Naltya town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status

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[lio Liki [lio] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. 11
[lio] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. 11 (2005 SIL),

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[klw Lindu [klw] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lindu subdistrict, Anca, Tomado, and Langko villages. Are
[klw] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lindu subdistrict, Anca, Tomado, and Langko villages. Area near Lake

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[ljl Li’o [ljl] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east central Flores island, bi-coastal, between Sika [ski
[ljl] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east central Flores island, bi-coastal, between Sika [ski] and Ende

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[lcs Lisabata-Nu[lcs] Maluku Province, 5 villages. West and north Seram island, across north coast. 1,830 (1
[lcs] Maluku Province, 5 villages. West and north Seram island, across north coast. 1,830 (1982). Stat

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[lcl Lisela [lcl] Maluku Province. Buru island, west of Manipa, Seram islands. 4 separate areas; larges
[lcl] Maluku Province. Buru island, west of Manipa, Seram islands. 4 separate areas; largest area: nor

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[lcd Lola [lcd] Maluku Province, southeast area, Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair villages. Aru island gro
[lcd] Maluku Province, southeast area, Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair villages. Aru island group; 3 islan

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[llq Lolak [llq] Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak subdistrict, Lolak, Mong
[llq] Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak subdistrict, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and

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[llg Lole [llg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Rote island, from northern coast Ba’a tow
[llg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Rote island, from northern coast Ba’a town to south

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[loa Loloda [loa] Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island, northwest coast, nearby islands. 15
[loa] Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island, northwest coast, nearby islands. 15,000 (1991

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[lrn Lorang [lrn] Southeast Maluku Province. Central Aru island group, Koba island, northwest coast. 2
[lrn] Southeast Maluku Province. Central Aru island group, Koba island, northwest coast. 220 (2011 S

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[lox Loun [lox] Maluku Province, central, north central Seram. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Exti
[lox] Maluku Province, central, north central Seram. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Class

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[lex Luang [lex] Maluku Province. East of Timor island; entire Wetan island, across Wetan strait to no
[lex] Maluku Province. East of Timor island; entire Wetan island, across Wetan strait to northwest Ba

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[lcf Lubu [lcf] Sumatra, Sumatera Utara Province, southern end, Kotanopan area. 30,000 (Wurm an
[lcf] Sumatra, Sumatera Utara Province, southern end, Kotanopan area. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19

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 [lcq Luhu [lcq] Maluku Province, western Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, Luhu village. Boano and
[lcq] Maluku Province, western Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, Luhu village. Boano and Kelang isla

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[lnd Lun Bawan[lnd] Kalimantan Timur Province; mountainous area where Sesayap River tributaries arise.
[lnd] Kalimantan Timur Province; mountainous area where Sesayap River tributaries arise. 2 enclaves

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Austronesian, Malayo-P
[mhy Ma’anyan [mhy] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Barito Selatan regency, Dusun Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusu
[mhy] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Barito Selatan regency, Dusun Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusun Selatan,

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[mqa Maba [mqa] Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, north coast facing B
[mqa] Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay; W

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[xmx Maden [xmx] Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat islands; western Salawati island. 600 (Remijsen 2
[xmx] Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat islands; western Salawati island. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Statu

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a Mathura, Mad [mad Madura [mad] Jawa Timur Province, coastal areas of main island south and west of Surabaja city, s
[mad] Jawa Timur Province, coastal areas of main island south and west of Surabaja city, southwest o

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[ayz Mai Brat [ayz] Papua Barat Province, about 40 villages. Central Bird’s Head, area around Ayamaru la
[ayz] Papua Barat Province, about 40 villages. Central Bird’s Head, area around Ayamaru lakes. 20,00

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[zrs Mairasi [zrs] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea; area
[zrs] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea; area from Argun

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[wmm Maiwa [wmm] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies. Interior hi
[wmm] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies. Interior highlands ea
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ments: Muslim. [mak Makasar [mak] Sulawesi Selatan Province, southwest corner of the peninsula, most of Pangkep, Ma
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rations, speakers of othe

[mky Makian, Ea[mky] Maluku Utara Province; South Halmahera island, west coast; nearby east Makian an
[mky] Maluku Utara Province; South Halmahera island, west coast; nearby east Makian and south M

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[mqs Makian, W[mqs] Maluku Utara Province; south Halmahera island, southwest coast near Gita town; w
[mqs] Maluku Utara Province; south Halmahera island, southwest coast near Gita town; west Makian

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[mgf Maklew [mgf] Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz]
[mgf] Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz] and east o

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dentity in Sumatra. Alterna

[zlm Malay [zlm] Primarily coastal regions of central and north Sumatra, sections of Kalimantan, and t
[zlm] Primarily coastal regions of central and north Sumatra, sections of Kalimantan, and the island p

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an Malay [max]; speake[abs Malay, Am[abs] Maluku Province, central area: Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, and Saparua islands, coas
[abs] Maluku Province, central area: Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, and Saparua islands, coastal areas o

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[btj Malay, Bac[btj] Maluku Utara Province, at least 2 villages. Bacan island west of southern Halmahera i
[btj] Maluku Utara Province, at least 2 villages. Bacan island west of southern Halmahera island, Labu

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[mhp Malay, Bal [mhp] Bali Province, Bali island. 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classificati
[mhp] Bali Province, Bali island. 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Creole,

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[bpq Malay, Ban[bpq] Maluku Province. Banda islands; south, off southeast coast of Seram island. 3,690 (2
[bpq] Maluku Province. Banda islands; south, off southeast coast of Seram island. 3,690 (2000). Statu
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[bve Malay, Ber[bve] Kalimantan Timur Province; central coastal area; north, Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder,
[bve] Kalimantan Timur Province; central coastal area; north, Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muara

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[bvu Malay, Buk[bvu] Kalimantan Selatan Province; central interior; Sampanahan river area, northwest of
[bvu] Kalimantan Selatan Province; central interior; Sampanahan river area, northwest of Limbungan

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l] and some diale [pse Malay, Cen[pse] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province; east down Lematang and Ogan river vall
[pse] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province; east down Lematang and Ogan river valleys, south

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eck 2008). A me [jax Malay, Jam[jax] Southeast Sumatra island, Jambi Province, widely spoken throughout; Sumatera Sela
[jax] Southeast Sumatra island, Jambi Province, widely spoken throughout; Sumatera Selatan Provinc

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[mqg Malay, Kot[mqg] Kalimantan Timur Province; Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belay
[mqg] Kalimantan Timur Province; Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river; w

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[mkn Malay, Kup[mkn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west end,Timor island, Kupang city area. 200,000 (1
[mkn] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west end,Timor island, Kupang city area. 200,000 (1997 M. Jac

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[lrt Malay, Lar [lrt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east end, Flores island, Larantuka city area. 20,000 (20
[lrt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east end, Flores island, Larantuka city area. 20,000 (2007). Status

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[mfp Malay, Mak[mfp] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Makassar port area. L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Status: 3
[mfp] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Makassar port area. L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Status: 3 (Wider co

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[xmm Malay, Ma[xmm] Sulawesi Utara Province, throughout Minahasa regency; other areas in North Sulaw
 [xmm] Sulawesi Utara Province, throughout Minahasa regency; other areas in North Sulawesi and Go

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[max Malay, Nor[max] Maluku Utara Province; islands off of southern tip of Halmahera island; Sula and Ob
[max] Maluku Utara Province; islands off of southern tip of Halmahera island; Sula and Obi island gro

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[pmy Malay, Pap[pmy] Papua Province. 500,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. L1 and L2 speakers combined. L2 us
[pmy] Papua Province. 500,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. L1 and L2 speakers combined. L2 users: 500,00

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e Malay [msa]. Class [vkt Malay, Ten[vkt] Kalimantan Timur Province; east central coastal area, from Mahakam river basin east
[vkt] Kalimantan Timur Province; east central coastal area, from Mahakam river basin east to Celebes

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Pembuanghulu, Sukamara,
[xdy Malayic Da[xdy] Widely dispersed; Kalimantan Tengah Province, southwest, Sukamara, Lamandau, Ko
[xdy] Widely dispersed; Kalimantan Tengah Province, southwest, Sukamara, Lamandau, Kotawaringg

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[mli Malimpung[mli] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Pinrang regency, Patampanua subdistrict, Malimpung, Sul
[mli] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Pinrang regency, Patampanua subdistrict, Malimpung, Sulili (part), an

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[mqj Mamasa [mqj] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river; into Sulawesi Selata
[mqj] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river; into Sulawesi Selatan Province

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[mvd Mamboru [mvd] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, coastal area, Memboro to
[mvd] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, coastal area, Memboro town. 10,000

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[mqx Mamuju [mqx] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong s
[mqx] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts

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d Sendana may each b[mdr Mandar [mdr] Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Polewali Mandar, and Mamuju regencies. Main ar
[mdr] Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Polewali Mandar, and Mamuju regencies. Main area near Ca

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[mqr Mander [mqr] Papua Province, north coast area; upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. 20 (19
[mqr] Papua Province, north coast area; upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. 20 (1991 SIL). Sta

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[aax Mandobo A[aax] Papua Province. Area south of Digul river headwaters, between Tanahmerah and Mi
[aax] Papua Province. Area south of Digul river headwaters, between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah

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[bwp Mandobo [bwp] Papua Province, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, and Kaisah villages. Area e
[bwp] Papua Province, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, and Kaisah villages. Area east of Digu

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[jet Manem [jet] Papua Province, Wembi, Yeti, and Kiba villages. Northeast border area, south of Jayap
[jet] Papua Province, Wembi, Yeti, and Kiba villages. Northeast border area, south of Jayapura. 400 in

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[mqy Manggarai[mqy] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Flores island, western third. 900,000. Status: 6a (Vig
[mqy] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Flores island, western third. 900,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dia

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[mqc Mangole [mqc] Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Mangole island, south coast; south to Sulabesi
[mqc] Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Mangole island, south coast; south to Sulabesi island, sou

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[mnx Manikion [mnx] Papua Barat Province, about 50 villages; Bird’s Head area, east, southeast from the
[mnx] Papua Barat Province, about 50 villages; Bird’s Head area, east, southeast from the Anggi lakes

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[mqp Manipa [mqp] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Manipa island, west of Seram island. 1,500 (Voorhoeve
[mqp] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Manipa island, west of Seram island. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collin

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stian, Muslim. [woo Manombai[woo] Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, Manombai strait (Sungai) area as far
[woo] Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, Manombai strait (Sungai) area as far as Wakua,

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anusela-Seti Comments:[wha
T Manusela [wha] Maluku Province, 30 villages. Seram island, north, Mansuela mountain area; south,
[wha] Maluku Province, 30 villages. Seram island, north, Mansuela mountain area; south, area along

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[mpy Mapia [mpy] Papua Province, Mapia islands, about 290 km north of Manokwari town. No known
[mpy] Papua Province, Mapia islands, about 290 km north of Manokwari town. No known L1 speaker

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[mvr Marau [mvr] Papua Province, 5 villages. South coast, eastern Serui island fronting Cenderawasih b
[mvr] Papua Province, 5 villages. South coast, eastern Serui island fronting Cenderawasih bay. 1,700

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[mrz Marind [mrz] Papua Province, Merauke regency. South coast area; north and west of Merauke cit
[mrz] Papua Province, Merauke regency. South coast area; north and west of Merauke city. Also encl

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[bpv Marind, Bi [bpv] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Muting subdistrict, Sanayu village. Upper Bian riv
[bpv] Papua Province, Merauke regency, Muting subdistrict, Sanayu village. Upper Bian river area. 2,9

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[mqi Mariri [mqi] Maluku Province, southeast area, 1 village. Aru island group; Mariri island, east of Ko
[mqi] Maluku Province, southeast area, 1 village. Aru island group; Mariri island, east of Kobroor islan

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[mxz Masela, Ce[mxz] Maluku Province, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, Marsela town
[mxz] Maluku Province, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, Marsela town area. 510

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[vme Masela, Ea[vme] Maluku Province south, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, east ce
[vme] Maluku Province south, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, east central area
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[mss Masela, We[mss] Maluku Province south, 5 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, western
[mss] Maluku Province south, 5 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, western tip. 850 (2

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[ism Masimasi [ism] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, island off north coast east o
[ism] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, island off north coast east of Tor river

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[bnf Masiwang [bnf] Maluku Province, Bula district. Seram island; area along northeast coast, up from Wa
[bnf] Maluku Province, Bula district. Seram island; area along northeast coast, up from Waru bay. 1,0

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[mvs Massep [mvs] Papua Province, north coast east of Mamberamo river mouth and west of Sarmi, ne
[mvs] Papua Province, north coast east of Mamberamo river mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwe

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[xmt Matbat [xmt] Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat archipelago; Misool and Segaf islands. 1,250 (Rem
[xmt] Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat archipelago; Misool and Segaf islands. 1,250 (Remijsen 2001

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[mgk Mawes [mgk] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, and M
[mgk] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, and Mawes Muk

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[slz Ma’ya [slz] Papua Barat Province; Raja Ampat islands; central Waigeo, Salawati islands. 4,000 (Re
[slz] Papua Barat Province; Raja Ampat islands; central Waigeo, Salawati islands. 4,000 (Remijsen 200

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[msf Mekwei [msf] Papua Province, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, and Sabron Dosay villages. Area west o
[msf] Papua Province, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, and Sabron Dosay villages. Area west of Lake Sen

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[mwv Mentawai [mwv] Sumatra island, Sumatera Barat Province; Mentawai islands, across from Padang ci
[mwv] Sumatra island, Sumatera Barat Province; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. 58,000 (
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[mvx Meoswar [mvx] Papua Barat Province; Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. 250 (1993 R. Doriot
[mvx] Papua Barat Province; Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6

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[mnu Mer [mnu] Papua Barat Province; Central Bird’s Head area; headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo
[mnu] Papua Barat Province; Central Bird’s Head area; headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo rivers. 85 (2

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[mej Meyah [mej] Papua Barat Province. Eastern Bird’s Head; northeast coast, west of Manokwari tow
[mej] Papua Barat Province. Eastern Bird’s Head; northeast coast, west of Manokwari town. 14,800 (

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alay [msa]. Classifi [min Minangkab[min] Widespread in the Indonesian Archipelago; Sumatra island, Indian ocean coast, Sum
[min] Widespread in the Indonesian Archipelago; Sumatra island, Indian ocean coast, Sumatera Bara

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[kja Mlap [kja] Papua Province. Northwest coast, west of Lake Sentani. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b
[kja] Papua Province. Northwest coast, west of Lake Sentani. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly ex

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[wkd Mo [wkd] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. Coastal area of Wakde isla
[wkd] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. Coastal area of Wakde island, off the

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[mxd Modang [mxd] Kalimantan Timur Province; 5 enclaves, upper reaches of the Mahakam, Segah, Keli
[mxd] Kalimantan Timur Province; 5 enclaves, upper reaches of the Mahakam, Segah, Kelinjau, and B

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[mqo Modole [mqo] Maluku Utara Province; interior north Halmahera island, Kao river headwaters. 2,00
[mqo] Maluku Utara Province; interior north Halmahera island, Kao river headwaters. 2,000 (1983 SI

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[mxn Moi [mxn] Papua Barat Province, 9 villages. West Bird’s Head area; eastern Salawati island aro
 [mxn] Papua Barat Province, 9 villages. West Bird’s Head area; eastern Salawati island around to Soro

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[vms Moksela [vms] Maluku Province, possibly east Buru island, near Kayeli. No known L1 speakers. Last
[vms] Maluku Province, possibly east Buru island, near Kayeli. No known L1 speakers. Last speaker di

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[msl Molof [msl] Papua Province, 9 villages. Around 100 km south of Jayapura city, west of Senggi tow
[msl] Papua Province, 9 villages. Around 100 km south of Jayapura city, west of Senggi town. 230 (20

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[myl Moma [myl] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Kulawi subdistrict. Primarily Kulawi and Toro town areas.
[myl] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Kulawi subdistrict. Primarily Kulawi and Toro town areas. 5,500 (Bar

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[mso Mombum [mso] Papua Province. Island next to southeast coast of Kolopom island; west of Marauke
[mso] Papua Province. Island next to southeast coast of Kolopom island; west of Marauke city across

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[mmb Momina [mmb] Papua Province, Samboka village. Low hills just south of main ranges; headwaters a
[mmb] Papua Province, Samboka village. Low hills just south of main ranges; headwaters area of Bra

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[mqf Momuna [mqf] Papua Province, lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to sou
[mqf] Papua Province, lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to south of Koru

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[mog Mongondo[mog] Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, both coasts; north side from Poigar town
[mog] Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, both coasts; north side from Poigar town west to Bi

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[mnz Moni [mnz] Papua Province, central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. 20,000 (1991 SIL). Sta
[mnz] Papua Province, central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Dev

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 [mhz Mor [mhz] Papua Barat Province, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay near Nabire. 700 (1987 S
[mhz] Papua Barat Province, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay near Nabire. 700 (1987 SIL). Status:

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[moq Mor [moq] Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Maccluer Gulf, inland area, s
[moq] Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Maccluer Gulf, inland area, southeast o

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[msg Moraid [msg] Papua Barat Province, West Bird’s Head inland, from Mata to Worbo generally. 1,00
[msg] Papua Barat Province, West Bird’s Head inland, from Mata to Worbo generally. 1,000 (1988 SIL

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[mzq Mori Atas [mzq] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts, 25 villages; s
[mzq] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts, 25 villages; southeast p

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elebic, Eastern, Sout [xmz Mori Bawa[xmz] Sulawesi island, southeast peninsula neck, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tengah Provin
[xmz] Sulawesi island, southeast peninsula neck, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tengah Province, Petasia

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Wita Ea dialect 80% w [mqn Moronene[mqn] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bombana regency. Southeast mainland, Rumbia moun
[mqn] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bombana regency. Southeast mainland, Rumbia mountains area.

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ditional religion. [iwo Morop [iwo] Papua Province, Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Dintere d
[iwo] Papua Province, Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Dintere dialect: 22 v

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[mok Morori [mok] Papua Province, south coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, we
[mok] Papua Province, south coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanu

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[mtj Moskona [mtj] Papua Barat Province, southeast Bird’s Head, western Bituni Bay, west of Manikion la
[mtj] Papua Barat Province, southeast Bird’s Head, western Bituni Bay, west of Manikion language ar

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 [akc Mpur [akc] Papua Barat Province, north coast of Bird’s Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar vall
[akc] Papua Barat Province, north coast of Bird’s Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar valley. 7,000 (

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[mtd Mualang [mtd] Kalimantan Barat Province, Belitang Hilir, Belitang, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau subdi
[mtd] Kalimantan Barat Province, Belitang Hilir, Belitang, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau subdistricts. Are

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: 71% with Pancana [pnp

[mnb Muna [mnb] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Muna and Buton (northwest coast) islands; several nea
[mnb] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Muna and Buton (northwest coast) islands; several nearby island

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[mth Munggui [mth] Papua Province, north coast of Serui island, 1 village. 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigo
[mth] Papua Province, north coast of Serui island, 1 village. 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte

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[rmh Murkim [rmh] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa
[rmh] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa [yet] langu

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gan, Penesak, Penuk [mui Musi [mui] Sumatera Selatan Province, mainly northern 2 thirds of province; Musi river upstrea
[mui] Sumatera Selatan Province, mainly northern 2 thirds of province; Musi river upstream to Bukit

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[kti Muyu, Nor[kti] Papua Province, south coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wam
[kti] Papua Province, south coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms]

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[kts Muyu, Sou[kts] Papua Province, south coast, just north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. 4
[kts] Papua Province, south coast, just north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. 4,000 (2002

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[nxx Nafri [nxx] Papua Province, Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa bay, Nafri village. 1,630 (197
[nxx] Papua Province, Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa bay, Nafri village. 1,630 (1975 SIL). Stat
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[nxe Nage [nxe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, Ebu Lobo volcano north, west s
[nxe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, Ebu Lobo volcano north, west slopes, nort

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[nae Naka’ela [nae] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Seram, Kairatu village. No known L1 speak
[nae] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Seram, Kairatu village. No known L1 speakers. Status

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[nkj Nakai [nkj] Papua Province, east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other v
[nkj] Papua Province, east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages exte

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[nlc Nalca [nlc] Papua Province, northeast of Korupun [kpq] language area and southeast of Nipsan [
[nlc] Papua Province, northeast of Korupun [kpq] language area and southeast of Nipsan [nps] langua

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[naa Namla [naa] Papua Province, Senggi subdistrict, Keerom regency, Namla village. 30 (2005 SIL). Sta
[naa] Papua Province, Senggi subdistrict, Keerom regency, Namla village. 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (N

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[npy Napu [npy] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 10 villages. Napu valley. 6,100 (200
[npy] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 10 villages. Napu valley. 6,100 (2000 R. Hann

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[nxu Narau [nxu] Status: Unattested. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: 2006 survey data
[nxu] Status: Unattested. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: 2006 survey data indicates l

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[nsy Nasal [nsy] Sumatra, Bengkulu Province, Kaur regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, and Ta
[nsy] Sumatra, Bengkulu Province, Kaur regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, and Tanjung Baru

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[nqm Ndom [nqm] Papua Province, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island. 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vig
[nqm] Papua Province, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island. 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dia
 More Information

[ndx Nduga [ndx] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, s
[ndx] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of We

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[nec Nedebang [nec] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Banda sea; north central Pantar island, south, southw
[nec] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Banda sea; north central Pantar island, south, southwest of Kab

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[nxg Ngad’a [nxg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy
[nxg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy], Ende [en

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[nea Ngad’a, Ea[nea] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamat
[nea] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Golewa

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with Ot Danum [otd], 35

[nij Ngaju [nij] Kalimantan Tengah Province; upper reaches or headwaters of Kapuas, Kahayan, Katin
[nij] Kalimantan Tengah Province; upper reaches or headwaters of Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and M

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[szb Ngalum [szb] Papua Province, northeast of Nakai [nkj] language area, Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhap
[szb] Papua Province, northeast of Nakai [nkj] language area, Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhaps Ok Bon v

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[nbq Nggem [nbq] Papua Province, north of Wamena, middle Hablifoeri river. 4,400 (2005). Status: 5 (D
[nbq] Papua Province, north of Wamena, middle Hablifoeri river. 4,400 (2005). Status: 5 (Developing

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ty) has lower prestige, [nia Nias [nia] Sumatra island, Sumatera Utara Province; Nias, Batu islands off west coast; Northwe
[nia] Sumatra island, Sumatera Utara Province; Nias, Batu islands off west coast; Northwest dialect: A

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[nil Nila [nil] Maluku Province, south central Seram island transmigration area; 6 villages (originally
 [nil] Maluku Province, south central Seram island transmigration area; 6 villages (originally from Nila

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[nir Nimboran [nir] North Papua Province, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). E
[nir] North Papua Province, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic popu

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[nxr Ninggerum[nxr] Papua Province, border area. 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
[nxr] Papua Province, border area. 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kasiwa

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[nps Nipsan [nps] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, just west of Hmanggona. 2,5
[nps] Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, just west of Hmanggona. 2,500 (1993 R

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[njs Nisa [njs] Papua Province, east side of Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. 500 (1987 SIL). Sta
[njs] Papua Province, east side of Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Th

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[nni Nuaulu, No[nni] Maluku Province, 2 villages. Seram island, central north coast, inland from west shor
[nni] Maluku Province, 2 villages. Seram island, central north coast, inland from west shore, Saleman

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[nxl Nuaulu, So[nxl] Maluku Province, Amahai district, 6 villages. Seram island, upland from south coast. 1
[nxl] Maluku Province, Amahai district, 6 villages. Seram island, upland from south coast. 1,500 (1995

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[nul Nusa Laut [nul] Maluku Province, central, Lease islands, Nusa Laut island, Titawai village. No known L
[nul] Maluku Province, central, Lease islands, Nusa Laut island, Titawai village. No known L1 speakers

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[afz Obokuitai [afz] Papua Province, Lakes plain just north of mid-Rouffaer river, Obogwi village. 120 (Wu
[afz] Papua Province, Lakes plain just north of mid-Rouffaer river, Obogwi village. 120 (Wurm 2000).

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 [oia Oirata [oia] Maluku Province, southwestern portion, southeast Kisar island, east and west Oirata
[oia] Maluku Province, southwestern portion, southeast Kisar island, east and west Oirata. 2 villages;

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[kqv Okolod [kqv] Kalimantan Timur Province; along Sabah border, northwestern corner of province; e
[kqv] Kalimantan Timur Province; along Sabah border, northwestern corner of province; east of Lumb

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[oni Onin [oni] Papua Barat Province, north and northwest Bomberai peninsula. 500 (Wurm 2000). S
[oni] Papua Barat Province, north and northwest Bomberai peninsula. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (

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[onx Onin Based[onx] Papua Province, Onin peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language
[onx] Papua Province, Onin peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Class

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[orz Ormu [orz] Papua Province, north coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops mountains,
[orz] Papua Province, north coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops mountains, Ormu Besa

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[ury Orya [ury] Papua Province, Unurum-Guay, Bonggo, and Lereh subdistricts, Taja, Witi, and Wamh
[ury] Papua Province, Unurum-Guay, Bonggo, and Lereh subdistricts, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (former

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[osi Osing [osi] Jawa Timur Province, Banyuwangi regency area, easternmost extent of Java island; fa
[osi] Jawa Timur Province, Banyuwangi regency area, easternmost extent of Java island; facing Bali st

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with Ngaju (main diale[otd Ot Danum [otd] Kalimantan Tengah Province, remote area, upper reaches of south Kapuas river, larg
[otd] Kalimantan Tengah Province, remote area, upper reaches of south Kapuas river, large area sout

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ents: Christian, Musli [pdo Padoe [pdo] Sulawesi Selatan Province, east Luwu Utara regency, Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana
[pdo] Sulawesi Selatan Province, east Luwu Utara regency, Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistrict

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 [pgu Pagu [pgu] Maluku Utara Province; interior northern Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] langua
[pgu] Maluku Utara Province; interior northern Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] language area, to

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[pku Paku [pku] Kalimantan Tengah Province, East Barito regency. South of Ampah town. 3,500 (200
[pku] Kalimantan Tengah Province, East Barito regency. South of Ampah town. 3,500 (2003), decreas

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[ple Palu’e [ple] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Palu’e island, north of central Flores island. North coa
[ple] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Palu’e island, north of central Flores island. North coast, Flores m

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[pmc Palumata [pmc] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island. No known L1 speakers. Statu
[pmc] Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extin

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e separate languages. L[pmf Pamona [pmf] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Poso regency; Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamo
[pmf] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Poso regency; Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, P

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[psn Panasuan [psn] Sulawesi Selatan Province, northwest, area north of Karema river; Sulawesi Barat Pro
[psn] Sulawesi Selatan Province, northwest, area north of Karema river; Sulawesi Barat Province, Ma

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[pnp Pancana [pnp] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, central Buton island, both east and west coasts. 6,000 (
[pnp] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, central Buton island, both east and west coasts. 6,000 (2005 D. An

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[pnc Pannei [pnc] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. 9,000 (1
[pnc] Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. 9,000 (1983). Statu

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[lev Pantar, We[lev] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west Pantar island. 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000
[lev] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west Pantar island. 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a
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[pas Papasena [pas] Papua Province, Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river just east of Rouffaer river junc
[pas] Papua Province, Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river just east of Rouffaer river juncture. 400 (

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[ppm Papuma [ppm] Papua Province, Serui island south coast, Papuma village. 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b
[ppm] Papua Province, Serui island south coast, Papuma village. 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threaten

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[ptn Patani [ptn] Maluku Utara Province, 9 villages. Halmahera island, narrow tip, southeast peninsula
[ptn] Maluku Utara Province, 9 villages. Halmahera island, narrow tip, southeast peninsula, west alon

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[plh Paulohi [plh] Central area, Maluku Province, west Seram, south central Seram island, Elpaputih ba
[plh] Central area, Maluku Province, west Seram, south central Seram island, Elpaputih bay west sho

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due to lexical and phono[pel Pekal [pel] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces; west coast, near northern
[pel] Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces; west coast, near northern provincial

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[ums Pendau [ums] Sulawesi Tengah Province, centered in Balaesang district, Walandano, Sibayu, and o
[ums] Sulawesi Tengah Province, centered in Balaesang district, Walandano, Sibayu, and other village

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[wet Perai [wet] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Wetar island northeast coast, north of Timor,
[wet] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Wetar island northeast coast, north of Timor, Uhak and M

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[pey Petjo [pey] Java island, Jakarta Raya; urban area, Special Capital Region. There are some L1 spea
[pey] Java island, Jakarta Raya; urban area, Special Capital Region. There are some L1 speakers (Wurm

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[pmo Pom [pmo] Papua Province, west Serui island, Pom, Serewen, and Mias Endi villages. 2,000 (198
[pmo] Papua Province, west Serui island, Pom, Serewen, and Mias Endi villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Sta
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[pns Ponosakan[pns] Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, south coast, Belang town area. 3,000 (Wu
[pns] Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, south coast, Belang town area. 3,000 (Wurm and Hatt

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[pud Punan Apu[pud] Kalimantan Timur Province; south of Kayan river, northwest of Mount Menyapa. 370
[pud] Kalimantan Timur Province; south of Kayan river, northwest of Mount Menyapa. 370 (Wurm an

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[puf Punan Mer[puf] Kalimantan Timur Province; Mahakam river, east of Ujohhilang town. 140 (Wurm an
[puf] Kalimantan Timur Province; Mahakam river, east of Ujohhilang town. 140 (Wurm and Hattori 19

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[puc Punan Mer[puc] Kalimantan Timur Province; upper Malinau river, east of Longkemuat town. 200 (Wu
[puc] Kalimantan Timur Province; upper Malinau river, east of Longkemuat town. 200 (Wurm and Ha

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[puj Punan Tub[puj] Kalimantan Timur Province; Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. 2,000
[puj] Kalimantan Timur Province; Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. 2,000 (Wurm and

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[pru Puragi [pru] Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river a
[pru] Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, inland.

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[put Putoh [put] Kalimantan Timur Province; area on both sides of Mentarang river; Longberang, Men
[put] Kalimantan Timur Province; area on both sides of Mentarang river; Longberang, Mensalong, an

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, West Coast Comme [raz Rahambuu[raz] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka Regency, Pakue subdistrict; west coast, up
[raz] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka Regency, Pakue subdistrict; west coast, upper Bone b

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[rjg Rajong [rjg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 enclaves on Central Flores island: area near Mount
 [rjg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 enclaves on Central Flores island: area near Mount Watuweri;

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[lje Rampi [lje] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Rampi district, 6 isolated mountain vi
[lje] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Rampi district, 6 isolated mountain villages; also

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[rac Rasawa [rac] Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. 200 (1987 SIL). S
[rac] Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. 200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (

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[rth Ratahan [rth] Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast section of peninsula, southwest of Lake Tondano
[rth] Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast section of peninsula, southwest of Lake Tondano to northea

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ieties of the same n [rej Rejang [rej] Sumatra, north Bengkulu Province, southwest highlands; areas near Arga Makmur, M
[rej] Sumatra, north Bengkulu Province, southwest highlands; areas near Arga Makmur, Muara Aman

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[reb Rembong [reb] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, between eastern Mangga
[reb] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, between eastern Manggarai [mqy] a

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[ret Reta [ret] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Pura island; south Ternate island. 800. Status: 6
[ret] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Pura island; south Ternate island. 800. Status: 6b (Threate

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[ran Riantana [ran] Papua Province, Frederik Hendrik island. 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status:
[ran] Papua Province, Frederik Hendrik island. 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6a (Vigoro

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[rir Ribun [rir] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu subdistrict. Landak river
[rir] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu subdistrict. Landak river area west

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[rgu Rikou [rgu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; East Rote island, Rikou, Landu, and Oe Pao domains.
[rgu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; East Rote island, Rikou, Landu, and Oe Pao domains. 12,000 (20

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[riu Riung [riu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecam
[riu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung.

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[rmm Roma [rmm] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Jerusu village. Roma island east of Wetar isla
[rmm] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Jerusu village. Roma island east of Wetar island. 1,700 (

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[ror Rongga [ror] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy
[ror] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad

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[rnn Roon [rnn] Papua Barat Province, Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay, north of Wandamen p
[rnn] Papua Barat Province, Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay, north of Wandamen peninsula. 1

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[snv Sa’ban [snv] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency; east of Sarawak border, south of Benu
[snv] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency; east of Sarawak border, south of Benuang town.

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[saj Sahu [saj] Maluku Utara Province, southwestern coast, north Halmahera island, Jailolo town are
[saj] Maluku Utara Province, southwestern coast, north Halmahera island, Jailolo town area, north of

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[sjb Sajau Basa[sjb] Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau, and Bulungan regencies; northeast of Muaramalin
[sjb] Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau, and Bulungan regencies; northeast of Muaramalinau town. 6

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[sgu Salas [sgu] Maluku Province, central area, Seram island, Gunung village. 50 (1989 SIL). Likely les
[sgu] Maluku Province, central area, Seram island, Gunung village. 50 (1989 SIL). Likely less than the 5

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 [sau Saleman [sau] Maluku Province, Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, and Wahai villages. North central S
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[loe Saluan [loe] Sulawesi Tengah Province, east portion, Batui, Batui, Kintom, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Boa
[loe] Sulawesi Tengah Province, east portion, Batui, Batui, Kintom, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Boalemo, Pag

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[tmj Samaroken[tmj] Papua Province, north coast inland just east of Apauwar river, west of Sarmi, Karfasia
[tmj] Papua Province, north coast inland just east of Apauwar river, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarke

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[scg Sanggau [scg] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau regency. Kapuas river, both sides, west, south of
[scg] Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau regency. Kapuas river, both sides, west, south of Sanggau t

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[sxn Sangir [sxn] Sulawesi Utara Province; northwest of east end of peninsula, Great Sangir island. 200
[sxn] Sulawesi Utara Province; northwest of east end of peninsula, Great Sangir island. 200,000 in Ind

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Nunusaku, Piru Bay, [spr Saparua [spr] Maluku Province, Kulur, Iha, Siri-Sori, Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy, Tomalehu, and Kairatu
[spr] Maluku Province, Kulur, Iha, Siri-Sori, Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy, Tomalehu, and Kairatu villages. Sa

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[spi Saponi [spi] Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. No known L1 sp
[spi] Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. No known L1 speakers. Sta

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[sdu Sarudu [sdu] Sulawesi Barat Province, north Mamuju regency, south Pasangkayu subdistrict. Encla
[sdu] Sulawesi Barat Province, north Mamuju regency, south Pasangkayu subdistrict. Enclaves on Ma

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traditional religion. [sas Sasak [sas] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Lombok island. 2,100,000 (1989). Status: 5 (Developin
[sas] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Lombok island. 2,100,000 (1989). Status: 5 (Developing). Alterna
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[srt Sauri [srt] Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay near Waropen [wrp] language area, S
[srt] Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay near Waropen [wrp] language area, Sauri-Sirami

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[sao Sause [sao] Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-
[sao] Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, W

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[szw Sawai [szw] Maluku Utara Province, Gane Timur and Weda districts,13 villages. Halmahera island
[szw] Maluku Utara Province, Gane Timur and Weda districts,13 villages. Halmahera island, southeas

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[swr Saweru [swr] Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui isla
[swr] Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui island, an islan

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[saw Sawi [saw] Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south co
[saw] Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowla

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[swt Sawila [swt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersin
[swt] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] lan

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[sbx Seberuang[sbx] Kalimantan Barat Province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau tow
[sbx] Kalimantan Barat Province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belim

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[tvw Sedoa [tvw] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistr
[tvw] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts o

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[sge Segai [sge] Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. 2,
[sge] Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. 2,000 (Wurm
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[sbg Seget [sbg] Papua Barat Province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum
[sbg] Papua Barat Province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Sege

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[hik Seit-Kaitet [hik] Maluku Province, Seit and Kaitetu villages. Ambon island, north coast. 10,200 (1987 S
[hik] Maluku Province, Seit and Kaitetu villages. Ambon island, north coast. 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status

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Lexically most s [lce Sekak [lce] Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province; 2 coastal enclaves, northeast Bangka
[lce] Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province; 2 coastal enclaves, northeast Bangka island and

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[skz Sekar [skz] Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula coast, Kokas area; one offshore
[skz] Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula coast, Kokas area; one offshore island. 45

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[skx Seko Pada [skx] Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong subdistrict. North
[skx] Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong subdistrict. Northwestern c

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[sko Seko Teng [sko] Sulawesi Selatan Province, northern section, west Limbong subdistrict; area along Be
[sko] Sulawesi Selatan Province, northern section, west Limbong subdistrict; area along Betue river. 2

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[slu Selaru [slu] Maluku Province, southeast area, at least 6 villages. Tanimbar island group; Selaru isl
[slu] Maluku Province, southeast area, at least 6 villages. Tanimbar island group; Selaru island off sou

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[sly Selayar [sly] Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar island. 128,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous
[sly] Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar island. 128,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat

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[slg Selungai M[slg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. East of Lumbis town; upper reaches of
 [slg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. East of Lumbis town; upper reaches of Sembakun

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[sws Seluwasan[sws] Maluku Province, southeast area, Wermatang, Batu Putih, Marantutu, and Makatian
[sws] Maluku Province, southeast area, Wermatang, Batu Putih, Marantutu, and Makatian villages; T

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[sdm Semandan[sdm] Kalimantan Barat Province, Ketapang regency. Kualan and Semandang river areas. 2
[sdm] Kalimantan Barat Province, Ketapang regency. Kualan and Semandang river areas. 20,000 (200

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[sbr Sembakung[sbr] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. Sembakung river mouth; west of Alan
[sbr] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. Sembakung river mouth; west of Alang town. 3,1

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[etz Semimi [etz] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula near Kaniran, south end extending west to
[etz] Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula near Kaniran, south end extending west to Triton ba

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[xse Sempan [xse] Papua Province, middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [k
[xse] Papua Province, middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq] and we

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[set Sentani [set] Papua Province, Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other p
[set] Papua Province, Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other parts of Indo

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[spb Sepa [spb] Maluku Province, Sepa village. Seram island, several enclaves along southwest coast
[spb] Maluku Province, Sepa village. Seram island, several enclaves along southwest coast between E

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[sve Serili [sve] Maluku Province, southern area, Babar island group, Marsela island, northeast tip. 3
[sve] Maluku Province, southern area, Babar island group, Marsela island, northeast tip. 330 (1980 N

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[srw Serua [srw] Central Maluku Province, south central Seram island, transmigration area; 4 villages.
[srw] Central Maluku Province, south central Seram island, transmigration area; 4 villages. No known

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[seu Serui-Laut [seu] Papua Province, south central Serui island, Nau island south of Serui. 5 villages. 1,200
[seu] Papua Province, south central Serui island, Nau island south of Serui. 5 villages. 1,200 (1987 SIL

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[sya Siang [sya] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency. Northern bend area, Barito rive
[sya] Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency. Northern bend area, Barito river, north alo

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[ski Sika [ski] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east Flores island, between Li’o [ljl] and Lamaholot [sl
[ski] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east Flores island, between Li’o [ljl] and Lamaholot [slp] languag

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[tty Sikaritai [tty] Papua Province, Lakes plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer river junctions north, Mamb
[tty] Papua Province, Lakes plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer river junctions north, Mamberamo rive

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[skh Sikule [skh] Sumatra, Aceh Province. Simeulue archipelago; central portion, Simeulue island. 20,0
[skh] Sumatra, Aceh Province. Simeulue archipelago; central portion, Simeulue island. 20,000. Status

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[wul Silimo [wul] Papua Province, central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem Riv
[wul] Papua Province, central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem River, Amo an

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[smr Simeulue [smr] Sumatra, Aceh Province. West and east ends of Simeulue island; Babi and Banjak isla
[smr] Sumatra, Aceh Province. West and east ends of Simeulue island; Babi and Banjak islands. 30,00

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[skv Skou [skv] Papua Province, east of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami river mouth, Sko-Ya
[skv] Papua Province, east of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami river mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-M

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[ssq So’a [ssq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada, betw
[ssq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad’a

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[sob Sobei [sob] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. 1,0
[sob] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. 1,000 (Wurm

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[sow Sowanda [sow] Papua Province, south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 210 in Indonesia (2002 SI
[sow] Papua Province, south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status:

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[dmy Sowari [dmy] Papua Province, north coast west of Tanahmerah bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Am
[dmy] Papua Province, north coast west of Tanahmerah bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, and Y

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[szp Suabo [szp] Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, southeast of Suabo river, along Maccluer b
[szp] Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, southeast of Suabo river, along Maccluer bay, 15 villag

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[szn Sula [szn] Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Sulabesi island, widespread, scattered on Mang
[szn] Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Sulabesi island, widespread, scattered on Mangole island,

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[smw Sumbawa [smw] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Sumbawa island, west of the isthmus, Moyo island o
[smw] Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Sumbawa island, west of the isthmus, Moyo island off northern

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[sun Sunda [sun] Java island, Jawa Barat and Banten provinces; western third of the island, though ge
[sun] Java island, Jawa Barat and Banten provinces; western third of the island, though generally inla

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[ymn Sunum [ymn] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island
[ymn] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island off north c
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[swu Suwawa [swu] Sulawesi Utara Province, Maluku sea, Pinogu area inland; Gorontalo Province, Bund
[swu] Sulawesi Utara Province, Maluku sea, Pinogu area inland; Gorontalo Province, Bunda river valle

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[tby Tabaru [tby] Maluku Utara Province, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. North Halmahera island. 15,00
[tby] Maluku Utara Province, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. North Halmahera island. 15,000 (1991 SIL

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[tnm Tabla [tnm] Papua Province, Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and wes
[tnm] Papua Province, Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahm

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Luwu. Dialect chain throug

[rob Tae’ [rob] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu and North Luwu regencies. Main area along the nor
[rob] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu and North Luwu regencies. Main area along the northwest coa

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[mvv Tagal Muru[mvv] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threa
[mvv] Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt

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[aos Taikat [aos] Papua Province, due south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 500 (Wurm 2000). St
[aos] Papua Province, due south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (V

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[pee Taje [pee] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Parigi Tengah, and Ampibabo subdistricts. 350 (Himmelm
[pee] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Parigi Tengah, and Ampibabo subdistricts. 350 (Himmelmann 2001)

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[tdj Tajio [tdj] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts, 21 villages. W
[tdj] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts, 21 villages. Western sh

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[tld Talaud [tld] Sulawesi Utara Province; Talaud islands, northeast of Sangir islands. 82,000 (2000 cen
[tld] Sulawesi Utara Province; Talaud islands, northeast of Sangir islands. 82,000 (2000 census). Statu
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[tlv Taliabu [tlv] Maluku Utara Province; Sula island group; Taliabu island, northwest coast; some on M
[tlv] Maluku Utara Province; Sula island group; Taliabu island, northwest coast; some on Mangole isla

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[tlk Taloki [tlk] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton island. Wakorumba subdistrict, Maligano village; n
[tlk] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton island. Wakorumba subdistrict, Maligano village; northwest c

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[tln Talondo’ [tln] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Bonehau subdistrict, part of Bonehau villa
[tln] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Bonehau subdistrict, part of Bonehau village. 1,200 (

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[tcg Tamagario[tcg] Papua Province, south coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay
[tcg] Papua Province, south coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq] langu

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[tmn Taman [tmn] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river; upriver from
[tmn] Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river; upriver from Putussibau

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[tcm Tanahmera[tcm] Papua Barat Province, north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Gondu and Bapai rive
[tcm] Papua Barat Province, north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Gondu and Bapai rivers. 500 (19

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[tni Tandia [tni] Papua Province, Bird’s Head neck area just south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsi
[tni] Papua Province, Bird’s Head neck area just south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river. No

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[tkx Tangko [tkx] Papua Province, west of Nakai [nkj] language area, Kawemaot village. 100 (2000 SIL).
[tkx] Papua Province, west of Nakai [nkj] language area, Kawemaot village. 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b

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[tre Tarangan, [tre] Maluku Province, southeastern portion, south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast
 [tre] Maluku Province, southeastern portion, south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and villag

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[txn Tarangan, [txn] Maluku Province, southeastern area, south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. 7
[txn] Maluku Province, southeastern area, south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. 7,910 (2011

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[tpf Tarpia [tpf] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarfia village. 630 (2006 SIL). St
[tpf] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarfia village. 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (M

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[tad Tause [tad] Papua Province, west Lakes plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, n
[tad] Papua Province, west Lakes plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of

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[tsg Tausug [tsg] Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in
[tsg] Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philip

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[twy Tawoyan [twy] Eastern area, Kalimantan Tengah Province, east of Barito river, area around Palori to
[twy] Eastern area, Kalimantan Tengah Province, east of Barito river, area around Palori town; borde

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[dmu Tebi [dmu] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, south of Zorop [wfg], east of Emem
[dmu] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, south of Zorop [wfg], east of Emem [enr], and

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[tfo Tefaro [tfo] Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. 100 (1987
[tfo] Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. 100 (1987 SIL). Statu

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[kps Tehit [kps] Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan
[kps] Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan subdistrict,

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[twe Teiwa [twe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 6 villages. Central Pantar island. 4,000 (Klamer and K
[twe] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 6 villages. Central Pantar island. 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010

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[tvm Tela-Masb [tvm] Maluku Province south, Tela and Masbuar villages. Southwest Babar island. 1,050 (2
[tvm] Maluku Province south, Tela and Masbuar villages. Southwest Babar island. 1,050 (2007 SIL). St

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[tlt Teluti [tlt] Maluku Province. South Seram island, Teluti bay. 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigoro
[tlt] Maluku Province. South Seram island, Teluti bay. 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern

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[tes Tengger [tes] Jawa Timur Province, south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. 80,000 (2000 ce
[tes] Jawa Timur Province, south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. 80,000 (2000 census). Stat

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[tev Teor [tev] Maluku Province. Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status
[tev] Maluku Province. Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor

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[twg Tereweng [twg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 villages on Tereweng island off southeast coast of
[twg] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 villages on Tereweng island off southeast coast of Pantar islan

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[twu Termanu [twu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai domains.
[twu] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai domains. Central Rot

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[tft Ternate [tft] Maluku Utara Province; Ternate island. Kayoa islands on north end of Lapan bay; islan
[tft] Maluku Utara Province; Ternate island. Kayoa islands on north end of Lapan bay; islands betwee

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[tmg Ternateño [tmg] Maluku Utara Province, Ternate island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). A
[tmg] Maluku Utara Province, Ternate island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate N

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lu Selatan, Fehan, L [tet Tetun [tet] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Timor island, bi-coastal. 400,000 in Indonesia
[tet] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Timor island, bi-coastal. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Pop

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[tve Te’un [tve] Maluku Province, central portion, south central Seram island location area; 4 villages
[tve] Maluku Province, central portion, south central Seram island location area; 4 villages. No known

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[tid Tidong [tid] Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency. Sembakung and Sibuka river deltas; Ta
[tid] Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency. Sembakung and Sibuka river deltas; Tarakan, Bun

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[tvo Tidore [tvo] Maluku Utara Province; Tidore island. Ternate, Mare, and northern Moti islands. Also
[tvo] Maluku Utara Province; Tidore island. Ternate, Mare, and northern Moti islands. Also Halmaher

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[txq Tii [txq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, southwest. East of Dela-Oenale [row], w
[txq] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, southwest. East of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole

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[tti Tobati [tti] Papua Province, Jayapura bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, and
[tti] Papua Province, Jayapura bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, and Tanah Hita

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[tlb Tobelo [tlb] Maluku Utara Province, Tubelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, North Halmahera; Maba and
[tlb] Maluku Utara Province, Tubelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, North Halmahera; Maba and Wasile di

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[tlg Tofanma [tlg] Papua Province, south Jayapura border area, Keerom regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofa
[tlg] Papua Province, south Jayapura border area, Keerom regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu,

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ga (Bingkokak [lbw Tolaki [lbw] South Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe, Konawe, South Konawe, Kolaka, a
[lbw] South Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe, Konawe, South Konawe, Kolaka, and North K
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[tdi Tomadino [tdi] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Sakita village. On east coast, To
[tdi] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Sakita village. On east coast, Tolo bay, ne

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[ttp Tombelala [ttp] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, 4 villages. On west coast, Tolo
[ttp] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, 4 villages. On west coast, Tolo bay, south

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[tom Tombulu [tom] Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast coast, near Manado city, Tanawangko and Tomo
[tom] Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast coast, near Manado city, Tanawangko and Tomohon areas

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[txm Tomini [txm] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong, Tomini, and Tinombo subdistricts, 42 villages. N
[txm] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong, Tomini, and Tinombo subdistricts, 42 villages. Northeast c

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[tdn Tondano [tdn] Sulawesi Utara Province, Toulour regency. North peninsula, Lake Tondano area south
[tdn] Sulawesi Utara Province, Toulour regency. North peninsula, Lake Tondano area southeast and e

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[tnw Tonsawang[tnw] Sulawesi Utara Province; landlocked area southwest of Lake Manado; near Tombatu
[tnw] Sulawesi Utara Province; landlocked area southwest of Lake Manado; near Tombatu town. 20,

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[txs Tonsea [txs] Sulawesi Utara Province, northeasternmost tip. 90,000 (1989), decreasing. Status: 6b
[txs] Sulawesi Utara Province, northeasternmost tip. 90,000 (1989), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threaten

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[tnt Tontembo [tnt] Sulawesi Utara Province; Minahasa peninsula, northeast coast, southern shore, Amur
[tnt] Sulawesi Utara Province; Minahasa peninsula, northeast coast, southern shore, Amurang bay in

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[toy Topoiyo [toy] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict. Inland along
[toy] Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict. Inland along Budong-Bu
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[sda Toraja-Sa’ [sda] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Tana Toraja and Luwu regencies; border areas, Sulawesi B
[sda] Sulawesi Selatan Province, Tana Toraja and Luwu regencies; border areas, Sulawesi Barat Provin

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[txe Totoli [txe] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, and Dondo subdistricts, 29
[txe] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, and Dondo subdistricts, 29 villages. No

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[ttn Towei [ttn] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [d
[ttn] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [dmu] and w

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[tip Trimuris [tip] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo rive
[tip] Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo river east ban

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[kvz Tsaukambo[kvz] Papua Province, west side of upper Digul river, north of Wanggom, south of Komyan
[kvz] Papua Province, west side of upper Digul river, north of Wanggom, south of Komyandaret. 780

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an, Timor-Babar, S [tzn Tugun [tzn] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin,
[tzn] Maluku Province, southwestern area, Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, and

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have contact with vil [tuj Tugutil [tuj] Maluku Utara Province, Tobelo, Kao, Wasile, and Maba districts, Miaf, Bebseli, and M
[tuj] Maluku Utara Province, Tobelo, Kao, Wasile, and Maba districts, Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno v

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verage of 35% wit [khc Tukang Bes[khc] Sulawesi Tenggara Province,Tukang Besi archipelago north, Kaledupa and Wangiwan
[khc] Sulawesi Tenggara Province,Tukang Besi archipelago north, Kaledupa and Wangiwangi islands;

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er nearby langua [bhq Tukang Bes[bhq] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Tukang Besi archipelago, south islands; northern Binon
 [bhq] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Tukang Besi archipelago, south islands; northern Binongko and To

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[tlu Tulehu [tlu] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Ambon island, northeast coast. 18,800 (1987 SIL). Status:
[tlu] Maluku Province, 4 villages. Ambon island, northeast coast. 18,800 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting

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[trt Tunggare [trt] North central Papua Province, west of Mamberamo river, east Geelvink bay near Nab
[trt] North central Papua Province, west of Mamberamo river, east Geelvink bay near Nabire, inland

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[tjg Tunjung [tjg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai regency; area between Adas, Dempar, and Melak to
[tjg] Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai regency; area between Adas, Dempar, and Melak towns; then

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nguage chain as Amarasi[aoz

[ Uab Meto [aoz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; most of west Timor island. 700,000 (2009 census). St
[aoz] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; most of west Timor island. 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5 (De

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[udj Ujir [udj] Maluku Province, southeast portion; Northwest Aru islands, jir and Wokam islands w
[udj] Maluku Province, southeast portion; Northwest Aru islands, jir and Wokam islands west peninsu

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[ulm Ulumanda’[ulm] Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies. Mostly i
[ulm] Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies. Mostly interior are

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ma), Southern Um [ppk Uma [ppk] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Donggala regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro subdistricts
[ppk] Sulawesi Tengah Province, Donggala regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro subdistricts, 32 village

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[xky Uma’ Lasa [xky] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Long Pujungan, Long Jelet Mesahan, an
[xky] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Long Pujungan, Long Jelet Mesahan, and Long Pe

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[ulu Uma’ Lung[ulu] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, L
[ulu] Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, an

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[mtg Una [mtg] Papua Province, east highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela valley, w
[mtg] Papua Province, east highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela valley, west of Ngal

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[urn Uruangniri[urn] Papua Barat Province, 2 small islands between Karas island and southwest Bomberai
[urn] Papua Barat Province, 2 small islands between Karas island and southwest Bomberai peninsula

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[ulf Usku [ulf] Papua Province, south of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa] and south of Mo
[ulf] Papua Province, south of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa] and south of Molof [msl] la

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[snu Viid [snu] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. 250 (2005 SIL). 0 mon
[snu] Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. 250 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. S

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[vto Vitou [vto] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. 630 (2007). St
[vto] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Sh

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[wbb Wabo [wbb] Papua Province, Serui island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. 1,500 (19
[wbb] Papua Province, Serui island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. 1,500 (1987 SIL). St

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[wrx Wae Rana [wrx] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, 2 separate enclaves betw
[wrx] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, 2 separate enclaves between Mang

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[wgo Waigeo [wgo] Papua Barat Province, north central Waigeo island off western Bird’s Head, Sorong r
[wgo] Papua Barat Province, north central Waigeo island off western Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, W

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[wli Waioli [wli] Maluku Utara Province; northwest Halmahera island, Coastal area, from Sasu town, i
[wli] Maluku Utara Province; northwest Halmahera island, Coastal area, from Sasu town, inland to hi

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[wlw Walak [wlw] Papua Province, Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, and Wurigelebut villages. 20,000 (20
[wlw] Papua Province, Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, and Wurigelebut villages. 20,000 (2007 P. Seow

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[wms Wambon [wms] Papua Province, south coast area north of Mandobo language area. 3,000 (1987 SIL
[wms] Papua Province, south coast area north of Mandobo language area. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6

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[wad Wandamen[wad] Papua Barat Province, Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih bay along Wandame
[wad] Papua Barat Province, Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih bay along Wandamen bay exte

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[wng Wanggom [wng] Papua Province, upper Digul river area. East of Kombai [tyn] and west of Wambon [
[wng] Papua Province, upper Digul river area. East of Kombai [tyn] and west of Wambon [wms] langu

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[wno Wano [wno] Papua Province, central highlands area, upper Rouffaer river basin north of Damal [
[wno] Papua Province, central highlands area, upper Rouffaer river basin north of Damal [uhn], north

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[wnk Wanukaka[wnk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, southwest coast, southeast of W
[wnk] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, southwest coast, southeast of Waikabubak

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[wsa Warembori[wsa] Papua Province, north coast, Mamberamo river mouth and west to Poiwai, Waremb
[wsa] Papua Province, north coast, Mamberamo river mouth and west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamak

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[wai Wares [wai] Papua Province, north coast area inland from Kwesten [kwt] language area on upper
[wai] Papua Province, north coast area inland from Kwesten [kwt] language area on upper Biri river,
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[wrs Waris [wrs] Papua Province, northeastern area, Keerom regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jaya
[wrs] Papua Province, northeastern area, Keerom regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jayapura. 1,50

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[wbe Waritai [wbe] Papua Province, Lakes plain area around Taiyeve. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Thr
[wbe] Papua Province, Lakes plain area around Taiyeve. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). A

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[bgv Warkay-Bi [bgv] Papua Province, south coast area bordering Asmat languages to east and Sawi [saw]
[bgv] Papua Province, south coast area bordering Asmat languages to east and Sawi [saw] language t

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[wrp Waropen [wrp] Papua Province, Yapen and Waropen regencies. Ambumi dialect: south of the Wand
[wrp] Papua Province, Yapen and Waropen regencies. Ambumi dialect: south of the Wandamen bay.

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[wru Waru [wru] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe regency, Asera subdistrict, Mopute villag
[wru] Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe regency, Asera subdistrict, Mopute village. Interior

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[wah Watubela [wah] Maluku Province, east central area, Watubela islands, north of Kur island. 4,000 (19
[wah] Maluku Province, east central area, Watubela islands, north of Kur island. 4,000 (1990 SIL). Sta

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[wuy Wauyai [wuy] Papua Barat Province, island off of southeast Waigeo island, Wauyai village. 300 (Re
[wuy] Papua Barat Province, island off of southeast Waigeo island, Wauyai village. 300 (Remijsen 200

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[wow Wawonii [wow] Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari p
[wow] Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. 30,000

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[wew Wejewa [wew] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, interior. 55,000 (2011). Status:
[wew] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, interior. 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorou
 More Information

[weo Wemale [weo] Maluku Province, at least 14 villages. Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Wa
[weo] Maluku Province, at least 14 villages. Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone tow

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[kvw Wersing [kvw] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island. East coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko
[kvw] Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island. East coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko and Purem

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[wbw Woi [wbw] Papua Province, west Serui island, Wooi and Wainap villages. 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawak
[wbw] Papua Province, west Serui island, Wooi and Wainap villages. 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6

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[wod Wolani [wod] Papua Province, west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north
[wod] Papua Province, west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ek

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om Southeast Sulawes [wlo Wolio [wlo] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Buton island, southwest coast towards Buntung strait; B
[wlo] Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Buton island, southwest coast towards Buntung strait; Baubau city

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[wor Woria [wor] Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. 5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status:
[wor] Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. 5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly

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ith Bugis [bug], 31% w [wtw Wotu [wtw] Sulawesi Selatan Province, East Luwu regency, Wotu subdistrict, Lampenai, and Baw
[wtw] Sulawesi Selatan Province, East Luwu regency, Wotu subdistrict, Lampenai, and Bawalipu villag

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[ner Yahadian [ner] Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, along Maccluer bay between lower Mintam
[ner] Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, along Maccluer bay between lower Mintamani and Se

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[jal Yalahatan [jal] Maluku Province, south central Seram island, coastal area west of Teluti bay. 1,700 (2
 [jal] Maluku Province, south central Seram island, coastal area west of Teluti bay. 1,700 (2004 SIL). St

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[kkl Yale, Kosar[kkl] Papua Province, eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, eas
[kkl] Papua Province, eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, n

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[yli Yali, Anggu[yli] Papua Province, central highlands area northwest of Nalca [nlc] and east of Grand Val
[yli] Papua Province, central highlands area northwest of Nalca [nlc] and east of Grand Valley Dani lan

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[nlk Yali, Ninia [nlk] Papua Province, central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Koru
[nlk] Papua Province, central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia

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[yac Yali, Pass V[yac] Papua Province, central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawi
[yac] Papua Province, central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurul

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s, 47% with Fordata [jmd Yamdena [jmd] Maluku Province, southeast area, 35 villages. Tannembar islands; east coast Yamden
[jmd] Maluku Province, southeast area, 35 villages. Tannembar islands; east coast Yamdena island, d

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[jaq Yaqay [jaq] Papua Province, south coast Obaa river area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwe
[jaq] Papua Province, south coast Obaa river area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Centr

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[yrs Yarsun [yrs] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, island off north coast east of Biri
[yrs] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, island off north coast east of Biri river. 200 (

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[jau Yaur [jau] Papua Province, lower end of Cenderawasih bay, west of Yeresiam [ire] language are
[jau] Papua Province, lower end of Cenderawasih bay, west of Yeresiam [ire] language area. 350 (197

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[yva Yawa [yva] Papua Province, Yapen island: 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south
[yva] Papua Province, Yapen island: 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villag

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[jei Yei [jei] Papua Province, south coast border area, east of Marind along Maro river. 6 villages.
[jei] Papua Province, south coast border area, east of Marind along Maro river. 6 villages. 2,390 (2001

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[jel Yelmek [jel] Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait between Kolopom (Fre
[jel] Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hend

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[ire Yeresiam [ire] Papua Province, south Cenderawasih bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur lake; into
[ire] Papua Province, south Cenderawasih bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur lake; into Papua Ba

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[gop Yeretuar [gop] Papua Province, lower Kwatisore bay, between 2 peninsulas; into Papua Barat Provin
[gop] Papua Province, lower Kwatisore bay, between 2 peninsulas; into Papua Barat Province, southe

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[yet Yetfa [yet] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east
[yet] Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east and north

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[yki Yoke [yki] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, east of Warembori, east of Mamberamo river, Manta
[yki] Papua Province, Sarmi regency, east of Warembori, east of Mamberamo river, Mantarbori villag

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[wfg Zorop [wfg] Papua Province, northeastern portion, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village
[wfg] Papua Province, northeastern portion, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda S

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Language Status Profile

Click to enlarge with explanation

Browse
 rict. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg river, to headwaters in Foya mountains. 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donoh
plain area, Baso river mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg river, to headwaters in Foya mountains. 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002). S

6,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: “Barawahing” (pej.), Barue, Namatalaki Dialects: Abui Barat, Abui Selatan, Alakaman, A
tus: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: “Barawahing” (pej.), Barue, Namatalaki Dialects: Abui Barat, Abui Selatan, Alakaman, Atimelang. M

, and Moraid subdistricts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of central Bird’s Head, north, south of Tamberau mountain range. 3,0
aid subdistricts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of central Bird’s Head, north, south of Tamberau mountain range. 3,000 (1995 S

matera Utara Province, south coast enclave. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 3,500,032. Status: 5 (D
a Province, south coast enclave. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 3,500,032. Status: 5 (Developing)

lor island, northwest of Kalabahi town towards Banda Sea coast. 3,000 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
northwest of Kalabahi town towards Banda Sea coast. 3,000 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alor Dialec

ands, between Flores and Lembata islands. 98,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang
een Flores and Lembata islands. 98,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwera

r south coast area. Between Mapi and Digul rivers west of Tanamerah town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name
st area. Between Mapi and Digul rivers west of Tanamerah town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djair, D

antai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, and other villages. North coast area, lower Apauwer river. 1,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 6
subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, and other villages. North coast area, lower Apauwer river. 1,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous
 pockets along north Pantar and adjacent islands. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alorese Dialects
ong north Pantar and adjacent islands. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alorese Dialects: Baranusa

Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 27 villages. 17,200 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Patasiwa Alfoeren, Sapalewa Dialects: C
niwel districts, 27 villages. 17,200 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Patasiwa Alfoeren, Sapalewa Dialects: Central East

r Masohi town. 50 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amahei Dialects: Makariki, Rutah, Soahuku. Lexical simi
own. 50 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amahei Dialects: Makariki, Rutah, Soahuku. Lexical similarity: 87%

d, 80 villages. Dialect locations: Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is west, Ro’is Tais Nonof is south, Ro’is Hero surrounded by Helong [heg]
es. Dialect locations: Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is west, Ro’is Tais Nonof is south, Ro’is Hero surrounded by Helong [heg] language

and Yapen Timur subdistricts, 10 villages. On Ambai island in Cenderawasih bay, south of Serui town, along south coast of Serui island.
Timur subdistricts, 10 villages. On Ambai island in Cenderawasih bay, south of Serui town, along south coast of Serui island. 10,100 (20

ast of Buru island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambelau. 8 villages. 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700. Status: 6a (V
u island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambelau. 8 villages. 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700. Status: 6a (Vigorous). A

ver delta, east of Jambu and Lamper towns. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malay
east of Jambu and Lamper towns. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

oast, east of Wanukaka. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anakalang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, C
of Wanukaka. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anakalang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East

district. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bapu Classific
rth coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bapu Classification: East
Tangeban villages. Near tip of eastern peninsula. 1,700 (Busenitz 1991). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Andio’o, “Bobongko
illages. Near tip of eastern peninsula. 1,700 (Busenitz 1991). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Andio’o, “Bobongko” (pej.), Im

bdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages. Easternmost Serui island, south coast. 4,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened
nsus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages. Easternmost Serui island, south coast. 4,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects

dena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. 320 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Koroernoes, Korur Dial
ds off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. 320 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Koroernoes, Korur Dialects: None

end of province, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam rivers; small border areas, Kalimantan Tengah Province. 2,630 (Wurm
vince, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam rivers; small border areas, Kalimantan Tengah Province. 2,630 (Wurm and Hatto

ar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; south central Wetar, Wetar strait coast, Lurang village. 150 (Hinton 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly
anda Sea coast, Ilputih village; south central Wetar, Wetar strait coast, Lurang village. 150 (Hinton 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). A

dar and Kalumpang towns. 12,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Aralle, Mambi, Tabulahan. Lexical similarity: 84%–89% w
lumpang towns. 12,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Aralle, Mambi, Tabulahan. Lexical similarity: 84%–89% with other

ict; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast; west from Sebyar (Timoforo) river area. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast; west from Sebyar (Timoforo) river area. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dom

ccluer gulf, off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Argoeni Classificati
off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Argoeni Classification: Austron

villages. West Bird’s Head area, north coast east of Dampler strait, inland towards Warsamson river. 230 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Thre
est Bird’s Head area, north coast east of Dampler strait, inland towards Warsamson river. 230 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). D
Northwest Ambon island; some in west Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, south coast. 8,760 (1987 SIL). L2 users: Spoken as L2 in north
Ambon island; some in west Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, south coast. 8,760 (1987 SIL). L2 users: Spoken as L2 in northwest Amb

subdistricts. Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north, to Kuti river south, and inland. 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan
s. Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north, to Kuti river south, and inland. 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Status: 6a

wa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast from Owap river northwest to Farec river southwest, inland. Also, M
Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast from Owap river northwest to Farec river southwest, inland. Also, Mappi regen

Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the foothills. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
r Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the foothills. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Keenok Cla

s. South coast, lower Sirac river area. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yaosakor Classification: Trans-New Guinea
oast, lower Sirac river area. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yaosakor Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Ka

t. South coast inland, northeast of Pirimapun town, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
ast inland, northeast of Pirimapun town, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: K

l highlands southeast of Cenderawasih bay; Siriwo river area. 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing).
southeast of Cenderawasih bay; Siriwo river area. 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate

00 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kvolyab Dialects: None known. Not related to these langua
L). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kvolyab Dialects: None known. Not related to these language familie

h subdistrict,1 village. East side of Cenderawasih bay, Wapoga river mouth. 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Lakes P
ct,1 village. East side of Cenderawasih bay, Wapoga river mouth. 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Lakes Plain, Awer
heast, highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border, south of Jayapura town. 350 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate N
and enclave near Papua New Guinea border, south of Jayapura town. 350 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Awj

n river, east of Kampong river, inland from Pirimapun. 6,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miaro, Miaro Awyu,
of Kampong river, inland from Pirimapun. 6,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa Dialec

Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast inland, west of Tanahmerah, southwest of Boma town. 7,500 (2002 Sohn
k, Mandobo, and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast inland, west of Tanahmerah, southwest of Boma town. 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook

er Digul river; north of Keisak town. 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha
er; north of Keisak town. 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu C

d, Digul river. 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Chri
er. 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, tradi

stream from Tanamerah town. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair Classification: Tra
m Tanamerah town. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair Classification: Trans-New Gu

l river; Bade town area. 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu Cla
e town area. 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu Classification:

villages, northeast Babar island east of Timor island. 1,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Dialect variation reported. Cla
ortheast Babar island east of Timor island. 1,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Dialect variation reported. Classification:

Ahanari, Analutur, Manuweri, and Tutuwawan villages. Southeast Babar island coast. 4,460 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classificati
nalutur, Manuweri, and Tutuwawan villages. Southeast Babar island coast. 4,460 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austro

st of Lake Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Poso Pesisir, and Parigi subdistricts, at least 24 villages; Ako dialect in northern Mamuju
Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Poso Pesisir, and Parigi subdistricts, at least 24 villages; Ako dialect in northern Mamuju regency, P

egency, on Ujung river; Pandeglang town, near Mount Kendeng; 2 separate areas in Jawa Barat Province, Sukabumi city area, 1 village
Ujung river; Pandeglang town, near Mount Kendeng; 2 separate areas in Jawa Barat Province, Sukabumi city area, 1 village, and Cikaja

ubdistrict. East of Mamberamo river, south of Lake Rombebai. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapeso, Suaseso
East of Mamberamo river, south of Lake Rombebai. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapeso, Suaseso Dialects:

nd Kokas subdistricts. Northwest Bomberai peninsula, east of Fakfak city. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
ubdistricts. Northwest Bomberai peninsula, east of Fakfak city. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Patimuni D

ri, Long Pahangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts. Area around confluence of Ratah and Mahakam rivers. 19,000 (2007 SIL
hangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts. Area around confluence of Ratah and Mahakam rivers. 19,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6

honsuai village on the east coast. 200 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bahoe-soeaai, Bahonsoewaai Dialects: None
age on the east coast. 200 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bahoe-soeaai, Bahonsoewaai Dialects: None known. Lex

esi Utara Province, Wori, Tumpaan, and Belang subdistricts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Selayar, Bone, and Sinjai regencies; Sulawesi Te
rovince, Wori, Tumpaan, and Belang subdistricts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Selayar, Bone, and Sinjai regencies; Sulawesi Tengah and S

er headwaters. 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakati Nyam, Bakati Riok, Bakatiq, Bekati Classification: A
ters. 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakati Nyam, Bakati Riok, Bakatiq, Bekati Classification: Austronesia
pper Lundu and Sambas rivers, southeast of Sambas town. 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Nam
u and Sambas rivers, southeast of Sambas town. 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bekati

of Ledo. 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Riok Dialects: Some dialect differences. Unidirectional intellig
00 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Riok Dialects: Some dialect differences. Unidirectional intelligibility of R

theast of Kuala Kapuas. 100,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Used as a LWC in the market in central Kalimantan Province
uala Kapuas. 100,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Used as a LWC in the market in central Kalimantan Province. Alternate

yu peninsula, Ketong, Kamonji, and Rano villages. 3,200 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Balaesan, Balaisan
ula, Ketong, Kamonji, and Rano villages. 3,200 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Balaesan, Balaisang, Pajo Clas

ak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, at least 49 villages. Eastern peninsular tip, Cape Botok. 30,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 3,000 m
kung, and Lamala subdistricts, at least 49 villages. Eastern peninsular tip, Cape Botok. 30,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 3,000 monolinguals

ali, and to east, west central Lombok island, Mataram area. 3,330,000 (2000 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant spea
east, west central Lombok island, Mataram area. 3,330,000 (2000 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in we

bdistrict. Watershed of Maloso and Mapilli rivers; into Majene and Mamuju regencies. 22,000 (Strømme 1987). Status: 5 (Developing).
atershed of Maloso and Mapilli rivers; into Majene and Mamuju regencies. 22,000 (Strømme 1987). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate

de of Kei Besar island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly another village. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: Elat, El
esar island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly another village. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: Elat, Eli. Different

n peninsula, Banggai Islands. 125,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aki, Banggaai, Banggaiy, Banggay, Banggaya
, Banggai Islands. 125,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aki, Banggaai, Banggaiy, Banggay, Banggaya Dialects: E
 d, Bangka island. 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Capital Ci
sland. 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Capital City Urban B

Makassar Strait; Kalimantan Tengah Province as far as Pangkalanbun, Sampit, and Palangkaraya; Kalimantan Selatan Province, around B
rait; Kalimantan Tengah Province as far as Pangkalanbun, Sampit, and Palangkaraya; Kalimantan Selatan Province, around Banjarmasin

northeast section, area around Manado city. 3,000 (Utsumi 2001), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Mal
section, area around Manado city. 3,000 (Utsumi 2001), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne

and Mesiang villages. Southeast Aru chain, Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island northeast of Barakai. 4,450 (2011 SIL). Status: 6
g villages. Southeast Aru chain, Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island northeast of Barakai. 4,450 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou

ubdistrict. East Cenderawasih bay, along Barapasi river and tributaries. 2,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ba
East Cenderawasih bay, along Barapasi river and tributaries. 2,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baropasi Dia

trict, Salubiro village, Baras subdistrict, in and north of Bambaloka village. 250 (Valkama 1987). 50 households. Status: 8a (Moribund).
iro village, Baras subdistrict, in and north of Bambaloka village. 250 (Valkama 1987). 50 households. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate N

ulirang, and Kutai regencies. 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bosap Dialects: Berau, Binatang, Bulungan, D
d Kutai regencies. 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bosap Dialects: Berau, Binatang, Bulungan, Dumaring, J

2: northwest towards Kutacane; eventually into Sumatera Utara Province. 195,000 (2000 census). Includes 80,000 Alas, 50,000 Kluet, a
t towards Kutacane; eventually into Sumatera Utara Province. 195,000 (2000 census). Includes 80,000 Alas, 50,000 Kluet, and 65,000 S

near Sibolga city towards southern provincial border. 750,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Anakola, Angkola D
a city towards southern provincial border. 750,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Anakola, Angkola Dialects: No
ound Sidikalang town, south to coast; also in Aceh Province inland. 1,200,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dai
alang town, south to coast; also in Aceh Province inland. 1,200,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dairi, Pakpak,

thwest of Lake Toba; Aceh Province, small border areas. 600,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Karo Batak Dial
ake Toba; Aceh Province, small border areas. 600,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Karo Batak Dialects: Singki

g from Padang Sidempuan, across borders with Riau and Sumatera Barat provinces. 1,100,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Al
dang Sidempuan, across borders with Riau and Sumatera Barat provinces. 1,100,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na

matangsiantar town area. 1,200,000 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Simelungan, Timur Classification: Austronesian, M
ntar town area. 1,200,000 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Simelungan, Timur Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Pol

west of Lake Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batta, Toba Batak Dialects: None known. Reported
ke Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batta, Toba Batak Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar t

arat and Keleser towns, inland. 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gah Dialects: None known. Re
eleser towns, inland. 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gah Dialects: None known. Related to Ge

ict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, and Batui villages. Eastern peninsula, mainland across from Peleng island. 2,900, decreasing. Status: 7
ng, Tolando, Sisipan, and Batui villages. Eastern peninsula, mainland across from Peleng island. 2,900, decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting).

Tanah Besar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gwataley, Watulai Dialects: None known. Slightly mor
ar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gwataley, Watulai Dialects: None known. Slightly more distant f

Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, and Itaba villages. Extensive in
mo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, and Itaba villages. Extensive inland area b
m rivers. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut,
0 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna,

Bomberai peninsula. 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala
eninsula. 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes

s. Most speakers in Behoa valley, northwest of Lake Mantana. some in Napu valley. 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status: 6b (Threaten
eakers in Behoa valley, northwest of Lake Mantana. some in Napu valley. 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern

North coast area east of Tor river mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke village. 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting).
area east of Tor river mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke village. 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate N

am island, Werinama and Bula districts, north Seram Sea coast. 350 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bengoi, Isal, Ko
Werinama and Bula districts, north Seram Sea coast. 350 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggo

gkala village. 41 (2007 SIL). More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; about 50 of them are deaf (2011 C. de Vos). 40 monolinguals. Status: 6
e. 41 (2007 SIL). More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; about 50 of them are deaf (2011 C. de Vos). 40 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threate

angkep, and Barru regencies where Bugis [bug], Makassar [mak] and Highland Konjo [kjc] language areas meet. 25,000 (1987 SIL). Statu
d Barru regencies where Bugis [bug], Makassar [mak] and Highland Konjo [kjc] language areas meet. 25,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Thr

cies. Northwest near Sarawak border. 54,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu, Nyadu Dial
west near Sarawak border. 54,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu, Nyadu Dialects: Nyad

Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani, and Taminambor villages. North coast
Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani, and Taminambor villages. North coast area along

orth coast area east of Sarmi. 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tena Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, To
area east of Sarmi. 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tena Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comment

wang regencies; Banten Province, from Tangerang east to Jakarta city; dominant in Jakarta Raya. 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population c
cies; Banten Province, from Tangerang east to Jakarta city; dominant in Jakarta Raya. 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count impre

mfor islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Bird’s Head, including Mapia island. 30,000 (Wurm 2000). L2 users: A few
s north, numerous small islands east and west of Bird’s Head, including Mapia island. 30,000 (Wurm 2000). L2 users: A few thousand L

r Sarawak border. 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Biatah, Bideyu, Landu, Lundu, Pueh, Siburan Clas
border. 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Biatah, Bideyu, Landu, Lundu, Pueh, Siburan Classification:

s. Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadong, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sa
emaru, near Sarawak border. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadong, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sad

f Misool island. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P
and. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

nd, west of Rikou; communities on Semau island and Timor mainland near Kupang. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Statu
Rikou; communities on Semau island and Timor mainland near Kupang. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 6a (Vigo

island, east of the isthmus; northeast, Sangeang and Banta islands; Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Komodo island area. 500,000 (1989
t of the isthmus; northeast, Sangeang and Banta islands; Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Komodo island area. 500,000 (1989). Status: 6
2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bintaoena, Bintawoena, Bitaoena Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
s). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bintaoena, Bintawoena, Bitaoena Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philip

mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Biri Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% w
er river. 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Biri Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Oboku

nd south Ternate islands. 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belagar, Kaera, Pura, Tarang Dialec
ernate islands. 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belagar, Kaera, Pura, Tarang Dialects: Apuri, B

age. North peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. 2,700 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boan-d
peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. 2,700 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boan-diks, Bolan

facing northwest point, Seram island. 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buano Dialects: None known. Lexical simil
thwest point, Seram island. 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buano Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60%

ge on Kilat bay, north side of Togian island, and Tumbulawa village, northwest coast of Batu Daka island. 1,500 (Mead 2001). 1,100 in
bay, north side of Togian island, and Tumbulawa village, northwest coast of Batu Daka island. 1,500 (Mead 2001). 1,100 in Lembanato

utheast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; also Tunsai village in Liana area. 4,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: A
m Atiahu village to Kota Baru; also Tunsai village in Liana area. 4,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ahtiago, Ati

orontalo Province, northeast coast, Atinggola town area, and south coast of peninsula, Molibagu area. 23,000 (Sneddon and Usup 198
rovince, northeast coast, Atinggola town area, and south coast of peninsula, Molibagu area. 23,000 (Sneddon and Usup 1986). Atinggo

Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bulungan Dialects: May be a dialect of Tidong [tid] or Se
r. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bulungan Dialects: May be a dialect of Tidong [tid] or Segai [sge].
, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. 9,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity: 79%–81
laotoa, and Karompa islands. 9,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity: 79%–81% with Tu

006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armopa, Bgu, Bogu, Bongo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central
tatus: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armopa, Bgu, Bogu, Bongo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

g subdistrict, Tongkou village. Budong-Budong river area. 70 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: B
ct, Tongkou village. Budong-Budong river area. 70 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bubudong,

s coasts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and Poleang subdistricts, west coast, eastward through to head of Bo
ulawesi Selatan Province, Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and Poleang subdistricts, west coast, eastward through to head of Bone bay, co

r, Kapuas river, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Mal
iver, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne

awak border. 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 860. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakatan, Bakitan,
er. 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 860. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, M

bay, north shore. 2,520 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Buli, Wayamli (Jawanli, Wajamli). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
shore. 2,520 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Buli, Wayamli (Jawanli, Wajamli). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

or, near border with Timor Leste; many in Belu district. 21,000 in Indonesia (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buna’, Bun
rder with Timor Leste; many in Belu district. 21,000 in Indonesia (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq

gku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along coast from Mondeodo south to Kenduri area, around 45 villages; northern Sulawes
, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along coast from Mondeodo south to Kenduri area, around 45 villages; northern Sulawesi Tenggara
 unu, Biau, and Baolan subdistricts, 68 villages. North coast, near Gorontalo Province border. 96,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threate
and Baolan subdistricts, 68 villages. North coast, near Gorontalo Province border. 96,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte

subdistrict, 1 village. Near Wapoga river mouth. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% w
t, 1 village. Near Wapoga river mouth. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Demis

district,1 village. Middle Mamberamo river, northeast of Lake Holmes. 250 (Donohue 1998). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bo
lage. Middle Mamberamo river, northeast of Lake Holmes. 250 (Donohue 1998). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boromeso, Bo

ner, 70 villages. Some on Ambon island, in Jakarta. 33,000 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). 6,620 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,300 Rana, 500
ges. Some on Ambon island, in Jakarta. 33,000 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). 6,620 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,300 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2

urumakok village. 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western
illage. 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western

bdistrict, Sekatakbunyi town area, west of Kayan river delta. 4,350 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berusuh, Bulusu
ekatakbunyi town area, west of Kayan river delta. 4,350 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berusuh, Bulusu Classificati

Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. South Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau bay southwest. 1,000 (2000)
una, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. South Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau bay southwest. 1,000 (2000). Status: 7

d Yapen Selatan subdistricts, south and north coast, Serui island, Kamanap, Masiaroti, and Kaonda villages. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Statu
elatan subdistricts, south and north coast, Serui island, Kamanap, Masiaroti, and Kaonda villages. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Thre

nd Laompo villages; southwest tip, Buton island, Flores sea. 2,300 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bosoa Dialects: Lexi
villages; southwest tip, Buton island, Flores sea. 2,300 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bosoa Dialects: Lexical similari
coast, Mandar bay west of Madjene town. 30,000 (Strømme 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tallumpanuae, Tasing, Tja
ndar bay west of Madjene town. 30,000 (Strømme 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tallumpanuae, Tasing, Tjampalagian

mpung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau islands (Batam island), North Sulawesi, South Suluwesi, North Sumatra, an
aluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau islands (Batam island), North Sulawesi, South Suluwesi, North Sumatra, and South Su

982), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese Comments: Mandarin is sometimes taught in ‘N
sing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese Comments: Mandarin is sometimes taught in ‘National Plu

rs. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Foochow, Hokchiu, Min Dong Dialects: Xinghua (Hsinghua). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Ch
8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Foochow, Hokchiu, Min Dong Dialects: Xinghua (Hsinghua). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

provinces. 700,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Min Nan, Minnan Dialects: Hokkien (Fujian), Teochew (Ch
700,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Min Nan, Minnan Dialects: Hokkien (Fujian), Teochew (Chaochow, T

a generally. 180,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh Classification: Sino-Tibetan, C
y. 180,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

sea; Buton island, area inland between Pasawajo and Membula towns; also Binongko and Batu Atas islands. 79,000 (2005 SIL). Status:
island, area inland between Pasawajo and Membula towns; also Binongko and Batu Atas islands. 79,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigoro

villages. South coast area, west of upper Digul river, northeast of Senggo town. 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Status: 5 (Developing). Alter
outh coast area, west of upper Digul river, northeast of Senggo town. 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Name

em, Zinak, and Wowi villages. Senggo town area. 290 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Tamnim D
and Wowi villages. Senggo town area. 290 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Tamnim Dialects: No

linggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north generally; very small enclave just east of Bengkulu city. 145,000 (2000 census). St
d Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north generally; very small enclave just east of Bengkulu city. 145,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (V

Dabe village. Tor river valley north to coast. 440 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Ch
e. Tor river valley north to coast. 440 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, trad

oup, Dai island; north of Babar. 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: No dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 72% with Dawe
and; north of Babar. 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: No dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 72% with Dawera-Dawelo

mulyo subdistrict. Northwest of Matakali town. 1,500 (Strømme 1987). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 72
district. Northwest of Matakali town. 1,500 (Strømme 1987). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 72%–77% wi

cts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of Kemandoga river source, throughout Puncak Jaya, north and so
l highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of Kemandoga river source, throughout Puncak Jaya, north and south Carste

r island, east of Roma island; Damar island, east side. 2,800 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: South Damar Dialects: N
st of Roma island; Damar island, east side. 2,800 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: South Damar Dialects: None know

island, east of Roma island; Damar island, north side. 800 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: North Damar Dialects: N
t of Roma island; Damar island, north side. 800 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: North Damar Dialects: None known

g subdistricts, 8 villages. Northwesternmost point, north peninsula, Makassar Strait. 2,000 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population
cts, 8 villages. Northwesternmost point, north peninsula, Makassar Strait. 2,000 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (W
wer gorge. 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Grand Valley Dani Dialects: Lower Bele, Lower Grand Valley Hiti
20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Grand Valley Dani Dialects: Lower Bele, Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dan

0,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Tulem Classification: Trans-N
0 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Tulem Classification: Trans-New Guine

pper gorge. 20,000 (1996). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, tra
. 20,000 (1996). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional rel

Valley, east from upper Kemandoga river valley. 180,000 (1993 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dani Barat, Ilaga West
t from upper Kemandoga river valley. 180,000 (1993 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani,

entral highlands; east of Cenderawasih bay, along Dao river. 250 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maniwo, “X-Ray” (
lands; east of Cenderawasih bay, along Dao river. 250 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maniwo, “X-Ray” (pej.) Diale

and, Daweloor island, to south, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages; Dawera island, to north, Welora, Letmasa, and Ilmarang v
loor island, to south, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages; Dawera island, to north, Welora, Letmasa, and Ilmarang villages. 1,2

ela and Oe Nale domains. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dela, Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Roti
Nale domains. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dela, Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Wes

headwaters; north of Ilaga town. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lem, Ndem Classification: Trans-New Guine
s; north of Ilaga town. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lem, Ndem Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Dem Co

yere, and Botawa villages. Inland, northeast Canderawasih bay, southeast of Waren town. 400 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
otawa villages. Inland, northeast Canderawasih bay, southeast of Waren town. 400 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
ast, from Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay near northwest corner of island. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: R
a’a town west to Tasilo bay near northwest corner of island. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote

own, near Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dla, Dr
Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dla, Dra, Kamber

p of Rote island; other settlements scattered on Rote and Timor islands. 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Name
land; other settlements scattered on Rote and Timor islands. 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dao, Ka

rict. Area south of Idenburg river, east of Taiyeve town. 300 (2006 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Ta
outh of Idenburg river, east of Taiyeve town. 300 (2006 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Taria, Tawor

Toarim river mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Maremgi, Marengge Dialects: None known. Un
r mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Maremgi, Marengge Dialects: None known. Unintelligible

a river. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Diuwe
(1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Diuwe

coast of Kobror island, 1 village in southeast Wokam island, 4 villages eastern half of Barakai strait (Kobror and Koba islands), 2 villages
bror island, 1 village in southeast Wokam island, 4 villages eastern half of Barakai strait (Kobror and Koba islands), 2 villages in central K

itoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts, at least 25 villages; Gorontalo Province, inland from Dondo bay, Poh
Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts, at least 25 villages; Gorontalo Province, inland from Dondo bay, Pohuwato reg

aiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai Cla
n. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai Classification:
aratan east coast; into Jambi Province, northeast coast. 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Population total all countries: 15,600. Ethnic po
t coast; into Jambi Province, northeast coast. 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Population total all countries: 15,600. Ethnic population: T

hwest of Enrekang town, west of Sadang river. Also, Makassar city; other communities in province. 127,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (D
nrekang town, west of Sadang river. Also, Makassar city; other communities in province. 127,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing)

and the west end of Bird’s Head. 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Duriankari, Esa
est end of Bird’s Head. 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen C

peakers. There were 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dusnir Classification: Austronesian
ere were 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dusnir Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P

Bongkang town; also into Kalimantan Tengah Province. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Deah
town; also into Kalimantan Tengah Province. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Deah, Dejah Di

rea west of Muarainu town; a second, northeast of Muarateweh town; small border incursions into Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai B
Muarainu town; a second, northeast of Muarateweh town; small border incursions into Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regen

Pendang and Buntokecil towns; south of Muarateweh town. 5,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu
nd Buntokecil towns; south of Muarateweh town. 5,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Lexical si

ialect along Dagai river, western dialect along Fedide and Wedi rivers. 930 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Duvde, Duv
g Dagai river, western dialect along Fedide and Wedi rivers. 930 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, D

d Kliki rivers confluence. 1,500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi
s confluence. 1,500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau
and; Lake Paniai area; into south-southwest Papua Barat Province. 100,000 (1985 M. Doble). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:
aniai area; into south-southwest Papua Barat Province. 100,000 (1985 M. Doble). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ekagi, Kapa

epura, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi subdistricts. South of Jayapura city; Lake Sentani area, south, southwest. 300 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (T
mtuk Gresi, and Senggi subdistricts. South of Jayapura city; Lake Sentani area, south, southwest. 300 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened

Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and Kalis tributaries. 10,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 5 (Developing). Alterna
r, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and Kalis tributaries. 10,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:

(2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop Dialects: None known. L
Some elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop Dialects: None known. Lexical sim

r island, southern tip, then northwest. 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cent
uthern tip, then northwest. 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern

. 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Endeh Dialects: Ende (Djau, Endeh, Ja’o), Nga’o (Ngao, West Ende). S
2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Endeh Dialects: Ende (Djau, Endeh, Ja’o), Nga’o (Ngao, West Ende). Some consi

west of mainland; 4 smaller nearby islands. 1,500 (2000 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Engganese Dia
inland; 4 smaller nearby islands. 1,500 (2000 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Engganese Dialects: None

s; Enrekang town area, west toward head of Mandar bay; into coastal area, Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. 50,000
town area, west toward head of Mandar bay; into coastal area, Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. 50,000 (1986 SIL).

Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts, Erai, Kustera, and Haya villages, northwest of confluence of Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers; area in lo
 o Hulu subdistricts, Erai, Kustera, and Haya villages, northwest of confluence of Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers; area in low mountai

000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Darembang. Subgroup Darembang may better be conside
bly fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Darembang. Subgroup Darembang may better be considered a sepa

ariku river; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sehudate Classification: La
northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sehudate Classification: Lakes Plain, T

al area and island off north coast of Biri river area. 280 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Fandanus, Podena Dialects:
island off north coast of Biri river area. 280 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Fandanus, Podena Dialects: None kno

, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1 village. Mamberamo basin region, bordering on the southwestern edge of the Foja Mountains; on the Dijai r
an subdistrict, 1 village. Mamberamo basin region, bordering on the southwestern edge of the Foja Mountains; on the Dijai river, north

lands, Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru groups; northwest, Yamdena island west coast, Seira island; also Jakarta, other cities. 50,000 (M
ata, Larat, and Molu-Maru groups; northwest, Yamdena island west coast, Seira island; also Jakarta, other cities. 50,000 (Marshall 200

h to northern tip of island, scattered communities, southwest coast. Morotai island except southeast quadrant. Gunage and Moari isla
ern tip of island, scattered communities, southwest coast. Morotai island except southeast quadrant. Gunage and Moari islands near K

age. 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Galoleng, Iliwaki, Ilmedu, Ilwaki, Lir Talo Dialects: Hiay, Ilpu
Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Galoleng, Iliwaki, Ilmedu, Ilwaki, Lir Talo Dialects: Hiay, Ilputih, Ilwaki (

ahera island, northwest coast, from Baru town inland. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known
d, northwest coast, from Baru town inland. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical si
peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gani, Giman Dialects: Reportedly similar to Kayoa, a dialect
2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gani, Giman Dialects: Reportedly similar to Kayoa, a dialect of East Ma

outheast Aceh regencies. North Sumatra highland region near Mount Sembuang. 300,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
eh regencies. North Sumatra highland region near Mount Sembuang. 300,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

almahera island; Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, and Gag islands between Halmahera’s southeastern peninsula and Waigeo island. 2,650 (2000). Sta
sland; Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, and Gag islands between Halmahera’s southeastern peninsula and Waigeo island. 2,650 (2000). Status: 6b (Th

om islands. 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gesa, Geser, Goram, Goran, Gorom, Gorong, Seram, Seran, Seran
36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gesa, Geser, Goram, Goran, Gorom, Gorong, Seram, Seran, Seran Laut Dial

gin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. 1,000 (1992 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. A mixed language
; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. 1,000 (1992 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. A mixed language, with Tern

, eastward from Triggula, Maluku sea south, eastward from Popayato; Sulawesi Utara Province, interior extension, northeast from Gor
from Triggula, Maluku sea south, eastward from Popayato; Sulawesi Utara Province, interior extension, northeast from Gorontalo city

unna, and Klaysu villages. West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem town. 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names:
laysu villages. West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem town. 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Geresi, Gle

g Ulu Selatan regency. 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aji Dialects: None know
an regency. 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aji Dialects: None known. Geneti

bay, around Moru town, 2 villages; area surrounds Kui [kvd] language area. 900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Said t
d Moru town, 2 villages; area surrounds Kui [kvd] language area. 900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Said to be intell
 etween Ambon and Seram islands. 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Hulaliu, Kabauw, Kailolo, Pelauw, Rohomoni. Eac
mbon and Seram islands. 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Hulaliu, Kabauw, Kailolo, Pelauw, Rohomoni. Each village u

TEAM). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adihup, Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim, Miriei, Moi, Tinam, Uran Dialects: Adihup, Mir
tus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adihup, Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim, Miriei, Moi, Tinam, Uran Dialects: Adihup, Miriei, Moi (M

enclaves, 2 on Sumba island, Waingapu and Melolo areas; south central Flores island, Ende area. Others in Kupang city, Timor island.
2 on Sumba island, Waingapu and Melolo areas; south central Flores island, Ende area. Others in Kupang city, Timor island. 110,000 (1

island, western tip of Timor, and Kupang city; interspersed with Amarasi [aaz] and other languages. 14,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Ethnic
tern tip of Timor, and Kupang city; interspersed with Amarasi [aaz] and other languages. 14,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Ethnic population

illages. Northeast Ambon island, Piru Sea coast, Hitu peninsula. 16,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Hila, Hitu, Mamala
rtheast Ambon island, Piru Sea coast, Hitu peninsula. 16,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela,

(Wurm 2007). 10 elderly speakers in 1987, but now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, M
07). 10 elderly speakers in 1987, but now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

Timur provinces; border area, far northeast corner near Sarawak. 1,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Punan Bu
nces; border area, far northeast corner near Sarawak. 1,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Punan Bungan Diale

n bay, south end. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alakamat, Bahasa Asli Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64%–72%
h end. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alakamat, Bahasa Asli Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64%–72% with Man

kumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bambaa Classification: Austron
lumata, and Tomahu districts. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bambaa Classification: Austronesian, Mala
 , Sauweli hamlet. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Spoken by fewer than 10 speakers in 1991, but now probably extinct (Wurm 20
amlet. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Spoken by fewer than 10 speakers in 1991, but now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Statu

t. 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Soba Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Lower Grand Valley Da
982 WT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Soba Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Lower Grand Valley Dani [dni]. Cl

aiyai villages. Area between Rouffaer, upper Van Daalen rivers. Dialects: Poi on Rouffaer river; Turu on Van Daalen river. 600 (2000 J. B
es. Area between Rouffaer, upper Van Daalen rivers. Dialects: Poi on Rouffaer river; Turu on Van Daalen river. 600 (2000 J. Bateman), i

, to Sarawak border, from east of Mount Betung, west to Senaning town. 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003). Status: 5 (De
ak border, from east of Mount Betung, west to Senaning town. 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003). Status: 5 (Developing).

mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages. 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now probab
mlamo and Gamici villages. 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now probably extinct (

d Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai peninsula. 5,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapaur Dialects: None known
bdistricts. West Bomberai peninsula. 5,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapaur Dialects: None known. Reporte

peakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Iha based Comments: Muslim, Christian.
atus: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Iha based Comments: Muslim, Christian.

pe peninsula; into nearby mainland Lembata island. 15,000 (2008 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon Diale
a; into nearby mainland Lembata island. 15,000 (2008 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon Dialects: North

maumau, Erai, Nabar, Esulit, and Istutun villages; Wetar island west coast, southwest tip; nearby Lirang island. 1,400 (1990 SIL). Status
rai, Nabar, Esulit, and Istutun villages; Wetar island west coast, southwest tip; nearby Lirang island. 1,400 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor
 hwest. 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Imroin Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M
0 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Imroin Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Poly

opulation total all countries: 23,200,480. L2 users: 140,000,000 in Indonesia. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Co
otal all countries: 23,200,480. L2 users: 140,000,000 in Indonesia. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Constitution

. Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: A blend of Malaysian Sign Language [xml] and indigenous signs.
tion: Deaf sign language Comments: A blend of Malaysian Sign Language [xml] and indigenous signs.

nces; north coastline area towards Pamanukan town; also in Yogyakarta Special Region. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Sh
h coastline area towards Pamanukan town; also in Yogyakarta Special Region. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alt

; Arguni bay north to Bintuni bay, southwest. 4,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arguni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Ka
y north to Bintuni bay, southwest. 4,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arguni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasi

t, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania, Nisero, Arabais, Webro, Wari, Nuerawar, and Waim villages.
a, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania, Nisero, Arabais, Webro, Wari, Nuerawar, and Waim villages. 1,800 (Wu

Biri river. 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor Dialects: Ittik,
0 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor Dialects: Ittik, Ittik-Tor. C

ween Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns along tributary of Kapuas river. 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Jangkang proper
au and Balai Sebut towns along tributary of Kapuas river. 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Jangkang proper, Pompang

west half of east Java, including Banyumas, Cilacap, and Purbalingga regencies; widespread throughout Indonesia; resettlements in Pa
of east Java, including Banyumas, Cilacap, and Purbalingga regencies; widespread throughout Indonesia; resettlements in Papua, Sulaw

wn L1 speakers. May be a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: “Kron
kers. May be a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: “Krontjong” (pej

ridua village; Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Jofotek spoken in Biridua, Bromnya in Srum. 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals.
e; Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Jofotek spoken in Biridua, Bromnya in Srum. 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (

ern half, Bird’s Head, north of Kalabahi town. 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kebun Kopi, Meibuil, Otvai, Pint
rd’s Head, north of Kalabahi town. 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kebun Kopi, Meibuil, Otvai, Pintumbang, T

anwatan subdistricts. South Bird’s Head, inland north of Maccluer bay; west bank lower Kamundan river. 600 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b (Th
ubdistricts. South Bird’s Head, inland north of Maccluer bay; west bank lower Kamundan river. 600 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened).

n interior mountains. Possible speakers in Mangole island mountains. 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. May be in
mountains. Possible speakers in Mangole island mountains. 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. May be intelligible w

lave north of Aluben town. 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aikoli, F
of Aluben town. 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aikoli, Fanating, Jaf

amu, Kamarian, Seruawan, and Tihulale villages. West Seram island, Piru bay area. 500 (Collins 1983). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Altern
rian, Seruawan, and Tihulale villages. West Seram island, Piru bay area. 500 (Collins 1983). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Name

aangitang town. 26,600 (2000 census). Kaidipang 8,900, Bolaang Itang 17,700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dio, Kaidipan
town. 26,600 (2000 census). Kaidipang 8,900, Bolaang Itang 17,700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dio, Kaidipang-Bolangit
a, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, and Banawa subdistricts. ‘Bunggu’ used for Da’a and Inde in West Sulawesi, Mamuju regency, Pasangkay
i-Biromaru, Palolo, and Banawa subdistricts. ‘Bunggu’ used for Da’a and Inde in West Sulawesi, Mamuju regency, Pasangkayu subdistri

k south of Manimaya peninsula. 350,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Ledo is lingua franca in West Tora
Manimaya peninsula. 350,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Ledo is lingua franca in West Toraja area. Al

districts; from Pulu bay west to Makassar strait shore; also Sulawesi Barat Province, Pasangkayu subdistrict. 25,000 (2007 SIL), increasi
om Pulu bay west to Makassar strait shore; also Sulawesi Barat Province, Pasangkayu subdistrict. 25,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status:

nd Lantoi villages; southwest Buton island, southwest of Baubau town, Kambe-kambero village. 2,200 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatene
illages; southwest Buton island, southwest of Baubau town, Kambe-kambero village. 2,200 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialec

nland along Kais river. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani Classification:
g Kais river. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani Classification: Trans-New

around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer river. 220 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi D
airstrip on lower Rouffaer river. 220 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi Dialects: No

ng city, along Kalabra river inland. 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beraur Dialects: None known. Lexical similarit
ng Kalabra river inland. 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beraur Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% wit

island, west of Bonerate island. 500 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kalaotoa, Lambego Dialects: N
t of Bonerate island. 500 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kalaotoa, Lambego Dialects: None know

ast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang subdistrict; also, Sulawesi Selatan Province. 20,000 (2012 S. Samboy). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
u regency, Kalumpang subdistrict; also, Sulawesi Selatan Province. 20,000 (2012 S. Samboy). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: G
2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kamana-Kamang, Waisika, Woisika Dialects: Kamang, Ma
happer and M. Manimau). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kamana-Kamang, Waisika, Woisika Dialects: Kamang, Manetaa, Mo

rs (Wurm 2007). Under 10 in 1987; now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Altern
2007). Under 10 in 1987; now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Name

0 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Lasalimu [llm], 67% with Wolio [wlo], 54% with
. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Lasalimu [llm], 67% with Wolio [wlo], 54% with Cia-Cia [ci

. 240,000 (2009). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East Sumba, East Sumbanese, Hilu Humba, Humba, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba,
2009). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East Sumba, East Sumbanese, Hilu Humba, Humba, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba, Sumbanes

amoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, and Coa villages. Southeast Bomberai peninsula, Kamerau bay area. 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). S
ari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, and Coa villages. Southeast Bomberai peninsula, Kamerau bay area. 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Sh

Barat Province, Etna bay area. 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamu
nce, Etna bay area. 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarp

ds, east of Madura island. 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Barely intelligible with East Madura [ma
Madura island. 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Barely intelligible with East Madura [mad]. A sepa

rauke city. 10 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None k
10 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kan

. Southernmost point of province, east of Merauke city; along Papua New Guinea border. 150 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threate
most point of province, east of Merauke city; along Papua New Guinea border. 150 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
 and Kondo villages. Southernmost point of province, southeast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guinea. 80 (1996 M. Donohue
o villages. Southernmost point of province, southeast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guinea. 80 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6

ce, east northeast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guinea. 100 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
rtheast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guinea. 100 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelemb

ay, area near Kao river mouth. 400 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kau, Ka’u Dialects: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu
ar Kao river mouth. 400 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kau, Ka’u Dialects: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu [pgu], bu

s. Upper Idenburg river, north bank; southwest of Jayapura city. 200 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kapori Clas
enburg river, north bank; southwest of Jayapura city. 200 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kapori Classification: K

u village. North coast west of Jayapura city. 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kapitiauw, Kaptiauw Dialects: None kn
orth coast west of Jayapura city. 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kapitiauw, Kaptiauw Dialects: None known. Lexi

nd off southwest coast of Bomberai peninsula; outside of Sebakor bay. 240 (1983 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New
hwest coast of Bomberai peninsula; outside of Sebakor bay. 240 (1983 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, W

gan island, southeast coast, Karey valley. 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kerei, Krei Dialects: None known. Lexi
southeast coast, Karey valley. 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kerei, Krei Dialects: None known. Lexical similari

ges. Central Bird’s Head; area of headwaters of Kamundan river. 5,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maiyach, M
al Bird’s Head; area of headwaters of Kamundan river. 5,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maiyach, Mari, Meon

of province; Sumatera Selatan Province, area extending northwest from Danay Panay. 40,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
; Sumatera Selatan Province, area extending northwest from Danay Panay. 40,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
ereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages. 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kaureh, Kaurne Classification: Kaure
a, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages. 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kaureh, Kaurne Classification: Kaure, Kaure Pro

st; southeast of Lake Rombebai. 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauweraw
st of Lake Rombebai. 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawer

un villages. West coast of Bird’s Head, west end of Waigao island and nearby islands. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dia
West coast of Bird’s Head, west end of Waigao island and nearby islands. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Non

u Asue [psa] languages. 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar Diale
] languages. 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar Dialects: None k

cies. Area extends from Muller Mountains from south border northward, to within 25 km of Malasia, Sarawak State. 1,300 (Wurm and
extends from Muller Mountains from south border northward, to within 25 km of Malasia, Sarawak State. 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 19

akam, Oga, and Belayan river areas; also Kalimantan Tengah Province. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
, and Belayan river areas; also Kalimantan Tengah Province. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: B

nstream, the other larger one, headwaters and south. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kajang,
e other larger one, headwaters and south. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kajang, Kayan Rive

, along Mendalam river. 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mendalam Kajan Classification: Austr
ndalam river. 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mendalam Kajan Classification: Austronesian, M

, along north tributary of Telen river. 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wahau Kajan Classificati
th tributary of Telen river. 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wahau Kajan Classification: Austro

(Wurm 2007). Last speaker of Liliali dialect died in 1989 (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caeli, Cajeli, Gaeli, Kajel
07). Last speaker of Liliali dialect died in 1989 (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caeli, Cajeli, Gaeli, Kajeli Dialects:

by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kajupulau Dialects: Not a dialect of Tobati
0% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kajupulau Dialects: Not a dialect of Tobati (Yotafa) [

30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dang, Kdang, Kédang, Kedangese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
08 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dang, Kdang, Kédang, Kedangese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

ao [nfa] in the foothills. 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: East Geelvink Bay
the foothills. 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: East Geelvink Bay

10 islands; Kei island group west of Aru islands; Kecil, Besar, and surrounding islands; also, Kur islands, lying west and northwest of Kei
Kei island group west of Aru islands; Kecil, Besar, and surrounding islands; also, Kur islands, lying west and northwest of Kei group. 85,

h. 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Keder Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Berik [bkl]. Classificati
05 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Keder Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kw

k border, northwest of Longkemuat. 640 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apo Duat, Kalabit, Kerabit Dial
orthwest of Longkemuat. 640 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apo Duat, Kalabit, Kerabit Dialects: Bareo

d, East Timor border area. 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ema Dialects: Kemak, Nogo (Nogo
or border area. 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ema Dialects: Kemak, Nogo (Nogo-Nogo). Cl
Kembayan towns to near Sarawak border, east of Landak river. 11,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Karambai Cl
towns to near Sarawak border, east of Landak river. 11,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Karambai Classification

coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bintuni bay, east of Komundan river. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vig
hwest Bomberai peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bintuni bay, east of Komundan river. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt

20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Unclassified
2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Unclassified

Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup, Aimbe, and Sabron Yaru villages. Near southwest shore, Lake Sen
Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup, Aimbe, and Sabron Yaru villages. Near southwest shore, Lake Sentani. 2,500

Bengkayang town, Madi and Papan jungle area. 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 331,700. Status: 3 (Wid
ng town, Madi and Papan jungle area. 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 331,700. Status: 3 (Wider commu

ella, Nangasayan, and Gelalak towns, and along Sayan and Melawi rivers; some in Kalimantan Tengah Province. 32,000 (2007 SIL). Stat
sayan, and Gelalak towns, and along Sayan and Melawi rivers; some in Kalimantan Tengah Province. 32,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigo

kam, Upper Baram, Bahau, Upper Balui, Malinau, Belayan, Segah, Kelai, and Telen river areas, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Lo
r Baram, Bahau, Upper Balui, Malinau, Belayan, Segah, Kelai, and Telen river areas, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and

a’ Dian, Muara Pedohon, Kampung Baru, Uma’ Bekuai, and Tabang Lama villages. Upper Mahakam river area. 8,000 in Indonesia (2007
ara Pedohon, Kampung Baru, Uma’ Bekuai, and Tabang Lama villages. Upper Mahakam river area. 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente

ores island, south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat
south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: N
 lores island; between Manggarai [mqy], Rembong [reb], and Wae Rana [wrx] language areas. 6,000 (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). A
d; between Manggarai [mqy], Rembong [reb], and Wae Rana [wrx] language areas. 6,000 (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na

ovince, Murung Raya regency; Kalimantan Barat Province, far east Kapuas Hulu regency; Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regen
rung Raya regency; Kalimantan Barat Province, far east Kapuas Hulu regency; Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency. 500 (20

ains, Sungaipenuh area, north and west; also into Sumatera Barat Province, Solok Selatan regency. 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census).
penuh area, north and west; also into Sumatera Barat Province, Solok Selatan regency. 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population

land slopes; scattered. 9,970 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kupel, Oktengban Dialects: Bime, Okbap, Omban, Onya.
s; scattered. 9,970 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kupel, Oktengban Dialects: Bime, Okbap, Omban, Onya. Lexical sim

Digul river, about 40 km west of Papua New Guinea border. 900 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kitum, Wambon-K
, about 40 km west of Papua New Guinea border. 900 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kitum, Wambon-Ketum Dial

east of Merauke city. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaladdarsch, Kimaama, Kimaghama, Kimaghana, Teri
auke city. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaladdarsch, Kimaama, Kimaghama, Kimaghana, Teri-Kalwasch

district. Border area where Sepik river enters Papua New Guinea. 500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aipki, Kimg
der area where Sepik river enters Papua New Guinea. 500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubato

unu and Kambowa subdistricts; east central Buton island, Banda sea. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Kambowa, Kio
mbowa subdistricts; east central Buton island, Banda sea. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Kambowa, Kioko. Possib

a New Guinea border, west of confluence of Tariku and Kliki rivers. 250 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kirira Dialec
nea border, west of confluence of Tariku and Kliki rivers. 250 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kirira Dialects: Faia, Ki
 r island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; nearby Roma and Wetar islands, Hila, Likagraha, Amau, Naumatan, and Hi’ai villages; so
ortheast of Timor island, 19 villages; nearby Roma and Wetar islands, Hila, Likagraha, Amau, Naumatan, and Hi’ai villages; some in Amb

lerman, Margera, Manatang, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages. 5,000 (2008 L. Baird). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names
argera, Manatang, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages. 5,000 (2008 L. Baird). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalong, K

group, Baun and Fukarel islands southeast of Kobroor island, mouth of Barakai strait. 870 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: So
n and Fukarel islands southeast of Kobroor island, mouth of Barakai strait. 870 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Southeast Ko

a subdistrict, 4 villages. Upper Bone bay, east coast. 1,500 (Mead 1999). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kondea, Kondeha Dia
ct, 4 villages. Upper Bone bay, east coast. 1,500 (Mead 1999). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kondea, Kondeha Dialects: Lexi

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kudi Dialects: Kodi Bangedo, Kodi Bokol, Nggaro (Nggaura). May be most similar to Wejewa [wew]
orous). Alternate Names: Kudi Dialects: Kodi Bangedo, Kodi Bokol, Nggaro (Nggaura). May be most similar to Wejewa [wew]. Classifica

0). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63
7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63% with W

10 villages. Central and north Seruyan river area. 8,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Seruyan, Seruyan D
s. Central and north Seruyan river area. 8,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Seruyan, Seruyan Dialects: No

est coast of Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan city. 3,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kasuweri, Komudago, N
f Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan city. 3,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Ode

nd, widespread, to adjacent islands. 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kulaha, Marlasi, Warilau Dialects: Intellig
read, to adjacent islands. 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kulaha, Marlasi, Warilau Dialects: Intelligibility test
en upper Wideman and Digul rivers, east of Senggo city. 4,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komboy Dialects:
ideman and Digul rivers, east of Senggo city. 4,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komboy Dialects: Central Ko

g river from Lake Ranau to near Palembang city. 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992). L2 users: Some immigrants from othe
m Lake Ranau to near Palembang city. 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992). L2 users: Some immigrants from other ethnic gr

t, Flores island. 700 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. A separate language from Manggarai [mqy] (1982 J. Verhei
and. 700 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. A separate language from Manggarai [mqy] (1982 J. Verheijen). Class

lands, Kongan island east of Wokam island. 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komfana, Kongampani Dialects:
gan island east of Wokam island. 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komfana, Kongampani Dialects: None kno

00 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. May be mutually intelligible with Tsaukambo [kvz]. Classification: Trans-New
L). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. May be mutually intelligible with Tsaukambo [kvz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, O

ge; Southwest Bird’s Head area facing Seram Sea; lower Waromge river, south of Teminabuan city. 500 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b (Threate
west Bird’s Head area facing Seram Sea; lower Waromge river, south of Teminabuan city. 500 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter

1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Konorau Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum Comments: Christian, tradi
1 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Konorau Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum Comments: Christian, traditional relig

g regencies. Southeasternmost corner of peninsula; Salayer strait. 125,000 (1990 SIL). 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro. Status: 6b (Threaten
s. Southeasternmost corner of peninsula; Salayer strait. 125,000 (1990 SIL). 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro. Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern

mba regencies. Southern peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang area northwest, past Makassar city. 150,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (T
cies. Southern peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang area northwest, past Makassar city. 150,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened

radala, and Burungmakok villages. In lowlands south of the main ranges; headwaters area, several tributaries of upper Sirac river. 400
d Burungmakok villages. In lowlands south of the main ranges; headwaters area, several tributaries of upper Sirac river. 400 (2002 SIL).

songi village. On Tolo bay, east coast, south of Bungku town. 500 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Oengsongi Dialec
e. On Tolo bay, east coast, south of Bungku town. 500 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Oengsongi Dialects: Lexical

go town; between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: K
etween upper Sirac and Digul rivers. 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolufaup Dia

astern highlands, on upper reaches of Erok river. 8,000 (1996 E. Young). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kimyal of Korupun, K
lands, on upper reaches of Erok river. 8,000 (1996 E. Young). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun Dia

nce; south of Jayapura city. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kosadle Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper C
of Jayapura city. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kosadle Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments:

umerah villages. Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast; Kamrau bay area; Kaimana. Namatote, and Adi islands, smaller islands in bay. 6
ages. Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast; Kamrau bay area; Kaimana. Namatote, and Adi islands, smaller islands in bay. 600 (2000 SI

encies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Sumatera Selatan Province, Musi Banyuasin regency. 10,000 (1989). Status: 6b (Threatened)
nclaves, eastern swamp region; Sumatera Selatan Province, Musi Banyuasin regency. 10,000 (1989). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate

south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga villages, also in Moru in Kalabahi bay interspersed with Hamap [hmu]; Batulolong dialect: Sibera a
t in Lerabaing and Buraga villages, also in Moru in Kalabahi bay interspersed with Hamap [hmu]; Batulolong dialect: Sibera and Kapeba
 mountains, between Kamang [woi] and Sawila [swt] language areas; also on northeast coast, Maukuru, Takala, Koilela, Peisaka, and K
s, between Kamang [woi] and Sawila [swt] language areas; also on northeast coast, Maukuru, Takala, Koilela, Peisaka, and Kiralela villa

u Utara, Kulisusu Induk, Kulisusu Barat, and Bonegunu subdistricts. Northernost Buton island. 22,000 (Mead 1999), increasing. Status: 6
isusu Induk, Kulisusu Barat, and Bonegunu subdistricts. Northernost Buton island. 22,000 (Mead 1999), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorou

district, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages. Buton island, southeast; west of Wangiwangi island. 3,400 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou
mbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages. Buton island, southeast; west of Wangiwangi island. 3,400 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternat

ur and surrounding islands. 3,180 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Different from Kei [kei]. Boundaries of intelligibility with diale
ounding islands. 3,180 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Different from Kei [kei]. Boundaries of intelligibility with dialects north a

eninsula; area south of Bituni bay, northeast of Arguni bay. 500 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Modan, Nabi Dialects:
ea south of Bituni bay, northeast of Arguni bay. 500 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Modan, Nabi Dialects: None kno

between east tip of Serui (Yapen) island and northwest mainland. 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lexical sim
east tip of Serui (Yapen) island and northwest mainland. 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71%

wer village. Lowlands area south of main ranges; headwaters of Sirac river tributaries, northeast of Senggo town. 100 (1998 M. Donoh
. Lowlands area south of main ranges; headwaters of Sirac river tributaries, northeast of Senggo town. 100 (1998 M. Donohue). Status

em, and Apiaweti villages. Northeast mainland interior; headwaters of Apauwer river. 2,500 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternat
iaweti villages. Northeast mainland interior; headwaters of Apauwer river. 2,500 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:

s. East bank, Mamberamo river, into highlands; southeast of Kasonaweja town. 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N
k, Mamberamo river, into highlands; southeast of Kasonaweja town. 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nap
hnic population: 130. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Taogwe Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Biritai [b
ation: 130. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Taogwe Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Biritai [bqq]. Classi

villages. Pacific coast area east of Sarmi town; lower Tor river area. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical s
cific coast area east of Sarmi town; lower Tor river area. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 4

nsudu village. 500 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ansudu Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor
ge. 500 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ansudu Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor

ges. North Halmahera island, interior from northwest coast. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kedi, South Lolo
Halmahera island, interior from northwest coast. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kedi, South Loloda Dialects

outh central coast. 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Ambon Dialects: None known. Distinct from Manu
al coast. 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Ambon Dialects: None known. Distinct from Manusela [wha]

d other villages; south tip, Selayar island. 800 (1997 SIL). 250 Laiyolo, 550 Barang-Barang. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: B
ages; south tip, Selayar island. 800 (1997 SIL). 250 Laiyolo, 550 Barang-Barang. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barang-Bara

slands; in pockets on north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, surrounding islands. 180,000 (2010). L2 users: Many L2 users. Status: 3 (Wide
ockets on north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, surrounding islands. 180,000 (2010). L2 users: Many L2 users. Status: 3 (Wider commun

d. At least 3 villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kawela, Lebatukan, Mulan Classification: Austronesi
3 villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kawela, Lebatukan, Mulan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo

etween Ile Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [lwe] language areas; several villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [lwe] language areas; several villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamatoka
coast, southwest of Waikabubak city. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Lamboya, Nggaura. Classification: Aus
hwest of Waikabubak city. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Lamboya, Nggaura. Classification: Austronesian,

munities; west, central, and south Lampung Province; nearby islands Sebuku, Sebesi, Tabuan, and Legundi; Sumatera Selatan Province,
est, central, and south Lampung Province; nearby islands Sebuku, Sebesi, Tabuan, and Legundi; Sumatera Selatan Province, south of M

ween Kanan and Seputih rivers. 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abung, Lampong Dialects: Abung, Melin
and Seputih rivers. 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abung, Lampong Dialects: Abung, Melinting, Suka

lages. Southwesternmost Ambon island coast, Hitu peninsula. 12,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Allang, Larike, Wak
hwesternmost Ambon island coast, Hitu peninsula. 12,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Allang, Larike, Wakasihu. The

and Malaoge villages. Buton island, southeast; Lasalima town area. 1,700 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. L
oge villages. Buton island, southeast; Lasalima town area. 1,700 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical simi

aputih bay, Point Latu. 2,130 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82%–84% with Saparua [spr] dialects. Classificati
Point Latu. 2,130 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82%–84% with Saparua [spr] dialects. Classification: Austro

bo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts. Northwest coast along Tomini bay, Sidoan river area. 44,000 (Himmelmann 2001). 6,000 use Am
and Ampibabo subdistricts. Northwest coast along Tomini bay, Sidoan river area. 44,000 (Himmelmann 2001). 6,000 use Ampibabo di

om Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso. 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laora Dialects: Laura, M
oru town west to Cape Karosso. 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laora Dialects: Laura, Mbukambe

antan Selatan Province, Kotabaru, Balangan, Tabalong regencies; Kalimantan Tengah Province, North, East, and South Barito regencies
tan Province, Kotabaru, Balangan, Tabalong regencies; Kalimantan Tengah Province, North, East, and South Barito regencies. 100,000 (
 northwest end of main bay and on south coast; Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages. 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
t end of main bay and on south coast; Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages. 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:

ween Lamalera [lmr] and Lamatuka [lmq] language areas. 7,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Mala
lera [lmr] and Lamatuka [lmq] language areas. 7,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

nd. 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Labalekan, Mingar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce
2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Labalekan, Mingar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East

Salassa villages. Inland from northeast coast, Bone bay; middle Rongko river area. Scattered in Sabbang, possibly Baebunta areas. 2,00
ages. Inland from northeast coast, Bone bay; middle Rongko river area. Scattered in Sabbang, possibly Baebunta areas. 2,000 (Vail 199

a. 3 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic,
2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Near middle Sogber river, north of Apmisibil town. 530 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Possible genetic similari
e Sogber river, north of Apmisibil town. 530 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Possible genetic similarities with M

fting). Dialects: None known. Marginal intelligibility and difficulty with written Luang [lex]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Luang [lex]. Class
ects: None known. Marginal intelligibility and difficulty with written Luang [lex]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Luang [lex]. Classification: A

d between Ile Ape [ila] and Lamalera [lmr] language areas. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lembata, Lew
Ile Ape [ila] and Lamalera [lmr] language areas. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lembata, Lewokukun, Le

land, between Lamatuka [lmq] and Kedang [ksx] language areas, several villages; north coastal plains villages are from recent governm
een Lamatuka [lmq] and Kedang [ksx] language areas, several villages; north coastal plains villages are from recent government-induce

across from Solor island, Lewotobi volcano area. 6,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southwest Lamaholot Classification: A
m Solor island, Lewotobi volcano area. 6,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southwest Lamaholot Classification: Austronesian

on island across From Muna island, part of Liabuku village north of Bau-Bau. 75 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects
cross From Muna island, part of Liabuku village north of Bau-Bau. 75 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Quite div

villages. Seram island, from east Teluti bay north to Seram Sea coast. 3,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Liam
ram island, from east Teluti bay north to Seram Sea coast. 3,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Liambata-Kobi,

Naltya town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eipo, Eipomek, T-Valley Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity
n. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eipo, Eipomek, T-Valley Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with

ff north coast of Sarmi. 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Moar Dialects: None
ast of Sarmi. 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Moar Dialects: None known. R

o, and Langko villages. Area near Lake Lindu. 2,400 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lindoe, Linduan
gko villages. Area near Lake Lindu. 2,400 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lindoe, Linduan, Tado Dia

-coastal, between Sika [ski] and Ende [end] language areas. 105,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aku, Lio, Li
etween Sika [ski] and Ende [end] language areas. 105,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tan

across north coast. 1,830 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lisabata, Noniali, Nuniali Dialects: Kawa, Lisabata-Timur, Nun
h coast. 1,830 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lisabata, Noniali, Nuniali Dialects: Kawa, Lisabata-Timur, Nuniali, Sukara
ds. 4 separate areas; largest area: northeast coast, lower inland Wae and Apo river valleys west of Kajeli town; other 3 areas westward
ate areas; largest area: northeast coast, lower inland Wae and Apo river valleys west of Kajeli town; other 3 areas westward across nor

uair villages. Aru island group; 3 islands east of Kobroor and Baun islands. 900 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lola, Warab
s. Aru island group; 3 islands east of Kobroor and Baun islands. 900 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lola, Warabal. Report

ak subdistrict, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang villages. Inland area watershed of lower Mongodow river. 3,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 8b
ict, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang villages. Inland area watershed of lower Mongodow river. 3,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly ex

om northern coast Ba’a town to south coast; North Lole dialect covers north and central regions of Lole domain. 20,000 (2002 UKAW).
n coast Ba’a town to south coast; North Lole dialect covers north and central regions of Lole domain. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic pop

t coast, nearby islands. 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Loda, North Loloda Dialects: Bakun. In
arby islands. 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Loda, North Loloda Dialects: Bakun. Intelligibilit

island, northwest coast. 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Koba [kpd] and, to a lesser
rthwest coast. 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Koba [kpd] and, to a lesser extent, Do

L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku,
s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram

, across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Letri Lg
etan strait to northwest Babar island. 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Letri Lgona, Lgona

an area. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Related to Kubu [kvb]. A member of macrolang
,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Related to Kubu [kvb]. A member of macrolanguage Mala
a, Luhu village. Boano and Kelang islands, west of Seram island. 6,500 (Collins 1983). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Piru D
age. Boano and Kelang islands, west of Seram island. 6,500 (Collins 1983). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Piru Dialects: Ba

yap River tributaries arise. 2 enclaves in western Sabah State. 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 47,500. Sta
ributaries arise. 2 enclaves in western Sabah State. 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 47,500. Status: 5 (Dev

un Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintang Awai, Dusun Tengah, Awang, and Patangkep Tutui subdistricts; sou
rau Kuala, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintang Awai, Dusun Tengah, Awang, and Patangkep Tutui subdistricts; south Tamiang

insula, north coast facing Buli bay; Wasilei area. 6,620 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bicoli, Bitjoli, Ingli Classification:
th coast facing Buli bay; Wasilei area. 6,620 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bicoli, Bitjoli, Ingli Classification: Austrones

ati island. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Palamul, Saparan, Sapran Dialects: Kawait. Classification: Au
600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Palamul, Saparan, Sapran Dialects: Kawait. Classification: Austronesian

nd west of Surabaja city, southwest of Madura island; other island groups with speakers include Sapudi, Bawean, and Kangean islands
Surabaja city, southwest of Madura island; other island groups with speakers include Sapudi, Bawean, and Kangean islands; Java Sea,

d, area around Ayamaru lakes. 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, M
und Ayamaru lakes. 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majb

st facing Arafura Sea; area from Arguni bay east, southeast toward Triton bay on south coast; westernmost extent, Papua Province (Pa
afura Sea; area from Arguni bay east, southeast toward Triton bay on south coast; westernmost extent, Papua Province (Papua Timur)

pang regencies. Interior highlands east of Enrekang town; both sides of Boya river. 50,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N
ncies. Interior highlands east of Enrekang town; both sides of Boya river. 50,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ma
 sula, most of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Takalar regencies. 2,130,000 (2000 census). L2 users: 400,000. Ethnic
of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Takalar regencies. 2,130,000 (2000 census). L2 users: 400,000. Ethnic Chinese sp

ast; nearby east Makian and south Mori islands; Kayoa, Bacan, and Obi islands. Transmigration project near Kao. 20,000. 18,000 or mo
east Makian and south Mori islands; Kayoa, Bacan, and Obi islands. Transmigration project near Kao. 20,000. 18,000 or more in East M

est coast near Gita town; west Makian island, some Kayoa islands. 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000
ar Gita town; west Makian island, some Kayoa islands. 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa I

trait, west of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] language areas. 120. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makleu Dialects: N
of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] language areas. 120. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makleu Dialects: None known

ctions of Kalimantan, and the island provinces between them; Riau, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, and Aceh provinces; Kalim
limantan, and the island provinces between them; Riau, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, and Aceh provinces; Kalimantan Bara

, and Saparua islands, coastal areas of Seram island; southern area: northwest Aru island group, Wamar island. 200,000 in Indonesia (1
ua islands, coastal areas of Seram island; southern area: northwest Aru island group, Wamar island. 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Colli

st of southern Halmahera island, Labuha Area; some on Mandioli Island. 6 (2012 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bac
ern Halmahera island, Labuha Area; some on Mandioli Island. 6 (2012 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bacan, Batjan

b (Threatened). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Balinese Malay arose as L1 in the Muslim community of Western Bali am
ned). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Balinese Malay arose as L1 in the Muslim community of Western Bali among immi

t of Seram island. 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: May better be considered a dialect of Moluccan (Ambonese) Malay [ab
island. 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: May better be considered a dialect of Moluccan (Ambonese) Malay [abs]. Classifi
ape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; south along Celebes Sea coast past Sepinang town to Cape
, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; south along Celebes Sea coast past Sepinang town to Cape Batube are

n river area, northwest of Limbungan town. 59,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bukat, Bukit, Meratus Dialects:
a, northwest of Limbungan town. 59,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bukat, Bukit, Meratus Dialects: None know

matang and Ogan river valleys, south of Muaraenim town, east and southeast of Lahat town; Bengkulu Province; central Bukit Barisan h
d Ogan river valleys, south of Muaraenim town, east and southeast of Lahat town; Bengkulu Province; central Bukit Barisan highlands w

hroughout; Sumatera Selatan Province, thin shared language zone running length of northern border; Riau Province, small corner area
Sumatera Selatan Province, thin shared language zone running length of northern border; Riau Province, small corner areas, Indragiri

ng areas, north along Belayen river; westward then south, central Mahakam river basin. 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (V
orth along Belayen river; westward then south, central Mahakam river basin. 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). D

pang city area. 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). L2 users: 100,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Regional L2. Alternate Names: Basa Kupa
area. 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). L2 users: 100,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Regional L2. Alternate Names: Basa Kupang, Kupan

ntuka city area. 20,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Nagi, Ende Malay, Melayu Larantuka, Nagi Classifica
area. 20,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Nagi, Ende Malay, Melayu Larantuka, Nagi Classification: Creole

1,880,000 (2000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Macassarese Malay, Makassarese Malay, Sulsel Indonesian, Ujun
2000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Macassarese Malay, Makassarese Malay, Sulsel Indonesian, Ujung Pandang

other areas in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces. 850,000 (2001). L2 users: 1,500,000. In North Sulawesi. Status: 3 (Wider comm
 s in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces. 850,000 (2001). L2 users: 1,500,000. In North Sulawesi. Status: 3 (Wider communication

mahera island; Sula and Obi island groups to south and west. 700,000 (2001 SIL). 100,000 monolinguals. L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Wh
nd; Sula and Obi island groups to south and west. 700,000 (2001 SIL). 100,000 monolinguals. L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). Statu

speakers combined. L2 users: 500,000 L1 and L2 speakers combined. Status: 3 (Wider communication).LWC in Papua Province. Used in
ombined. L2 users: 500,000 L1 and L2 speakers combined. Status: 3 (Wider communication).LWC in Papua Province. Used in market, s

Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Samarinda city area. 210,000 (Wurm an
river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Samarinda city area. 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1

t, Sukamara, Lamandau, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur and Katingan regencies; Kalimantan Barat Province, along Kapuas river, dispe
a, Lamandau, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur and Katingan regencies; Kalimantan Barat Province, along Kapuas river, dispersed betwe

ubdistrict, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages. Northward bend of Sadang river, northwest of Maiwa town. 5,000 (1986 SIL). S
Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages. Northward bend of Sadang river, northwest of Maiwa town. 5,000 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (

river; into Sulawesi Selatan Province, area north of Pare-Pare. 100,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mamasa To
Sulawesi Selatan Province, area north of Pare-Pare. 100,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mamasa Toraja Dialec

coastal area, Memboro town. 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Memboro Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
a, Memboro town. 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Memboro Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

kku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts on Makassar strait coast. 60,000 (1991 SIL). 50,000 in Mamuju dialect. Status: 6b (Threatened). A
udong-Budong subdistricts on Makassar strait coast. 60,000 (1991 SIL). 50,000 in Mamuju dialect. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
Mamuju regencies. Main area near Cape Mandar and Majene city; 3 coastal enclaves north of Majene city; northernmost point of provi
encies. Main area near Cape Mandar and Majene city; 3 coastal enclaves north of Majene city; northernmost point of province, coasta

y of upper Bu river. 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Nomadic. Christian,
Bu river. 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Nomadic. Christian, traditional

ween Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, extending towards Fly River border, Papua New Guinea. 10,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigo
hmerah and Mindiptanah towns, extending towards Fly River border, Papua New Guinea. 10,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte

and Kaisah villages. Area east of Digul river south of Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, to Fly River on Papua New Guinea border. 2
h villages. Area east of Digul river south of Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, to Fly River on Papua New Guinea border. 20,000 (200

border area, south of Jayapura. 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti Classificati
a, south of Jayapura. 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti Classification: Borde

rd. 900,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Central Manggarai (Ruteng), Eastern Manggarai, West-Central Manggarai, Western Mangg
. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Central Manggarai (Ruteng), Eastern Manggarai, West-Central Manggarai, Western Manggarai. Aroun

th coast; south to Sulabesi island, south tip. 7,280 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mangoli, Sula Mangoli Classification:
outh to Sulabesi island, south tip. 7,280 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mangoli, Sula Mangoli Classification: Austrones

, east, southeast from the Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cenderawasih bay. 12,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Altern
heast from the Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cenderawasih bay. 12,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names

m island. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Soow Huhelia Dialects: None known. Lexical simi
500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Soow Huhelia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64%
strait (Sungai) area as far as Wakua, west coast of Wokam island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Benjina; west e
gai) area as far as Wakua, west coast of Wokam island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Benjina; west end of Bara

ela mountain area; south, area along Teluti bay. 7,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wahai, Wahinama Dialects: H
ain area; south, area along Teluti bay. 7,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wahai, Wahinama Dialects: Hatuolu, Ka

anokwari town. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: The ethnic group emigrated to Micronesia and probably now speak either P
own. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: The ethnic group emigrated to Micronesia and probably now speak either Palauan [pa

nd fronting Cenderawasih bay. 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Warabori (Natabui, Warembori). Probably the same lan
Cenderawasih bay. 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Warabori (Natabui, Warembori). Probably the same language as M

h and west of Merauke city. Also enclave at southernmost extreme of province. 7,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na
of Merauke city. Also enclave at southernmost extreme of province. 7,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gaw

nayu village. Upper Bian river area. 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bian, Boven-Mbian, Northwest M
. Upper Bian river area. 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bian, Boven-Mbian, Northwest Marind Dia

up; Mariri island, east of Kobroor island. 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mairiri Dialects: None known. Lexical s
sland, east of Kobroor island. 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mairiri Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 8

Babar island, Marsela town area. 510 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Central Marsela, Marsela-South Bab
d, Marsela town area. 510 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Central Marsela, Marsela-South Babar Classific

est of Babar island, east central area across island. 520 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: East Marsela Class
r island, east central area across island. 520 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: East Marsela Classification: A
est of Babar island, western tip. 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: West Marsela Classification: Austronesian, M
r island, western tip. 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: West Marsela Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

sland off north coast east of Tor river mouth. 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
orth coast east of Tor river mouth. 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea

ortheast coast, up from Waru bay. 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bonfia Dialects: None known. Lexical simila
ast, up from Waru bay. 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bonfia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44% w

outh and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer river. 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mas
est of Sarmi, near Apauwer river. 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Masep, Potafa,

d Segaf islands. 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Me Dialects: Magey, Tomolol. Classification: Austron
nds. 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Me Dialects: Magey, Tomolol. Classification: Austronesian, Mal

es Wres, Mawes Dai, and Mawes Mukti villages. Northeast coastal area, southeast of Sarmi town; west bank of Buri river inland. 850 (2
awes Dai, and Mawes Mukti villages. Northeast coastal area, southeast of Sarmi town; west bank of Buri river inland. 850 (2006 SIL). S

Salawati islands. 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sailolof, Salawati, Samate Dialects: Banlol, Batanta
ands. 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sailolof, Salawati, Samate Dialects: Banlol, Batanta Island, Ma

Dosay villages. Area west of Lake Sentani. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Men
ges. Area west of Lake Sentani. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Men

nds, across from Padang city. 58,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mentawei, Mentawi Dialects: North Siber
from Padang city. 58,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mentawei, Mentawi Dialects: North Siberut, Pagai, S
ih bay. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: War Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East
(1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: War Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo

ers of Wosimi and Uremo rivers. 85 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miere, Muri Dialects: None known. Lexical simil
imi and Uremo rivers. 85 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miere, Muri Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 63%

st, west of Manokwari town. 14,800 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Arfak, Mansibaber, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah,
Manokwari town. 14,800 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Arfak, Mansibaber, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach D

d, Indian ocean coast, Sumatera Barat Province, Padang is central area; nearly half live outside central Sumatra; Sumatera Selantan, we
cean coast, Sumatera Barat Province, Padang is central area; nearly half live outside central Sumatra; Sumatera Selantan, west coast M

0 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kuangsu-Bonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang,
000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kuangsu-Bonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang, Malf Dialec

Coastal area of Wakde island, off the north coast, just east of Tor river. 550 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Wakde Cla
a of Wakde island, off the north coast, just east of Tor river. 550 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Wakde Classification:

the Mahakam, Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers. 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Benehes, Kelingan
am, Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers. 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Benehes, Kelingan (Long Wai

Kao river headwaters. 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Madole Dialects: North Modole, South Modole. Minim
eadwaters. 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Madole Dialects: North Modole, South Modole. Minimal differen

astern Salawati island around to Sorong city east and southeast. 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Me
awati island around to Sorong city east and southeast. 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mekwei, Moo

o known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maksela, Opselan Classification: Austronesian, M
1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maksela, Opselan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Pol

ura city, west of Senggi town. 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Poule Dialects: None known. Not closely related t
st of Senggi town. 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Poule Dialects: None known. Not closely related to any othe

lawi and Toro town areas. 5,500 (Barr, Barr, and Salombe 1979). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kulawi Dialects: None know
oro town areas. 5,500 (Barr, Barr, and Salombe 1979). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kulawi Dialects: None known. Reporte

m island; west of Marauke city across Arafura Sea. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kemelom, Kemeloms
est of Marauke city across Arafura Sea. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komol

main ranges; headwaters area of Brazza and Einladen rivers. 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. M
es; headwaters area of Brazza and Einladen rivers. 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. May be the

south of Silimo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq] language area. 2,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Som
limo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq] language area. 2,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Somage, Som

orth side from Poigar town west to Bijaj river; south side, between Pinolosian town and west of Belang town. 230,000 (2000 census). St
om Poigar town west to Bijaj river; south side, between Pinolosian town and west of Belang town. 230,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Sh

area. 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Migani Dialects: Awembak (Awembiak). Classi
0 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Migani Dialects: Awembak (Awembiak). Classification: Tr
y near Nabire. 700 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Austronesian Mor Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
ire. 700 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Austronesian Mor Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E

accluer Gulf, inland area, southeast of Mariar. 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström). Status: 8b (Near
f, inland area, southeast of Mariar. 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct)

a to Worbo generally. 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, trad
o generally. 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional relig

subdistricts, 25 villages; southeast peninsula neck, southeast of Lake Paso; into Sulawesi Selatan Province, Nuha subdistrict. 14,000 (1
ts, 25 villages; southeast peninsula neck, southeast of Lake Paso; into Sulawesi Selatan Province, Nuha subdistrict. 14,000 (1988 D. Me

ea; Sulawesi Tengah Province, Petasia, Lembo, and Bungku Tengah subdistricts, 24 villages; also into Sulawesi Selatan Province, around
si Tengah Province, Petasia, Lembo, and Bungku Tengah subdistricts, 24 villages; also into Sulawesi Selatan Province, around lakes Mat

st mainland, Rumbia mountains area. Kabaena island, Tokotu’a village; on the mainland portion opposite Kabaena; Wita Ea village. Wit
d, Rumbia mountains area. Kabaena island, Tokotu’a village; on the mainland portion opposite Kabaena; Wita Ea village. Wita Ea dialec

st to Ok Denom. Dintere dialect: 22 villages; Dinmane dialect: Dewok; Upper Dintere dialect: Aurarin hamlet. 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot). Stat
nom. Dintere dialect: 22 villages; Dinmane dialect: Dewok; Upper Dintere dialect: Aurarin hamlet. 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot). Status: 6a (Vig

erauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct)
st of Marind, west of Kanum. 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate

ni Bay, west of Manikion language area; Sebjor river basin. 8,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Meninggo, Meni
st of Manikion language area; Sebjor river basin. 8,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Meninggo, Meningo, Meya
Manokwari, and Kebar valley. 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Ke
, and Kebar valley. 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar Dialect

elitang Hulu Sekadau subdistricts. Area along Ayak and Belitang rivers, about 320 km upstream from Pontianak. 40,000 (Tjia 2007). Stat
u Sekadau subdistricts. Area along Ayak and Belitang rivers, about 320 km upstream from Pontianak. 40,000 (Tjia 2007). Status: 5 (Dev

t coast) islands; several nearby islands; possible community in Ambon city. 300,000 (2007 R. Van den Berg). Status: 6b (Threatened). Al
nds; several nearby islands; possible community in Ambon city. 300,000 (2007 R. Van den Berg). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na

(1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Natabui Dialects: None known. Probably the same language as Marau [mvr], report
Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Natabui Dialects: None known. Probably the same language as Marau [mvr], reportedly 96% l

district, southeast of Yetfa [yet] language area, Mot and Milki villages. 290 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Pos
utheast of Yetfa [yet] language area, Mot and Milki villages. 290 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Possible gene

ovince; Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downstream to eastern coastal swamplands; into northeast Lampung Provinc
usi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downstream to eastern coastal swamplands; into northeast Lampung Province; a few sm

uyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms] language areas. 8,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Ni
nd east of Wambon [wms] language areas. 8,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Niinati, Ninati

with Papua New Guinea. 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok
New Guinea. 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South

ay, Nafri village. 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Ch
age. 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Christian, tra
Lobo volcano north, west slopes, northeast of Ngad’a [nxg] language area. 50,000 (Forth 1993). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names
no north, west slopes, northeast of Ngad’a [nxg] language area. 50,000 (Forth 1993). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nagé, Nag

village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with H
known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Hulung [huk

e in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Iwur [iwo]. 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Statu
ter of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Iwur [iwo]. 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vig

and southeast of Nipsan [nps] language area, north slopes, east highlands area. 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Altern
east of Nipsan [nps] language area, north slopes, east highlands area. 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Name

a village. 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Possible genetic relationship to Tofanma [tlg]. Classification:
0 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Possible genetic relationship to Tofanma [tlg]. Classification: Unclassifi

es. Napu valley. 6,100 (2000 R. Hanna), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pekurehua Dialects: None known. Repor
alley. 6,100 (2000 R. Hanna), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pekurehua Dialects: None known. Reportedly mos

mments: 2006 survey data indicates language may not exist and could possibly be merged with Kosare [kiq]. Christian, traditional religi
006 survey data indicates language may not exist and could possibly be merged with Kosare [kiq]. Christian, traditional religion.

h, Gedung Menung, and Tanjung Baru villages. Nasal river area. 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorou
Menung, and Tanjung Baru villages. Nasal river area. 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialect

0 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kimaghima [kig] and Riantana [ran]. Classification:
. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kimaghima [kig] and Riantana [ran]. Classification: Trans-Ne
 ds, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Scattered. 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Scattered. 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Da

antar island, south, southwest of Kabir town. 1,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balungada, Klamu, Nédebang Classificatio
d, south, southwest of Kabir town. 1,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balungada, Klamu, Nédebang Classification: Trans-N

, between Manggarai [mqy], Ende [end], and Li’o [ljl] language areas. 60,000 (1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Badjava, B
Manggarai [mqy], Ende [end], and Li’o [ljl] language areas. 60,000 (1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Badjava, Bajava, Baja

paten Ngada and Kecamatan Golewa between Ngad’a [nxg] and Nage [nxe] language areas, Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, and Sanga Deto ad
da and Kecamatan Golewa between Ngad’a [nxg] and Nage [nxe] language areas, Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, and Sanga Deto administrativ

of Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers. 890,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Widely used as LWC for trade in
Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers. 890,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Widely used as LWC for trade in much of K

k Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhaps Ok Bon valleys, main range border area north of Muyu [kts] (Yongkom) and Morop [iwo] language areas. 1
sop, and perhaps Ok Bon valleys, main range border area north of Muyu [kts] (Yongkom) and Morop [iwo] language areas. 10,000 in In

r. 4,400 (2005). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Yali [yac] (Pass Valley), 62% with Walak [wlw]
05). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Yali [yac] (Pass Valley), 62% with Walak [wlw], and 50%

ds off west coast; Northwest dialect: Alasa area, west in Sirombu and Mandrehe areas; Central dialect: Gomo area, south in Teluk Dalam
coast; Northwest dialect: Alasa area, west in Sirombu and Mandrehe areas; Central dialect: Gomo area, south in Teluk Dalam and Batu

n area; 6 villages (originally from Nila island in south central Maluku). No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known
lages (originally from Nila island in south central Maluku). No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Reported

villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Nambrong Dialects: None know
000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Nambrong Dialects: None known. Lexical

a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-
). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok,

st west of Hmanggona. 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan Dialects: None know
Hmanggona. 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan Dialects: None known. Lexical

sa area. 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonefa, Kerema Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christi
0 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonefa, Kerema Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditio

ast, inland from west shore, Saleman bay. 500 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai Dialects: No
from west shore, Saleman bay. 500 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai Dialects: None known

upland from south coast. 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai Dialects: None known. Lex
m south coast. 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai Dialects: None known. Lexical similar

Titawai village. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Nusalaut Dialects: No
age. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Nusalaut Dialects: None known

r, Obogwi village. 120 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai Dialects: None known. Lexical simi
village. 120 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 78%
 and, east and west Oirata. 2 villages; Ambon city. 1,220 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maaro Dialects: None known
and west Oirata. 2 villages; Ambon city. 1,220 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maaro Dialects: None known. Not relate

stern corner of province; east of Lumbis town, north of Lundayeh town. 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 4,970
r of province; east of Lumbis town, north of Lundayeh town. 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 4,970. Status: 6a

nsula. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Onim, Sepa Dialects: Nikuda, Ogar, Patipi, Sepa. Classification: Aus
(Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Onim, Sepa Dialects: Nikuda, Ogar, Patipi, Sepa. Classification: Austronesian,

tatus: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Onin based

cond language only). Classification: Pidgin, Onin based

rth of Cyclops mountains, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Mal
ops mountains, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne

ricts, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in
Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subd

ost extent of Java island; facing Bali strait. 300,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banyuwangi Classification: A
of Java island; facing Bali strait. 300,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banyuwangi Classification: Austronesian

of south Kapuas river, large area south of Schwaner range, 7 villages; Kalimantan Barat Province, Melawi river watershed, east of Nang
apuas river, large area south of Schwaner range, 7 villages; Kalimantan Barat Province, Melawi river watershed, east of Nanga Serawai;

a, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistricts, 9 villages. Inland betwen Lake Mantana and Usu arm of north Bone bay. Central Sulawesi Provin
d Mangkutana subdistricts, 9 villages. Inland betwen Lake Mantana and Usu arm of north Bone bay. Central Sulawesi Province, Morow
h of Modole [mqo] language area, to mouth of Kao river. 3,310 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Pago, Pagoe Dialects: Isam
e [mqo] language area, to mouth of Kao river. 3,310 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Pago, Pagoe Dialects: Isam, Pagu, To

f Ampah town. 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bakau Dialects: None known. Le
own. 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bakau Dialects: None known. Lexical simila

ral Flores island. North coast, Flores mainland, northwest of Maumere, Nangahure village. 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigo
sland. North coast, Flores mainland, northwest of Maumere, Nangahure village. 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte

known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balamata, Palamata Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra
speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balamata, Palamata Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bung
rigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara, a

ma river; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko subdistricts, 2 villages. 800 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 800
lawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko subdistricts, 2 villages. 800 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 800. Status: 6b

st and west coasts. 6,000 (2005 D. Andersen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pantjana Dialects: Kalende (Lawele), Kapontori (
t coasts. 6,000 (2005 D. Andersen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pantjana Dialects: Kalende (Lawele), Kapontori (Akido), La

mulyo subdistrict. 9,000 (1983). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tapango Dialects: Bulo, Tapango. Lexical similarity: 87%–93%
district. 9,000 (1983). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tapango Dialects: Bulo, Tapango. Lexical similarity: 87%–93% between th

Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamma, Lamma’, Lemma, Mauta, Pantar Barat Dialects: Lamma’, M
pulation: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamma, Lamma’, Lemma, Mauta, Pantar Barat Dialects: Lamma’, Mauta, Tubb
t east of Rouffaer river juncture. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 23% with Sikaritai [tty].
uffaer river juncture. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 23% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classificati

600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Munggui [mth], Marau [mvr], and Ansus [a
SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Munggui [mth], Marau [mvr], and Ansus [and]. Classi

ow tip, southeast peninsula, west along the coast. 10,600 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
heast peninsula, west along the coast. 10,600 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E

Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore, 2 villages: Kecamatan, Amahai. 50 (1982). Very few left (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinc
nd, Elpaputih bay west shore, 2 villages: Kecamatan, Amahai. 50 (1982). Very few left (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classific

west coast, near northern provincial border; northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to near Argamakmur town south. 30,000 (2000
t, near northern provincial border; northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to near Argamakmur town south. 30,000 (2000 census). S

Walandano, Sibayu, and other villages. Scattered settlements as far north as Dampal Utara district. 4,500 (Quick 2007). Status: 6b (Thr
o, Sibayu, and other villages. Scattered settlements as far north as Dampal Utara district. 4,500 (Quick 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened).

ast coast, north of Timor, Uhak and Moning villages. 280 (Hinton 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tutunohan Dialect
north of Timor, Uhak and Moning villages. 280 (Hinton 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tutunohan Dialects: Moning,

on. There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Peco’, Pecok, Petjoh Dialects: None known
re some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Peco’, Pecok, Petjoh Dialects: None known. Influence

as Endi villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Jobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
ages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Jobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E
ang town area. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ponasakan Dialects: None known. Lexical sim
area. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ponasakan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75%

est of Mount Menyapa. 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aput Dialects: None known. Allegedly
nt Menyapa. 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aput Dialects: None known. Allegedly unintellig

ilang town. 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Nor
140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawa

ongkemuat town. 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borne
t town. 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang

bakung river areas. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Born
er areas. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North S

uer Gulf, Matamani river area, inland. 700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mogao Classification: Trans-New Guin
atamani river area, inland. 700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mogao Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South B

ang river; Longberang, Mensalong, and Bangalan town areas. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name
ongberang, Mensalong, and Bangalan town areas. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Putuk D

subdistrict; west coast, upper Bone bay, north of Kodeoha [vko] language area to Sulawesi Selatan Province border; some in Sulawesi
; west coast, upper Bone bay, north of Kodeoha [vko] language area to Sulawesi Selatan Province border; some in Sulawesi Selatan Pro

s island: area near Mount Watuweri; also, south of northern Kepo’ [kuk] language area. 6,000 (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N
ea near Mount Watuweri; also, south of northern Kepo’ [kuk] language area. 6,000 (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Raz

rict, 6 isolated mountain villages; also scattered in Sabbang, Limbong, Wotu, and Mangkutana districts; into Sulawesi Tengah Province,
ted mountain villages; also scattered in Sabbang, Limbong, Wotu, and Mangkutana districts; into Sulawesi Tengah Province, border are

2 villages. 200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

outhwest of Lake Tondano to northeast coast. 500 (Himmelmann and Wolff 1999), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989). Statu
f Lake Tondano to northeast coast. 500 (Himmelmann and Wolff 1999), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989). Status: 8b (Near

reas near Arga Makmur, Muara Aman, Curup, and Kapahiang towns; far west, Sumatera Selatan Province, Musi Rawas Ulu. 350,000 (20
rga Makmur, Muara Aman, Curup, and Kapahiang towns; far west, Sumatera Selatan Province, Musi Rawas Ulu. 350,000 (2000 census

between eastern Manggarai [mqy] and Riung [riu] language areas. 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Namu, Rem
eastern Manggarai [mqy] and Riung [riu] language areas. 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Namu, Rembong, Wan

rnate island. 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Retta Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of languages on north Pura. C
d. 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Retta Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of languages on north Pura. Classificatio

nd Voegelin 1977). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kimaam Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian,
n 1977). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kimaam Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian, traditional

lu subdistrict. Landak river area west of Kembayan town. 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Bekidoh, Rib
ct. Landak river area west of Kembayan town. 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Bekidoh, Ribun. Classifi
ndu, and Oe Pao domains. 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eastern Rote, Ringgou, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotine
e Pao domains. 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eastern Rote, Ringgou, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects

Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Far Eastern Manggarai
Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Far Eastern Manggarai Dialects: N

a island east of Wetar island. 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Romang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
st of Wetar island. 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Romang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg], and south of Wae Rana [wrx] language areas. 4,000 (2005 W. Arka). Status: 6a (Vigorous
Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg], and south of Wae Rana [wrx] language areas. 4,000 (2005 W. Arka). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classifica

bay, north of Wandamen peninsula. 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ron Classification: Austronesian, M
of Wandamen peninsula. 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ron Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

awak border, south of Benuang town. 850 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Merau Classification: Austron
r, south of Benuang town. 850 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Merau Classification: Austronesian, Ma

era island, Jailolo town area, north of Ternate and Tidore islands. 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua
Jailolo town area, north of Ternate and Tidore islands. 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua. Status: 5

s; northeast of Muaramalinau town. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sajau, Sujau Dialects: Pun
t of Muaramalinau town. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sajau, Sujau Dialects: Punan Basap,

ge. 50 (1989 SIL). Likely less than the 50 reported in 1989 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Lenkaitahe, Liamb
9 SIL). Likely less than the 50 reported in 1989 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Lenkaitahe, Liambata, Salas
ai villages. North central Seram island, Saleman bay. 4,800 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hatue, Sawai, Selema
North central Seram island, Saleman bay. 4,800 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hatue, Sawai, Seleman, Wahai

m, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Boalemo, Pagimana, Bunta, and Nuhon subdistricts, 136 villages. 76,000 (1978). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern
East Luwuk, Boalemo, Pagimana, Bunta, and Nuhon subdistricts, 136 villages. 76,000 (1978). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name

ver, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, and Tamaya villages. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karfas
f Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, and Tamaya villages. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karfasia, Samark

, both sides, west, south of Sanggau town. 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Dosan, Mayau, Sanggau. V
s, west, south of Sanggau town. 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Dosan, Mayau, Sanggau. Very heterog

la, Great Sangir island. 200,000 in Indonesia (Maryott 1993), increasing. 50,000 Siau, 10,000 Tagulandang. Population total all countrie
angir island. 200,000 in Indonesia (Maryott 1993), increasing. 50,000 Siau, 10,000 Tagulandang. Population total all countries: 255,000

oy, Tomalehu, and Kairatu villages. Saparua, nearby Seram islands. 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Iha-
hu, and Kairatu villages. Saparua, nearby Seram islands. 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Iha-Saparua, I

wa village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi

No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi

sangkayu subdistrict. Enclaves on Makassar strait north coast. 4,000 (Grimes and Grimes 1987). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam
ubdistrict. Enclaves on Makassar strait north coast. 4,000 (Grimes and Grimes 1987). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Doda

1989). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lombok Dialects: Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (
us: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lombok Dialects: Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central Sou
pen [wrp] language area, Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami river. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical s
anguage area, Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami river. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 7

, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puaral villages. 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: S
bararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puaral villages. 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Seuce Class

villages. Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, Weda bay, both coasts. 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (T
almahera island, southeast peninsula, Weda bay, both coasts. 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened

bdistrict, central Serui island, an island south of Yapen island near Serui. 300 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sar
entral Serui island, an island south of Yapen island near Serui. 300 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sarwar Use Cl

subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit river area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai,
s, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit river area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, and Como

ween Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. 3,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tanglapui Dialec
tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. 3,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tanglapui Dialects: Lalama

Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Seauk, Tempunak, Selimbau, and Silat rivers. 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a
to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Seauk, Tempunak, Selimbau, and Silat rivers. 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous

illage; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa villages. 900 (2009 S. Shore). 900 in Sedoa village; 3,000 ethnic Sedoa
o Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa villages. 900 (2009 S. Shore). 900 in Sedoa village; 3,000 ethnic Sedoa also live o

a around Longlaai town. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ga’ay, Segayi Dialects: Kelai, Segah. C
onglaai town. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ga’ay, Segayi Dialects: Kelai, Segah. Called Segay
ng, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. 1,200 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head C
, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. 1,200 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments:

north coast. 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hila-Kaitetu Dialects: Kaitetu, Seit (Seith). Lexical similarity: 8
. 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hila-Kaitetu Dialects: Kaitetu, Seit (Seith). Lexical similarity: 85% betwee

nclaves, northeast Bangka island and western Belitung island; Lepar, Liat, Mendanau, and others; Riau Province, offshore islands Bengk
rtheast Bangka island and western Belitung island; Lepar, Liat, Mendanau, and others; Riau Province, offshore islands Bengkalis, Rangs

t, Kokas area; one offshore island. 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Seka Dialects: None kn
ea; one offshore island. 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Seka Dialects: None known. Lexi

Limbong subdistrict. Northwestern corner of province. Also, Central Sulawesi Province, Palolo valley. 5,000 (1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Sek
ubdistrict. Northwestern corner of province. Also, Central Sulawesi Province, Palolo valley. 5,000 (1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area. Sta

g subdistrict; area along Betue river. 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pewanean, Pewa
t; area along Betue river. 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pewanean, Pewaneang, Poh

bar island group; Selaru island off southwest tip of main island Yamdena; Yamdena island itself; Nuswotar island off Yamdena west coa
group; Selaru island off southwest tip of main island Yamdena; Yamdena island itself; Nuswotar island off Yamdena west coast. Some in

nsus). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Salayar, Salayer, Saleier, Siladja, Silajara Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity
us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Salayar, Salayer, Saleier, Siladja, Silajara Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with

bis town; upper reaches of Sembakung river. 640 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,240. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt
pper reaches of Sembakung river. 640 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,240. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

Marantutu, and Makatian villages; Tanimbar island group, Yamdena island, southwest coast. 2,840 (Florey 2005). 740 in Makatian, 2,1
u, and Makatian villages; Tanimbar island group, Yamdena island, southwest coast. 2,840 (Florey 2005). 740 in Makatian, 2,100 in Selu

d Semandang river areas. 20,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kualan-Semandang Dialects: Beginci, Bihak
ng river areas. 20,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kualan-Semandang Dialects: Beginci, Bihak, Gerai, Ko

river mouth; west of Alang town. 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simba
th; west of Alang town. 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tinga

outh end extending west to Triton bay; Papua Timur Province, far west, border area west of Lake Jamur. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Sh
xtending west to Triton bay; Papua Timur Province, far west, border area west of Lake Jamur. 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alte

d Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq] and west of Asmat language areas. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nararapi Di
st of Kamoro [kgq] and west of Asmat language areas. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nararapi Dialects: Non

ered in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:
pua and other parts of Indonesia. 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Buyaka Di

ves along southwest coast between Elapaputih and Teluti bays. 2,600 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tamilouw Dia
outhwest coast between Elapaputih and Teluti bays. 2,600 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tamilouw Dialects: Non

ela island, northeast tip. 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easte
northeast tip. 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-
smigration area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Nila [nil]. Not intell
area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Nila [nil]. Not intelligible with

th of Serui. 5 villages. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arui Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% wi
5 villages. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arui Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Ansus [

ern bend area, Barito river, north along tributary. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ot Siang D
rea, Barito river, north along tributary. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ot Siang Dialects: Mu

Li’o [ljl] and Lamaholot [slp] language areas. 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krowe, Maum
d Lamaholot [slp] language areas. 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Si

ver junctions north, Mamberamo river, Sikari, Haya, and Iri villages. 800 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aikw
ns north, Mamberamo river, Sikari, Haya, and Iri villages. 800 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aikwakai, Arai

rtion, Simeulue island. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sichule, Sikhule, Wali Banuah Dialects: Lekon, Tapah. Reportedl
ulue island. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sichule, Sikhule, Wali Banuah Dialects: Lekon, Tapah. Reportedly similar to

ediately west of Baliem River, Amo and Kiniage valleys. 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:
est of Baliem River, Amo and Kiniage valleys. 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Paiyage, S

island; Babi and Banjak islands. 30,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Long Bano, Simalur, Simeuloë, Simulul Classification: A
i and Banjak islands. 30,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Long Bano, Simalur, Simeuloë, Simulul Classification: Austronesia

Tami river mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, and Sko-Sai villages. 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sekol
mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, and Sko-Sai villages. 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sekol, Sekou, Sk
al Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad’a [nxg] and Riung [riu] language areas. 10,000 (1994). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Soa
en Ngada, between Ngad’a [nxg] and Riung [riu] language areas. 10,000 (1994). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Soa Dialects: N

oast area east of Sarmi. 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Biga, Imasi
ast of Sarmi. 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Biga, Imasi, Liki Diale

. 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waina, Waina-Sowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina Classification: Bor
donesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waina, Waina-Sowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina Classification: Border, Waris

uris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, and Yougafsa villages. 1,300 (2000), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demta, Muri
Muris Kecil, Ambora, and Yougafsa villages. 1,300 (2000), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demta, Muris Classifica

bo river, along Maccluer bay, 15 villages. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau Di
ong Maccluer bay, 15 villages. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau Dialects: Non

pread, scattered on Mangole island, east and west ends, north coast, Buru island, northeast coast. 20,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor
ttered on Mangole island, east and west ends, north coast, Buru island, northeast coast. 20,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alter

the isthmus, Moyo island off northern coast. 300,000 (1989). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Semawa, Sumbawarese Classifica
s, Moyo island off northern coast. 300,000 (1989). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Semawa, Sumbawarese Classification: Austr

rd of the island, though generally inland from north shore; across border, Jawa Tengah Province, Cilacap regency. 34,000,000 (2000 ce
and, though generally inland from north shore; across border, Jawa Tengah Province, Cilacap regency. 34,000,000 (2000 census). Statu

coastal area and an island off north coast, east of Tor river. 560 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yamna Classifica
a and an island off north coast, east of Tor river. 560 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yamna Classification: Austr
 Gorontalo Province, Bunda river valley, east of Gorontalo city. 5,000 (2012 Y. Kitada). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bonda, Bon
Province, Bunda river valley, east of Gorontalo city. 5,000 (2012 Y. Kitada). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bonda, Bone, Bunda,

h Halmahera island. 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobaru Dialects: Adu, Nyeku. Northern dialect is the m
ra island. 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobaru Dialects: Adu, Nyeku. Northern dialect is the main one. D

n north coast east and west of Tanahmerah bay. 3,750 (1990 UBS). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah,
st east and west of Tanahmerah bay. 3,750 (1990 UBS). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmer

s. Main area along the northwest coast; Bone bay; west in Bastem subdistrict, along Rongkong river valley past Salutallang village; Sek
ea along the northwest coast; Bone bay; west in Bastem subdistrict, along Rongkong river valley past Salutallang village; Seko Lemo sub

donesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Semambu, Semembu, Sumambu, Sumambuq, Sumambu-Tagal Dialects: Alumbis (
atus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Semambu, Semembu, Sumambu, Sumambuq, Sumambu-Tagal Dialects: Alumbis (Loembis, Lu

area. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arso, Tajkat Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Awyi [a
Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arso, Tajkat Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Awyi [auw]. Classi

ubdistricts. 350 (Himmelmann 2001), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Andje, Lole, Petapa Classification: Aust
. 350 (Himmelmann 2001), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Andje, Lole, Petapa Classification: Austronesian, M

e subdistricts, 21 villages. Western shore, Tomini bay. 12,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Adjio, Kasimb
cts, 21 villages. Western shore, Tomini bay. 12,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Adjio, Kasimbar, Ta’adjio

r islands. 82,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talaur, Talaut, Talodda Dialects: Arangka’a, Awit, Beo, Dapalan
2,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talaur, Talaut, Talodda Dialects: Arangka’a, Awit, Beo, Dapalan (Riung), E
orthwest coast; some on Mangole island. 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 in Mangei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Taliabo Dialects:
oast; some on Mangole island. 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 in Mangei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Taliabo Dialects: Mananga,

district, Maligano village; northwest coast; Kapontori subdistrict, Wakalambe village, in southern island area. 550 (2005 R. Van den Be
aligano village; northwest coast; Kapontori subdistrict, Wakalambe village, in southern island area. 550 (2005 R. Van den Berg). 400 in M

trict, part of Bonehau village. 1,200 (2011 A. Tadollo), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talondo Kondo Dialects: Non
of Bonehau village. 1,200 (2011 A. Tadollo), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talondo Kondo Dialects: None known.

ar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq] language areas. 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiy
d west of Yaqay [jaq] language areas. 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar Diale

Kapuas river; upriver from Putussibau town. South of Mount Lawit. 30,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Ta
r; upriver from Putussibau town. South of Mount Lawit. 30,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Taman, Tama

bay, Gondu and Bapai rivers. 500 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sumeri, Sumerine Classification: Trans-New Gu
u and Bapai rivers. 500 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sumeri, Sumerine Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tana

men peninsula and Wohsimi river. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centr
sula and Wohsimi river. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

aot village. 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko Comments: Christian, trad
100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko Comments: Christian, traditional relig

Tarangan island east coast, and villages in Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor). 12 villages. 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 vill
sland east coast, and villages in Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor). 12 villages. 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 villages only.

rangan island west coast. 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. 0 monolinguals. L2 users: Used as L2 on Aru Islands, especially to the south. Stat
nd west coast. 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. 0 monolinguals. L2 users: Used as L2 on Aru Islands, especially to the south. Status: 5 (Deve

a village. 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sufrai, Tarfia Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kapti
30 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sufrai, Tarfia Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kaptiau [kbi] an

nau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau] and northwest of Edopi [dbf] language areas. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatene
Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau] and northwest of Edopi [dbf] language areas. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alterna

ts from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jol
u Archipelago in the Philippines. 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Joloano Sulu,

river, area around Palori town; border area, southeast Kalimantan Timur Province. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5 (Develop
around Palori town; border area, southeast Kalimantan Timur Province. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5 (Developing). Alter

Zorop [wfg], east of Emem [enr], and north of Towei [ttn] language areas, Dubu, Jembatan Web, and Affi villages. 220 (2005 SIL). Statu
], east of Emem [enr], and north of Towei [ttn] language areas, Dubu, Jembatan Web, and Affi villages. 220 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shiftin

Demba villages. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Demba Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with B
lages. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Demba Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Barapasi [b

ncy, most of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict, about 31 villages. 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b
of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict, about 31 villages. 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threaten
sland. 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tewa Dialects: Deing, Lebang, Madar. Deing (Diang) m
0 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tewa Dialects: Deing, Lebang, Madar. Deing (Diang) may be a sep

west Babar island. 1,050 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Masbuar-Tela, Tela’a Classification: Austronesian, Malay
island. 1,050 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Masbuar-Tela, Tela’a Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Silen, Taluti, Tehoru, Tihoru, Wolu Dialects: Laha Serani, West Teluti (Haya, Tehoru, Te
atus: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Silen, Taluti, Tehoru, Tihoru, Wolu Dialects: Laha Serani, West Teluti (Haya, Tehoru, Tehua, Wolu

nt Bromo. 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tenggerese Dialects: None known. May be marginally intelligi
80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tenggerese Dialects: None known. May be marginally intelligible with Ja

ds. 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tio’or Dialects: Gaur Kristen, Ut. Self-report to understand Kur [kuv]. Lexic
1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tio’or Dialects: Gaur Kristen, Ut. Self-report to understand Kur [kuv]. Lexical similarit

and off southeast coast of Pantar island, and one village on Pantar. 800 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-
theast coast of Pantar island, and one village on Pantar. 800 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guine

bafo, and Bokai domains. Central Rote island. 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Rote, Pa’da, Rote,
Bokai domains. Central Rote island. 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Rote, Pa’da, Rote, Rote Teng

rth end of Lapan bay; islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islands. Halmahera island; Damar, Yoronge islands off of southeasternmost
Lapan bay; islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islands. Halmahera island; Damar, Yoronge islands off of southeasternmost point, som

kers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ternatenyo Dialects: Spanish [spa] relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano an
s: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ternatenyo Dialects: Spanish [spa] relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects,
 stal. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Population total all countries: 463,500. L2 users: Additional 50,000 L2 speakers in both East Timor an
00 in Indonesia (2011). Population total all countries: 463,500. L2 users: Additional 50,000 L2 speakers in both East Timor and Indones

nd location area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easter
area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P

and Sibuka river deltas; Tarakan, Bunyu, Baru, Tibi, and nearby islands; coastal areas north to Point Sida; interior, Malinau river. 27,00
a river deltas; Tarakan, Bunyu, Baru, Tibi, and nearby islands; coastal areas north to Point Sida; interior, Malinau river. 27,000 in Indone

northern Moti islands. Also Halmahera island, west coast areas, facing in turn Tidore, Moti, and Kayaa islands. 26,000 (Wurm and Hatto
Moti islands. Also Halmahera island, west coast areas, facing in turn Tidore, Moti, and Kayaa islands. 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L

st of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole [llg], and south of Dengka [dnk] language areas. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alter
Oenale [row], west of Lole [llg], and south of Dengka [dnk] language areas. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Name

os, Entrop, Kota Raja, and Tanah Hitam villages. 100 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Enggros, Humboldt Jo
Kota Raja, and Tanah Hitam villages. 100 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Enggros, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayap

orth Halmahera; Maba and Wasile districts, Central Halmahera. Halmahera island, west coast, contiguous area surrounding Kao bay, in
ahera; Maba and Wasile districts, Central Halmahera. Halmahera island, west coast, contiguous area surrounding Kao bay, inland. Mor

ncy, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most of Namla villages. 250 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names
subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most of Namla villages. 250 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tofamna

e, South Konawe, Kolaka, and North Kolaka regencies, Mekongga district, west coast; broad area from Point Kolono, southeast peninsu
onawe, Kolaka, and North Kolaka regencies, Mekongga district, west coast; broad area from Point Kolono, southeast peninsula, extend
ta village. On east coast, Tolo bay, near Bungku town. 600 (Mead 1999). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity
On east coast, Tolo bay, near Bungku town. 600 (Mead 1999). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with

lages. On west coast, Tolo bay, south of Bungku town. 1,100 (Mead and Mead 1991). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baria,
west coast, Tolo bay, south of Bungku town. 1,100 (Mead and Mead 1991). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baria, Belala, M

ty, Tanawangko and Tomohon areas. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Minahasa, M
angko and Tomohon areas. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Minahasa, Minhasa, To

o subdistricts, 42 villages. Northeast coast along Tomini bay, inland. Southwest corner of Gorontalo Province. 30,000 (Himmelmann 20
cts, 42 villages. Northeast coast along Tomini bay, inland. Southwest corner of Gorontalo Province. 30,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status

a, Lake Tondano area southeast and east. 92,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
dano area southeast and east. 92,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tolou,

ke Manado; near Tombatu town. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tombatu Classific
o; near Tombatu town. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tombatu Classification: Aus

89), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tonsea’ Dialects: Airmadidi, Kalabat Atas, Kauditan, Likupang, Maumbi. Cla
sing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tonsea’ Dialects: Airmadidi, Kalabat Atas, Kauditan, Likupang, Maumbi. Classification:

oast, southern shore, Amurang bay inland. 150,000 (1990 J. Merrifield). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pakewa, Tompakew
ern shore, Amurang bay inland. 150,000 (1990 J. Merrifield). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pakewa, Tompakewa, Tountem

g subdistrict. Inland along Budong-Budong river. 450 (Yamaguchi and Nakashima 2001), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Le
ct. Inland along Budong-Budong river. 450 (Yamaguchi and Nakashima 2001), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Lexical simila
 s; border areas, Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency; possibly in Makassar city, west coast. 750,000 (2000 census), increasing. St
reas, Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency; possibly in Makassar city, west coast. 750,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (De

nd Dondo subdistricts, 29 villages. Northernmost portion of province; west coast, Dondo bay; Kabetan island; area southwest of Point
subdistricts, 29 villages. Northernmost portion of province; west coast, Dondo bay; Kabetan island; area southwest of Point Arus. 25,00

m village, south of Dubu [dmu] and west of Emem [enr] language areas. 120 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Towe
outh of Dubu [dmu] and west of Emem [enr] language areas. 120 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Towe Classificati

bdistrict, Mamberamo river east bank, between Kauwera [xau] and Bagusa [bqb] language areas. 300 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Mamberamo river east bank, between Kauwera [xau] and Bagusa [bqb] language areas. 300 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects:

anggom, south of Komyandaret. 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kotogüt, Tsakwambo, Tsokwambo Dialects: No
outh of Komyandaret. 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kotogüt, Tsakwambo, Tsokwambo Dialects: None known

Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, and Arwala villages. Wetar island west of Barat Daya archipelago; southeast end of island. 1,200 (199
Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, and Arwala villages. Wetar island west of Barat Daya archipelago; southeast end of island. 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 m

tricts, Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno villages; North Halmahera island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Tobelo district, Taboulamo area in
Bebseli, and Marasibno villages; North Halmahera island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Tobelo district, Taboulamo area in Kao distric

h, Kaledupa and Wangiwangi islands; also, Runduma islands, to east. Maluku, Bacan, Taliabu, Mongole, Buru, Sulabesi, Seram, and Amb
and Wangiwangi islands; also, Runduma islands, to east. Maluku, Bacan, Taliabu, Mongole, Buru, Sulabesi, Seram, and Ambon islands

th islands; northern Binongko and Tomea islands; South Sulawesi Province, Selayar regency, Madu, Kalaotoa, Bonerate, and Karompa
 northern Binongko and Tomea islands; South Sulawesi Province, Selayar regency, Madu, Kalaotoa, Bonerate, and Karompa islands. Ma

. 18,800 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Northeast Ambon, Sou Amana Teru Dialects: Liang, Tengah-Tengah, Tial, Tule
987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Northeast Ambon, Sou Amana Teru Dialects: Liang, Tengah-Tengah, Tial, Tulehu. Each d

ast Geelvink bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp] language area. 500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam
nk bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp] language area. 500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tarung

das, Dempar, and Melak towns; then down the Mahakam rivers, east around Djempang lake, area south of Muntaiwan town; Kaliman
ar, and Melak towns; then down the Mahakam rivers, east around Djempang lake, area south of Muntaiwan town; Kalimantan Tengah

700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Atoni, “Dawan” (pej.), Meto, Orang Gunung, “Rawan” (pej.), Timol, T
2009 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Atoni, “Dawan” (pej.), Meto, Orang Gunung, “Rawan” (pej.), Timol, Timor, “Tim

s, jir and Wokam islands west peninsula tip. 1,030 (2011 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Udjir Dialects: None known. Lexical
okam islands west peninsula tip. 1,030 (2011 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Udjir Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity:

Mandar regencies. Mostly interior area north of Majene town. 30,000 (1986 SIL). 18,000 in Polmas and Majene. Status: 6a (Vigorous). A
encies. Mostly interior area north of Majene town. 30,000 (1986 SIL). 18,000 in Polmas and Majene. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N

wi and Pipikoro subdistricts, 32 villages; along Lariang river and tributaries; Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, in enclave w
oro subdistricts, 32 villages; along Lariang river and tributaries; Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, in enclave within the S

an, Long Jelet Mesahan, and Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect) villages. 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
let Mesahan, and Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect) villages. 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
ng Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. Middle Malinau river. 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threate
, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. Middle Malinau river. 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte

anges east of Sela valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip valley, Yay valley, around Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon. 5,600 (2006 S
of Sela valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip valley, Yay valley, around Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon. 5,600 (2006 SIL), increas

d and southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland, some possible on Karas island itself. 400 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
hwest Bomberai peninsula mainland, some possible on Karas island itself. 400 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fa

amla [naa] and south of Molof [msl] language areas. 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few mon
and south of Molof [msl] language areas. 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals.

age. 250 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Senggi Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian
005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Senggi Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditiona

akar village. 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Takar Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Betaf [bfe]. Clas
e. 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Takar Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Betaf [bfe]. Classification:

st end. 6 villages. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Nusari, Woriasi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% w
lages. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Nusari, Woriasi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Kurud

, 2 separate enclaves between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] language areas. 3,000 (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Name
e enclaves between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] language areas. 3,000 (2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waerana

stern Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, Warsanbin, Selegop, Waifoi, Go, Kabilol, Kabare, and Nyandesawai villa
s Head, Sorong regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, Warsanbin, Selegop, Waifoi, Go, Kabilol, Kabare, and Nyandesawai villages. 300 (1
tal area, from Sasu town, inland to highland interior. 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wajo
om Sasu town, inland to highland interior. 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wajoli, Wayoli

elebut villages. 20,000 (2007 P. Seow). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lower Pyramid, Wodo Classification: Trans-New Guinea
ges. 20,000 (2007 P. Seow). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lower Pyramid, Wodo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Da

uage area. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kenon, Kenyam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut
3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kenon, Kenyam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Co

wasih bay along Wandamen bay extending to east end of Bintuni bay. 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:
along Wandamen bay extending to east end of Bintuni bay. 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bentoeni,

yn] and west of Wambon [wms] language areas. 1,180 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wanggo, Wangom Dialects: N
st of Wambon [wms] language areas. 1,180 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wanggo, Wangom Dialects: None know

ver basin north of Damal [uhn], northwest of Dem [dem], south of Kirikiri [kiy], Iau [tmu], and Duvle [duv], east of Moni [mnz], west of
orth of Damal [uhn], northwest of Dem [dem], south of Kirikiri [kiy], Iau [tmu], and Duvle [duv], east of Moni [mnz], west of Western D

west coast, southeast of Waikabubak city. 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wanokaka Dialect
, southeast of Waikabubak city. 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wanokaka Dialects: Rua, Wa

d west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi villages. 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Waremb
Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi villages. 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Waremboivoro, W

wt] language area on upper Biri river, south side, Maweswares village. 200 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwer
e area on upper Biri river, south side, Maweswares village. 200 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-T
s subdistrict, south of Jayapura. 1,500 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Walsa Classification: Border, Waris Com
ct, south of Jayapura. 1,500 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Walsa Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Ch

urm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wari, Weretai Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Different from
Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wari, Weretai Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Different from Waris [wrs

ges to east and Sawi [saw] language to west, lower Eilanden river. 3 villages. 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
and Sawi [saw] language to west, lower Eilanden river. 3 villages. 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bipi

dialect: south of the Wandamen bay. 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aropen, Wonti, Worpen Dialects: Ambum
uth of the Wandamen bay. 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aropen, Wonti, Worpen Dialects: Ambumi, Napan, W

a subdistrict, Mopute village. Interior area; north of confluence of Solo and Lindu rivers. 350 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt
ct, Mopute village. Interior area; north of confluence of Solo and Lindu rivers. 350 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na

th of Kur island. 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esiriun, Kasiui, Kasui, Kesui, Matabello, Snabi Watubela, Wes
sland. 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esiriun, Kasiui, Kasui, Kesui, Matabello, Snabi Watubela, Wesi Dialects:

nd, Wauyai village. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P
village. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

enui islands near Kendari port. 30,000 (2004 D. Andersen), increasing. 22,500 Wawonii, 7,500 Menui. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N
s near Kendari port. 30,000 (2004 D. Andersen), increasing. 22,500 Wawonii, 7,500 Menui. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wo

or. 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Veveva, Waidjewa, Wajewa, West Sumbanese, Wewewa, Wewjewa, Weyew
(2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Veveva, Waidjewa, Wajewa, West Sumbanese, Wewewa, Wewjewa, Weyewa Dialects
coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; southwest Seram, northeast of Kairatu town. 6,000 (2000 census). 0 monolinguals. Ethnic pop
Taniwel to Walakone towns; southwest Seram, northeast of Kairatu town. 6,000 (2000 census). 0 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,

a, southeast coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on central north coast. 3,700 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
st coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on central north coast. 3,700 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: K

ages. 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wo’oi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Pom
(2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wo’oi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Pom [pmo], Ma

Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] language area, northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes and northwest of Moni [mnz] lan
go rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] language area, northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes and northwest of Moni [mnz] language are

t towards Buntung strait; Baubau city, adjacent areas northeast and east. 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does no
Buntung strait; Baubau city, adjacent areas northeast and east. 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does not include th

5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei
Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 63% with

district, Lampenai, and Bawalipu villages. Northern end of Bone bay; coast near mouth of Kalaena river between Wotu and Angkona vi
mpenai, and Bawalipu villages. Northern end of Bone bay; coast near mouth of Kalaena river between Wotu and Angkona villages. 500

bay between lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers. 500 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yah
n lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers. 500 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian Diale

west of Teluti bay. 1,700 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atamanu, Awaiya, Jahalatan, Jahalatane Dialects: Slight
uti bay. 1,700 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atamanu, Awaiya, Jahalatan, Jahalatane Dialects: Slight dialect diff

, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguruk. 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monol
t of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguruk. 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Eth

[nlc] and east of Grand Valley Dani language areas. 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Angguruk, Northe
ast of Grand Valley Dani language areas. 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Angguruk, Northern Yali, Ya

east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat villages; Elelim, transmigrated by government in 1989 following earthquake.
ba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat villages; Elelim, transmigrated by government in 1989 following earthquake. More than

orthwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima regencies. 5,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abendago, Nor
f Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima regencies. 5,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abendago, North Ngalik,

islands; east coast Yamdena island, down to north tip of Selaru island. Latdalam village, southwest Yamdena. 25,000 (1991 SIL), decrea
st coast Yamdena island, down to north tip of Selaru island. Latdalam village, southwest Yamdena. 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethni

Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu] language areas. 10,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jaka
yt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu] language areas. 10,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jakai, Jaqai, Ma

off north coast east of Biri river. 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern
oast east of Biri river. 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P

eresiam [ire] language area. 350 (1978 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jaur Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
e] language area. 350 (1978 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jaur Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea
erior villages, and 18 south coast villages, all in the central portion of the island. 10,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Nam
s, and 18 south coast villages, all in the central portion of the island. 10,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mante

ong Maro river. 6 villages. 2,390 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey Dialects: Lower Yei, Upper Yei. Di
iver. 6 villages. 2,390 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey Dialects: Lower Yei, Upper Yei. Dialects mutu

ait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island and mainland. 400 (1978 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelm
n Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island and mainland. 400 (1978 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmi

nd around Yamur lake; into Papua Barat Province, area north of Omba river. 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Be
Yamur lake; into Papua Barat Province, area north of Omba river. 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Beduba, Iresi

as; into Papua Barat Province, southern end, Wandamen peninsula. 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Goni, Umar, Um
pua Barat Province, southern end, Wandamen peninsula. 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Goni, Umar, Umari Classific

bdistrict, border area east and north of Sobger river, south of Ji mountain. 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue). Status: 3 (W
order area east and north of Sobger river, south of Ji mountain. 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue). Status: 3 (Wider comm

Mamberamo river, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coast from interior. 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern
mo river, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coast from interior. 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name

of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu. 230 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jafi, Jafi Wagarindem,
a, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu. 230 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jafi, Jafi Wagarindem, Wagarinde
00 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Avinomen, “Baso” (pej.), Foja, Foya Classification: Languag
Ma, and Donohue 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Avinomen, “Baso” (pej.), Foja, Foya Classification: Language isolate C

Abui Selatan, Alakaman, Atimelang. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang [woi] (Woisika). May be more than 1
an, Alakaman, Atimelang. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang [woi] (Woisika). May be more than 1 language

berau mountain range. 3,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun Dialects: Abun Je, Abu
ntain range. 3,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun Dialects: Abun Je, Abun Ji (Madi

ies: 3,500,032. Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. Alternate Names: Acehnese, Achehne
032. Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. Alternate Names: Acehnese, Achehnese, Achines

tened). Alternate Names: Alor Dialects: Aimoli. Because of linguistic differences and social identity, considered a separate language fro
ternate Names: Alor Dialects: Aimoli. Because of linguistic differences and social identity, considered a separate language from Kabola

usa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwerang Dialects: East Adonara, East Solor, West Adonara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwerang Dialects: East Adonara, East Solor, West Adonara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra

reatened). Alternate Names: Djair, Dyair Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Different from Ag
Alternate Names: Djair, Dyair Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Different from Aghu-Tharn

1,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwer
8 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West C
te Names: Alorese Dialects: Baranusa, Muna. Not inherently intelligible with Lembata languages or Adonara [adr]. Classification: Austro
Alorese Dialects: Baranusa, Muna. Not inherently intelligible with Lembata languages or Adonara [adr]. Classification: Austronesian, M

eren, Sapalewa Dialects: Central East Alune (Buriah-Weth-Laturake), Central West Alune (Niniari-Piru-Riring-Lumoli), Kairatu, North Co
lewa Dialects: Central East Alune (Buriah-Weth-Laturake), Central West Alune (Niniari-Piru-Riring-Lumoli), Kairatu, North Coastal Alune

utah, Soahuku. Lexical similarity: 87% with Makariki and Rutah dialects, probably 2 languages; 59%–69% with Saparua [spr], 59% with K
uku. Lexical similarity: 87% with Makariki and Rutah dialects, probably 2 languages; 59%–69% with Saparua [spr], 59% with Kamarian [

urrounded by Helong [heg] language area. 70,000 (2011 UBB-GMIT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Timor Amarasi, Uab Met
by Helong [heg] language area. 70,000 (2011 UBB-GMIT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Timor Amarasi, Uab Meto Dialects

south coast of Serui island. 10,100 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambai-Menawi Dialects: Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), M
of Serui island. 10,100 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambai-Menawi Dialects: Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), Manawi, Ra

ulation: 5,700. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amblau Dialects: None known. Not intelligible with Buru [mhs]. Classification: Au
00. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amblau Dialects: None known. Not intelligible with Buru [mhs]. Classification: Austronesia

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam Comments: Traditional religion.

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam Comments: Traditional religion.

sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

nate Names: Bapu Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
s: Bapu Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ames: Andio’o, “Bobongko” (pej.), Imbao’o, Masama Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobongko [bgb], 60% with Bat
io’o, “Bobongko” (pej.), Imbao’o, Masama Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobongko [bgb], 60% with Batui [zbt], 62

SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau [mvr] and Papuma [ppm], 77% with Wandamen
: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau [mvr] and Papuma [ppm], 77% with Wandamen [wad]. Cla

es: Koroernoes, Korur Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Podena [pdn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cen
noes, Korur Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Podena [pdn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easter

gah Province. 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Penihing Dialects: None known. Lexical similarit
ce. 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Penihing Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% wit

n 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ilputih, Opotai, Tutunohan Dialects: Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Welemur dialect h
atus: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ilputih, Opotai, Tutunohan Dialects: Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Welemur dialect has no rem

xical similarity: 84%–89% with other dialects listed, 75%–80% with Bambam [ptu], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumandak [ulm] dialects. Classifi
rity: 84%–89% with other dialects listed, 75%–80% with Bambam [ptu], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumandak [ulm] dialects. Classification: Au

(Threatened). Alternate Names: Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban Dialects: Dombano (Arandai). Lexical similarity: 71% with the
ed). Alternate Names: Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban Dialects: Dombano (Arandai). Lexical similarity: 71% with the Kembera

Names: Argoeni Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Trad
oeni Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Traditional relig

urm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with some dialects on Misool Island. Classification: Austronesian, M
Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with some dialects on Misool Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
sers: Spoken as L2 in northwest Ambon, north and west Seram, Manipa, Boano, and Kelang islands. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects:
en as L2 in northwest Ambon, north and west Seram, Manipa, Boano, and Kelang islands. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Asilulu, Ne

Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaweinag Dialects: Matia, Sapan (Safan). Classification: Trans-New
3,400 in Sapan. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaweinag Dialects: Matia, Sapan (Safan). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, As

southwest, inland. Also, Mappi regency, Nambai and Edera subdistricts. Digul river delta area. 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolin
, inland. Also, Mappi regency, Nambai and Edera subdistricts. Digul river delta area. 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual. Stat

orous). Alternate Names: Keenok Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ernate Names: Keenok Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

fication: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaugat Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
rous). Alternate Names: Kaugat Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

L). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Auwje Dialects: None known. Related to Ekari [ekg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, We
5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Auwje Dialects: None known. Related to Ekari [ekg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel

Not related to these language families: Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna [mqf], or highland languages like Dani [dnw], or Mek family
d to these language families: Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna [mqf], or highland languages like Dani [dnw], or Mek family. Lexical sim

ing). Classification: Lakes Plain, Awera Comments: Community shared with 100 Ansus [and] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Lakes Plain, Awera Comments: Community shared with 100 Ansus [and] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.
8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao Classification: Border, Taikat Comments: Distinct from Auye [auu] in Eka
nd). Alternate Names: Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao Classification: Border, Taikat Comments: Distinct from Auye [auu] in Ekari-Wolani

ames: Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Edera Awyu [awy] and South Awyu [aws], but distinct from
o, Miaro Awyu, Pisa Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Edera Awyu [awy] and South Awyu [aws], but distinct from Central A

ma town. 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon Dialects: 4 dialect
500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon Dialects: 4 dialects. Classifica

er, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional r
Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

mut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Jair, Yair Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
assification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

agha, Syiagha, Yenimu Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
gha, Yenimu Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ect variation reported. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: C
n reported. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

s: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Bab
rous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comme

dialect in northern Mamuju regency, Pasangkayu subdistrict; Some in Ampibabo subdistrict, Lemusa village. 6,800 (Martens 1989), incr
orthern Mamuju regency, Pasangkayu subdistrict; Some in Ampibabo subdistrict, Lemusa village. 6,800 (Martens 1989), increasing. Sta

kabumi city area, 1 village, and Cikajang city area; Jawa Timur Province, extreme southwest portion, south of Banyubiru bay. 20,000 (2
y area, 1 village, and Cikajang city area; Jawa Timur Province, extreme southwest portion, south of Banyubiru bay. 20,000 (2000 censu

te Names: Kapeso, Suaseso Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerb
Kapeso, Suaseso Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba

tened). Alternate Names: Patimuni Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Iha [ihp]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wes
ternate Names: Patimuni Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Iha [ihp]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomber

m rivers. 19,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Ka
9,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenya

onsoewaai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Tomadino [tdi], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe
Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Tomadino [tdi], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Cla

njai regencies; Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Tenggara provinces; Gorontalo Province, Popayato and Tilamuta subdistricts; Maluku Ut
ies; Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Tenggara provinces; Gorontalo Province, Popayato and Tilamuta subdistricts; Maluku Utara Provinc

tiq, Bekati Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’
 Developing). Alternate Names: Bekati’ Kendayan, Bekati’ Nyam-Pelayo, Bekatiq, Lara’, Luru Dialects: Bina’e. Classification: Austronesia
g). Alternate Names: Bekati’ Kendayan, Bekati’ Nyam-Pelayo, Bekatiq, Lara’, Luru Dialects: Bina’e. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

nces. Unidirectional intelligibility of Rara-Bakati’ [lra] by Sara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’
rectional intelligibility of Rara-Bakati’ [lra] by Sara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’

entral Kalimantan Province. Alternate Names: Bakambai, Bara-Jida Dialects: Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Lexica
mantan Province. Alternate Names: Bakambai, Bara-Jida Dialects: Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Lexical similarity

Names: Balaesan, Balaisang, Pajo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comment
aesan, Balaisang, Pajo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Muslim.

0 SIL), increasing. 3,000 monolinguals. L2 users: Speakers of other area languages use Balantak as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
easing. 3,000 monolinguals. L2 users: Speakers of other area languages use Balantak as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: B

si. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balinese Dialect
immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balinese Dialects: Highland

7). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Pitu Uluna Salu, Pitu-Ulunna-Salu Dialects: Bambam Hulu, Bumal, Issilita’, Matangnga, Me
5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Pitu Uluna Salu, Pitu-Ulunna-Salu Dialects: Bambam Hulu, Bumal, Issilita’, Matangnga, Mehalaan, Pa

(Shifting). Dialects: Elat, Eli. Different from other south Maluku languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas
Dialects: Elat, Eli. Different from other south Maluku languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

nggaiy, Banggay, Banggaya Dialects: East Banggai, West Banggai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Salu
ggay, Banggaya Dialects: East Banggai, West Banggai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Bangga
orous). Dialects: Capital City Urban Bangka, Central Bangka, Lom (Belom, Mapor), North Bangka, Port Urban Bangka, South Bangka. A
alects: Capital City Urban Bangka, Central Bangka, Lom (Belom, Mapor), North Bangka, Port Urban Bangka, South Bangka. A member o

Selatan Province, around Banjarmasin, to south then east; Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal regions of Pulau Laut, Kutai, and Pasir, n
vince, around Banjarmasin, to south then east; Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal regions of Pulau Laut, Kutai, and Pasir, north towar

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Christian.

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Christian.

4,450 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Workai Dialects: Barakai, Mesiang. Reportedly similar to Karey [kyd]. Lexical
1 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Workai Dialects: Barakai, Mesiang. Reportedly similar to Karey [kyd]. Lexical similarity:

ned). Alternate Names: Baropasi Dialects: Marikai, Sipisi. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei [kpi], 71% with Sauri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [
nate Names: Baropasi Dialects: Marikai, Sipisi. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei [kpi], 71% with Sauri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% w

ds. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ende Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Da’a Kaili [kzf], 85% with Inde dialect of Kaili, Da
8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ende Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Da’a Kaili [kzf], 85% with Inde dialect of Kaili, Da’a [kzf], 80

rau, Binatang, Bulungan, Dumaring, Jembayan, Karangan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau
ng, Bulungan, Dumaring, Jembayan, Karangan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau Comment

0,000 Alas, 50,000 Kluet, and 65,000 Singkil. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alas-Kluet Batak Dialects: Alas, Kluet, Singkil (Kade
50,000 Kluet, and 65,000 Singkil. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alas-Kluet Batak Dialects: Alas, Kluet, Singkil (Kade-Kade). Al

Names: Anakola, Angkola Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Mandailing Batak [btm], but distinct sociolinguistically. Classifica
akola, Angkola Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Mandailing Batak [btm], but distinct sociolinguistically. Classification: Aust
ing). Alternate Names: Dairi, Pakpak, Pakpak Dairi Dialects: Diari and Pakpak dialects are sociolinguistically distinct. Classification: Aust
nate Names: Dairi, Pakpak, Pakpak Dairi Dialects: Diari and Pakpak dialects are sociolinguistically distinct. Classification: Austronesian, M

te Names: Karo Batak Dialects: Singkil. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Nor
Karo Batak Dialects: Singkil. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Com

). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batta, Mandailing Batak Dialects: None known. Sociolinguistically different from Angkola Bat
6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batta, Mandailing Batak Dialects: None known. Sociolinguistically different from Angkola Batak [akb]. C

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan

cts: None known. Reportedly similar to Angkola Batak [akb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barri
nown. Reportedly similar to Angkola Batak [akb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands,

Dialects: None known. Related to Geser-Gorom [ges] and Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea
None known. Related to Geser-Gorom [ges] and Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mal

900, decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baha Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Saluan [loe], 60% with A
asing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baha Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Saluan [loe], 60% with Andio [bzb

None known. Slightly more distant from Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Barakai [baj] and Karey [kyd], 81% with Mariri [mqi].
wn. Slightly more distant from Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Barakai [baj] and Karey [kyd], 81% with Mariri [mqi]. Classificati

Itaba villages. Extensive inland area between Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers. 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Develo
ges. Extensive inland area between Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers. 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alte
Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono [awh]. Classifi
, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono [awh]. Classification: Ba

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomber
al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai Commen

asing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ako, Besoa Dialects: None known. Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically d
us: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ako, Besoa Dialects: None known. Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct fro

nguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Boneraf, Bonerif Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Edwas may be the n
us: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Boneraf, Bonerif Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Edwas may be the name prefe

ate Names: Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggoi, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei-Kaclakin, Uhei-Kahlakim Dialects: Balakeo, Benggoi, Lesa. Lexical similarity
: Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggoi, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei-Kaclakin, Uhei-Kahlakim Dialects: Balakeo, Benggoi, Lesa. Lexical similarity: 70% with

40 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Benkala Sign Language, Kata Kolok Classification: Deaf sign language Com
nguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Benkala Sign Language, Kata Kolok Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: In

et. 25,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bentong-Dentong, Dentong Dialects: None known. Reportedly most s
(1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bentong-Dentong, Dentong Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to K

antiang, Njadu, Nyadu Dialects: Nyadu (Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu), Pandu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Day
adu, Nyadu Dialects: Nyadu (Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu), Pandu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak

mbor villages. North coast area along mid and upper Tor river, inland from Sarmi peninsula. 1,200 (1994 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened).
es. North coast area along mid and upper Tor river, inland from Sarmi peninsula. 1,200 (1994 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N

Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

a, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
us). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ba

rm 2000). L2 users: A few thousand L2 users. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, My
L2 users: A few thousand L2 users. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, N

Lundu, Pueh, Siburan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central Comments: May be distinct
ueh, Siburan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central Comments: May be distinct from Biat

Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sadong, Serian, Tebakang Dialects: Bukar Bidayuh (Bidayah, Bidayuh), Bukar Sadong. Classification: A
ung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sadong, Serian, Tebakang Dialects: Bukar Bidayuh (Bidayah, Bidayuh), Bukar Sadong. Classification: Austronesia

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawas
stern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja

nic population: 7,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects:
tion: 7,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Bilba, Diu,

island area. 500,000 (1989). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bimanese Dialects: Bima, Kolo, Mbojo, Sangar (Sanggar), Tolower
a. 500,000 (1989). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bimanese Dialects: Bima, Kolo, Mbojo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri. Classifica
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.
Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

n. Lexical similarity: 69% with Obokuitai [afz], 61% with Eritai [ert], 60% with Kwerisa [kkb], 69% with Kaiy [tcq]. Classification: Lakes Pl
similarity: 69% with Obokuitai [afz], 61% with Eritai [ert], 60% with Kwerisa [kkb], 69% with Kaiy [tcq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku

Kaera, Pura, Tarang Dialects: Apuri, Bakalang, Limarahing, Pura. Retta [ret], spoken on south Pura and nearby islands, is a separate lan
a, Tarang Dialects: Apuri, Bakalang, Limarahing, Pura. Retta [ret], spoken on south Pura and nearby islands, is a separate language. Cla

. Alternate Names: Boan-diks, Bolano Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 83% with Totoli [txe]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
e Names: Boan-diks, Bolano Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 83% with Totoli [txe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne

None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs] (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo
wn. Lexical similarity: 60% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs] (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi

500 (Mead 2001). 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Different from Andio [bzb].
2001). 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Different from Andio [bzb]. Lexical sim

ened). Alternate Names: Ahtiago, Atiahu, Hatumeten, Ntau, Werinama Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Sepa [spb] a
ernate Names: Ahtiago, Atiahu, Hatumeten, Ntau, Werinama Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [

00 (Sneddon and Usup 1986). Atinggola 16,000, Bolango 7,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atinggola-Bolango, Bolaang
n and Usup 1986). Atinggola 16,000, Bolango 7,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atinggola-Bolango, Bolaang Uki, Bolan

dialect of Tidong [tid] or Segai [sge]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic,
Tidong [tid] or Segai [sge]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong Co
. Lexical similarity: 79%–81% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 31% with Kalao [kly], 25% with Laiyolo [lji]. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
milarity: 79%–81% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 31% with Kalao [kly], 25% with Laiyolo [lji]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sar
ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapur

bund). Alternate Names: Bubudong, Tangkou, Tongkou Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Aralle-Tabulahan [atq] and Uluma
ernate Names: Bubudong, Tangkou, Tongkou Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Aralle-Tabulahan [atq] and Ulumandak [ulm

ward through to head of Bone bay, contiguous coastal area; interior near Sulawesi Tenggara, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tenggara Prov
gh to head of Bone bay, contiguous coastal area; interior near Sulawesi Tenggara, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tenggara Province, south

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

Names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan Dialects: Punan Busang, Punan Ukit. Classification: Austronesian, M
katan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan Dialects: Punan Busang, Punan Ukit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Gu
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South

ernate Names: Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae’, Marae Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor Comments: Smal
mes: Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae’, Marae Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor Comments: Small groups sc

villages; northern Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Konawe regency, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts; Tulambatu and Kenduri areas
rthern Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Konawe regency, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts; Tulambatu and Kenduri areas inland; inte
ensus). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bual, Bwool, Bwo’ol, Dia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Totoli [tx
tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bual, Bwool, Bwo’ol, Dia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Totoli [txe]. Classifi

n. Lexical similarity: 69% with Demisa [dei], 75% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Seminomadic. Traditi
similarity: 69% with Demisa [dei], 75% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Seminomadic. Traditional religi

ous). Alternate Names: Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: le
nate Names: Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: less than 5%

asarete, 14,300 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boeroe, Buruese Dialects: Central Buru (R
,300 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boeroe, Buruese Dialects: Central Buru (Rana, Wae

wyu, Ok, Western

e Names: Berusuh, Bulusu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

Berusuh, Bulusu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

y southwest. 1,000 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor Dialects: N
st. 1,000 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor Dialects: None know

700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 71% with Ansus [and], 63% with Serui-Laut [seu]. C
R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 71% with Ansus [and], 63% with Serui-Laut [seu]. Classificatio

ames: Bosoa Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Kambe-Kambero (probably a dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]), 70%–79% with Muna diale
oa Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Kambe-Kambero (probably a dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]), 70%–79% with Muna dialects, 71% w
Tallumpanuae, Tasing, Tjampalagian Dialects: Buku, Campalagian. Lexical similarity: 50%–58% with Mandar [mdr], 50%–62% with Bug
uae, Tasing, Tjampalagian Dialects: Buku, Campalagian. Lexical similarity: 50%–58% with Mandar [mdr], 50%–62% with Bugis [bug], 55

uluwesi, North Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Also in West Kalimantan, Singkawang city; South Kalimantan, Banjarmasin city. 640,000 in
rth Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Also in West Kalimantan, Singkawang city; South Kalimantan, Banjarmasin city. 640,000 in Indonesia

n is sometimes taught in ‘National Plus’ schools with English and Indonesian.

mes taught in ‘National Plus’ schools with English and Indonesian.

sification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

kkien (Fujian), Teochew (Chaochow, Tiu Chiu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

n), Teochew (Chaochow, Tiu Chiu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

ssification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

79,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boetoneezen, Buton, Butonese, Butung, South Buton, Southern Butung Dia
005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boetoneezen, Buton, Butonese, Butung, South Buton, Southern Butung Dialects: Kaes

atus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak Dialects: Bubis, Esaun, Komasma, Pirabanak, Senggo,
eveloping). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak Dialects: Bubis, Esaun, Komasma, Pirabanak, Senggo, Tiau, Vaka

s: Asmat Darat, Tamnim Dialects: None known. May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not A
 arat, Tamnim Dialects: None known. May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat. Clas

. 145,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cul, Sindang Dialects: Beliti, Lembak Delapan, Lubuk Linggau, Sindang
2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cul, Sindang Dialects: Beliti, Lembak Delapan, Lubuk Linggau, Sindang Kelingi. A

ya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

similarity: 72% with Dawera-Daweloor (most similar) [ddw], 71% with Nakarahamto, 49% with Masela-South Babar, 48% with Tepa (L
72% with Dawera-Daweloor (most similar) [ddw], 71% with Nakarahamto, 49% with Masela-South Babar, 48% with Tepa (Luang). Cla

nown. Lexical similarity: 72%–77% with Pannei [pnc] and Bambam [ptu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawe
cal similarity: 72%–77% with Pannei [pnc] and Bambam [ptu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northe

Puncak Jaya, north and south Carstens mountains. 14,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amung, Amung K
ya, north and south Carstens mountains. 14,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amung, Amung Kal, Amung

es: South Damar Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of West Damar [drn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E
Damar Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of West Damar [drn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma

s: North Damar Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of East Damar [dmr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea
amar Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of East Damar [dmr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

creasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Wurm 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dampelasa, Dian Classification: Austronesian, M
thnic population: 10,000 (Wurm 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dampelasa, Dian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po
 le, Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Bele, Upper Pyramid. Classification: Trans-New Gu
Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Bele, Upper Pyramid. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West

ulem Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

r Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ts: Christian, traditional religion.

mes: Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini Dialects: Western Dani of Bokondini, Western Dani of Pyramid. Le
Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini Dialects: Western Dani of Bokondini, Western Dani of Pyramid. Lexical simi

Names: Maniwo, “X-Ray” (pej.) Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye [auu]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West,
aniwo, “X-Ray” (pej.) Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye [auu]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lak

a, Letmasa, and Ilmarang villages. 1,270 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Davelor Dialects: Minor dialect differences. Cl
and Ilmarang villages. 1,270 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Davelor Dialects: Minor dialect differences. Classification

Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote Dialects: Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote Dialects: Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-

ification: Trans-New Guinea, Dem Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

rans-New Guinea, Dem Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desawa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate [bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 6
a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desawa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate [bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 60% with S
orous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote Dialects: Eastern Dengka, Lelain, Western Dengka. Western D
ernate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote Dialects: Eastern Dengka, Lelain, Western Dengka. Western Dengka dial

). Alternate Names: Dla, Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar Classification: Senagi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Names: Dla, Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar Classification: Senagi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

eveloping). Alternate Names: Dao, Kahore, Ndao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau Dialects: None known. Related to Hawu [hvn]. Complex phonol
Alternate Names: Dao, Kahore, Ndao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau Dialects: None known. Related to Hawu [hvn]. Complex phonology. Class

es: Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Taria, Taworta, Taworta-Aero Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–40% with Foau [flh]. Classification
abra, Taburta, Taria, Taworta, Taworta-Aero Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–40% with Foau [flh]. Classification: Lakes Pla

Dialects: None known. Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, T
None known. Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Commen

nd Koba islands), 2 villages in central Kobror island. 18 villages; many in Dobo; some in Ambon. 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing. L2 users: C
ands), 2 villages in central Kobror island. 18 villages; many in Dobo; some in Ambon. 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing. L2 users: Chinese mer

nland from Dondo bay, Pohuwato regency. 13,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
Dondo bay, Pohuwato regency. 13,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ri-So, Tolitai Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 ountries: 15,600. Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
5,600. Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desin

(2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu, Massenrempulu Dialects: Baraka, Benteng Alla, Cakke-Kalosi.
us). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu, Massenrempulu Dialects: Baraka, Benteng Alla, Cakke-Kalosi. Classificati

ate Names: Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional r
Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-We

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Gu

us). Alternate Names: Deah, Dejah Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 53% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Tawoyan [twy]. Classifi
ate Names: Deah, Dejah Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 53% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Tawoyan [twy]. Classification: Au

tan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency. 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Bayan, Dusun Malang. Lexical sim
Province, Kutai Barat regency. 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Bayan, Dusun Malang. Lexical similarity: 90

Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Lexical similarity: 75% with Ma’anyan [mhy], 73% with Paku [pku]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Pol
pas, Dusun Witu. Lexical similarity: 75% with Ma’anyan [mhy], 73% with Paku [pku]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, G

ernate Names: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri Dialects: Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences. Classification: Lakes P
mes: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri Dialects: Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku

lopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
u, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 oping). Alternate Names: Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro Dialects: Mapiya-Kegata, Mee, Simori, Yabi (Jabi). Reportedly m
ernate Names: Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro Dialects: Mapiya-Kegata, Mee, Simori, Yabi (Jabi). Reportedly most simila

00 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djanggu, Janggu, “Morwap” (pej.), Sawa, Tabu Dialects: None known. Not clo
L). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djanggu, Janggu, “Morwap” (pej.), Sawa, Tabu Dialects: None known. Not closely related

us: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Malo, Maloh, Matoh, Mbaloh, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau Dialects: Kalis (Kalis Dayak,
eloping). Alternate Names: Malo, Maloh, Matoh, Mbaloh, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau Dialects: Kalis (Kalis Dayak, Kalis Malo

op Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi [wfg]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religio
: None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi [wfg]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.

Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.

ga’o (Ngao, West Ende). Some consider Li’o [ljl] to be a dialect of Ende. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easte
o, West Ende). Some consider Li’o [ljl] to be a dialect of Ende. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo

ate Names: Engganese Dialects: None known. Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Not concl
: Engganese Dialects: None known. Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Not conclusively esta

i Mandar regency. 50,000 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Endekan, Endekan Timur Dialects: Enrekang, Pattinjo (Le
egency. 50,000 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Endekan, Endekan Timur Dialects: Enrekang, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulap

Rouffaer rivers; area in low mountains, around Kustera airstrip. 530 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aliki, Babiruwa, B
ivers; area in low mountains, around Kustera airstrip. 530 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Bab

ang may better be considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
etter be considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern

Sehudate Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments: 4 nomadic groups. Traditional religion, Christian.
lassification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments: 4 nomadic groups. Traditional religion, Christian.

andanus, Podena Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Anus [auq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas
Podena Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Anus [auq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

a Mountains; on the Dijai river, north of Mamberamo river. 350 (2010 SIL), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abaw
ns; on the Dijai river, north of Mamberamo river. 350 (2010 SIL), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abawiri, Doa D

ta, other cities. 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed la
ties. 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed language to

ant. Gunage and Moari islands near Kayoa island. Bacan, Obi, Kasiratua, Mandioli, and Labutia islands, coastal areas. 79,000 (1990 SIL).
e and Moari islands near Kayoa island. Bacan, Obi, Kasiratua, Mandioli, and Labutia islands, coastal areas. 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Ka

Lir Talo Dialects: Hiay, Ilputih, Ilwaki (Iliwaki). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Tim
alects: Hiay, Ilputih, Ilwaki (Iliwaki). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, N

ous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli [wli]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: M
cts: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli [wli]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Muslim, Chr
 similar to Kayoa, a dialect of East Makian [mky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, E
Kayoa, a dialect of East Makian [mky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Ma

tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gajo Dialects: Deret, Lues, Lut, Serbejadi-Lukup. Not closely related to other languages. Some G
reatened). Alternate Names: Gajo Dialects: Deret, Lues, Lut, Serbejadi-Lukup. Not closely related to other languages. Some Gayo peop

eo island. 2,650 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gebi Dialects: Umera. Lexical similarity: 44% with Patani [ptn]. Class
,650 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gebi Dialects: Umera. Lexical similarity: 44% with Patani [ptn]. Classification: A

orong, Seram, Seran, Seran Laut Dialects: Goram Laut, Kelimuri, Mina Mina Gorong. Lexical similarity: 73%–93% among dialects, 51%–6
am, Seran, Seran Laut Dialects: Goram Laut, Kelimuri, Mina Mina Gorong. Lexical similarity: 73%–93% among dialects, 51%–61% with W

known. A mixed language, with Ternate [tft] and Malay [max] words and different word order from other languages of north Halmahe
mixed language, with Ternate [tft] and Malay [max] words and different word order from other languages of north Halmahera or Aust

nsion, northeast from Gorontalo city. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gorongtalo, Guarantala, Gu
heast from Gorontalo city. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gorongtalo, Guarantala, Gunongtello,

ribund). Alternate Names: Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: N
ternate Names: Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran C

mes: Aji Dialects: None known. Genetically Malay with approximately one-third Lampung vocabulary. A member of macrolanguage Mal
lects: None known. Genetically Malay with approximately one-third Lampung vocabulary. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. C

alects: None known. Said to be intelligible with Adang [adn], but Adang speakers live on Bird’s Head area of Alor, while Hamap speake
ne known. Said to be intelligible with Adang [adn], but Adang speakers live on Bird’s Head area of Alor, while Hamap speakers live geog
lo, Pelauw, Rohomoni. Each village uses a separate dialect. Lexical similarity: 81%–92% among dialects, 74%–76% with Tulehu [tlu], 67
, Rohomoni. Each village uses a separate dialect. Lexical similarity: 81%–92% among dialects, 74%–76% with Tulehu [tlu], 67%–71% wi

Uran Dialects: Adihup, Miriei, Moi (Moire), Tinam, Uran. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
cts: Adihup, Miriei, Moi (Moire), Tinam, Uran. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Kupang city, Timor island. 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Havunese, Sabu
y, Timor island. 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Havunese, Sabu, Savu, Sav

Grimes et al. 1997). Ethnic population: 15,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Helon, Kupang, Semau Dialects: Funai (Land H
al. 1997). Ethnic population: 15,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Helon, Kupang, Semau Dialects: Funai (Land Helong), He

Dialects: Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, Wakal. Lexical similarity: 67%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 74%–82% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classificatio
la, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, Wakal. Lexical similarity: 67%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 74%–82% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classification: Austro

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, East Seram
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, East Seram

lternate Names: Punan Bungan Dialects: Hovongan, Penyavung, Semukung Uheng. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with
ames: Punan Bungan Dialects: Hovongan, Penyavung, Semukung Uheng. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Aoheng [p

Lexical similarity: 64%–72% with Manusela [wha] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Pol
ilarity: 64%–72% with Manusela [wha] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, C

baa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Hukumina

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Hukumina
probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with N
xtinct (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Naka’ela [n

to Lower Grand Valley Dani [dni]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Grand Valley Dani [dni]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Daalen river. 600 (2000 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Fo
r. 600 (2000 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Foi, Iaw, Tur

d Chou 2003). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sea Dayak Dialects: Batang Lupar, Bugau, Desa, Kantu’, Ketungau (Air Tabun, Ba
3). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sea Dayak Dialects: Batang Lupar, Bugau, Desa, Kantu’, Ketungau (Air Tabun, Banjur, Dem

akers but it is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. May
t is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. May be inhere

paur Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Baham [bdw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bombe
cts: None known. Reportedly similar to Baham [bdw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper

e Names: Nusa Tadon Dialects: North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P
usa Tadon Dialects: North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

d. 1,400 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Erai, Hahutan, Hahutau, Iliun, Ilmaumau, Limera Dialects: Eray, Esulit, Ilma
990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Erai, Hahutan, Hahutau, Iliun, Ilmaumau, Limera Dialects: Eray, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Kar
ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.
entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.

national language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). Alternate Names: Bahasa Indonesia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: over 80%
nguage (1945, Constitution, Article 36). Alternate Names: Bahasa Indonesia Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: over 80% with Sta

Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baba Indonesian, Chinese Indonesian, Peranakan Dialects: None known. Based on
81). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baba Indonesian, Chinese Indonesian, Peranakan Dialects: None known. Based on Indonesia

guni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasira Dialects: 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity: 90% with Kuri [nbn]. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
rahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasira Dialects: 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity: 90% with Kuri [nbn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

erawar, and Waim villages. 1,800 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri Dialects: Eastern Is
d Waim villages. 1,800 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri Dialects: Eastern Isirawa, We

ttik, Ittik-Tor Dialects: Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Ethnic group: Borto. 2005 survey data indicat
or Dialects: Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Ethnic group: Borto. 2005 survey data indicates this lang

Dialects: Jangkang proper, Pompang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern
angkang proper, Pompang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern

onesia; resettlements in Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. 84,300,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 25,000 in south Su
ettlements in Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. 84,300,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 25,000 in south Sulawesi, and

). Alternate Names: “Krontjong” (pej.) Dialects: None known. Derived from Dutch [nld] lexicon and Javanese [jav] grammar. Classificati
e Names: “Krontjong” (pej.) Dialects: None known. Derived from Dutch [nld] lexicon and Javanese [jav] grammar. Classification: Creole

asing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Bromnya, Jofotek. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Ch
monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Bromnya, Jofotek. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, tra

n Kopi, Meibuil, Otvai, Pintumbang, Tang’ala. Dialect names and locations in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers
ibuil, Otvai, Pintumbang, Tang’ala. Dialect names and locations in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be m

0 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Commen
). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Comments: Christia

ts: None known. May be intelligible with Taliabu [tlv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes
nown. May be intelligible with Taliabu [tlv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Centr

Alternate Names: Aikoli, Fanating, Jafoo, Pailelang, Ruilak Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
Names: Aikoli, Fanating, Jafoo, Pailelang, Ruilak Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comment

8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kaibubu Dialects: Hatusua, Kaibobo. Lexical similarity: 82%–88% between Kaibobo and Hatusua
y extinct). Alternate Names: Kaibubu Dialects: Hatusua, Kaibobo. Lexical similarity: 82%–88% between Kaibobo and Hatusua dialect, 75

rnate Names: Dio, Kaidipang-Bolangitang Dialects: Bolaang Itang (Bolang-Hitam, Bolang-Itam), Kaidipang (Kaidipan, Kodipang). Classific
es: Dio, Kaidipang-Bolangitang Dialects: Bolaang Itang (Bolang-Hitam, Bolang-Itam), Kaidipang (Kaidipan, Kodipang). Classification: Aus
 amuju regency, Pasangkayu subdistrict, near Palu. 55,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 3,000–5,000 Da’a and Inde in south Sulawesi. Many m
ency, Pasangkayu subdistrict, near Palu. 55,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 3,000–5,000 Da’a and Inde in south Sulawesi. Many monolingua

lingua franca in West Toraja area. Alternate Names: Kaili, Ledo, Paloesch, Palu Dialects: Ado (Pakuli, Sibalaya), Doi (Kayu Malue, Mamb
nca in West Toraja area. Alternate Names: Kaili, Ledo, Paloesch, Palu Dialects: Ado (Pakuli, Sibalaya), Doi (Kayu Malue, Mamboro), Edo

25,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banava, Banawa Dialects: Ganti, Lole. Classification: Austronesia
07 SIL), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banava, Banawa Dialects: Ganti, Lole. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Kaimbulawa (Lontoi), Kambe-Kambero. Not a dialect of Muna [mnb] or Cia-Cia [cia]. Lexical sim
s: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: Kaimbulawa (Lontoi), Kambe-Kambero. Not a dialect of Muna [mnb] or Cia-Cia [cia]. Lexical similarity: 81%

, Mintamani Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Comments: Christian, traditional
ni Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

aori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comme
Taori-Kei, Todi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Chris

ne known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Tehit [kps]. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional relig
Lexical similarity: 60% with Tehit [kps]. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

aotoa, Lambego Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Laiyolo [lji] and Wotu [wtw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
mbego Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Laiyolo [lji] and Wotu [wtw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Galumpang, Maki, Ma’ki, Makki, Mangki, Mangkir Dialects: Bone Hau (Ta’da), Karataun (E’da, Makk
orous). Alternate Names: Galumpang, Maki, Ma’ki, Makki, Mangki, Mangkir Dialects: Bone Hau (Ta’da), Karataun (E’da, Makki). Smaller
isika Dialects: Kamang, Manetaa, Moo, Suboo, Takailubui, Tiee. Probably more than 1 language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Wes
ts: Kamang, Manetaa, Moo, Suboo, Takailubui, Tiee. Probably more than 1 language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-A

Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kamariang, Seruawan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaibobo [kzb], 67% wit
Dormant). Alternate Names: Kamariang, Seruawan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaibobo [kzb], 67% with Saparua

with Wolio [wlo], 54% with Cia-Cia [cia], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 49% with Tukang Besi [khc], 45% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Au
[wlo], 54% with Cia-Cia [cia], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 49% with Tukang Besi [khc], 45% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian

a, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba, Sumbanese Dialects: Kambera, Kanatang, Lewa, Mangili-Waijelo (Rindi, Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Waijelo), Melolo,
mbaas, Sumba, Sumbanese Dialects: Kambera, Kanatang, Lewa, Mangili-Waijelo (Rindi, Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Waijelo), Melolo, Southern S

a. 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Iria, Kambrau, Kamrau Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% wit
93 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Iria, Kambrau, Kamrau Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Buruwai

Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari Dialects: Nanesa, Tarya, Yamur. 4 other dialects. Cla
imika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari Dialects: Nanesa, Tarya, Yamur. 4 other dialects. Classification

ible with East Madura [mad]. A separate language (Stevens 1968). Lexical similarity: 75% with Madura [mad]. Classification: Austrones
ast Madura [mad]. A separate language (Stevens 1968). Lexical similarity: 75% with Madura [mad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malay

e, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [
Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also c

ohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are sep
tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are separate lang
nea. 80 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum var
96 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are s

atened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult m
ternate Names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne Dialects: None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual inte

a marginal dialect of Pagu [pgu], but relates uniquely to other languages in Kao River subbranch. Classification: West Papuan, North H
al dialect of Pagu [pgu], but relates uniquely to other languages in Kao River subbranch. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera

ernate Names: Kapori Classification: Kaure, Kapore Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
mes: Kapori Classification: Kaure, Kapore Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Kaptiauw Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: with Tarpia [tpf] and Bonggo [bpg] (most). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: with Tarpia [tpf] and Bonggo [bpg] (most). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
tion: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
one known. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central

rnate Names: Maiyach, Mari, Meon Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Mai Brat [ayz]. Classification: Maybrat Comments: Ch
mes: Maiyach, Mari, Meon Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Mai Brat [ayz]. Classification: Maybrat Comments: Christian, tra

Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bintuhan, Ka’ur, Mulak Dialects: Borrowings from Lampung Api [ljp]; reportedly difficult to und
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bintuhan, Ka’ur, Mulak Dialects: Borrowings from Lampung Api [ljp]; reportedly difficult to understand f
aurne Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
sification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

dj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments:
awec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional

tatus: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Related to Maya [slz], Maden [xmx], and Matbat [xmt]. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
Threatened). Dialects: None known. Related to Maya [slz], Maden [xmx], and Matbat [xmt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

aygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Tamagario [tcg]; related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: Tra
r, Wiyagar Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Tamagario [tcg]; related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Gu

ak State. 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North
300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Busang, Kajan, Kajang Dialects: Belayan, Long Bleh, Mahakam Busang. Classification: Austronesian,
rous). Alternate Names: Busang, Kajan, Kajang Dialects: Belayan, Long Bleh, Mahakam Busang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

Alternate Names: Kajang, Kayan River Kajan Dialects: Kayaniyut Kayan, Uma Laran, Uma Leken. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
Names: Kajang, Kayan River Kajan Dialects: Kayaniyut Kayan, Uma Laran, Uma Leken. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, N

Kajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

es: Wahau Kajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Prop
Kajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

s: Caeli, Cajeli, Gaeli, Kajeli Dialects: Kayeli, Leliali (Liliali), Lumaete (Lumaiti, Lumara, Mumaite). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
ajeli, Gaeli, Kajeli Dialects: Kayeli, Leliali (Liliali), Lumaete (Lumaiti, Lumara, Mumaite). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,

ects: Not a dialect of Tobati (Yotafa) [tti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern
dialect of Tobati (Yotafa) [tti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Po

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

west and northwest of Kei group. 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals. L2 users: Also used by outsiders such as ethnic Chinese
orthwest of Kei group. 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals. L2 users: Also used by outsiders such as ethnic Chinese and Buton

with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
[bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Duat, Kalabit, Kerabit Dialects: Bareo (Bario), Lon Bangag, Long Napir, Pa’ Mada, Tring. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
bit, Kerabit Dialects: Bareo (Bario), Lon Bangag, Long Napir, Pa’ Mada, Tring. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Bo

alects: Kemak, Nogo (Nogo-Nogo). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar,
mak, Nogo (Nogo-Nogo). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Tim
rnate Names: Karambai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern
es: Karambai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern

(1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar Dialects: Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity: 85%
. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar Dialects: Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity: 85% with Ara

southwest shore, Lake Sentani. 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamtuk, Kemtuk Dialects: None known. Le
shore, Lake Sentani. 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamtuk, Kemtuk Dialects: None known. Lexical simila

es: 331,700. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Used as LWC among non-Muslim Dayaks of northwest West Kalimantan province. Altern
0. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Used as LWC among non-Muslim Dayaks of northwest West Kalimantan province. Alternate Name

ce. 32,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Kaninjal, Kaninjal, Kaninjal Dayak Dialects: Kubing. Lexical similari
(2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Kaninjal, Kaninjal, Kaninjal Dayak Dialects: Kubing. Lexical similarity: more th

g Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. Population total all count
Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. Population total all countries: 52,00

. 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. Population total all countries: 9,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
ndonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. Population total all countries: 9,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nage-Keo Dialects: None known. Reportedly distinct from but most similar to Nage [nxe]. Classifica
orous). Alternate Names: Nage-Keo Dialects: None known. Reportedly distinct from but most similar to Nage [nxe]. Classification: Aust
Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kepoq Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
Threatened). Alternate Names: Kepoq Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lem

rovince, Kutai Barat regency. 500 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keriau Punan Dialects: Seputan, Uheng (Kereho-U
utai Barat regency. 500 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keriau Punan Dialects: Seputan, Uheng (Kereho-Uheng). Lex

n Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 285,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kerinchi, Kinchai Dialects
a (2000 census). Population total all countries: 285,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kerinchi, Kinchai Dialects: High dial

me, Okbap, Omban, Onya. Lexical similarity: 69% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western Comments: Christia
p, Omban, Onya. Lexical similarity: 69% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western Comments: Christian, tradition

Names: Kitum, Wambon-Ketum Dialects: None known. Related to Wambon [wms] and Mandobo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, O
tum, Wambon-Ketum Dialects: None known. Related to Wambon [wms] and Mandobo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, A

maghama, Kimaghana, Teri-Kalwasch Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Kimaghana, Teri-Kalwasch Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ernate Names: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
mes: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

d). Dialects: Kambowa, Kioko. Possibly dialect of the Pancana [pnp] language. Lexical similarity: 82% with Kambowa dialect, 81% with L
s: Kambowa, Kioko. Possibly dialect of the Pancana [pnp] language. Lexical similarity: 82% with Kambowa dialect, 81% with Laompo dia

ernate Names: Kirira Dialects: Faia, Kirikiri. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments: No schools in the area. Traditional religi
mes: Kirira Dialects: Faia, Kirikiri. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments: No schools in the area. Traditional religion, Christia
matan, and Hi’ai villages; some in Ambon, Dili, and Kupang cities. 20,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Meher, Yo
Hi’ai villages; some in Ambon, Dili, and Kupang cities. 20,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Meher, Yotowawa D

eatened). Alternate Names: Kalong, Kelon, Kelong, Kolon Dialects: Klon Bring, Klon Paneia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Tim
Alternate Names: Kalong, Kelon, Kelong, Kolon Dialects: Klon Bring, Klon Paneia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pa

6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Southeast Koba. Low comprehension of Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% with Dobel [kvo]. Classificatio
us). Dialects: Southeast Koba. Low comprehension of Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% with Dobel [kvo]. Classification: Austron

mes: Kondea, Kondeha Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Rahambuu [raz]; 70% with the Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru
ea, Kondeha Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Rahambuu [raz]; 70% with the Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54

t similar to Wejewa [wew]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba
Wejewa [wew]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comment

ei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ith Sauri [srt], 63% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Bahasa Seruyan, Seruyan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Ot Danum [otd], 50%–69% with Ngaju [nij]. Classificati
uyan, Seruyan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Ot Danum [otd], 50%–69% with Ngaju [nij]. Classification: Austr

es: Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof Dialects: Kasuweri (Komudago), Negri Besar (Negeri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and
eri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof Dialects: Kasuweri (Komudago), Negri Besar (Negeri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1

i, Warilau Dialects: Intelligibility test showed Marlasi dialect intelligible of Kompane [kvp]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Kompane [kvp],
Dialects: Intelligibility test showed Marlasi dialect intelligible of Kompane [kvp]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Kompane [kvp], 70% with U
Names: Komboy Dialects: Central Kombai, Tayan. Reportedly most similar to Wanggom [wng]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Aw
mboy Dialects: Central Kombai, Tayan. Reportedly most similar to Wanggom [wng]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu

ome immigrants from other ethnic groups. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kumoring Dialects: Downstream Komering, Kayu
grants from other ethnic groups. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kumoring Dialects: Downstream Komering, Kayu Agung, K

garai [mqy] (1982 J. Verheijen). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
(1982 J. Verheijen). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

ana, Kongampani Dialects: None known. Similar to Kola [kvv], linguistically between Kola and Batuley [bay]. Good intelligibility of Kola.
ampani Dialects: None known. Similar to Kola [kvv], linguistically between Kola and Batuley [bay]. Good intelligibility of Kola. Classificati

]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Traditional religion.

ation: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Traditional religion.

88 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Yahadian
tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Yahadian [ner]. Cla

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

: Christian, traditional religion.

Tiro. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kondjo, Tiro Dialects: Bantaeng (Bonthain), Konjo Pesisir (Ara, Bira), Tana Toa (Black K
us: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kondjo, Tiro Dialects: Bantaeng (Bonthain), Konjo Pesisir (Ara, Bira), Tana Toa (Black Konjo, Kad

00 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Konjo Pegunungan, Konyo Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with
L). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Konjo Pegunungan, Konyo Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Coastal Ko

es of upper Sirac river. 400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kopka Dialects: Marub, Tokuni. Repor
Sirac river. 400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kopka Dialects: Marub, Tokuni. Reportedly simi

Names: Oengsongi Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Taloki [tlk] and Kulisusu [vkl], 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], Tulamb
engsongi Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Taloki [tlk] and Kulisusu [vkl], 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], Tulambatu dialec

orous). Alternate Names: Kolufaup Dialects: North Korowai, South Korowai. Dialects have high mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 9
rnate Names: Kolufaup Dialects: North Korowai, South Korowai. Dialects have high mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 90% with dia

mes: Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun Dialects: Dagi, Deibula, Korupun (Duram), Sela, Sisibna (Gobugdua). Lexical similarity: 60% with Nips
al of Korupun, Korapun Dialects: Dagi, Deibula, Korupun (Duram), Sela, Sisibna (Gobugdua). Lexical similarity: 60% with Nipsan [nps]. C

tion: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Kaure Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

s, smaller islands in bay. 600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adi, Aiduma, Kaiwai, Kajumerah, Kayumerah, Koiwa
slands in bay. 600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adi, Aiduma, Kaiwai, Kajumerah, Kayumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, N

9). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Dalam, Orang Hutan, Orang Rimba Dialects: Bajat, Dawas, Jambi, Lalang, Nomadic K
6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Dalam, Orang Hutan, Orang Rimba Dialects: Bajat, Dawas, Jambi, Lalang, Nomadic Kubu, Rida

atulolong dialect: Sibera and Kapebang villages. 1,900. Ethnic population: 1,900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lerabain D
dialect: Sibera and Kapebang villages. 1,900. Ethnic population: 1,900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lerabain Dialects: Ba
 ala, Koilela, Peisaka, and Kiralela villages. 5,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, T
, Peisaka, and Kiralela villages. 5,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui D

1999), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kalisusu, Kolensusu, Kolinsusu Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% between diale
easing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kalisusu, Kolensusu, Kolinsusu Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% between dialects, 77% w

04 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumberaha, Umbewaha Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Easte
us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumberaha, Umbewaha Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southe

of intelligibility with dialects north and the central dialect, and with Teor [tev] need further investigation. Lexical similarity: 47%–50%
bility with dialects north and the central dialect, and with Teor [tev] need further investigation. Lexical similarity: 47%–50% with Kei [k

mes: Modan, Nabi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Irarutu [irh]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cent
n, Nabi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Irarutu [irh]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easter

ened). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Wabo [wbb], 46% with Western Serui. Kaipuri dialect has highest lexical similarity with Yap
lects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Wabo [wbb], 46% with Western Serui. Kaipuri dialect has highest lexical similarity with Yapen group.

own. 100 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Kopkaka [opk]; may be considered
1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Kopkaka [opk]; may be considered the same

us: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Air Mati, Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Serikenam, Tekutameso Dialects:
loping). Alternate Names: Air Mati, Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Serikenam, Tekutameso Dialects: Nogukwa

: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerb
ous). Alternate Names: Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba,
milarity: 60% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
0% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ects: None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional rel
known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

e Names: Kedi, South Loloda Dialects: None known. Phonology like Galela [gbi], 70% intelligibility, 75% of Loloda [loa]. Lexical similarity
Kedi, South Loloda Dialects: None known. Phonology like Galela [gbi], 70% intelligibility, 75% of Loloda [loa]. Lexical similarity: 75% with

nown. Distinct from Manusela [wha]. Lexical similarity: 64%–66% with Asilulu [asl] and Seit-Kaitetu [hik] (most similar). Classification: A
tinct from Manusela [wha]. Lexical similarity: 64%–66% with Asilulu [asl] and Seit-Kaitetu [hik] (most similar). Classification: Austrones

ened). Alternate Names: Barang-Barang, Da’ang Dialects: Barang-Barang (Loa, Loa’, Lowa), Laiyolo (Lajolo, Layolo). Lexical similarity: 86
ernate Names: Barang-Barang, Da’ang Dialects: Barang-Barang (Loa, Loa’, Lowa), Laiyolo (Lajolo, Layolo). Lexical similarity: 86% betwee

y L2 users. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Solor, Solorese Dialects: Lamaholot (Ile Mandiri, Larantuka, Lewolaga,
Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Solor, Solorese Dialects: Lamaholot (Ile Mandiri, Larantuka, Lewolaga, Ritaebang

n Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

gorous). Alternate Names: Lamatoka Dialects: None known. Lewo Eleng [lwe] is probably most closely related. Classification: Austrone
lternate Names: Lamatoka Dialects: None known. Lewo Eleng [lwe] is probably most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
Nggaura. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

umatera Selatan Province, south of Muaradua, near headwaters of Kanan river; south Bengkulu Province around Krui, Sanggi, and Kota
latan Province, south of Muaradua, near headwaters of Kanan river; south Bengkulu Province around Krui, Sanggi, and Kotajawa. 827,

ong Dialects: Abung, Melinting, Sukadana, Tulangbawang. Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Lampung Api [ljp]. Lexic
ts: Abung, Melinting, Sukadana, Tulangbawang. Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Lampung Api [ljp]. Lexical similarit

alects: Allang, Larike, Wakasihu. The western end of the Ambon dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 81% among Allang, and Larike, and
ang, Larike, Wakasihu. The western end of the Ambon dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 81% among Allang, and Larike, and Wakasihu

d). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kamaru [kgx], 64% with Cia-Cia [cia], 48% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 49% with
: None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kamaru [kgx], 64% with Cia-Cia [cia], 48% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 49% with Tukang Be

ua [spr] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nun
lects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Pir

elmann 2001). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laudje, Tinombo Dialects: A
1). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laudje, Tinombo Dialects: Ampibabo

es: Laora Dialects: Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi [kod]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Dialects: Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi [kod]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea

and South Barito regencies. 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luwangan, Northeast Barito Dia
Barito regencies. 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luwangan, Northeast Barito Dialects: Aju
tus: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laganyan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Ea
gorous). Alternate Names: Laganyan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Mala

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

sibly Baebunta areas. 2,000 (Vail 1991), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Baebunta, Limola, Limolang Dialects: Non
unta areas. 2,000 (Vail 1991), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Baebunta, Limola, Limolang Dialects: None known.

, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

awakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

n. Possible genetic similarities with Murkim [rmh]. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
e genetic similarities with Murkim [rmh]. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

89% with Luang [lex]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Ma
uang [lex]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luan

ate Names: Lembata, Lewokukun, Lewuka, Painara Dialects: Kalikasa, Levuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central
: Lembata, Lewokukun, Lewuka, Painara Dialects: Kalikasa, Levuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

s are from recent government-induced migrations. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lamatuka [lmq]
 recent government-induced migrations. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lamatuka [lmq] probably m

amaholot Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

us: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Quite divergent from other Muna varieties. Lexical similarity: 82% with the Burukene dialect of Muna [mnb
ibund). Dialects: Quite divergent from other Muna varieties. Lexical similarity: 82% with the Burukene dialect of Muna [mnb], 72%–76

d). Alternate Names: Liambata-Kobi, Liana, Lianan, Teula, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei Kaclakin, Uhei Kahlakim Dialects: Kobi, Seti, Wahakaim
te Names: Liambata-Kobi, Liana, Lianan, Teula, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei Kaclakin, Uhei Kahlakim Dialects: Kobi, Seti, Wahakaim. Lexical si

e known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religi
Lexical similarity: 75% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ames: Moar Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Sobei [sob]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern
ar Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Sobei [sob]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Po

te Names: Lindoe, Linduan, Tado Dialects: Lindu is reportedly very similar to Moma [myl]; considered by some a Moma dialect. Classifi
Lindoe, Linduan, Tado Dialects: Lindu is reportedly very similar to Moma [myl]; considered by some a Moma dialect. Classification: Au

ernate Names: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tanah Kunu Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende [end]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
mes: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tanah Kunu Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende [end]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra

Kawa, Lisabata-Timur, Nuniali, Sukaraja. Lexical similarity: between Kawa (far western) and Lisabata Timur (far eastern) dialects is 85%,
bata-Timur, Nuniali, Sukaraja. Lexical similarity: between Kawa (far western) and Lisabata Timur (far eastern) dialects is 85%, 72% with
n; other 3 areas westward across north Seram Sea coast. Some in Ambon. 11,900 (1989 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Buru
areas westward across north Seram Sea coast. Some in Ambon. 11,900 (1989 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Buru, Li Enyoro

ned). Dialects: Lola, Warabal. Reportedly linguistically between Batuley [bay] and Dobel [kvo]; similar to Koba [kpd]. Classification: Aus
ects: Lola, Warabal. Reportedly linguistically between Batuley [bay] and Dobel [kvo]; similar to Koba [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian

3,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Structurally related to Gorontalo [gor], but with heavy lexical borro
4 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Structurally related to Gorontalo [gor], but with heavy lexical borrowing from

ain. 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ba’a, Baä, Central Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote
(2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ba’a, Baä, Central Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, R

h Loloda Dialects: Bakun. Intelligibility of Laba [lau] very limited. 85% intelligibility of Galela [gbi], Galela [gbi] has 65% intelligibility of L
ialects: Bakun. Intelligibility of Laba [lau] very limited. 85% intelligibility of Galela [gbi], Galela [gbi] has 65% intelligibility of Loloda. Cla

Koba [kpd] and, to a lesser extent, Dobel [kvo]. Some similarities with Manombai [woo], but intelligibility is lower than might be expect
and, to a lesser extent, Dobel [kvo]. Some similarities with Manombai [woo], but intelligibility is lower than might be expected. Classifi

lynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun
entral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun

Alternate Names: Letri Lgona, Lgona, Literi Lagona Dialects: Lakor, Luang, Moa, Wetan (Wetang). Low comprehension of Leti [lti]. Lexi
Names: Letri Lgona, Lgona, Literi Lagona Dialects: Lakor, Luang, Moa, Wetan (Wetang). Low comprehension of Leti [lti]. Lexical similar

]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comme
er of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Musli
). Alternate Names: Piru Dialects: Batu Merah, Kelang, Luhu. Lexical similarity: 72% with Luhu dialect, 71%–73% with Asilulu [asl]. Class
e Names: Piru Dialects: Batu Merah, Kelang, Luhu. Lexical similarity: 72% with Luhu dialect, 71%–73% with Asilulu [asl]. Classification: A

al all countries: 47,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lun Daya, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Lun Dayeh, Lun Dayoh, Lundaya Putu
ries: 47,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lun Daya, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Lun Dayeh, Lun Dayoh, Lundaya Putuk, Lundaye

kep Tutui subdistricts; south Tamianglayang town area, Patai river watershed; into Kalimantan Selatan Province, border area, and 2 in
subdistricts; south Tamianglayang town area, Patai river watershed; into Kalimantan Selatan Province, border area, and 2 interior encla

Bitjoli, Ingli Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Ha
li Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-W

s: Kawait. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halm
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-We

wean, and Kangean islands; Java Sea, assorted islands with language communities under jurisdiction of Kalimantan Selatan Province. 6,
Kangean islands; Java Sea, assorted islands with language communities under jurisdiction of Kalimantan Selatan Province. 6,770,000 in

Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Maybrat, Mey Brat Dialects: Maimaka, Maisawiet, Maisefa, Maite, Maiyah. Lexical similarity:
Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Maybrat, Mey Brat Dialects: Maimaka, Maisawiet, Maisefa, Maite, Maiyah. Lexical similarity: 10% with

extent, Papua Province (Papua Timur). 3,300 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Faranyao, Kaniran Dialects: Northeast
ua Province (Papua Timur). 3,300 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Faranyao, Kaniran Dialects: Northeastern Maira

: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenre
ous). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Com
 L2 users: 400,000. Ethnic Chinese speakers. Many ethnic Chinese speak Makassar dialect as L1. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na
400,000. Ethnic Chinese speakers. Many ethnic Chinese speak Makassar dialect as L1. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Goa, M

Kao. 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makian Dala
0. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makian Dalam, Makia

0 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Makian Barat, Makian Luar Dialects: None known
an Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Makian Barat, Makian Luar Dialects: None known. Language

Names: Makleu Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Yelmek [jel]. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew Comme
kleu Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Yelmek [jel]. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christi

and Aceh provinces; Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, and Kalimantan Selatan provinces; Kepulauan Riau and Kepulauan Bangka
provinces; Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, and Kalimantan Selatan provinces; Kepulauan Riau and Kepulauan Bangka Belitung p

nd. 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,020. L2 users: 1,400,000 in Indonesia (2013 M. Connor). St
0 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,020. L2 users: 1,400,000 in Indonesia (2013 M. Connor). Status: 3 (W

nct). Alternate Names: Bacan, Batjan Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
ate Names: Bacan, Batjan Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malay

mmunity of Western Bali among immigrants from Southern Sulawesi (2007 S. Paauw).
Western Bali among immigrants from Southern Sulawesi (2007 S. Paauw).

can (Ambonese) Malay [abs]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim.
nese) Malay [abs]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim.
 st Sepinang town to Cape Batube area. 11,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berau, Merau Malay Dialects: A mem
g town to Cape Batube area. 11,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berau, Merau Malay Dialects: A member of m

t, Bukit, Meratus Dialects: None known. A variant of Banjar Malay [bjn] (Collins 2001). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Class
eratus Dialects: None known. A variant of Banjar Malay [bjn] (Collins 2001). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: A

nce; central Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung Province, 4 separate enclaves. 1,590,000 (20
al Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung Province, 4 separate enclaves. 1,590,000 (2000 census

rovince, small corner areas, Indragiri Hulu and Indragiri Hilir regencies; Sumatera Barat Province, Pessisir Selantan regency, border enc
mall corner areas, Indragiri Hulu and Indragiri Hilir regencies; Sumatera Barat Province, Pessisir Selantan regency, border enclave; Beng

Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Not intelligible with mainstream Tenggarong Kutai Malay [vkt], but may be with one of its
1). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Not intelligible with mainstream Tenggarong Kutai Malay [vkt], but may be with one of its dialects (

lternate Names: Basa Kupang, Kupang Dialects: Air Mata, Kupang. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Loanwords from sev
ames: Basa Kupang, Kupang Dialects: Air Mata, Kupang. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Loanwords from several Rote a

Larantuka, Nagi Classification: Creole, Malay based

, Nagi Classification: Creole, Malay based

lay, Sulsel Indonesian, Ujung Pandang Indonesian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
ndonesian, Ujung Pandang Indonesian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

esi. Status: 3 (Wider communication).An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. Alternate Names: Manadonese, M
: 3 (Wider communication).An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. Alternate Names: Manadonese, Manadone

sers: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Became LWC through trade, also used in daily life, inter-ethnic conta
00 (2001 R. Whisler). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Became LWC through trade, also used in daily life, inter-ethnic contact. Alterna

in Papua Province. Used in market, some business, and in situations where ethnic groups are mixed (market, sports, etc.) and in gover
Province. Used in market, some business, and in situations where ethnic groups are mixed (market, sports, etc.) and in government offi

ty area. 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai. Status: 6a (Vigorous)
0,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

, along Kapuas river, dispersed between small region near Sintang and larger one around Putussibau, third area around Sandai; from K
uas river, dispersed between small region near Sintang and larger one around Putussibau, third area around Sandai; from Ketapang cit

a town. 5,000 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Maiwa [wmm], 70% with Enrekang [p
00 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Maiwa [wmm], 70% with Enrekang [ptt]. Classi

ernate Names: Mamasa Toraja Dialects: Central Mamasa, Northern Mamasa, Pattae’ (Binuang, Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi, Patta
mes: Mamasa Toraja Dialects: Central Mamasa, Northern Mamasa, Pattae’ (Binuang, Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi, Patta’ Binuang,

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamoedjoe, Mamoedjoesch, Mamudju, Udai Dialects: Mamuju, Padang, Sinyonyoi, Sumar
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamoedjoe, Mamoedjoesch, Mamudju, Udai Dialects: Mamuju, Padang, Sinyonyoi, Sumare-Rangas. M
orthernmost point of province, coastal area between Parangkayu and Simajo towns. Also, south Sulawesi Province, Pangkep regency, P
st point of province, coastal area between Parangkayu and Simajo towns. Also, south Sulawesi Province, Pangkep regency, Pabbring isl

ments: Nomadic. Christian, traditional religion.

madic. Christian, traditional religion.

(2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dumut, “Kaeti” (pej.), Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon Classification: Tr
Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dumut, “Kaeti” (pej.), Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon Classification: Trans-New G

apua New Guinea border. 20,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dumut, “Kaeti” (pej.), Kambon, Mandobbo, Nu
Guinea border. 20,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dumut, “Kaeti” (pej.), Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub Classifica

fro, Wembi, Yeti Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
, Yeti Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

anggarai, Western Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Reportedly similar to Riung [riu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
Western Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Reportedly similar to Riung [riu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-

ula Mangoli Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Comments: Mu
li Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

tus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mantion, Sogh, Sougb Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s He
eloping). Alternate Names: Mantion, Sogh, Sougb Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Mantio

None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Luhu [lcq], 60%–62% with Hitu [htu], 60%–61% with Tulehu [tlu] and Asilulu [asl], 58%–61%
wn. Lexical similarity: 64% with Luhu [lcq], 60%–62% with Hitu [htu], 60%–61% with Tulehu [tlu] and Asilulu [asl], 58%–61% with Seit-K
bror island, Benjina; west end of Barakai strait, Maikor island, Gardakau; east coast of Wokam island, Kobamar village. May no longer b
, Benjina; west end of Barakai strait, Maikor island, Gardakau; east coast of Wokam island, Kobamar village. May no longer be spoken o

ahai, Wahinama Dialects: Hatuolu, Kanikeh, Maneo, South Manusela. Lexical similarity: 66%–74% between the Kanikeh dialect and oth
nama Dialects: Hatuolu, Kanikeh, Maneo, South Manusela. Lexical similarity: 66%–74% between the Kanikeh dialect and other varietie

obably now speak either Palauan [pau], Sonsorol [sov], or Tobian [tox]. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mapian Classification: Au
w speak either Palauan [pau], Sonsorol [sov], or Tobian [tox]. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mapian Classification: Austronesian

ori). Probably the same language as Munggui [mth] (96% lexically similar). Lexical similarity: 82% or more with Pom [pmo], Munggui [m
bly the same language as Munggui [mth] (96% lexically similar). Lexical similarity: 82% or more with Pom [pmo], Munggui [mth], Papum

(Threatened). Alternate Names: Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri Dialects: Gawir, Halifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri. S
d). Alternate Names: Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri Dialects: Gawir, Halifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri. Significant d

Boven-Mbian, Northwest Marind Dialects: None known. Not inherently intelligible with Marind [mrz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea
ian, Northwest Marind Dialects: None known. Not inherently intelligible with Marind [mrz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind,

cts: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-P
known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

arsela, Marsela-South Babar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masel
rsela-South Babar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Ba

Names: East Marsela Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South
st Marsela Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Com
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christi
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Gui
ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi

None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobot [bty], 43% with Salas [sgu], 39% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 36% with Liana Seti [st
wn. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobot [bty], 43% with Salas [sgu], 39% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 36% with Liana Seti [ste] and Yala

ct). Alternate Names: Masep, Potafa, Wotaf Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
te Names: Masep, Potafa, Wotaf Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

olol. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmaher
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West Ne

of Buri river inland. 850 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Mawes Comments: Christian,
er inland. 850 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Mawes Comments: Christian, traditional

e Dialects: Banlol, Batanta Island, Ma’ya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern
Banlol, Batanta Island, Ma’ya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Po

ggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei, Waipu Dialects: Moi. Lexical similarity: 60% with Ke
bron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei, Waipu Dialects: Moi. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [km

ntawi Dialects: North Siberut, Pagai, Sakalagan, Saumanganja, Silabu, Simalegi, Sipura, South Siberut, Taikaku. Classification: Austrones
cts: North Siberut, Pagai, Sakalagan, Saumanganja, Silabu, Simalegi, Sipura, South Siberut, Taikaku. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
 o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea
an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderaw

None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mairasi [zrs]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional
wn. Lexical similarity: 63% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mairasi [zrs]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-S
Mejach, Mejah, Meyach Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Ea

tra; Sumatera Selantan, west coast Mukomuko area. 5,530,000 (2007). 500,000 in Jakarta. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: M
era Selantan, west coast Mukomuko area. 5,530,000 (2007). 500,000 in Jakarta. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Minang, Pad

ansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang, Malf Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments:
nsu-Bonggrang, Malf Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Much inte

ternate Names: Wakde Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
mes: Wakde Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic

Dialects: Benehes, Kelingan (Long Wai, Long We), Liah Bing, Long Bento’, Long Glat, Nahes. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
nehes, Kelingan (Long Wai, Long We), Liah Bing, Long Bento’, Long Glat, Nahes. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North

ole, South Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Lolo
Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comme

ned). Alternate Names: Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana, Waipu Dialects: Mosemah. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments:
nate Names: Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana, Waipu Dialects: Mosemah. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Different f

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru

nown. Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Stronger use in Molof than in Waley. Christian,
closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Stronger use in Molof than in Waley. Christian, traditiona

ulawi Dialects: None known. Reportedly historically a variety of Kaili [lew], but strong lexical influences from Uma [ppk]. Classification:
cts: None known. Reportedly historically a variety of Kaili [lew], but strong lexical influences from Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austrones

mes: Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komolom Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Koneraw [kdw]. Classification: Trans-New G
elom, Kemelomsch, Komolom Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Koneraw [kdw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mo

d). Dialects: None known. May be the same language as Momuna [mqf]. Classification: Somahai
: None known. May be the same language as Momuna [mqf]. Classification: Somahai

ned). Alternate Names: Somage, Somahai, Sumohai Dialects: None known. May be the same language as Momina [mmb]. Classification
nate Names: Somage, Somahai, Sumohai Dialects: None known. May be the same language as Momina [mmb]. Classification: Somaha

. 230,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolang-Mogondo, Minahassa, Mongondou Dialec
2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolang-Mogondo, Minahassa, Mongondou Dialects: Dumog

embak (Awembiak). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
embiak). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West
layo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guin

marström). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mor2 Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mor Comments: Distinct from Austron
Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mor2 Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mor Comments: Distinct from Austronesian Mor

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

: Christian, traditional religion.

Nuha subdistrict. 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikoa, Berg-Tomori, Boven-Mori, Upper Mori, We
strict. 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikoa, Berg-Tomori, Boven-Mori, Upper Mori, West Mori Dia

si Selatan Province, around lakes Matano and Mahalone. 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Beneden-
Province, around lakes Matano and Mahalone. 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Beneden-Tomori, Ea

baena; Wita Ea village. Wita Ea dialect: Rumbia, Poleang, and Poleang Timur subdistricts. Also Kolaka regency, Watubangga subdistrict
a Ea village. Wita Ea dialect: Rumbia, Poleang, and Poleang Timur subdistricts. Also Kolaka regency, Watubangga subdistrict. 37,000 (20

. 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iwoer, Iwur Dialects: Dinmane, Dintere, Nemah/Nehayah, Upper Dinter
11 J. Elliot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iwoer, Iwur Dialects: Dinmane, Dintere, Nemah/Nehayah, Upper Dintere. Classifica

Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari Dialects: Menge dialect remembered as the language
(Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari Dialects: Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremo

e Names: Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Meyah [mej]. Also related to Manikio
Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Meyah [mej]. Also related to Manikion [mnx].
n, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar Dialects: Ajiw, Sirir. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
bre, Ekware, Kebar Dialects: Ajiw, Sirir. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ak. 40,000 (Tjia 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Mualang Ili’, Mualang Ulu. Reportedly similar to Iban [iba]; however only one-w
(Tjia 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Mualang Ili’, Mualang Ulu. Reportedly similar to Iban [iba]; however only one-way intellig

Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wuna Dialects: Burukene, Gu, Kadatua, Kapontori, Katobengke, Lakudo, Laompo, Mawasan
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Wuna Dialects: Burukene, Gu, Kadatua, Kapontori, Katobengke, Lakudo, Laompo, Mawasangka, Siomp

age as Marau [mvr], reportedly 96% lexically similar (Price and Donohue 2009). Lexical similarity: 82% with Papuma [ppm]. Classificatio
au [mvr], reportedly 96% lexically similar (Price and Donohue 2009). Lexical similarity: 82% with Papuma [ppm]. Classification: Austron

Dialects: None known. Possible genetic relationship to Lepki [lpe]. Classification: Unclassified
None known. Possible genetic relationship to Lepki [lpe]. Classification: Unclassified

ortheast Lampung Province; a few small border areas in Jambi and Bengkulu provinces. 3,105,000 (2000 census). Status: 3 (Wider com
ampung Province; a few small border areas in Jambi and Bengkulu provinces. 3,105,000 (2000 census). Status: 3 (Wider communicatio

es: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Niinati, Ninatie, North Kati, North Moejoe, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom Dialects: Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are
Kati-Ninanti, Niinati, Ninatie, North Kati, North Moejoe, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom Dialects: Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). Classifica

ka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom Dialects: Metomka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awy
ka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom Dialects: Metomka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Low

ntani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

r Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
igorous). Alternate Names: Nagé, Nage-Keo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima
lternate Names: Nagé, Nage-Keo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

a-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-
lcs], 66% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

0 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Na’ai, Nagai, Na’i Dialects: They report Indonesian [ind] and Papuan Mal
Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Na’ai, Nagai, Na’i Dialects: They report Indonesian [ind] and Papuan Malay [pmy] d

tus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Naltje, Naltya Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 5
veloping). Alternate Names: Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Naltje, Naltya Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 59% with Ko

fanma [tlg]. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian.

]. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian.

alects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Behoa [bep]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, S
ne known. Reportedly most similar to Behoa [bep]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, B

Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.

nguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Not closely related to surrounding languages, but heavy loans from Lampung [ljp]
atus: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Not closely related to surrounding languages, but heavy loans from Lampung [ljp]. Classifica

antana [ran]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
n]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem Dialects: Hitadipa Nduga, Sinak Nd
ping). Alternate Names: Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem Dialects: Hitadipa Nduga, Sinak Nduga. Class

mu, Nédebang Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

ang Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

lternate Names: Badjava, Bajava, Bajawa, Nad’a, Ngada, Nga’da, Ngadha, Rokka Dialects: Bajawa, Central Ngada, South Ngada. Dialect
ames: Badjava, Bajava, Bajawa, Nad’a, Ngada, Nga’da, Ngadha, Rokka Dialects: Bajawa, Central Ngada, South Ngada. Dialect diversity. C

Tunga, and Sanga Deto administrative villages; Desa Rowa, Kecamatan Boawae. 5,000 (1994). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
d Sanga Deto administrative villages; Desa Rowa, Kecamatan Boawae. 5,000 (1994). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southeast

y used as LWC for trade in much of Kalimantan, from Barito to Sampit rivers. Used in many domains (church, school, village-level gover
WC for trade in much of Kalimantan, from Barito to Sampit rivers. Used in many domains (church, school, village-level government, m

rop [iwo] language areas. 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 18,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names
anguage areas. 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 18,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sibil Diale

ey), 62% with Walak [wlw], and 50% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments:
with Walak [wlw], and 50% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, t

o area, south in Teluk Dalam and Batu islands. 770,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batu, Nias Selatan Diale
h in Teluk Dalam and Batu islands. 770,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batu, Nias Selatan Dialects: Centra

nct). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Serua [srw]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
cts: None known. Reportedly similar to Serua [srw]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

brong Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran
ects: None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran

on: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: 2002–2003 survey data indicates probably all live in Papua New Guinea, but
ew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: 2002–2003 survey data indicates probably all live in Papua New Guinea, but have land

Nipsan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kosarek Yale [kkl], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Me
ects: None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kosarek Yale [kkl], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern

ink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

uaulu, Patakai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with South Nuaulu [nxl], 64% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austrones
akai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with South Nuaulu [nxl], 64% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malay

Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with North Nuaulu [nni]; 50% with South Wemale [weo], Hulung [huk], and Naka’ela [nae
one known. Lexical similarity: 67% with North Nuaulu [nni]; 50% with South Wemale [weo], Hulung [huk], and Naka’ela [nae]; 48% wit

mes: Nusalaut Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Saparua [spr], 65% with Amahai [amq]. Classification: Austronesian,
laut Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Saparua [spr], 65% with Amahai [amq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

: None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Eritai [ert], 69% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: ’Ati’, la
own. Lexical similarity: 78% with Eritai [ert], 69% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: ’Ati’, language.
aro Dialects: None known. Not related to other languages on Oirata or to central Maluku languages. Not closely related to languages i
ts: None known. Not related to other languages on Oirata or to central Maluku languages. Not closely related to languages in East Timo

n total all countries: 4,970. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolod, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod Murut Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82%
ountries: 4,970. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolod, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod Murut Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Okol

pi, Sepa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Traditional
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Traditional religion, Ch

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic,
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New

Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. 0 monolinguals. L2 users: Some store owners and police have learned Orya. Status: 6b (Th
bdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. 0 monolinguals. L2 users: Some store owners and police have learned Orya. Status: 6b (Threatened).

nyuwangi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Muslim.

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Muslim.

er watershed, east of Nanga Serawai; into Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency. 78,800 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt
ed, east of Nanga Serawai; into Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency. 78,800 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na

ay. Central Sulawesi Province, Morowali regency, Mori Atas and Pamona Utara subdistricts, 4 villages. 5,000 (1991 P. Vuorinen). Status
Sulawesi Province, Morowali regency, Mori Atas and Pamona Utara subdistricts, 4 villages. 5,000 (1991 P. Vuorinen). Status: 6b (Thre
 Pago, Pagoe Dialects: Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Muslim
oe Dialects: Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Muslim, Christian

Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Ma’anyan [mhy], 73% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Ma’anyan [mhy], 73% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

t al. 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lu’a, Palue, Paluqe Dialects: None known. Possible grouping with Ende [end] and Li
Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lu’a, Palue, Paluqe Dialects: None known. Possible grouping with Ende [end] and Li’o [ljl] lang

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru

lynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru

a, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara, and Bungku Tengah subdistricts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara district, Mangkutana, nort
s, Petasia, Bungku Utara, and Bungku Tengah subdistricts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara district, Mangkutana, north Wotu, an

IL). Ethnic population: 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: To Pamosean, To Panasean Dialects: None known. Lexical simila
population: 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: To Pamosean, To Panasean Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% w

ende (Lawele), Kapontori (Akido), Labuandiri. Dialect names are also place names. May be more than 1 language. Lexical similarity: 71
ele), Kapontori (Akido), Labuandiri. Dialect names are also place names. May be more than 1 language. Lexical similarity: 71% with Mu

xical similarity: 87%–93% between the Bulo dialect and other varieties, 75%–80% with dialects of Ulumanda’ [ulm], Bambam [ptu], an
arity: 87%–93% between the Bulo dialect and other varieties, 75%–80% with dialects of Ulumanda’ [ulm], Bambam [ptu], and Aralle-Ta

Barat Dialects: Lamma’, Mauta, Tubbe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
ects: Lamma’, Mauta, Tubbe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
 y: 23% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
h Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Marau [mvr], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Po
r], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, Sout
layo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahe

). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Eas
b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, N

town south. 30,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Related to Minangkabau [min] with Rejang influences
h. 30,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Related to Minangkabau [min] with Rejang influences [rej]. A me

Quick 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ndaoe, Ndau, “Umalasa” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ndaoe, Ndau, “Umalasa” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, T

Names: Tutunohan Dialects: Moning, Uhak. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Aputai [apx], 76% with Tugun [tzn], 67% w
tunohan Dialects: Moning, Uhak. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Aputai [apx], 76% with Tugun [tzn], 67% with Ili’uun

tjoh Dialects: None known. Influences from Dutch [nld], Javanese [jav], and Betawi [bew]. Classification: Creole, Dutch based Commen
ts: None known. Influences from Dutch [nld], Javanese [jav], and Betawi [bew]. Classification: Creole, Dutch based Comments: Predom

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, Wes
layo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guin
s: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Lolak [llq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, P
own. Lexical similarity: 75% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Lolak [llq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine,

cts: None known. Allegedly unintelligible of other Penan languages (Soriente 2003). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, N
nown. Allegedly unintelligible of other Penan languages (Soriente 2003). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borne

nesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’ Comments: Distinct from Punan Merap [pu
orth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’ Comments: Distinct from Punan Merap [puc].

yo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau Comments: Distinct from Punan Merah [puf].
ian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau Comments: Distinct from Punan Merah [puf].

yo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Punan Tubu Comments: Not a Kenyah language (2003 A. Soriente). Penan is generic, n
ian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Punan Tubu Comments: Not a Kenyah language (2003 A. Soriente). Penan is generic, nonagricult

sification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

eatened). Alternate Names: Putuk Dialects: Abai, Pa Kembaloh. May be the same as Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian, M
Alternate Names: Putuk Dialects: Abai, Pa Kembaloh. May be the same as Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

border; some in Sulawesi Selatan Province. 5,000 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lellewao, Lellewau, Noihe,
me in Sulawesi Selatan Province. 5,000 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lellewao, Lellewau, Noihe, Wiaoe, W

: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Razong Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Le
ous). Alternate Names: Razong Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Sulawesi Tengah Province, border area southwest of Lake Poso. 10,000 (2006). 2,300 in South Sulawesi, 5,700 in Central Sulawesi. Stat
engah Province, border area southwest of Lake Poso. 10,000 (2006). 2,300 in South Sulawesi, 5,700 in Central Sulawesi. Status: 6b (Thr

istian, traditional religion.

itional religion.

ation: 30,000 (1989). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bentenan, Pasan, Toratan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn
00 (1989). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bentenan, Pasan, Toratan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Phil

usi Rawas Ulu. 350,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djang, Redjang Dialects: Kepahiang (Kebanagung), Lebo
Ulu. 350,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djang, Redjang Dialects: Kepahiang (Kebanagung), Lebong, Musi (C

ous). Dialects: Namu, Rembong, Wangka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-L
cts: Namu, Rembong, Wangka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

languages on north Pura. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
on north Pura. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

om Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

ous). Dialects: Bekidoh, Ribun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern
cts: Bekidoh, Ribun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern
 te, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao), Rikou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern
mur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao), Rikou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Po

mes: Far Eastern Manggarai Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Manggarai [mqy], but marginal intelligibility. Classification: Aus
stern Manggarai Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Manggarai [mqy], but marginal intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comments: Chr
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comments: Christian.

Arka). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

us: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West N

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea

erau Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sahu’u, Sau, Sa’u Dialects: Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i. Reportedly sim
000 in Pa’disua. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sahu’u, Sau, Sa’u Dialects: Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i. Reportedly similar to Wa

: Sajau, Sujau Dialects: Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2, Punan Sajau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejan
au Dialects: Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2, Punan Sajau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

Names: Lenkaitahe, Liambata, Salas Gunung Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 48%–58% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with B
enkaitahe, Liambata, Salas Gunung Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 48%–58% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Benggoi [bg
mes: Hatue, Sawai, Seleman, Wahai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni], 48% with South Nuaulu [nx
e, Sawai, Seleman, Wahai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni], 48% with South Nuaulu [nxl]. Classific

us: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Loinang, Loindang, Madi, Mondono Dialects: Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo, Loinang (Baloa’, Kohu
eatened). Alternate Names: Loinang, Loindang, Madi, Mondono Dialects: Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo, Loinang (Baloa’, Kohumama’, Lin

). Alternate Names: Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast Comments
e Names: Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast Comments: Christian,

Dosan, Mayau, Sanggau. Very heterogenous dialects, probably more than 1 language in this group. Not all Sanggau isolects mutually in
yau, Sanggau. Very heterogenous dialects, probably more than 1 language in this group. Not all Sanggau isolects mutually intelligible. K

opulation total all countries: 255,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sangi, Sangih, Sangihé, Sangirese Dialects: Manganitu (
otal all countries: 255,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sangi, Sangih, Sangihé, Sangirese Dialects: Manganitu (Tamako), S

a (Moribund). Dialects: Iha-Saparua, Iha-Seram, Kulur, Siri-Sori. Each village has its own dialect. Lexical similarity: 86%–89% among diale
d). Dialects: Iha-Saparua, Iha-Seram, Kulur, Siri-Sori. Each village has its own dialect. Lexical similarity: 86%–89% among dialects; 82%–

Threatened). Alternate Names: Doda’ Dialects: Kulu (Lariang), Nunu’. Lexical similarity: 75% with Uma [ppk], 80% with Benggaulu dialec
d). Alternate Names: Doda’ Dialects: Kulu (Lariang), Nunu’. Lexical similarity: 75% with Uma [ppk], 80% with Benggaulu dialect of Uma [

ntral Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Ngeto-Ngete (Northeast Sasak)
, Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Ngeto-Ngete (Northeast Sasak). Complex
cts: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Barapasi [brp], 60% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Kofei [kpi], 63% with Tefaro [tfo]. Classifi
known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Barapasi [brp], 60% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Kofei [kpi], 63% with Tefaro [tfo]. Classification: Ea

orous). Alternate Names: Seuce Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ernate Names: Seuce Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Weda, Weda-Sawai, Were Dialects: Faya-Mafa, Kobe, Messa-Dote, Sawai, W
als. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Weda, Weda-Sawai, Were Dialects: Faya-Mafa, Kobe, Messa-Dote, Sawai, Weda. Lexica

ned). Alternate Names: Sarwar Use Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
nate Names: Sarwar Use Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, and Comoro villages. 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aejauroh, Sawuy Clas
iagas, Minahai, and Comoro villages. 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aejauroh, Sawuy Classification: T

te Names: Tanglapui Dialects: Lalamana, Lona, Salimana, Sawila, Sileba. Marginal intelligibility but reportedly structurally similar to Kula
Tanglapui Dialects: Lalamana, Lona, Salimana, Sawila, Sileba. Marginal intelligibility but reportedly structurally similar to Kula [tpg]; dis

7,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Quite similar to Desa, a dialect of Iban [iba] (2004 M. Connor). Classification: Austrone
7 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Quite similar to Desa, a dialect of Iban [iba] (2004 M. Connor). Classification: Austronesian, Mala

village; 3,000 ethnic Sedoa also live outside the area, but most do not speak Sedoa. Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Al
00 ethnic Sedoa also live outside the area, but most do not speak Sedoa. Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate N

ayi Dialects: Kelai, Segah. Called Segayi by the Berau, Ga’ay by the Kenyah and Kayan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
: Kelai, Segah. Called Segayi by the Berau, Ga’ay by the Kenyah and Kayan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Born
apuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
st Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Seith). Lexical similarity: 85% between Kaitetu and Seit dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%–82% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–74% with Tulehu [t
ical similarity: 85% between Kaitetu and Seit dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%–82% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–74% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classifi

nce, offshore islands Bengkalis, Rangsang, and Mendol, 4 areas; Kepulauan Riau Province, islands south and southwest of Singapore, Ba
e islands Bengkalis, Rangsang, and Mendol, 4 areas; Kepulauan Riau Province, islands south and southwest of Singapore, Batam, Kapa

mes: Seka Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: highest with Arguni [agf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E
Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: highest with Arguni [agf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma

(1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Seko, Wono Dialects: Hono’ (Wono), Lodang. Classification:
2,300 in the Seko area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Seko, Wono Dialects: Hono’ (Wono), Lodang. Classification: Austronesi

e Names: Pewanean, Pewaneang, Pohoneang, Seko Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Seko Padang [skx], 67% with Pan
ewanean, Pewaneang, Pohoneang, Seko Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Seko Padang [skx], 67% with Panasuan [ps

and off Yamdena west coast. Some in Saumlake, Ambon towns. 8,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Salaru Dia
mdena west coast. Some in Saumlake, Ambon towns. 8,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Salaru Dialects: Kan

e known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Makassar [mak]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Com
Lexical similarity: 69% with Makassar [mak]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Mu

tatus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Day
Threatened). Alternate Names: Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic

2005). 740 in Makatian, 2,100 in Seluwasan. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Selvasa, Selwasa Dialects: Makatian, Seluwasan
in Makatian, 2,100 in Seluwasan. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Selvasa, Selwasa Dialects: Makatian, Seluwasan. Makatian

ang Dialects: Beginci, Bihak, Gerai, Komi, Semandang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern Commen
s: Beginci, Bihak, Gerai, Komi, Semandang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern Comments: Traditio

koeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North
mbakong, Simbakong, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan

00 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Mairasi [
L). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Mairasi [zrs], 63%

ernate Names: Nararapi Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Kamoro [kgq]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, S
mes: Nararapi Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Kamoro [kgq]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan Co

loping). Alternate Names: Buyaka Dialects: Central Sentani, East Sentani, West Sentani. Lexical similarity: 30% with Tabla [tnm]. Classifi
ternate Names: Buyaka Dialects: Central Sentani, East Sentani, West Sentani. Lexical similarity: 30% with Tabla [tnm]. Classification: Ea

nate Names: Tamilouw Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69%–78% with Teluti [tlt], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Aus
es: Tamilouw Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69%–78% with Teluti [tlt], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian,

-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.
milar to Nila [nil]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, T
a [nil]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Bab

n. Lexical similarity: 82% with Ansus [and], 77% with Ambai [amk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma
milarity: 82% with Ansus [and], 77% with Ambai [amk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyn

ternate Names: Ot Siang Dialects: Murung 2, Siang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North
mes: Ot Siang Dialects: Murung 2, Siang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

ate Names: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Sikka, Sikka, Sikkanese Dialects: Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (Kangaé, South Coast Sikka)
: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Sikka, Sikka, Sikkanese Dialects: Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (Kangaé, South Coast Sikka), Tana Ai. W

ng). Alternate Names: Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Eritai [ert
ate Names: Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Eritai [ert]. Classific

s: Lekon, Tapah. Reportedly similar to Nias [nia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, N
apah. Reportedly similar to Nias [nia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias

eloping). Alternate Names: Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik Dialects: Lower Samenage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani
ternate Names: Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik Dialects: Lower Samenage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Co

ë, Simulul Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Muslim.

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Muslim.

s). Alternate Names: Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, S
e Names: Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, Skou Comm
 us). Alternate Names: Soa Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Ngad’a [nxg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
ate Names: Soa Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Ngad’a [nxg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea

ernate Names: Biga, Imasi, Liki Dialects: None known. Reportedly comprehension of Liki [lio]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
mes: Biga, Imasi, Liki Dialects: None known. Reportedly comprehension of Liki [lio]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

a, Wina Classification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

assification: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nate Names: Demta, Muris Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
es: Demta, Muris Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

watan, Mirabo, Suabau Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Duriankere [dbn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South B
rabo, Suabau Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Duriankere [dbn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head

1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sanana Dialects: Facei (Facé), Fagudu, Falahu. Reportedly similar to Mangole [mqc].
tatus: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sanana Dialects: Facei (Facé), Fagudu, Falahu. Reportedly similar to Mangole [mqc]. Classificati

wa, Sumbawarese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa

warese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa

ency. 34,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. Alternate Names: Pria
00,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. Alternate Names: Priangan, Sund

e Names: Yamna Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oce
amna Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, West
ernate Names: Bonda, Bone, Bunda, Bune, Suvava, Toewawa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Cent
mes: Bonda, Bone, Bunda, Bune, Suvava, Toewawa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philipp

u. Northern dialect is the main one. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Lolo
n dialect is the main one. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comme

Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah 2, Tepera Dialects: Tepera, Yewena-Yongsu, Yokari. Yokari dialect understood by other dialects
i, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah 2, Tepera Dialects: Tepera, Yewena-Yongsu, Yokari. Yokari dialect understood by other dialects at 80% to

ast Salutallang village; Seko Lemo subdialect spoken in its own enclave in Uro valley, northwest of Sallutallang; enclave of Rongkong sp
ang village; Seko Lemo subdialect spoken in its own enclave in Uro valley, northwest of Sallutallang; enclave of Rongkong speakers in E

u-Tagal Dialects: Alumbis (Loembis, Lumbis), Maligan (Bol Murut, Bole Murut, Mauligan, Meligan), Pensiangan Murut (Lagunan Murut,
lects: Alumbis (Loembis, Lumbis), Maligan (Bol Murut, Bole Murut, Mauligan, Meligan), Pensiangan Murut (Lagunan Murut, Pentjangan

dly most similar to Awyi [auw]. Classification: Border, Taikat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
milar to Awyi [auw]. Classification: Border, Taikat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Petapa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Different from the Lole d
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Different from the Lole dialect of K

nate Names: Adjio, Kasimbar, Ta’adjio, Tadjio Dialects: Central Tajio, Northern Tajio, Western Tajio. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
s: Adjio, Kasimbar, Ta’adjio, Tadjio Dialects: Central Tajio, Northern Tajio, Western Tajio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia

ngka’a, Awit, Beo, Dapalan (Riung), Essang, Kaburuang, Lirang (Salebabu, Salibabu), Nenusa-Maingas, South Karakelong (Karakelang, K
it, Beo, Dapalan (Riung), Essang, Kaburuang, Lirang (Salebabu, Salibabu), Nenusa-Maingas, South Karakelong (Karakelang, Karakelong)
e Names: Taliabo Dialects: Mananga, Mangei (Mang, Mange, Mange’e, Sobojo, Soboyo), Padang (Samada). Dialects 90% or more lexica
aliabo Dialects: Mananga, Mangei (Mang, Mange, Mange’e, Sobojo, Soboyo), Padang (Samada). Dialects 90% or more lexically similar.

. 550 (2005 R. Van den Berg). 400 in Maligano, 150 in Wakalambe. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Talloki, Taluki Dialects: Lexica
5 R. Van den Berg). 400 in Maligano, 150 in Wakalambe. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Talloki, Taluki Dialects: Lexical similarity

londo Kondo Dialects: None known. May be in the Seko subgroup (Padang [skx] or Tengah [sko]). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kalumpa
do Dialects: None known. May be in the Seko subgroup (Padang [skx] or Tengah [sko]). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kalumpang [kli]. Cla

ru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kayagar [kyt], also related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classi
w, Wagow, Wiyagar Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kayagar [kyt], also related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: T

Alternate Names: Dayak Taman, Taman Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comme
ames: Dayak Taman, Taman Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments: Traditi

assification: Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah Comments: Distinct from Tanahmerah (Tabla) of Sentani [set] branch. Christian, tradition
n: Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah Comments: Distinct from Tanahmerah (Tabla) of Sentani [set] branch. Christian, traditional religion

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New G
lynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cen

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

: Christian, traditional religion.

ation counted in the 12 villages only. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: East Trangan, Tarangan Timur Dialects: North East Tarang
ed in the 12 villages only. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: East Trangan, Tarangan Timur Dialects: North East Tarangan, South

specially to the south. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarangan Barat, West Trangan Dialects: North Central Tarangan, South
the south. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarangan Barat, West Trangan Dialects: North Central Tarangan, Southwestern T

tedly most similar to Kaptiau [kbi] and Bonggo [bpg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes
t similar to Kaptiau [kbi] and Bonggo [bpg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Easte

000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Darha, Doa Dialects: Deirate, Tause, Weirate. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West C
s: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Darha, Doa Dialects: Deirate, Tause, Weirate. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments:

ing). Alternate Names: Joloano Sulu, Moro Joloano, Sooloo, Sulu, Suluk, Taosug, Tausog, Taw Sug Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
nate Names: Joloano Sulu, Moro Joloano, Sooloo, Sulu, Suluk, Taosug, Tausog, Taw Sug Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

ri 1981). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tabojan, Tabojan Tongka, Taboyan, Tabuyan, Tawoyan Dayak, Tewoyan Dialects: No
atus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tabojan, Tabojan Tongka, Taboyan, Tabuyan, Tawoyan Dayak, Tewoyan Dialects: None known

ages. 220 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dubu Classification: Pauwasi, Western Comments: Christian, traditional relig
2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dubu Classification: Pauwasi, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

exical similarity: 61% with Barapasi [brp], 63% with Sauri [srt], 70% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Tra
arity: 61% with Barapasi [brp], 63% with Sauri [srt], 70% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Traditional re

0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan Dialects: Fkar, Imyan, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Saw
guals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan Dialects: Fkar, Imyan, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Sawiat Salmei
g, Madar. Deing (Diang) may be a separate language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
Deing (Diang) may be a separate language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Comments: Christian.

est Teluti (Haya, Tehoru, Tehua, Wolu). Lexical similarity: 74%–89% among dialects, 69%–78% with Sepa [spb], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]
Haya, Tehoru, Tehua, Wolu). Lexical similarity: 74%–89% among dialects, 69%–78% with Sepa [spb], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classifica

May be marginally intelligible with Javanese [jav]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Ethnically disti
arginally intelligible with Javanese [jav]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Ethnically distinct from

understand Kur [kuv]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Gaur Kristen and Ut, 71%–83% with Kur [kuv], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with G
d Kur [kuv]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Gaur Kristen and Ut, 71%–83% with Kur [kuv], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges].

rous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar Comments: Distinct ethnic identity from Blagar.
ification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar Comments: Distinct ethnic identity from Blagar.

Central Rote, Pa’da, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Bokai, Korbafo (Korbaffo), Pa’da (Termanu), Pa’da Kona (Keka-Talae, S
ote, Pa’da, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Bokai, Korbafo (Korbaffo), Pa’da (Termanu), Pa’da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Te

s off of southeasternmost point, some communities on western north coast. 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. North
theasternmost point, some communities on western north coast. 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. North and northe

onship with Chavacano and dialects, still spoken in the Philippines. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based
h Chavacano and dialects, still spoken in the Philippines. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based
akers in both East Timor and Indonesia. Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East
th East Timor and Indonesia. Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East Nusa Ten

Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Teun Comments: Government mov
, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Teun Comments: Government moved them fr

erior, Malinau river. 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Camucones, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidung, Tira
nau river. 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Camucones, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones,

s. 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Ternate [tft]. C
Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Ternate [tft]. Classificatio

Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Thie, Ti, Western Rote Dialects: Minor variation, third singular
Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Thie, Ti, Western Rote Dialects: Minor variation, third singular verb prefix

mes: Enggros, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayapura, Jotafa, Tobwadic, Yautefa, Yotafa Dialects: None known. Formerly classified as Papuan. Class
os, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayapura, Jotafa, Tobwadic, Yautefa, Yotafa Dialects: None known. Formerly classified as Papuan. Classification: A

ea surrounding Kao bay, inland. Morotai island, east coast central. Communities on Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, and Raja
ding Kao bay, inland. Morotai island, east coast central. Communities on Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, and Raja Ampat isla

Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tofamna Dialects: None known. Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Com
Alternate Names: Tofamna Dialects: None known. Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Chr

Kolono, southeast peninsula, extending northwest across plains up to highlands; along west coast, past Klaka town towards Bone bay
utheast peninsula, extending northwest across plains up to highlands; along west coast, past Klaka town towards Bone bay narrows. 3
ne known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Bahonsuai [bsu], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: A
Lexical similarity: 71% with Bahonsuai [bsu], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austrones

d). Alternate Names: Baria, Belala, Mbelala Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66%–76% with Pamona [pmf] varieties and 38% wi
te Names: Baria, Belala, Mbelala Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66%–76% with Pamona [pmf] varieties and 38% with Bungku

nate Names: Minahasa, Minhasa, Tombalu, Tombula, Tombulu’, Toumbulu Dialects: Taratara, Tomohon. Reportedly most similar to To
es: Minahasa, Minhasa, Tombalu, Tombula, Tombulu’, Toumbulu Dialects: Taratara, Tomohon. Reportedly most similar to Tondano [td

e. 30,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mouton, Moutong, Tiadje, Tialo Classification: Austronesian,
Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mouton, Moutong, Tiadje, Tialo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, Toulour Dialects: Kakas (Ka’kas), Remboken, Tondano. Reportedly most similar
. Alternate Names: Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, Toulour Dialects: Kakas (Ka’kas), Remboken, Tondano. Reportedly most similar to Tombu

e Names: Tombatu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan Comments: Christian.

ombatu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan Comments: Christian.

an, Likupang, Maumbi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Tradition
ng, Maumbi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Traditional religion,

ames: Pakewa, Tompakewa, Tountemboan Dialects: Sonder (Matanai, Matana’i-Maore’), Tompaso (Makelai, Makela’i-Maotow). Classi
ewa, Tompakewa, Tountemboan Dialects: Sonder (Matanai, Matana’i-Maore’), Tompaso (Makelai, Makela’i-Maotow). Classification: Au

8a (Moribund). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 66% with Sarudu [sdu] and Da’a [kzf], 56% with Ledo [lew], 54% with the Parigi dialect of Kai
nd). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 66% with Sarudu [sdu] and Da’a [kzf], 56% with Ledo [lew], 54% with the Parigi dialect of Kaili [lew]. Cl
000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sada, Sadan, Sa’dan, Sadang, Sa’dansche, South Toraja, Tae’, Taeq, T
s), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sada, Sadan, Sa’dan, Sadang, Sa’dansche, South Toraja, Tae’, Taeq, Toradja, Tor

d; area southwest of Point Arus. 25,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gage, Tolitoli, Tontoli Classification
thwest of Point Arus. 25,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gage, Tolitoli, Tontoli Classification: Austrones

d). Alternate Names: Towe Classification: Pauwasi, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
e Names: Towe Classification: Pauwasi, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Low intelligibility of Kwerba [kwe]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kauwera [xau] and 60
s: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Low intelligibility of Kwerba [kwe]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kauwera [xau] and 60% with Kw

o, Tsokwambo Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Komyandaret [kzv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, N
mbo Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Komyandaret [kzv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Co

st end of island. 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 monolinguals. L2 users: Those who marry into group learn the language. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt
land. 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 monolinguals. L2 users: Those who marry into group learn the language. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na

district, Taboulamo area in Kao district, the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Wasilei district, Dodaga, Tutuling, Akelamo, and Mabula
boulamo area in Kao district, the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Wasilei district, Dodaga, Tutuling, Akelamo, and Mabulan rivers in

, Sulabesi, Seram, and Ambon islands. Also, Baubau and Sumbawa cities. 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a
Seram, and Ambon islands. Also, Baubau and Sumbawa cities. 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous)

a, Bonerate, and Karompa islands. Maluku, Taliabu, Mongole, Sulabesi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, and Alor islands. Settlements throughout
 , and Karompa islands. Maluku, Taliabu, Mongole, Sulabesi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, and Alor islands. Settlements throughout western Pa

, Tengah-Tengah, Tial, Tulehu. Each dialect is in a separate village. Eastern end of Ambon dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 84%–90% am
engah, Tial, Tulehu. Each dialect is in a separate village. Eastern end of Ambon dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 84%–90% among dialec

hreatened). Alternate Names: Tarunggare, Turunggare Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bauzi [bvz], 75% with Burate
. Alternate Names: Tarunggare, Turunggare Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bauzi [bvz], 75% with Burate [bti], 65%

Muntaiwan town; Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, border area. 50,000 (Nikolic 2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
town; Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, border area. 50,000 (Nikolic 2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam

ng, “Rawan” (pej.), Timol, Timor, “Timor Dawan” (pej.), Timoreesch, Timoreezen, Timorese, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto Dialect
” (pej.), Timol, Timor, “Timor Dawan” (pej.), Timoreesch, Timoreezen, Timorese, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto Dialects: Amanub

ects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kola [kvv] in north Aru, and slightly less with Kola on the west coast of Kola Island. Class
e known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kola [kvv] in north Aru, and slightly less with Kola on the west coast of Kola Island. Classification: A

ne. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awo-Sumakuyu, Botteng-Tappalang, Kado, Oeloemanda, Tubbi, Ulumandak, Ulunda Dialec
6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awo-Sumakuyu, Botteng-Tappalang, Kado, Oeloemanda, Tubbi, Ulumandak, Ulunda Dialects: Botten

Luwu regency, in enclave within the Seko Padang language area, south Pasangkayu regency, Mamuju subdistrict; Gimpu and Palolo va
ncy, in enclave within the Seko Padang language area, south Pasangkayu regency, Mamuju subdistrict; Gimpu and Palolo valleys, other

tus: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Western Kenyah Dialects: Uma’ Alim, Uma’ Baka, Uma’ Lasan. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
gorous). Alternate Names: Western Kenyah Dialects: Uma’ Alim, Uma’ Baka, Uma’ Lasan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
 easing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oma Longh Dialects: None known. Marginally intelligible of Uma Lasan [xky]. Classifi
atus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oma Longh Dialects: None known. Marginally intelligible of Uma Lasan [xky]. Classification: A

Sumtamon. 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Goliath, Langda, Mt. Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte Dial
n. 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Goliath, Langda, Mt. Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte Dialects: None

b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Faur, Tubiruasa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
ned). Alternate Names: Faur, Tubiruasa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bo

60 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Afra Dialects: None known. Not closely related to any ot
2007). Few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Afra Dialects: None known. Not closely related to any other langua

Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

63% with Betaf [bfe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Betaf [bfe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

wn. Lexical similarity: 71% with Kurudu [kjr], 46% with Western Serui [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas
similarity: 71% with Kurudu [kjr], 46% with Western Serui [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waerana Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lemb
Alternate Names: Waerana Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

are, and Nyandesawai villages. 300 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambel, Amber, Amberi, Waigiu Dialects: Metn
andesawai villages. 300 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambel, Amber, Amberi, Waigiu Dialects: Metnyo, Metsa
s). Alternate Names: Wajoli, Wayoli Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan,
te Names: Wajoli, Wayoli Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halm

fication: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

a, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

u, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

eloping). Alternate Names: Bentoeni, Bentuni, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wandamen-Windesi, Windesi, Windessi Dialects: Aibondeni, Ambumi
ternate Names: Bentoeni, Bentuni, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wandamen-Windesi, Windesi, Windessi Dialects: Aibondeni, Ambumi, Bintuni, D

anggo, Wangom Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Du
ngom Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dum

ast of Moni [mnz], west of Western Dani [dnw] language areas. 1,000 (2011), decreasing. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000.
i [mnz], west of Western Dani [dnw] language areas. 1,000 (2011), decreasing. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000. L2 users: 0

Names: Wanokaka Dialects: Rua, Wanukaka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sum
anokaka Dialects: Rua, Wanukaka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu,

Alternate Names: Waremboivoro, Warenbori Dialects: Bonoi Buroro. Lexical similarity: 33% with Yoke [yki]. 30% Austronesian vocabul
Names: Waremboivoro, Warenbori Dialects: Bonoi Buroro. Lexical similarity: 33% with Yoke [yki]. 30% Austronesian vocabulary. Classi

g). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: 2005 survey data indicates language may not exist or speakers have moved. M
ation: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: 2005 survey data indicates language may not exist or speakers have moved. Maweswres
fication: Border, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
rder, Waris Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Comments: Different from Waris [wrs] or Wares [wai]. Christian, traditional religion.
: Different from Waris [wrs] or Wares [wai]. Christian, traditional religion.

(Threatened). Alternate Names: Bipim, Bipim As-So Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, C
ed). Alternate Names: Bipim, Bipim As-So Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Worpen Dialects: Ambumi, Napan, Waropen Kai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
ialects: Ambumi, Napan, Waropen Kai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern M

tatus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mapute, Mopute Dialects: Lalomerui, Waru. Lexical similarity: 86% with the Waru and Lalom
Threatened). Alternate Names: Mapute, Mopute Dialects: Lalomerui, Waru. Lexical similarity: 86% with the Waru and Lalomerui dialec

bello, Snabi Watubela, Wesi Dialects: Sulmelang, Tamher Timur. Lexical similarity: 77% between dialects, 51%–61% with Geser-Gorom
Watubela, Wesi Dialects: Sulmelang, Tamher Timur. Lexical similarity: 77% between dialects, 51%–61% with Geser-Gorom [ges], 41%

, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawas
astern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raj

: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wowonii Dialects: Menui (Manoei), Wawonii. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bungku [bkz] and Tulambat
ous). Alternate Names: Wowonii Dialects: Menui (Manoei), Wawonii. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bungku [bkz] and Tulambatu dialect o

ewewa, Wewjewa, Weyewa Dialects: Lauli (Loli), Tana Righu, Weyewa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easte
ewjewa, Weyewa Dialects: Lauli (Loli), Tana Righu, Weyewa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-
0 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Honitetu, Oemale, Tala Dialects: East Wemale, South
uals. Ethnic population: 7,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Honitetu, Oemale, Tala Dialects: East Wemale, South Wemale,

us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin Dialects: Kolana, Langkuru (Mademang, Pureman), Manet
rous). Alternate Names: Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin Dialects: Kolana, Langkuru (Mademang, Pureman), Maneta. Classifica

similarity: 77% with Pom [pmo], Marau [mvr], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala
77% with Pom [pmo], Marau [mvr], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyne

orthwest of Moni [mnz] language area. 5,000 (1992 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Woda, Woda-Mo, Wodani Classific
f Moni [mnz] language area. 5,000 (1992 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Woda, Woda-Mo, Wodani Classification: Tran

ersen). Population does not include those in other provinces. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baubau Dialects: Lexical simila
ulation does not include those in other provinces. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baubau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% w

brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 63% with Kofei [kpi], 69% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Botawa is a Dem
with Demisa [dei], 63% with Kofei [kpi], 69% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Botawa is a Demisa and W

een Wotu and Angkona villages. 500 (2009 Masruddin and Wahibah), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009). Status: 6b (Threate
and Angkona villages. 500 (2009 Masruddin and Wahibah), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter

ahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Konda [knd]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Sout
erigo, Yabin Yahadian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Konda [knd]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s H

Jahalatane Dialects: Slight dialect differences reported between the 2 villages. Lexical similarity: 50%–52% with Sepa [spb], 49%–50% w
 Dialects: Slight dialect differences reported between the 2 villages. Lexical similarity: 50%–52% with Sepa [spb], 49%–50% with Teluti

ls. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: In-lom, Kosarek, Wanam, Yale-Ko
100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: In-lom, Kosarek, Wanam, Yale-Kosarek Diale

Names: Angguruk, Northern Yali, Yalimo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion
ngguruk, Northern Yali, Yalimo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

989 following earthquake. More than 50 villages. 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jalè, Jaly, Ninia, No
ing earthquake. More than 50 villages. 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jalè, Jaly, Ninia, North Ngalik

ate Names: Abendago, North Ngalik, Pass Valley, Western Yali, Yaly Dialects: Apahapsili, Landikma, Pass Valley. Classification: Trans-Ne
Abendago, North Ngalik, Pass Valley, Western Yali, Yaly Dialects: Apahapsili, Landikma, Pass Valley. Classification: Trans-New Guinea,

. 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jamden, Jamdena, Tane
991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jamden, Jamdena, Tanemprar lirin

ed). Alternate Names: Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai Dialects: Bapai, Nambiomon-Mabur, Oba-Miwamon. Classification: Trans-New Gu
te Names: Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai Dialects: Bapai, Nambiomon-Mabur, Oba-Miwamon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mar

Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jaya
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, S

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West
ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guin
Developing). Alternate Names: Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Unat, Yapanani, Yava, Yawa Unat Dialects: Central Yawa (Mora), East Yawa, No
g). Alternate Names: Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Unat, Yapanani, Yava, Yawa Unat Dialects: Central Yawa (Mora), East Yawa, North Yawa,

s: Lower Yei, Upper Yei. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible only with difficulty. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Up
ei, Upper Yei. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible only with difficulty. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro,

te Names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Maklew [mgf]. Classification: South-Central Pa
Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Maklew [mgf]. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelm

fting). Alternate Names: Beduba, Iresim Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern M
nate Names: Beduba, Iresim Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Poly

e Names: Goni, Umar, Umari Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Pol
Goni, Umar, Umari Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, So

M. Donohue). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Trade language in the area, extending to Papua New Guinea border. Alternate Names
ue). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Trade language in the area, extending to Papua New Guinea border. Alternate Names: Biaksi, Bik

us: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 33% with Warem
reatened). Alternate Names: Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 33% with Warembori [wsa]

es: Jafi, Jafi Wagarindem, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Warlef, Yaffi, Yafi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Emem [enr
fi Wagarindem, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Warlef, Yaffi, Yafi Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Emem [enr]. Classific
 oya Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

isika). May be more than 1 language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
y be more than 1 language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

mbun Dialects: Abun Je, Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Tat (Karon Pantai). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional relig
cts: Abun Je, Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Tat (Karon Pantai). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ames: Acehnese, Achehnese, Achinese Dialects: Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. Classification: Aust
hnese, Achehnese, Achinese Dialects: Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. Classification: Austronesian, M

ed a separate language from Kabola [klz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Chr
ate language from Kabola [klz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian.

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim, Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim, Christian.

mments: Different from Aghu-Tharnggala [gtu] of Australia. Christian, traditional religion.

Different from Aghu-Tharnggala [gtu] of Australia. Christian, traditional religion.

rba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
r Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
[adr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.

Lumoli), Kairatu, North Coastal Alune (Nikulkan-Murnaten-Wakolo), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu). Rambatu dialect repo
airatu, North Coastal Alune (Nikulkan-Murnaten-Wakolo), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu). Rambatu dialect reportedly pres

h Saparua [spr], 59% with Kamarian [kzx], 58% with Kaibobo [kzb], 52% with Luhu [lcq] and Hulung [huk], 50% with Alune [alp], 49% wi
[spr], 59% with Kamarian [kzx], 58% with Kaibobo [kzb], 52% with Luhu [lcq] and Hulung [huk], 50% with Alune [alp], 49% with Naka’el

s: Timor Amarasi, Uab Meto Dialects: Kotos, Ro’is, Ro’is Hero (Kopa), Ro’is Tais Nonof. Part of Uab Meto language chain. Reportedly sim
marasi, Uab Meto Dialects: Kotos, Ro’is, Ro’is Hero (Kopa), Ro’is Tais Nonof. Part of Uab Meto language chain. Reportedly similar to Ua

s: Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), Manawi, Randawaya. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification:
Wadapi-Laut), Manawi, Randawaya. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austrones

uru [mhs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau Comments: S
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau Comments: Schools thr
ongko [bgb], 60% with Batui [zbt], 62% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 66% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
b], 60% with Batui [zbt], 62% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 66% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celeb

pm], 77% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo
with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesia

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea,
-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jay

ne known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Hovongan [hov]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North
Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Hovongan [hov]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, N

elemur. Welemur dialect has no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai [wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn
elemur dialect has no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai [wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn], 69% wit

dak [ulm] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, M
dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

cal similarity: 71% with the Kemberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head
ty: 71% with the Kemberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Ea

Bomberai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

omments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West N

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guine
6b (Threatened). Dialects: Asilulu, Negeri Lima (Henalima, Lima), Ureng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect,
ened). Dialects: Asilulu, Negeri Lima (Henalima, Lima), Ureng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%–82%

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

tion: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

er 1972). Most are monolingual. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Dialects: Ajam (Ayam), Misman, Simai (S
ost are monolingual. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Dialects: Ajam (Ayam), Misman, Simai (Simay). Re

tian, traditional religion.

tional religion.

traditional religion.

on: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Distinct from Awyi [auw] (Awye) in Taikat group. Christian, traditional religion.
New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Distinct from Awyi [auw] (Awye) in Taikat group. Christian, traditional religion.

Dani [dnw], or Mek family. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono Comments: Frequently at war with
], or Mek family. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono Comments: Frequently at war with Kopkaka

an, traditional religion.

onal religion.
tinct from Auye [auu] in Ekari-Wolani-Moni group. Christian, traditional religion.
Auye [auu] in Ekari-Wolani-Moni group. Christian, traditional religion.

yu [aws], but distinct from Central Awyu [awu] and Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu C
but distinct from Central Awyu [awu] and Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments

, Nohon Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Traditional religion.
alects: 4 dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Traditional religion.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.

n, traditional religion.

Babar, North Comments: Christian.

th Comments: Christian.

, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

asela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

6,800 (Martens 1989), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bada’, Tobada’ Dialects: Ako, Bada. Lexical similarity: 85% w
tens 1989), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bada’, Tobada’ Dialects: Ako, Bada. Lexical similarity: 85% with Bada

of Banyubiru bay. 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, G
u bay. 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo Dia

Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

a, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ns-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
uinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

rneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

h Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

ri Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, East
xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East C

ta subdistricts; Maluku Utara Province on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula islands. 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more i
icts; Maluku Utara Province on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula islands. 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Ma
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’ Comments: Traditional religion.
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’ Comments: Traditional religion.

n, Land Dayak, Bakati’

p, Oloh Mengkatip). Lexical similarity: 75% with Ngaju [nij], 45% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Gre
engkatip). Lexical similarity: 75% with Ngaju [nij], 45% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barit

omini, Southern Comments: Muslim.

hern Comments: Muslim.

5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balanta, Kosian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Saluan [loe
ping). Alternate Names: Balanta, Kosian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Saluan [loe], 39% wi

te Names: Balinese Dialects: Highland Bali (“Bali Aga” (pej.)), Lowland Bali (Badung, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem, Klungku
Balinese Dialects: Highland Bali (“Bali Aga” (pej.)), Lowland Bali (Badung, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem, Klungkung, Taban

al, Issilita’, Matangnga, Mehalaan, Pakkau, Pattae’, Salu Mokanam. Complex dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 83%–94% with Bumal; 85%
Matangnga, Mehalaan, Pakkau, Pattae’, Salu Mokanam. Complex dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 83%–94% with Bumal; 85%–80% with

yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser Comments: The people originally came from th
sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser Comments: The people originally came from the Banda Isl

sian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.
 Bangka, South Bangka. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, M
outh Bangka. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, M

au Laut, Kutai, and Pasir, north towards Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; smaller region, Kalimantan Barat Province, coastal Matua.
tai, and Pasir, north towards Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; smaller region, Kalimantan Barat Province, coastal Matua. 3,500,000

ilar to Karey [kyd]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-
ey [kyd]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

uri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
1% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ith Inde dialect of Kaili, Da’a [kzf], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po
alect of Kaili, Da’a [kzf], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, C

North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

eo, Rejang-Sajau Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

s: Alas, Kluet, Singkil (Kade-Kade). Alas dialect may be more similar to Karo Batak [btx], 81% cognate (Soravia 2002), while Kluet and Si
uet, Singkil (Kade-Kade). Alas dialect may be more similar to Karo Batak [btx], 81% cognate (Soravia 2002), while Kluet and Singkil may

ociolinguistically. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Chr
tically. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian, Mu
istinct. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian.
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian.

Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nds, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

different from Angkola Batak [akb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southe
rom Angkola Batak [akb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comme

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian.

st Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian.

ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Strong separation o
esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Strong separation of ethnolin

th Saluan [loe], 60% with Andio [bzb], 54% with Bobongko [bgb], 46% with Balantak [blz], 38% with Banggai [bgz]. Classification: Austr
[loe], 60% with Andio [bzb], 54% with Bobongko [bgb], 46% with Balantak [blz], 38% with Banggai [bgz]. Classification: Austronesian, M

d], 81% with Mariri [mqi]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim
th Mariri [mqi]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

olinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Dialects: Aumenefa, Gesda Dae, Neao. Classification: Ea
Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Dialects: Aumenefa, Gesda Dae, Neao. Classification: East Geelvin
with Awbono [awh]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono
no [awh]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono

West New Guinea, Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Guinea, Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

y, culturally, and lexically distinct from Bada [bhz] and Napu [npy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamo
ly, and lexically distinct from Bada [bhz] and Napu [npy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, South

ments: Edwas may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.
was may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.

ggoi, Lesa. Lexical similarity: 70% with dialects; 54%–66% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Salas Gunung dialect [sgu], 32%–46% wit
Lexical similarity: 70% with dialects; 54%–66% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Salas Gunung dialect [sgu], 32%–46% with Manuse

n: Deaf sign language Comments: In the linguistic literature the language is referred to as Kata Kolok which means ‘deaf language’ in B
gn language Comments: In the linguistic literature the language is referred to as Kata Kolok which means ‘deaf language’ in Balinese [ba

known. Reportedly most similar to Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments:
eportedly most similar to Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: ‘Bentong’

alayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak

nesian, Land Dayak

. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with
b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kd

b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte Dialects: None known. A
ned). Alternate Names: Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte Dialects: None known. A Malay-b

or, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor Dialects: Ariom, Bo’o, Bosnik, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Kamer, Korido, Ko
sch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor Dialects: Ariom, Bo’o, Bosnik, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Kamer, Korido, Korim, Mand

Comments: May be distinct from Biatah [bth] of Sarawak. Christian, traditional religion.
: May be distinct from Biatah [bth] of Sarawak. Christian, traditional religion.

ar Sadong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern

New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

ea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

ur, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Tim
tinese Dialects: Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar,

Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comm
nggar), Toloweri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Musl
omments: Muslim.

cq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

y islands, is a separate language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
s a separate language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Different from Boano [bzn] in Maluku. Muslim.
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Different from Boano [bzn] in Maluku. Muslim.

tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, H
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Co

Different from Andio [bzb]. Lexical similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 44% with Andio [bzb], and 30% with Gorontalo [gor], 25%–
om Andio [bzb]. Lexical similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 44% with Andio [bzb], and 30% with Gorontalo [gor], 25%–30% with G

rity: 44% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 42% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma
with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 42% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyn

tinggola-Bolango, Bolaang Uki, Bolang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Dialects: Atinggola (Andagile, Attingola, Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (
olango, Bolaang Uki, Bolang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Dialects: Atinggola (Andagile, Attingola, Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (Uki). Clas

arawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong Comments: Traditional religion.

Dayic, Murutic, Tidong Comments: Traditional religion.
 ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.

ic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Bgu may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional relig
ew Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Bgu may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.

abulahan [atq] and Ulumandak [ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju [mqx] and Seko Padang [skx], 61% with Seko Tengah [sko], 7
[atq] and Ulumandak [ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju [mqx] and Seko Padang [skx], 61% with Seko Tengah [sko], 72% with P

a; Sulawesi Tenggara Province, south of lake, along east coast of Bone bay, 3 enclaves; Kasiputih area facing Muna island; Sulawesi Ten
i Tenggara Province, south of lake, along east coast of Bone bay, 3 enclaves; Kasiputih area facing Muna island; Sulawesi Tengah Provin

Schwaner ‘Punan’

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang Comments: Christian.

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang Comments: Christian.

h Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Several communities of over 100 dwellings. Muslim, Christian
a-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Several communities of over 100 dwellings. Muslim, Christian.

ar, Timor Comments: Small groups scattered among other languages. Traditional religion.
omments: Small groups scattered among other languages. Traditional religion.

ambatu and Kenduri areas inland; interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. 27,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
d Kenduri areas inland; interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. 27,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
milarity: 61% with Totoli [txe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mong
1% with Totoli [txe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Go

ents: Seminomadic. Traditional religion, Christian.

nomadic. Traditional religion, Christian.

nown. Lexical similarity: less than 5% with other languages. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso Comments: Christian, tra
cal similarity: less than 5% with other languages. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso Comments: Christian, traditional rel

se Dialects: Central Buru (Rana, Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu), Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama). Li
: Central Buru (Rana, Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu), Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama). Li Garan is a

bakor, Sebakoor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, S
akoor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Co

3% with Serui-Laut [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynes
rui-Laut [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South

70%–79% with Muna dialects, 71% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Lantoi [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic,
with Muna dialects, 71% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Lantoi [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, S
 [mdr], 50%–62% with Bugis [bug], 55% with Bugis Bone [bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene [bug], Bugis Sidrap [bug]. Classification: Aust
%–62% with Bugis [bug], 55% with Bugis Bone [bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene [bug], Bugis Sidrap [bug]. Classification: Austronesian,

anjarmasin city. 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
city. 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

uton, Southern Butung Dialects: Kaesabu, Masiri, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74
hern Butung Dialects: Kaesabu, Masiri, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Ka

masma, Pirabanak, Senggo, Tiau, Vakam. Reportedly similar to Asmat [cns]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Co
abanak, Senggo, Tiau, Vakam. Reportedly similar to Asmat [cns]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: C

nt to be called Citak, not Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
lled Citak, not Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

an, Lubuk Linggau, Sindang Kelingi. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo
Linggau, Sindang Kelingi. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, M

h Babar, 48% with Tepa (Luang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Co
8% with Tepa (Luang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: C

-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

an, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

Names: Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Dialects: Amongme, Amung, Damal, Eng
mung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Dialects: Amongme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Rel

alayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East Damar

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East Damar

ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Dampal dialect is extinct. Muslim.
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Dampal dialect is extinct. Muslim.
 assification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
n: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Western Dani of Pyramid. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Da
ni of Pyramid. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani P

Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion.

w Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion.

inor dialect differences. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments:
t differences. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional re
alayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 60% with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi C
with Kofei [kpi], 60% with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments
estern Dengka. Western Dengka dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of, ngg, in Eastern Dengka dialect become, nd, in W
ngka. Western Dengka dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of, ngg, in Eastern Dengka dialect become, nd, in Western Den

wu [hvn]. Complex phonology. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Haw
Complex phonology. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao C

th Foau [flh]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Used as an inter-language. Christian, traditional religion.
h]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Used as an inter-language. Christian, traditional religion.

n: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

rba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

SIL), increasing. L2 users: Chinese merchants and other outsiders who live in Dobel villages and residents of Lorang use it as L2. Status:
sing. L2 users: Chinese merchants and other outsiders who live in Dobel villages and residents of Lorang use it as L2. Status: 5 (Develop

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Most of the hill Dondo interact socially wit
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Most of the hill Dondo interact socially with the Dond
a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Cla
s). Alternate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification

enteng Alla, Cakke-Kalosi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Mus
a, Cakke-Kalosi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

nts: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.

sian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ith Tawoyan [twy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central
an [twy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central

, Dusun Malang. Lexical similarity: 90% with the 2 dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Centr
alang. Lexical similarity: 90% with the 2 dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, S

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

nces. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

onal religion.
 ri, Yabi (Jabi). Reportedly most similar to Wolani [wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea
bi). Reportedly most similar to Wolani [wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, W

ects: None known. Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Almost no outside influence.
known. Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Almost no outside influence. ‘Morwap’ i

Dialects: Kalis (Kalis Dayak, Kalis Maloh). Kalis may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sula
alis (Kalis Dayak, Kalis Maloh). Kalis may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis

Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.

-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

fied Comments: Not conclusively established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Christian, M
ents: Not conclusively established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Christian, Muslim.

cts: Enrekang, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa), Ranga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Ma
ng, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa), Ranga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempul

Names: Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is repo
 liki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is reportedly sim

-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai Comment
Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai Comments: Tradition

yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-J
sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura B

d). Alternate Names: Abawiri, Doa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–49% with Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, E
ate Names: Abawiri, Doa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–49% with Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comm

Decreasing use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-La
g use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordat

al areas. 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Kadai, Kadina
,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Immigrants from Kisar learned Galolen. Christian.
Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Immigrants from Kisar learned Galolen. Christian.

ahera, Sahu Comments: Muslim, Christian.

hu Comments: Muslim, Christian.
stern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comm
yo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: Mu

o other languages. Some Gayo people consider Alas [btz] a distant Gayo dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nort
nguages. Some Gayo people consider Alas [btz] a distant Gayo dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sum

4% with Patani [ptn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
atani [ptn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Ha

93% among dialects, 51%–61% with Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesi
g dialects, 51%–61% with Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Centra

nguages of north Halmahera or Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. Cl
f north Halmahera or Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. Classificatio

orongtalo, Guarantala, Gunongtello, Holontalo, Hulontalo Dialects: East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, Limboto (Limbotto), Tilamuta, We
Guarantala, Gunongtello, Holontalo, Hulontalo Dialects: East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, Limboto (Limbotto), Tilamuta, West Goronta

tuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ber of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Musl
rolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni)

Alor, while Hamap speakers live geographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with
e Hamap speakers live geographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with Adang. Cl
 –76% with Tulehu [tlu], 67%–71% with Saparua [spr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes
Tulehu [tlu], 67%–71% with Saparua [spr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Centr

n, traditional religion.

te Names: Havunese, Sabu, Savu, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese Dialects: Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua), Seba (Heba), Timu (Dim
Havunese, Sabu, Savu, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese Dialects: Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua), Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu). Classifi

mau Dialects: Funai (Land Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Helong Pulau (Island Helong, Semau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Pol
s: Funai (Land Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Helong Pulau (Island Helong, Semau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

th Tulehu [tlu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nun
tlu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru

m, East Seram

th Kereho [xke], 67% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Keny
[xke], 67% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayan

entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Culturally distinct from Manusela. Tradition
tern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Culturally distinct from Manusela. Traditional religion
ta-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Naka’ela [nae], 63% with Alune [alp], 59% with Wemale [weo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
[lcs], 66% with Naka’ela [nae], 63% with Alune [alp], 59% with Wemale [weo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra

ristian, traditional religion.

ditional religion.

ping). Alternate Names: Foi, Iaw, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Dialects: Foi, Iau, Turu. Reportedly similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [
rnate Names: Foi, Iaw, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Dialects: Foi, Iau, Turu. Reportedly similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. Vari

u’, Ketungau (Air Tabun, Banjur, Demam, Maung, Sebaru’, Sekapat, Seklau, Sesat, Sigarau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
u (Air Tabun, Banjur, Demam, Maung, Sebaru’, Sekapat, Seklau, Sesat, Sigarau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Mala

Dialects: None known. May be inherently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu
one known. May be inherently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu

st Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

rai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Dialects: Eray, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, Telemar, Ustutun. All also use the Ili’uun dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%–97%
Eray, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, Telemar, Ustutun. All also use the Ili’uun dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%–97% among d
 Lexical similarity: over 80% with Standard Malay [zsm]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
milarity: over 80% with Standard Malay [zsm]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

ts: None known. Based on Indonesian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin [cmn] elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which
nown. Based on Indonesian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin [cmn] elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkie

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West Ne

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea

Saweri Dialects: Eastern Isirawa, Western Isirawa. Reportedly similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba
alects: Eastern Isirawa, Western Isirawa. Reportedly similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater K

o. 2005 survey data indicates this language may no longer exist or speakers moved to another location. Christian, traditional religion.
vey data indicates this language may no longer exist or speakers moved to another location. Christian, traditional religion.

census). 25,000 in south Sulawesi, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of
 ,000 in south Sulawesi, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Popu

[jav] grammar. Classification: Creole, Dutch based

mmar. Classification: Creole, Dutch based

rya-Tor, Tor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

r Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

sputed by native speakers. May be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separat
native speakers. May be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate languag

Proper, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

estern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: The government wants to resettle them along the coast. Trad
Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: The government wants to resettle them along the coast. Traditional reli

r-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: The name Kafoa is not known locally.
Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: The name Kafoa is not known locally.

ween Kaibobo and Hatusua dialect, 75% with Kamarian [kzx], 62%–65% with Saparua [spr], 62% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Naka’ela [nae
bo and Hatusua dialect, 75% with Kamarian [kzx], 62%–65% with Saparua [spr], 62% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classific

idipan, Kodipang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gor
dipang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Com
in south Sulawesi. Many monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binggi, Bunggu, Da’a, Pakawa, Pekava, Pekawa Dialec
ulawesi. Many monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binggi, Bunggu, Da’a, Pakawa, Pekava, Pekawa Dialects: Da’a (D

a), Doi (Kayu Malue, Mamboro), Edo (Sidondo), Ija (Sigi), Ledo (Palu), Rai (Sindue-Tawaili, Tawaili-Sindue), Raio (Kori), Ta’a (Dolago-Sau
yu Malue, Mamboro), Edo (Sidondo), Ija (Sigi), Ledo (Palu), Rai (Sindue-Tawaili, Tawaili-Sindue), Raio (Kori), Ta’a (Dolago-Sausu, Sausu),

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Lole has negative term, unde. Ganti
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Lole has negative term, unde. Ganti has negati

or Cia-Cia [cia]. Lexical similarity: 81% with Kambe-kambero dialect, 75% with Busoa [bup], 64%–74% with Muna [mnb] dialects, 64% w
[cia]. Lexical similarity: 81% with Kambe-kambero dialect, 75% with Busoa [bup], 64%–74% with Muna [mnb] dialects, 64% with Muna

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

s Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

iku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim.

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim.

’da), Karataun (E’da, Makki). Smaller dialects not listed. Lexical similarity: 78% with Mamasa [mqj], 78% with Tae’ [rob], 74% with Tora
taun (E’da, Makki). Smaller dialects not listed. Lexical similarity: 78% with Mamasa [mqj], 78% with Tae’ [rob], 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan
 n: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: North central Alor language complex.
ew Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: North central Alor language complex.

with Kaibobo [kzb], 67% with Saparua [spr], 60% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 59% with Amahai [amq], Luhu [lcq], Naka’ela [nae], and Hul
bo [kzb], 67% with Saparua [spr], 60% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 59% with Amahai [amq], Luhu [lcq], Naka’ela [nae], and Hulung [huk].

na [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: Muslim.

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: Muslim.

Waidjelu, Waijelo), Melolo, Southern Sumba, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai). Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understoo
Waijelo), Melolo, Southern Sumba, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai). Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Lewa an

Lexical similarity: 60% with Buruwai [asi]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional
milarity: 60% with Buruwai [asi]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

amur. 4 other dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro Comments: Different from Yeretuar (Umari) [gop]. C
ther dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro Comments: Different from Yeretuar (Umari) [gop]. Christian, tr

]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese

Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Ma
y similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda

wn. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australia
varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-N
 : None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified
own. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Austra

languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification
s, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-C

on: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Muslim.

Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Muslim.

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North N
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

n: Maybrat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

t Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

; reportedly difficult to understand for Central Malay [pse] speakers. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Malay [pse] dialects Pasemah
ly difficult to understand for Central Malay [pse] speakers. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Malay [pse] dialects Pasemah and Seraw
 erba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West Ne

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea,

m [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

lassification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

sian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Linguistic influences from Ot Danum [otd].
Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Linguistic influences from Ot Danum [otd].

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Chr
n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Christian, trad

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

anic, Kayan Proper

nyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

anic, Kayan Proper

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli Comments: Sh
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli Comments: Shifted to A

alayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comm
nesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Chri

n, Muslim.

ers such as ethnic Chinese and Butonese who live in Kei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Keiese, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav Dial
ethnic Chinese and Butonese who live in Kei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Keiese, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav Dialects: Kei B

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian.
alayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian.

-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

n, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
agar. Lexical similarity: 85% with Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird
al similarity: 85% with Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Pr

k Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Gresi [grs]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Gresi [grs]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

alimantan province. Alternate Names: Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Kendayan-Ambawang, Salako Dialects: Ahe, Ambaw
province. Alternate Names: Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Kendayan-Ambawang, Salako Dialects: Ahe, Ambawang, Kend

cts: Kubing. Lexical similarity: more than 80% with other “Malayic Dayak” dialects in Melawi Basin like Barai, Nanga Nuak, Kebahan, Ra
. Lexical similarity: more than 80% with other “Malayic Dayak” dialects in Melawi Basin like Barai, Nanga Nuak, Kebahan, Ransa, Kenyil

. Population total all countries: 52,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenya
n total all countries: 52,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah Dialects:

tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Dialects: Lebu’ Kulit, Uma Timai, Uma’ Ujok. Classification: Austrone
reatened). Alternate Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Dialects: Lebu’ Kulit, Uma Timai, Uma’ Ujok. Classification: Austronesian, Malay

lar to Nage [nxe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Peo
e [nxe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: People and lan
astern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
ayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Seputan, Uheng (Kereho-Uheng). Lexical similarity: 69% with Hovongan [hov], 69% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
Uheng (Kereho-Uheng). Lexical similarity: 69% with Hovongan [hov], 69% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

: Kerinchi, Kinchai Dialects: High dialect diversity in a small area, shading into Jambi Malay [zlm] east and Minangkabau [min] north. Di
Kinchai Dialects: High dialect diversity in a small area, shading into Jambi Malay [zlm] east and Minangkabau [min] north. Distinct from

estern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

tion: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

tional religion.

tional religion.

mbowa dialect, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna [mnb], 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku [lix] and Busoa [bup]. Classification: Austr
alect, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna [mnb], 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku [lix] and Busoa [bup]. Classification: Austronesian, M

the area. Traditional religion, Christian.

raditional religion, Christian.
ternate Names: Meher, Yotowawa Dialects: Not related to Oirata [oia], which has sometimes been called a dialect. Classification: Aust
ames: Meher, Yotowawa Dialects: Not related to Oirata [oia], which has sometimes been called a dialect. Classification: Austronesian,

ns-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

inea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

h Dobel [kvo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

vo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

t of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with the several Mori and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
[lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with the several Mori and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, E

sian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

a-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

onal religion.

with Ngaju [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North
u [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

eri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most simila
Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical s

77% with Kompane [kvp], 70% with Ujir [udj]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru
Kompane [kvp], 70% with Ujir [udj]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Commen
 : Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
w Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ownstream Komering, Kayu Agung, Kayu Agung Asli, Komering, Upstream Komering. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Kalianda dialect of
m Komering, Kayu Agung, Kayu Agung Asli, Komering, Upstream Komering. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Kalianda dialect of Lampung

ynesian, Bima-Lembata
ma-Lembata

Good intelligibility of Kola. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim
ligibility of Kola. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

milarity: 61% with Yahadian [ner]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, tradition
1% with Yahadian [ner]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion

ra, Bira), Tana Toa (Black Konjo, Kadjang, Kajang, Tana Towa). Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 76% with M
ana Toa (Black Konjo, Kadjang, Kajang, Tana Towa). Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 76% with Makassar [m

exical similarity: 75% with Coastal Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: M
larity: 75% with Coastal Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Ch

ects: Marub, Tokuni. Reportedly similar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Comments: Christian, t
b, Tokuni. Reportedly similar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Comments: Christian, traditional

ow], Bungku [bkz], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce
ku [bkz], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, East

gibility. Lexical similarity: 90% with dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai Comments: Traditional
cal similarity: 90% with dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai Comments: Traditional religion.

l similarity: 60% with Nipsan [nps]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
y: 60% with Nipsan [nps]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

umerah, Kayumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote Dialects: Adijaya, Keroi, Namatota. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly
yumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote Dialects: Adijaya, Keroi, Namatota. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

s, Jambi, Lalang, Nomadic Kubu, Ridan, Supat, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu Lako. Related to Lubu [lcf]. A member of macrolanguage Malay
alang, Nomadic Kubu, Ridan, Supat, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu Lako. Related to Lubu [lcf]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Cla

ternate Names: Lerabain Dialects: Batulolong, Kiramang (Kramang), Kui (Buraga, Lerabaing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, T
mes: Lerabain Dialects: Batulolong, Kiramang (Kramang), Kui (Buraga, Lerabaing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-P
 Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui Dialects: Arumaka, Iramang, Kula, Kula Watena, Kulatela, Larena, Sumang, Watena. Reportedly stru
toka, Lantoka, Tanglapui Dialects: Arumaka, Iramang, Kula, Kula Watena, Kulatela, Larena, Sumang, Watena. Reportedly structurally si

milarity: 81% between dialects, 77% with Tolaki [lbw], 75% with Koroni [xkq], 66% with Wawonii [wow] and Bungku [bkz] group, 65% w
% between dialects, 77% with Tolaki [lbw], 75% with Koroni [xkq], 66% with Wawonii [wow] and Bungku [bkz] group, 65% with Moron

-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.
n, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.

exical similarity: 47%–50% with Kei [kei], 71%–83% with Teor [tev], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Aus
arity: 47%–50% with Kei [kei], 71%–83% with Teor [tev], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

t lexical similarity with Yapen group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Mala
milarity with Yapen group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polyne

a [opk]; may be considered the same language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western
ay be considered the same language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western

nam, Tekutameso Dialects: Nogukwabai, Sasawa, Serikenam. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Grea
ameso Dialects: Nogukwabai, Sasawa, Serikenam. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerb

or-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: ‘Nopukw’, language, in the Kwerba family, and does not distinguish a particu
, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: ‘Nopukw’, language, in the Kwerba family, and does not distinguish a particular variety
ts: Christian, traditional religion.
n, traditional religion.

loda [loa]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Galela [gbi], 78% with Loloda [loa]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda
Lexical similarity: 75% with Galela [gbi], 78% with Loloda [loa]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Commen

ost similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusak
. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Ba

ayolo). Lexical similarity: 86% between Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect, 76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Wotu
ical similarity: 86% between Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect, 76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Wotu [wtw], 39%

diri, Larantuka, Lewolaga, Ritaebang, Taka, Tanjung Bunda), West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), West Solor. Classification: Austrones
tuka, Lewolaga, Ritaebang, Taka, Tanjung Bunda), West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), West Solor. Classification: Austronesian, Mala

d. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditiona

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ound Krui, Sanggi, and Kotajawa. 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung
Sanggi, and Kotajawa. 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir Dial

th Lampung Api [ljp]. Lexical similarity: 72% between the Menggala dialect and the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp], 77% among d
ng Api [ljp]. Lexical similarity: 72% between the Menggala dialect and the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp], 77% among dialects. Cl

ong Allang, and Larike, and Wakasihu dialects; 92% between Larike and Wakasihu; 68%–71% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–72% with Negeri L
, and Larike, and Wakasihu dialects; 92% between Larike and Wakasihu; 68%–71% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–72% with Negeri Lima dialec

Besi North [khc], 49% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 50% with Wolio [wlo] and Muna [mnb]. Classification: Au
[khc], 49% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 50% with Wolio [wlo] and Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesia

l Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua
East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua

Laudje, Tinombo Dialects: Ampibabo (Ampibabo-Lauje). Ampibabo dialect may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, M
ombo Dialects: Ampibabo (Ampibabo-Lauje). Ampibabo dialect may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

angan, Northeast Barito Dialects: Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Benua, Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa,
theast Barito Dialects: Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Benua, Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, M
 ern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja A
o-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Com

ola, Limolang Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq], 38% with Bungku [bkz],
ang Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq], 38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with

n, Christian.

imor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. They share historical and cultural heritage with Luang [lex], but mainta
r, Southwest Maluku, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. They share historical and cultural heritage with Luang [lex], but maintain their ow

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

e known. Lamatuka [lmq] probably most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Poly
Lamatuka [lmq] probably most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bi

kene dialect of Muna [mnb], 72%–76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko [ues]. Classification: Austronesian, M
ct of Muna [mnb], 72%–76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko [ues]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

ects: Kobi, Seti, Wahakaim. Lexical similarity: 66%–74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast) dialects, 6
Seti, Wahakaim. Lexical similarity: 66%–74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast) dialects, 69%–78%

Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.

olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayap
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sa

me a Moma dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: ‘Tado’ (alternate
a dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: ‘Tado’ (alternate for Lindu

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

ar eastern) dialects is 85%, 72% with Naka’ela [nae], 67% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo
dialects is 85%, 72% with Naka’ela [nae], 67% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
 ng). Alternate Names: Buru, Li Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo Dialects: Lisela (Licela, Licella), Tagalisa. Classification: Austro
ate Names: Buru, Li Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo Dialects: Lisela (Licela, Licella), Tagalisa. Classification: Austronesian, Ma

ba [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

ut with heavy lexical borrowing from Mongondow [mog]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Ponosakan [pns], 6
avy lexical borrowing from Mongondow [mog]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Ponosakan [pns], 63% with Ka

tral Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Ba’a, North Lole, South Lole. North Lole, na-hina, becomes South Lole, ni-hi
oleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Ba’a, North Lole, South Lole. North Lole, na-hina, becomes South Lole, ni-hina. Classifi

] has 65% intelligibility of Loloda. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.
ntelligibility of Loloda. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ower than might be expected. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Ch
might be expected. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian.

rehension of Leti [lti]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Leti [lti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Po
of Leti [lti]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Leti [lti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, T

mic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

c, Malay Comments: Muslim.
73% with Asilulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram
silulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusak

, Lun Dayoh, Lundaya Putuk, Lundayeh, Southern Murut Dialects: Lun Bawang (Long Bawan, Sarawak Murut), Lun Daye, Papadi. Not M
h, Lundaya Putuk, Lundayeh, Southern Murut Dialects: Lun Bawang (Long Bawan, Sarawak Murut), Lun Daye, Papadi. Not Murutic, alth

ince, border area, and 2 interior enclaves near Tawahan and Damar. 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’an
er area, and 2 interior enclaves near Tawahan and Damar. 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maan

alayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Muslim.
nesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Muslim.

yo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Possibly the same
sian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Possibly the same as Maya [s

antan Selatan Province. 6,770,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), decreasing. 86,000 Bawean. 2000 census reports large population decre
tan Province. 6,770,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), decreasing. 86,000 Bawean. 2000 census reports large population decrease. Due t

Maiyah. Lexical similarity: 10% with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], and its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat Comme
exical similarity: 10% with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], and its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat Comments: Ethnic

Kaniran Dialects: Northeastern Mairasi. Reportedly similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical s
alects: Northeastern Mairasi. Reportedly similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 6

awesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

thern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.
Threatened). Alternate Names: Goa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasa
d). Alternate Names: Goa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena,

rnate Names: Makian Dalam, Makian Timur Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. Classification: Austronesian, M
mes: Makian Dalam, Makian Timur Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Poly

uar Dialects: None known. Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Classification: West Papuan,
s: None known. Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Classification: West Papuan, North Halm

n, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

au and Kepulauan Bangka Belitung provinces. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,
pulauan Bangka Belitung provinces. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau

nesia (2013 M. Connor). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Became an LWC through trade, and is used in inter-cultural ommunication, m
3 M. Connor). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Became an LWC through trade, and is used in inter-cultural ommunication, market, an

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: No evidence of an earlier indigenous language (1987 J. Collin
Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: No evidence of an earlier indigenous language (1987 J. Collins). Muslim
erau Malay Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Mala
y Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

nguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Traditional religion.
alay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Traditional religion.

ate enclaves. 1,590,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bengkulu, Besemah, Enim, Lintang, Midden Maleisch, O
s. 1,590,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bengkulu, Besemah, Enim, Lintang, Midden Maleisch, Ogan, Pase

antan regency, border enclave; Bengkulu Province, small area south of Lake Dipatipan. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
ency, border enclave; Bengkulu Province, small area south of Lake Dipatipan. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate

but may be with one of its dialects (Northern Kutai). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
be with one of its dialects (Northern Kutai). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

ents: Loanwords from several Rote and Chinese languages, Portuguese [por], Uab Meto [aoz], Sabu [hvn], Spanish [spa], Dutch [nld], E
words from several Rote and Chinese languages, Portuguese [por], Uab Meto [aoz], Sabu [hvn], Spanish [spa], Dutch [nld], English [en

hamic, Malayic, Malay

layic, Malay

ate Names: Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to North Moluccan M
: Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to North Moluccan Malay [max]

aily life, inter-ethnic contact. Alternate Names: Ternate Malay Dialects: None known. Different meaning of particles from Manado Ma
ter-ethnic contact. Alternate Names: Ternate Malay Dialects: None known. Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]

t, sports, etc.) and in government offices. Became an LWC through trade. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to both Ambonese
tc.) and in government offices. Became an LWC through trade. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to both Ambonese Malay [ab

Kutai. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kutai, Tenggarong Dialects: Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai, Tenggarong Kutai. Many dial
us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kutai, Tenggarong Dialects: Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai, Tenggarong Kutai. Many dialects. Teng

rea around Sandai; from Ketapang city northeast towards Kotabaru; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapu
Sandai; from Ketapang city northeast towards Kotabaru; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, fr

mm], 70% with Enrekang [ptt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments:
with Enrekang [ptt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: They view

-Batetanga-Anteapi, Patta’ Binuang, Southern Mamasa, Tae’). Lexical similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austrones
a-Anteapi, Patta’ Binuang, Southern Mamasa, Tae’). Lexical similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala

Padang, Sinyonyoi, Sumare-Rangas. Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, No
nyonyoi, Sumare-Rangas. Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, M
ovince, Pangkep regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas. 475,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Na
gkep regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas. 475,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: And

Wambon Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

), Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion
Mandobbo, Nub Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

alayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

aluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

Comments: Muslim.

ead-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Mantion Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

i, East Bird’s Head, Mantion Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

and Asilulu [asl], 58%–61% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 55%–60% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 56% with Boano [bzn] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Class
[asl], 58%–61% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 55%–60% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 56% with Boano [bzn] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Classification: A
mar village. May no longer be spoken on Wamar island. 9,110 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manobai, Wamar, Wo
May no longer be spoken on Wamar island. 9,110 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam Diale

he Kanikeh dialect and other varieties, 67%–75% with Hatuolo, 64%–86% with Maneo, 66%–86% with Maneoratu, 67%–80% with Sou
h dialect and other varieties, 67%–75% with Hatuolo, 64%–86% with Maneo, 66%–86% with Maneoratu, 67%–80% with South Manuse

: Mapian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Ce

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Easte

h Pom [pmo], Munggui [mth], Papuma [ppm], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala
mo], Munggui [mth], Papuma [ppm], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyne

outheast Marind, Tugeri. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: T
Marind, Tugeri. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: Trans-New G

fication: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
rans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

esian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

ar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

abar, South, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.

h, Masela-South Babar Comments: Christian.
 h Babar Comments: Christian.
omments: Christian.

n Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

lt], 36% with Liana Seti [ste] and Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, C
th Liana Seti [ste] and Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Ma

olynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Chr
South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

wes Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
nesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comment

ical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Different from Moi (Mosana) [mxn]. Christian, traditional
rity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Different from Moi (Mosana) [mxn]. Christian, traditional religion.

u. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
est New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

fication: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ast Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ping). Alternate Names: Minang, Padang Dialects: Agam, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Orang M
rnate Names: Minang, Padang Dialects: Agam, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Orang Mamak, P

on: Nimboran Comments: Much intermarriage with Kemtuik [kmt] speakers. Kwansu is an obsolete village name. Christian, traditional
ran Comments: Much intermarriage with Kemtuik [kmt] speakers. Kwansu is an obsolete village name. Christian, traditional religion.

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, tradition
alayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

th Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Some intermarriage with the Tabaru [tby]. Christian.
hera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Some intermarriage with the Tabaru [tby]. Christian.

st Bird’s Head Comments: Different from Mekwei [msf] (Moi) dialect. Christian, traditional religion.
 ead Comments: Different from Mekwei [msf] (Moi) dialect. Christian, traditional religion.

of than in Waley. Christian, traditional religion.

Waley. Christian, traditional religion.

Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.
]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.

lassification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

on: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

mina [mmb]. Classification: Somahai Comments: They have contact with Dani who are learning Momuna. Christian, traditional religion
b]. Classification: Somahai Comments: They have contact with Dani who are learning Momuna. Christian, traditional religion.

ahassa, Mongondou Dialects: Dumoga, Lolayan, Passi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Phili
ngondou Dialects: Dumoga, Lolayan, Passi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gor
 a-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor Comments: Different from Trans-New Guinea Mor [moq]. Traditional
w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor Comments: Different from Trans-New Guinea Mor [moq]. Traditional religion, C

ents: Distinct from Austronesian Mor [mhz]. Christian, traditional religion.

ct from Austronesian Mor [mhz]. Christian, traditional religion.

ven-Mori, Upper Mori, West Mori Dialects: Impo, Molio’a, Molongkuni, Tambee (Ajo, South Mori, Tambee, Zuid-Mori), Ulu Uwoi. Lexica
Upper Mori, West Mori Dialects: Impo, Molio’a, Molongkuni, Tambee (Ajo, South Mori, Tambee, Zuid-Mori), Ulu Uwoi. Lexical similarit

lternate Names: Beneden-Tomori, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Dialects: Karunsi’e (Karonsie, Korongsi, Sinongko
ames: Beneden-Tomori, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Dialects: Karunsi’e (Karonsie, Korongsi, Sinongko), Moiki (T

y, Watubangga subdistrict. 37,000 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. Wita Ea 23,000, Tokotu’a 14,000. Includes about 3,500 living in citie
ngga subdistrict. 37,000 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. Wita Ea 23,000, Tokotu’a 14,000. Includes about 3,500 living in cities. Second o

ah/Nehayah, Upper Dintere. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: Ethnonym: Morop. Dintere most wid
h, Upper Dintere. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: Ethnonym: Morop. Dintere most widespread di

membered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Comm
as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Comments: Chri

ej]. Also related to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional re
elated to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 itional religion.

[iba]; however only one-way intelligibility from Mualang to Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Ma
ever only one-way intelligibility from Mualang to Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Iban

akudo, Laompo, Mawasangka, Siompu, Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Tiworo (Eastern Muna). Subvarieties of standard Muna are: T
ompo, Mawasangka, Siompu, Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Tiworo (Eastern Muna). Subvarieties of standard Muna are: Tungkuno,

apuma [ppm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
pm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmaher

nsus). Status: 3 (Wider communication).Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough U
us: 3 (Wider communication).Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough Urban Pale

nggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland

Toemoetoe (Are). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland

rans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland

Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland
n Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
olynesian, Bima-Lembata

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai C
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments

sian [ind] and Papuan Malay [pmy] difficult to understand. Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called
and Papuan Malay [pmy] difficult to understand. Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Not

known. Lexical similarity: 59% with Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Korupu
xical similarity: 59% with Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Korupun (Kimyal)

n, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: Christian.

Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: Christian.

y loans from Lampung [ljp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nasal Comments: Muslim.
m Lampung [ljp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nasal Comments: Muslim.
s: Hitadipa Nduga, Sinak Nduga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Nduga, Sinak Nduga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

gada, South Ngada. Dialect diversity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lemba
h Ngada. Dialect diversity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Commen

gorous). Alternate Names: Southeast Ngada Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-
ternate Names: Southeast Ngada Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

, school, village-level government, market, etc.). Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito
llage-level government, market, etc.). Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito Dialects: B

igorous). Alternate Names: Sibil Dialects: Apmisibil, Ngalum, Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments:
lternate Names: Sibil Dialects: Apmisibil, Ngalum, Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Christian, t

, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

per Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

es: Batu, Nias Selatan Dialects: Central Nias, North Nias (Gunung Sitoli), Northwest Nias, South Nias, West Nias. Classification: Austrone
as Selatan Dialects: Central Nias, North Nias (Gunung Sitoli), Northwest Nias, South Nias, West Nias. Classification: Austronesian, Mala

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

 ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

in Papua New Guinea, but have land on the Indonesia side where they temporarily migrate to gather food. Christian, traditional religio
ew Guinea, but have land on the Indonesia side where they temporarily migrate to gather food. Christian, traditional religion.

on: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Chr
New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Christian, trad

]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Com
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: D

ng [huk], and Naka’ela [nae]; 48% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes
nd Naka’ela [nae]; 48% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Centr

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, Ea
n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram

u, East Comments: ’Ati’, language.

mments: ’Ati’, language.
 sely related to languages in East Timor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Christian.
d to languages in East Timor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Christian.

cts: Lexical similarity: 82% with Okolod variety in Sabah, 70% with Pensiangan Murut dialect of Tagal Murut [mvv], 34% with Lun Bawa
al similarity: 82% with Okolod variety in Sabah, 70% with Pensiangan Murut dialect of Tagal Murut [mvv], 34% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. C

rai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

nts: Traditional religion, Christian.

Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
estern Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

arned Orya. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yaps
a. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Sligh

). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum Dialects: Dohoi, Kadorih, Kuhin, Ot Balawan, Ot Ba
a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum Dialects: Dohoi, Kadorih, Kuhin, Ot Balawan, Ot Banu’u, Ot M

(1991 P. Vuorinen). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alalao, Pado-e, Padoé, South Mori Dialects: Central Padoe, Western Pa
uorinen). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alalao, Pado-e, Padoé, South Mori Dialects: Central Padoe, Western Padoe. 2 dia
Loloda Comments: Muslim, Christian.
mments: Muslim, Christian.

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

ping with Ende [end] and Li’o [ljl] languages; marginal intelligibility of Li’o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East
nde [end] and Li’o [ljl] languages; marginal intelligibility of Li’o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay

district, Mangkutana, north Wotu, and Bone-Bone subdistricts; total 193 villages. 137,000 (Lauder et al. 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened
angkutana, north Wotu, and Bone-Bone subdistricts; total 193 villages. 137,000 (Lauder et al. 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternat

None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Seko Tengah [sko], 63% with Seko Padang [skx], 72% with Budong-Budong [bdx]. Classification
wn. Lexical similarity: 67% with Seko Tengah [sko], 63% with Seko Padang [skx], 72% with Budong-Budong [bdx]. Classification: Austron

uage. Lexical similarity: 71% with Muna [mnb], 57% with Cia-Cia [cia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern
cal similarity: 71% with Muna [mnb], 57% with Cia-Cia [cia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southea

a’ [ulm], Bambam [ptu], and Aralle-Tabulahan [atq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulu
mbam [ptu], and Aralle-Tabulahan [atq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu

ntar, Pantar
ynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Weste
stern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comme

ra-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Schools. Muslim.

w Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Schools. Muslim.

esian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua Comments: Experienced a severe earthquake and
tral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua Comments: Experienced a severe earthquake and tidal wave

min] with Rejang influences [rej]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Ch
ejang influences [rej]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Ma

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: “Umalasa” is a Bugis [bug] exonym meaning ‘the sick
layo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: “Umalasa” is a Bugis [bug] exonym meaning ‘the sick ones’ with

% with Tugun [tzn], 67% with Ili’uun [ilu], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mal
gun [tzn], 67% with Ili’uun [ilu], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyn

ole, Dutch based Comments: Predominantly Malay and Dutch [nld] vocabulary, with Malay and Sundanese elements.
based Comments: Predominantly Malay and Dutch [nld] vocabulary, with Malay and Sundanese elements.

ra-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Muslim.
ayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Muslim.

ian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’
o-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

nct from Punan Merap [puc].

unan Merap [puc].

oriente). Penan is generic, nonagricultural peoples (Blust 1974). There are no Penan languages as a distinguishable subgroup.
nan is generic, nonagricultural peoples (Blust 1974). There are no Penan languages as a distinguishable subgroup.

aditional religion.

ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Lellewao, Lellewau, Noihe, Wiaoe, Wiau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lb
ellewau, Noihe, Wiaoe, Wiau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekon

Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
 nesian, Bima-Lembata

00 in Central Sulawesi. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni
al Sulawesi. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ahiang (Kebanagung), Lebong, Musi (Curup), Pasisir, Rawas. Lebong recognized as central dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
banagung), Lebong, Musi (Curup), Pasisir, Rawas. Lebong recognized as central dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian

Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
ynesian, Bima-Lembata
olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: ‘Ringgou’ is the pronunciation in some ot
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: ‘Ringgou’ is the pronunciation in some other Rote la

igibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

isar-Roma Comments: Christian.

Comments: Christian.

sian, Bima-Lembata

, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion,
lmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

isua), Tala’i. Reportedly similar to Waioli [wli] and Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: C
’i. Reportedly similar to Waioli [wli] and Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, M

esian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

h Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Benggoi [bgy], 35%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easte
46%–50% with Benggoi [bgy], 35%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo
8% with South Nuaulu [nxl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East
outh Nuaulu [nxl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, S

mo, Loinang (Baloa’, Kohumama’, Lingketeng), Luwuk. Lexical similarity: 74% with Batui [zbt], 53% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with And
ng (Baloa’, Kohumama’, Lingketeng), Luwuk. Lexical similarity: 74% with Batui [zbt], 53% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with Andio [bzb], 5

ba, West Coast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

oast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

anggau isolects mutually intelligible. Koman and Semerawai could be in this group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lan
ects mutually intelligible. Koman and Semerawai could be in this group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak

rese Dialects: Manganitu (Tamako), Siau (Sjauw), Tabukang (Tabukan), Tagulandang (Tahulandang), Taruna (Tahuna). Classification: Au
cts: Manganitu (Tamako), Siau (Sjauw), Tabukang (Tabukan), Tagulandang (Tahulandang), Taruna (Tahuna). Classification: Austronesian

rity: 86%–89% among dialects; 82%–84% with Latu [ltu], 69% with Amahai [amq], 67% with Kamarian [kzk], 68%–71% with Haruku [hrk
89% among dialects; 82%–84% with Latu [ltu], 69% with Amahai [amq], 67% with Kamarian [kzk], 68%–71% with Haruku [hrk], 65% wit

80% with Benggaulu dialect of Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments
Benggaulu dialect of Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Contact

o-Ngete (Northeast Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some varieties have low mutual intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
Northeast Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some varieties have low mutual intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
% with Tefaro [tfo]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
faro [tfo]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

be, Messa-Dote, Sawai, Weda. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra
-Dote, Sawai, Weda. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

mes: Aejauroh, Sawuy Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
roh, Sawuy Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

structurally similar to Kula [tpg]; distinct historical ethnic identities. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tangla
ly similar to Kula [tpg]; distinct historical ethnic identities. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comm

r). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baria, Tawaelia, Tawailia, Topobaria Dialects: Not a dialect of nearby Napu [npy] or of Kaili l
(Developing). Alternate Names: Baria, Tawaelia, Tawailia, Topobaria Dialects: Not a dialect of nearby Napu [npy] or of Kaili languages.

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

yo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang
 ], 67%–74% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ea
% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram,

outhwest of Singapore, Batam, Kapalajernih, and Kundur; possible scattered populations on mainland. 420 (2000), decreasing. Status:
of Singapore, Batam, Kapalajernih, and Kundur; possible scattered populations on mainland. 420 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threa

layo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

no), Lodang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Many primary schools. Christian, Muslim
. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Many primary schools. Christian, Muslim.

Padang [skx], 67% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Christian, M
x], 67% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ternate Names: Salaru Dialects: Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to nearby languages. Lexical similarity: 56% with
ames: Salaru Dialects: Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to nearby languages. Lexical similarity: 56% with Seluwasa

h Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Christian.

i, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Christian.

neo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut

 Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut

ects: Makatian, Seluwasan. Makatian dialect quite different from others. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East
atian, Seluwasan. Makatian dialect quite different from others. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay

Dayak, Southern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

thern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

sian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

milarity: 69% with Mairasi [zrs], 63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
9% with Mairasi [zrs], 63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

w Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

% with Tabla [tnm]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Ethnic autonym: Buyaka. Traditional r
bla [tnm]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Ethnic autonym: Buyaka. Traditional religion, Ch

an [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku,
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, E
 stern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua Comments: Government had moved them from
ayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua Comments: Government had moved them from Serua Isl

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cende
ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih B

Barito, West, North

Kangaé, South Coast Sikka), Tana Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas
uth Coast Sikka), Tana Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay

milarity: 86% with Eritai [ert]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
% with Eritai [ert]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias

Barrier Islands, Nias

s-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

nea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

erra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, Skou Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Nuclear Skou, Skou Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.
ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North N
ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guine

eligion, Christian.

rans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

similar to Mangole [mqc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Co
Mangole [mqc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Comments:

ava. Alternate Names: Priangan, Sundanese Dialects: Bogor (Krawang), Cirebon, Pringan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia
ate Names: Priangan, Sundanese Dialects: Bogor (Krawang), Cirebon, Pringan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundan

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional relig
Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 n, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Separate language from Gorontalo [gor]. Mus
ne, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Separate language from Gorontalo [gor]. Muslim.

rth Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.

era, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.

nderstood by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Class
by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Classification: E

ng; enclave of Rongkong speakers in East Luwu regency, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako. 340,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (D
of Rongkong speakers in East Luwu regency, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako. 340,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing

an Murut (Lagunan Murut, Pentjangan, Taggal, Tagul), Rundum (Arundum), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sum
agunan Murut, Pentjangan, Taggal, Tagul), Rundum (Arundum), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), T

s: Different from the Lole dialect of Kaili Unde [unz]. Muslim.

t from the Lole dialect of Kaili Unde [unz]. Muslim.

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Ethnic autonym: Tajio. Kasimbar is the m
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Ethnic autonym: Tajio. Kasimbar is the main town.

Karakelong (Karakelang, Karakelong). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christi
g (Karakelang, Karakelong). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian.
Dialects 90% or more lexically similar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Mal
% or more lexically similar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, T

oki, Taluki Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Kulisusu [vkl]; 75% with Koroni [xkq]; 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], and Tula
Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Kulisusu [vkl]; 75% with Koroni [xkq]; 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], and Tulambatu dia

milarity: 80% with Kalumpang [kli]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments
% with Kalumpang [kli]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Muslim,

to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
im [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

esi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

amanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

branch. Christian, traditional religion.

hristian, traditional religion.

t New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Dialects: North East Tarangan, South East Tarangan. Lexical similarity: 71% with West Tarangan [txn]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
orth East Tarangan, South East Tarangan. Lexical similarity: 71% with West Tarangan [txn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne

th Central Tarangan, Southwestern Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity: 70%
Tarangan, Southwestern Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity: 70% with East

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi C
Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments

Lakes Plain, Tariku, West Comments: First contact with outside world in 1982. Christian, traditional religion.
n, Tariku, West Comments: First contact with outside world in 1982. Christian, traditional religion.

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug Comme
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug Comments: Musli

yak, Tewoyan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Classification: Austrone
yan Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 77% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Classification: Austronesian, Mal

: Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.

eelvink Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

y Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Imyan, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Sawiat Salmeit, Sfa Riere, Tehit Jit. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s
ol Fle, Saifi, Sawiat Salmeit, Sfa Riere, Tehit Jit. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Com
ntar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
Pantar, Pantar

r Comments: Christian.
s: Christian.

b], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East,
h Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, N

Comments: Ethnically distinct from Javanese. Hindu.

s: Ethnically distinct from Javanese. Hindu.

atubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Co
ah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: M

hnic identity from Blagar.

ty from Blagar.

Pa’da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu). Reportedly seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and
a (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu). Reportedly seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may

1). L2 users: 20,000. North and northeast Halmahera. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tidore [tvo
: 20,000. North and northeast Halmahera. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tidore [tvo]. Classific
rtions of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara province. Alternate Names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetun
mor Island, East Nusa Tenggara province. Alternate Names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung Dialects

mments: Government moved them from Teun Island, south central Maluku, due to volcanic activity on their island.
overnment moved them from Teun Island, south central Maluku, due to volcanic activity on their island.

dong, Tidoeng, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong Dialects: Nonukan (Nunukan), Penchangan, Sedalir (Sadalir, Salalir, Saralir, Selalir
eng, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong Dialects: Nonukan (Nunukan), Penchangan, Sedalir (Sadalir, Salalir, Saralir, Selalir), Sesayap

ly similar to Ternate [tft]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.
o Ternate [tft]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.

or variation, third singular verb prefix, na-fa’da, varies with, i-fa’da. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M
n, third singular verb prefix, na-fa’da, varies with, i-fa’da. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Poly

classified as Papuan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,

s Papuan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, W

can, Obi, Ambon, and Raja Ampat islands. Papua Province, Sorong area. 27,700 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Boëng, Dodinga
mbon, and Raja Ampat islands. Papua Province, Sorong area. 27,700 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Boëng, Dodinga, Tobelo (H

ification: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

a town towards Bone bay narrows. 331,000 (2000 census). 298,000 Tolaki (Konawe), 33,000 Mekongga and 200 Wiwirano. Asera and
wards Bone bay narrows. 331,000 (2000 census). 298,000 Tolaki (Konawe), 33,000 Mekongga and 200 Wiwirano. Asera and Laiwui not
adoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Commen
. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Muslim

[pmf] varieties and 38% with Bungku [bkz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona
eties and 38% with Bungku [bkz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comment

portedly most similar to Tondano [tdn] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North
most similar to Tondano [tdn] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northea

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Muslim.

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Muslim.

o. Reportedly most similar to Tombulu [tom] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan
edly most similar to Tombulu [tom] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, N

east Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

, Makela’i-Maotow). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North Comments: Christian.

Maotow). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North Comments: Christian.

ith the Parigi dialect of Kaili [lew]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: R
igi dialect of Kaili [lew]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Recent sett
South Toraja, Tae’, Taeq, Toradja, Toraja Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu’), Toraja Barat (Mappa-Pana, West Toraja
ja, Tae’, Taeq, Toradja, Toraja Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu’), Toraja Barat (Mappa-Pana, West Toraja). Rantepa

litoli, Tontoli Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Muslim.
oli Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Muslim.

with Kauwera [xau] and 60% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional r
era [xau] and 60% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Ch

ew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahuan, Tutunohan Dialects: Arwala, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat. L
a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahuan, Tutunohan Dialects: Arwala, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat. Lexical simi

ing, Akelamo, and Mabulan rivers in Maba district. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. 2,590 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects
mo, and Mabulan rivers in Maba district. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. 2,590 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kusuri, T

,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Wakatobi Dialects: Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wangi- Wangi, Wanje
uku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Wakatobi Dialects: Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wangi- Wangi, Wanje, Wanji, W

s. Settlements throughout western Papua Province. 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
nts throughout western Papua Province. 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: B

al similarity: 84%–90% among dialects, 74%–82% with Hitu [htu], 72%–76% with Haruku [hrk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po
y: 84%–90% among dialects, 74%–82% with Hitu [htu], 72%–76% with Haruku [hrk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, C

uzi [bvz], 75% with Burate [bti], 65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay C
5% with Burate [bti], 65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments

atus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tunjung Dayak Dialects: Pahu, Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Linggang, Tunjung Londong
reatened). Alternate Names: Tunjung Dayak Dialects: Pahu, Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Linggang, Tunjung Londong. Classifica

eto, Uab Pah Meto Dialects: Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanatun, Amanuban, Amanubang), Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi (Amabi, Amfoan, Am
ah Meto Dialects: Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanatun, Amanuban, Amanubang), Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi (Amabi, Amfoan, Amfuang, Fa

t coast of Kola Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.
Kola Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

Ulumandak, Ulunda Dialects: Botteng, Sondoang, Tappalang. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity: 75%–80% with dialect of Bambam [ptu
k, Ulunda Dialects: Botteng, Sondoang, Tappalang. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity: 75%–80% with dialect of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-T

trict; Gimpu and Palolo valleys, other areas north of Palu; small area in Sulawesi Barat Province, near west bank, Lariang river. 20,000 (
u and Palolo valleys, other areas north of Palu; small area in Sulawesi Barat Province, near west bank, Lariang river. 20,000 (1990 M. M

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan Comments: Christia
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan Comments: Christian.
of Uma Lasan [xky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper P
san [xky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

ath, Oranje-Gebergte Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans
e-Gebergte Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Gui

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Blust (1991) says this appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Christian, trad
layo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Blust (1991) says this appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Christian, traditional reli

ot closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Afra may be the name preferred by the people.
elated to any other language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Afra may be the name preferred by the people.

yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guine
sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cendera

yo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
sian, Bima-Lembata

beri, Waigiu Dialects: Metnyo, Metsam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern M
u Dialects: Metnyo, Metsam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Pol
 ssification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.
: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

lects: Aibondeni, Ambumi, Bintuni, Dasener, Steenkool, Wamesa (Ubu), Waruritinao, Wasior, Windesi. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
ndeni, Ambumi, Bintuni, Dasener, Steenkool, Wamesa (Ubu), Waruritinao, Wasior, Windesi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

uinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut

-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut

Ethnic population: 1,000. L2 users: 0. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waano Dialects: Central Wano, East Wano, West Wan
pulation: 1,000. L2 users: 0. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waano Dialects: Central Wano, East Wano, West Wano. Report

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

30% Austronesian vocabulary. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
onesian vocabulary. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

r speakers have moved. Maweswres village now inhabited by Mawes [mgk] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.
have moved. Maweswres village now inhabited by Mawes [mgk] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.
ents: Traditional religion, Christian.
tional religion, Christian.

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Wa
ayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen Com

with the Waru and Lalomerui dialects, 79% with Mekongga and other Tolaki [lbw] dialects, 70% with Rahambuu [raz] and Kodeoha [v
Waru and Lalomerui dialects, 79% with Mekongga and other Tolaki [lbw] dialects, 70% with Rahambuu [raz] and Kodeoha [vko], 54% w

%–61% with Geser-Gorom [ges], 41% with Teor [tev] and Kur [kuv], 37% with Bobot [bty], 34% with Masiwang [bnf]. Classification: Aus
h Geser-Gorom [ges], 41% with Teor [tev] and Kur [kuv], 37% with Bobot [bty], 34% with Masiwang [bnf]. Classification: Austronesian,

New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Bungku [bkz] and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 66% with Taloki [lbw], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn]
z] and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 66% with Taloki [lbw], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classifica

-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 alects: East Wemale, South Wemale, West Wemale, West-Central Wemale. Lexical similarity: 84% with east and west dialects, 70% wit
Wemale, South Wemale, West Wemale, West-Central Wemale. Lexical similarity: 84% with east and west dialects, 70% with South W

demang, Pureman), Maneta. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Cultural and historical relationship
ureman), Maneta. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Cultural and historical relationship with Liqui

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cendera
ral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay

Woda-Mo, Wodani Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Wodani Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

bau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Cia-Cia [cia]; 60% with Masiri dialect of Cia-Cia and Lantoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classifi
ts: Lexical similarity: 61% with Cia-Cia [cia]; 60% with Masiri dialect of Cia-Cia and Lantoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classification: Au

omments: Botawa is a Demisa and Waropen [wrp]-speaking village.

Botawa is a Demisa and Waropen [wrp]-speaking village.

2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wadu Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyo
tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wadu Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], av

n: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ew Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ith Sepa [spb], 49%–50% with Teluti [tlt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central
 pb], 49%–50% with Teluti [tlt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, E

Kosarek, Wanam, Yale-Kosarek Dialects: Gilika (Kilika), Kosarek, Tiple. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan [nps], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. C
Wanam, Yale-Kosarek Dialects: Gilika (Kilika), Kosarek, Tiple. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan [nps], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classificatio

hristian, traditional religion.

aditional religion.

Names: Jalè, Jaly, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan Dialects: None known. Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of A
è, Jaly, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan Dialects: None known. Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [

ey. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ation: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

es: Jamden, Jamdena, Tanemprar lirin Dialects: North Yamdena (Nus Das), South Yamdena (Nus Bab). A chain of related varieties from
, Jamdena, Tanemprar lirin Dialects: North Yamdena (Nus Das), South Yamdena (Nus Bab). A chain of related varieties from north to so

lassification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

n: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

h New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Yarsun may not exist or speakers may have moved (2005 SIL). Christian, traditio
nea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Yarsun may not exist or speakers may have moved (2005 SIL). Christian, traditional religion

a-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
awa (Mora), East Yawa, North Yawa, South Yawa, West Yawa. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional reli
), East Yawa, North Yawa, South Yawa, West Yawa. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tral Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey Comments: Different cultural group from Marind. Christian, traditional religion.
n, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey Comments: Different cultural group from Marind. Christian, traditional religion.

ification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim Comm
esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim Comments: Tradi

esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar Comments: Di
tern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar Comments: Distinct from

a border. Alternate Names: Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine Dialects: None known. Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language
lternate Names: Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine Dialects: None known. Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language. Classificati

imilarity: 33% with Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
33% with Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

arity: 25% with Emem [enr]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
with Emem [enr]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Christian, traditional religion.
traditional religion.

unong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Acehnese Comments: Muslim.

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Acehnese Comments: Muslim.

antar, Alor Comments: Christian.

r Comments: Christian.
omments: Muslim.

eru). Rambatu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 77%–91% among dialects, 64% with Lisaba
atu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 77%–91% among dialects, 64% with Lisabata-Nuniali

% with Alune [alp], 49% with Naka’ela [nae], 47% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 45% with Wemale [weo] and Nuaulu, 44% with Boano [bzn
ne [alp], 49% with Naka’ela [nae], 47% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 45% with Wemale [weo] and Nuaulu, 44% with Boano [bzn] and Sale

uage chain. Reportedly similar to Uab Meto [aoz] but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, s
n. Reportedly similar to Uab Meto [aoz] but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural d

men [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Ha
]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-

ku, Ambelau Comments: Schools through junior high on the island. Wild pigs and rocky terrain on Ambelau make cultivation impossibl
au Comments: Schools through junior high on the island. Wild pigs and rocky terrain on Ambelau make cultivation impossible; that is d
 tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western Comments: ‘Masama’ is preferred local name. Muslim.
Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western Comments: ‘Masama’ is preferred local name. Muslim.

Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-We
, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Com

eanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Anus and Fedan [pdn] may be the same language. Christian, tradition
th New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Anus and Fedan [pdn] may be the same language. Christian, traditional religion

Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

olynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Ili’uun [ilu], 57% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East
with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Ili’uun [ilu], 57% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

alu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ments: Christian, Muslim.

’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
uth Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Reportedly originates from Gag
lmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Reportedly originates from Gag Island, wes
nd the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 72%–73% with the Wakal dialect of Hitu [htu], 67%–72% with Larike-Waka
geri Lima dialect, 78%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 72%–73% with the Wakal dialect of Hitu [htu], 67%–72% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo]

m (Ayam), Misman, Simai (Simay). Reportedly similar to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers, Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt]. Classification: Tr
Misman, Simai (Simay). Reportedly similar to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers, Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt]. Classification: Trans-New

stian, traditional religion.

itional religion.

nts: Frequently at war with Kopkaka and Korowai.

ently at war with Kopkaka and Korowai.
wyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
u-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

aditional religion.
da. Lexical similarity: 85% with Bada and Behoa [bep], 91% with Behoa and Napu [npy], 80% with Bada and Napu [npy]. The 3 are geog
similarity: 85% with Bada and Behoa [bep], 91% with Behoa and Napu [npy], 80% with Bada and Napu [npy]. The 3 are geographically

es: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo Dialects: Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda [sun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo Dialects: Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda [sun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sund

stern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.

ngku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.

eux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North
5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi a
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South Comments: Muslim.
o-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South Comments: Muslim.

[bzb], 51% with Saluan [loe], 39% with Bobongko [bgb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Bang
with Saluan [loe], 39% with Bobongko [bgb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Easte

rana, Karangasem, Klungkung, Tabanan), Nusa Penida. Reportedly 2 distinct dialects. High Bali is used in religion, but users are diminish
ngasem, Klungkung, Tabanan), Nusa Penida. Reportedly 2 distinct dialects. High Bali is used in religion, but users are diminishing. Speec

83%–94% with Bumal; 85%–80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumanda [ulm]. Classification: Austronesia
with Bumal; 85%–80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumanda [ulm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo

ple originally came from the Banda Islands, but the language is no longer spoken there. Muslim.
ly came from the Banda Islands, but the language is no longer spoken there. Muslim.
 ynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: A network of dialects with distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical innovati
Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: A network of dialects with distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical innovations set Ba

t Province, coastal Matua. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,505,000. Status: 3 (Wider
coastal Matua. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,505,000. Status: 3 (Wider communi

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

al religion, Christian.

: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Some think the language will die out. Muslim.
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Some think the language will die out. Muslim.

a 2002), while Kluet and Singkil may be more closely related to Pakpak Dairi [btd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nor
hile Kluet and Singkil may be more closely related to Pakpak Dairi [btd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Su

Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Comments: Christian, Muslim.
 Comments: Christian.
s: Christian.

rrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: A general form of Batak common to a wider area than Angkola. Muslim.
ds, Batak, Southern Comments: A general form of Batak common to a wider area than Angkola. Muslim.

ments: Strong separation of ethnolinguistic identity from Geser-Gorom [ges]. Muslim.

ong separation of ethnolinguistic identity from Geser-Gorom [ges]. Muslim.

[bgz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Muslim.
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Muslim.

an, Aru Comments: Muslim.

mments: Muslim.

ae, Neao. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Whistle speech reported. Christian, traditional religion.
Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Whistle speech reported. Christian, traditional religion.
 nesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: Christian, Muslim.
elebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: Christian, Muslim.

dialect [sgu], 32%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Cen
u], 32%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Malu

means ‘deaf language’ in Balinese [ban].

af language’ in Balinese [ban].

wesi, Makassar Comments: ‘Bentong’ and ‘Dentong’ are Bugis [bug] and Makasarese [mak] exonyms meaning ‘nonfluent’, but the name
ssar Comments: ‘Bentong’ and ‘Dentong’ are Bugis [bug] and Makasarese [mak] exonyms meaning ‘nonfluent’, but the names do not h

Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Formerly the trade l
milarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Formerly the trade language o

te Dialects: None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from both Indonesian [ind] and other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evol
s: None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from both Indonesian [ind] and other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evolved mid-1

enures, Kamer, Korido, Korim, Mandusir, Mapia, Mios Num, Mofu, Monoarfu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Rumberpon, Samberi, Sampori (M
mer, Korido, Korim, Mandusir, Mapia, Mios Num, Mofu, Monoarfu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Rumberpon, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), S

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

sian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.

Lembata Comments: Muslim.
 bzn] in Maluku. Muslim.
aluku. Muslim.

unusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Different from Boano [bzl] in Sulawesi.
iru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Different from Boano [bzl] in Sulawesi.

with Gorontalo [gor], 25%–30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Easte
talo [gor], 25%–30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot Comments: Muslim.
ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot Comments: Muslim.

Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (Uki). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mon
ggola), Bolango (Uki). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow,
ate Comments: Muslim.
ents: Muslim.

e. Christian, traditional religion.

, traditional religion.

% with Seko Tengah [sko], 72% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan C
o Tengah [sko], 72% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments

Muna island; Sulawesi Tengah Province, west side, areas at Oti, Toaya, and Donggola; east side, 3 enclaves on Tolo bay; Sulawesi Bara
nd; Sulawesi Tengah Province, west side, areas at Oti, Toaya, and Donggola; east side, 3 enclaves on Tolo bay; Sulawesi Barat Province,

wellings. Muslim, Christian.

Muslim, Christian.

Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Nahina, Tamboeko, Tambuku, Tobuco Dialects: Bungku, Landawe, Routa, Torete (T
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Nahina, Tamboeko, Tambuku, Tobuco Dialects: Bungku, Landawe, Routa, Torete (To Rete), T
hilippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.
Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

o Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

s: Christian, traditional religion.

Wae Sama (Waesama). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Ethnic population Fogi dia
a (Waesama). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Ethnic population Fogi dialect: 500,

Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Com
Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: T

alayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan Comments: Muslim.
ynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan Comments: Muslim.
p [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.

93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 69% with Busoa [bup], 67% with Lontoi dialect of Kaim
Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 69% with Busoa [bup], 67% with Lontoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [z

Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

amoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

 onal religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: The Lembak Delapan dialect of Col in Bengkulu is not to be confused w
ynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: The Lembak Delapan dialect of Col in Bengkulu is not to be confused with the Lem

olynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

Babar, North Comments: Christian.

ngme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], and Wolani [wod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal Comm
mung, Damal, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], and Wolani [wod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal Comments: Chr

dialect is extinct. Muslim.

extinct. Muslim.
ans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n, Babar, North Comments: Christian.

orth Comments: Christian.

nts: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.

: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

lvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
a dialect become, nd, in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao [nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale [row] are m
ecome, nd, in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao [nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale [row] are more diverg

ynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Ethnic autonym: Dhao. Rote neighbors refer to them as ‘Ndao’. Christian.
umba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Ethnic autonym: Dhao. Rote neighbors refer to them as ‘Ndao’. Christian.

orang use it as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Doibel, Kobroor, Kobro’or, Sersifar Tannin Dialects: Northern Dobel, South
it as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Doibel, Kobroor, Kobro’or, Sersifar Tannin Dialects: Northern Dobel, Southeast Dobe

Dondo interact socially with the Dondo coastal population which reinforces the use of Dondo in a variety of functions. Muslim.
ract socially with the Dondo coastal population which reinforces the use of Dondo in a variety of functions. Muslim.
language Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

nrempulu Comments: Muslim.

omments: Muslim.

nal religion, Christian.

Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

rito, East, Central-South, South
 cation: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Ethnonym: Kapauku by southern neighbors. Christian.
ans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Ethnonym: Kapauku by southern neighbors. Christian.

most no outside influence. ‘Morwap’ is vigorously rejected as a language name by speakers and government officials. Christian, traditio
tside influence. ‘Morwap’ is vigorously rejected as a language name by speakers and government officials. Christian, traditional religion

ayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments: Complex mix of ethnic groups: Taman of upper Kapuas River, Suai, Taman M
sian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments: Complex mix of ethnic groups: Taman of upper Kapuas River, Suai, Taman Mendalem

onesian loans. Christian, Muslim.

ans. Christian, Muslim.

th Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

i, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

t in Obogwi village is reportedly similar but not the same. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 86% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classifica
wi village is reportedly similar but not the same. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 86% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lake

uinea, Bomberai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

berai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Ethnic name is Fuau; Abawiri most accepted language name. Christian, traditional religion.
on: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Ethnic name is Fuau; Abawiri most accepted language name. Christian, traditional religion.

t, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida Dialects: Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). S
data, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida Dialects: Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is mos

ng). Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility of Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% of Galela. Classific
cts: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility of Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% of Galela. Classification: We
a, East Makian-Gane Comments: Muslim.
kian-Gane Comments: Muslim.

, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

astern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: A schoo
layo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: A school in each

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim.

mprehension is limited. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Consider Sulawesi their ancestral ho
ion is limited. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Consider Sulawesi their ancestral homeland.

o (Limbotto), Tilamuta, West Gorontalo (Kwandang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philipp
), Tilamuta, West Gorontalo (Kwandang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Goron

c, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

nd lexical differences with Adang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Separate so
differences with Adang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Separate sociopolitic
al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay Comments: Muslim, Christian.

a), Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Haw
eba), Timu (Dimu). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Co

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Christian, traditional re
ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.
ast, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.

th Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’ Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

kan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’ Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

t from Manusela. Traditional religion.

nusela. Traditional religion.
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, N
Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest

[dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. Varieties listed as dialects may be separate languages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central Comm
tinct from Yawa [yva]. Varieties listed as dialects may be separate languages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central Comments: Chr

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

mahera, Sahu

Lexical similarity: 93%–97% among dialects, 73% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Aputai [apx], 67% with Perai [wet], 51% with Galolen [gal
milarity: 93%–97% among dialects, 73% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Aputai [apx], 67% with Perai [wet], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classific
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Developed from literary ‘Classical Malay’ of the R
tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Developed from literary ‘Classical Malay’ of the Riau-Johor

Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]) elements. Classification: Creole, Malay based
ay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]) elements. Classification: Creole, Malay based

South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera Comments: Christian, Muslim.

mahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tion: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

tional religion.

0,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Population total all countries: 84,308,740. Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial iden
rebon region of Java. Population total all countries: 84,308,740. Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in cent

best considered a separate language from Adang [adn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
idered a separate language from Adang [adn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comment

hem along the coast. Traditional religion.

g the coast. Traditional religion.

q], 61% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East
th Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, N

orontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

ongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.
wa, Pekava, Pekawa Dialects: Da’a (Dombu), Inde. Some intelligibility of Ledo dialect of Kaili, Ledo [lew] and other Kaili varieties, but wi
a, Pekawa Dialects: Da’a (Dombu), Inde. Some intelligibility of Ledo dialect of Kaili, Ledo [lew] and other Kaili varieties, but with major s

io (Kori), Ta’a (Dolago-Sausu, Sausu), Taa (Palolo), Tado (Ri Io, To ri Io, Torio, Toriu), Tara (Parigi). Doi dialect is intelligible of Ledo and E
a’a (Dolago-Sausu, Sausu), Taa (Palolo), Tado (Ri Io, To ri Io, Torio, Toriu), Tara (Parigi). Doi dialect is intelligible of Ledo and Edo; Ado n

negative term, unde. Ganti has negative term, ndepuu. Muslim.

rm, unde. Ganti has negative term, ndepuu. Muslim.

Muna [mnb] dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku [lix], 66% with Cia-Cia [cia], 58% with Wolio [wlo], 45% with Kaledupa dialect o
b] dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku [lix], 66% with Cia-Cia [cia], 58% with Wolio [wlo], 45% with Kaledupa dialect of Tukang B

h Tae’ [rob], 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]; 82% between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
], 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]; 82% between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South
 q], Naka’ela [nae], and Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Mal
a [nae], and Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East,

dialect is widely understood. Lewa and Uma Ratu Nggai dialects have difficulty understanding those from Mangili. Classification: Austr
widely understood. Lewa and Uma Ratu Nggai dialects have difficulty understanding those from Mangili. Classification: Austronesian, M

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

m Yeretuar (Umari) [gop]. Christian, traditional religion.

(Umari) [gop]. Christian, traditional religion.

uan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common and much ritual exch
ehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common and much ritual exchange. Chr

Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One eth
ified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group
 r to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comme
i]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One e

ma-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties.
an. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan mar

Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ay [pse] dialects Pasemah and Serawai. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, M
ialects Pasemah and Serawai. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Cha
South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
mahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

s from Ot Danum [otd].

Danum [otd].

an Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
saku, Kayeli Comments: Shifted to Ambonese Malay [abs] or Lisela [lcl] (Wurm 2007). Muslim.
eli Comments: Shifted to Ambonese Malay [abs] or Lisela [lcl] (Wurm 2007). Muslim.

a Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.

apura Bay Comments: Christian.

Saumlaki, Veveu Evav Dialects: Kei Besar, Kei Kecil, Ta’am, Tanimbar Kei (Atnebar), Tayando. Kei Kecil is the prestigious urban dialect. K
Veveu Evav Dialects: Kei Besar, Kei Kecil, Ta’am, Tanimbar Kei (Atnebar), Tayando. Kei Kecil is the prestigious urban dialect. Kei Besar s
uth Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nal religion, Christian.

ako Dialects: Ahe, Ambawang, Kendayan, Selako. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments
cts: Ahe, Ambawang, Kendayan, Selako. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Indonesi

Nanga Nuak, Kebahan, Ransa, Kenyilu, Limbai and Kubin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Co
ak, Kebahan, Ransa, Kenyilu, Limbai and Kubin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: K

Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah Dialects: Badeng, Bakung, Lepo’ Bem, Lepo’ Ke, Lepo’ Kuda, Lepo’ Maut, Lepo’ Ndang, Lepo’ Tau, Lepo’ Te
sun Apau Kenyah Dialects: Badeng, Bakung, Lepo’ Bem, Lepo’ Ke, Lepo’ Kuda, Lepo’ Maut, Lepo’ Ndang, Lepo’ Tau, Lepo’ Tepu’, Uma’ J

k. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah

-Lembata Comments: People and language are both called Ke’o. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
Comments: People and language are both called Ke’o. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

nangkabau [min] north. Distinct from Kerinci-Minangkabau dialect of Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classifi
u [min] north. Distinct from Kerinci-Minangkabau dialect of Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Au

[bup]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Mu
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, West
dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Ro
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comm

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.
alayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.

of dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% wi
are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof. C

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim, Christian.

o-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim, Christian.
with the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp]; 74% with Sungkai dialect of Lampung Api (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Ma
lianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp]; 74% with Sungkai dialect of Lampung Api (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn

an, Aru Comments: Muslim.

omments: Muslim.

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

hristian, traditional religion.

xical similarity: 76% with Makassar [mak]; Tana Toa dialect: 10% with other coastal dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn
rity: 76% with Makassar [mak]; Tana Toa dialect: 10% with other coastal dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sou

si, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Christian.

sar Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.
o-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.

wai Comments: Traditional religion.

nts: Traditional religion.

eligion, Christian.

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai Comments: Muslim.

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai Comments: Muslim.

r of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Territor
olanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Territory rapidly

rans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Muslim, Christian.

Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Muslim, Christian.
g, Watena. Reportedly structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-A
. Reportedly structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Panta

ungku [bkz] group, 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the Mori languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic
z] group, 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the Mori languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern,

ts: Muslim.

er [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim.

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim.

o-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Com
an, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: C

fication: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
or-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

es not distinguish a particular variety. Traditional religion, Christian.

nguish a particular variety. Traditional religion, Christian.
 Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.
ra, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.

luku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.

olio [wlo], 53% with Wotu [wtw], 39% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao C
53% with Wotu [wtw], 39% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments

r. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: ‘Lamaholot-Alor’ is

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: ‘Lamaholot-Alor’ is used to re

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

ristian, traditional religion.
pong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir Dialects: Daya, Krui (Kroe, Kru’i, Njo, Western Lampung), Pubian, Ranau, Southern Pesisir, Sungkai. Cl
pung, Lampung Pesisir Dialects: Daya, Krui (Kroe, Kru’i, Njo, Western Lampung), Pubian, Ranau, Southern Pesisir, Sungkai. Classification

ung Api [ljp], 77% among dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Muslim.
p], 77% among dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Muslim.

sl], 67%–72% with Negeri Lima dialect of Asilulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynes
2% with Negeri Lima dialect of Asilulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Centr

na [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, E
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religio
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Pasir, Purai, Purung, Taboyan, Tuwang. At least 17 dialects. Tawoyan [twy] may
u (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Pasir, Purai, Purung, Taboyan, Tuwang. At least 17 dialects. Tawoyan [twy] may be inhere
 , Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
wasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.

q], 38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with Wolio [wlo], 31% with Seko Padang [skx], 30% with Rampi [lje], 29% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 26%
th Bungku [bkz], 39% with Wolio [wlo], 31% with Seko Padang [skx], 30% with Rampi [lje], 29% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 26% with Mun

th Luang [lex], but maintain their own identity and local pride. Christian.
lex], but maintain their own identity and local pride. Christian.

ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, West
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comm

aim (near coast) dialects, 69%–78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42%–61% between Kobi and Manusela
coast) dialects, 69%–78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42%–61% between Kobi and Manusela [wha], 54

New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

nea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

omments: ‘Tado’ (alternate for Lindu) is different from Tado dialect of Kaili Ledo [lew]. Christian.
‘Tado’ (alternate for Lindu) is different from Tado dialect of Kaili Ledo [lew]. Christian.

tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Ama
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, N
alisa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: Muslim, t
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: Muslim, traditional r

% with Ponosakan [pns], 63% with Kaidipang [kzp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philipp
nosakan [pns], 63% with Kaidipang [kzp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Goron

becomes South Lole, ni-hina. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nucle
South Lole, ni-hina. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, R

hristian, Muslim.

nesian, Aru Comments: Christian.

u Comments: Christian.

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. Christian.

stern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. Christian.
 entral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian.
luku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian.

), Lun Daye, Papadi. Not Murutic, although sometimes called Southern Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North B
, Papadi. Not Murutic, although sometimes called Southern Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, No

). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Dialects: Dusun Balangan, Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong). Related to Malagasy
e Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Dialects: Dusun Balangan, Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong). Related to Malagasy language

mments: Possibly the same as Maya [slz]. Christian, traditional religion.

ossibly the same as Maya [slz]. Christian, traditional religion.

orts large population decrease. Due to intermarriage, language attitudes, and other socioeconomic issues, the Madurese population is
population decrease. Due to intermarriage, language attitudes, and other socioeconomic issues, the Madurese population is likely unde

ification: Maybrat Comments: Ethnic autonym: Ayamaru. Traditional religion.

Maybrat Comments: Ethnic autonym: Ayamaru. Traditional religion.

parate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditiona
nguage. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Dialects: Gowa (Goa, Lakiung), Maros-Pangkep, Turatea (Jeneponto). Gowa dialect is presti
asara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Dialects: Gowa (Goa, Lakiung), Maros-Pangkep, Turatea (Jeneponto). Gowa dialect is prestigious. Diale

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West N

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guine

assification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian Comments: Muslim.

n: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian Comments: Muslim.

100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kali
Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (pr

r-cultural ommunication, market, and some media. Alternate Names: Ambonese, Ambong, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay
ommunication, market, and some media. Alternate Names: Ambonese, Ambong, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay Dialects:

ous language (1987 J. Collins). Muslim.

ge (1987 J. Collins). Muslim.
 ian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Shares phonological innovations with Kutai Malay [vkt], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd]
yo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Shares phonological innovations with Kutai Malay [vkt], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd].

ments: Traditional religion.

ditional religion.

ntang, Midden Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai Dialects: Benakat, Bengkulu, Enim, Kikim, Kisam, Lematang Ulu, Lintang, O
den Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai Dialects: Benakat, Bengkulu, Enim, Kikim, Kisam, Lematang Ulu, Lintang, Ogan, Pase

sus). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batin, Djambi Dialects: Downstream Jambi Malay, Upstream Jambi Malay. Forms a netwo
us: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batin, Djambi Dialects: Downstream Jambi Malay, Upstream Jambi Malay. Forms a network of relat

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

panish [spa], Dutch [nld], English [eng]. Christian, Muslim.

a], Dutch [nld], English [eng]. Christian, Muslim.

milar to North Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lankan Malay [sci]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: C
 rth Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lankan Malay [sci]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Ma

particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. Reportedly more similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. A member of macrola
om Manado Malay [xmm]. Reportedly more similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. A member of macrolanguage M

similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Classification: Creole, Malay based
both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Classification: Creole, Malay based

nggarong Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun (Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai [mqg]) are not inherently intelligible. Shares p
Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun (Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai [mqg]) are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonologic

dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Ben
utheast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Bengkayang, D

asenrempulu Comments: They view themselves as distinct from Bugis [bug] and Enrekang [ptt]. Muslim.
pulu Comments: They view themselves as distinct from Bugis [bug] and Enrekang [ptt]. Muslim.

]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim (Pattae’).
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim (Pattae’).

nesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju Comments: Muslim.

uth Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju Comments: Muslim.
(Developing). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar Dialects: Balanipa (Napo-Tinambung), Majene, Malunda, Pamboang, Se
ng). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar Dialects: Balanipa (Napo-Tinambung), Majene, Malunda, Pamboang, Sendana (Ce

hristian, traditional religion.

aditional religion.

n] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East Comm
bobo [kzb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East Comments: Mus
mes: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam Dialects: None known. Not inherently intelligible with Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Lorang [l
bai, Wamar, Wokam Dialects: None known. Not inherently intelligible with Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Lorang [lrn]. Classi

oratu, 67%–80% with South Manusela; 64%–72% with Huaulu [hud], 42%–61% with Liana Seti [ste], 45% with Saleman [sau]. Classifica
%–80% with South Manusela; 64%–72% with Huaulu [hud], 42%–61% with Liana Seti [ste], 45% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Aus

yo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic
ian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cendera
ral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay

elligibility. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
stern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwang
ayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwang

ts: Traditional religion, Christian.

nal religion, Christian.

derawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

mxn]. Christian, traditional religion.

stian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.
inci-Minangkabau, Orang Mamak, Pajokumbuh, Pancuang Soal (Muko-Muko), Penghulu, Si Junjung, Singkarak, Tanah, Ulu. Not intellig
ngkabau, Orang Mamak, Pajokumbuh, Pancuang Soal (Muko-Muko), Penghulu, Si Junjung, Singkarak, Tanah, Ulu. Not intelligible with I

ame. Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

istian, traditional religion.
ts: Christian.

hristian, traditional religion.

aditional religion.

ppine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
ter Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
ea Mor [moq]. Traditional religion, Christian.
oq]. Traditional religion, Christian.

uid-Mori), Ulu Uwoi. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Bawah [xmz] and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
Ulu Uwoi. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Bawah [xmz] and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele

ronsie, Korongsi, Sinongko), Moiki (Tomoiki), Nuha (Soroako), Tinompo (Mokole, Soroako), Tiu (Tioe), Watu (Towatoe). Lexical similarit
rongsi, Sinongko), Moiki (Tomoiki), Nuha (Soroako), Tinompo (Mokole, Soroako), Tiu (Tioe), Watu (Towatoe). Lexical similarity: 73%–86

s about 3,500 living in cities. Second or third generations in cities no longer speak Moronene. 1,850 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threaten
00 living in cities. Second or third generations in cities no longer speak Moronene. 1,850 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter

: Morop. Dintere most widespread dialect. The previous language name ‘Iwur’ came from a single village within the Morop group. Rela
intere most widespread dialect. The previous language name ‘Iwur’ came from a single village within the Morop group. Relationship b

ew Guinea, Moraori Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

, Moraori Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nts: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.
esian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Christian.
ayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Christian.

es of standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gulamas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawam
dard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gulamas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatu

Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: T
olynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional

a Province learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it as a trade language. Alternate Names: Palembang, Palembangnese, Sekayu
e learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it as a trade language. Alternate Names: Palembang, Palembangnese, Sekayu Dialects:
orthwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Formerly lived in mountains then moved down to Kairatu.
eram, Ulat Inai Comments: Formerly lived in mountains then moved down to Kairatu.

a separate language called Nagi. Not the same as Larantuka Malay [lrt] (Nagi) in Nusa Tenggara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-A
e language called Nagi. Not the same as Larantuka Malay [lrt] (Nagi) in Nusa Tenggara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok,

ents: Distinct from Korupun (Kimyal) dialect of Korupun-Sela [kpq]. Christian, traditional religion.
nct from Korupun (Kimyal) dialect of Korupun-Sela [kpq]. Christian, traditional religion.
 raditional religion.

o-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

an, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

u Dayak, Southwest Barito Dialects: Ba’amang (Bara-Bare, Sampit), Kahayan, Kahayan Kapuas, Katingan Ngaju, Katingan Ngawa, Manta
outhwest Barito Dialects: Ba’amang (Bara-Bare, Sampit), Kahayan, Kahayan Kapuas, Katingan Ngaju, Katingan Ngawa, Mantangai (Oloh

u, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

um Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

as. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias Comments: North dialect (particularly Gu
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias Comments: North dialect (particularly Gunung Sitoli)

n-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua
 ua, Nila-Serua

Christian, traditional religion.

aditional religion.

ali of Pass Valley [yac]. Christian, traditional religion.

Valley [yac]. Christian, traditional religion.

, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Distinct from Huaulu [hud].

awai-Nuaulu Comments: Distinct from Huaulu [hud].

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Different from Huaulu [hud]. Christian, tradition
Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Different from Huaulu [hud]. Christian, traditional religion

am, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments: Christian.
saku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments: Christian.
ts: Christian.

[mvv], 34% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, M
% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut Com

gion, Christian.

a), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya Comments: Uria is a misspelling u
East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya Comments: Uria is a misspelling used earlier

Kuhin, Ot Balawan, Ot Banu’u, Ot Murung 1 (Murung 1, Punan Ratah), Ot Olang, Ot Tuhup, Sarawai (Melawi), Sebaung, Ulu Ai’ (Da’an
Balawan, Ot Banu’u, Ot Murung 1 (Murung 1, Punan Ratah), Ot Olang, Ot Tuhup, Sarawai (Melawi), Sebaung, Ulu Ai’ (Da’an). Lexical s

Central Padoe, Western Padoe. 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Mori Bawah [xmz]. Classification
doe, Western Padoe. 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Mori Bawah [xmz]. Classification: Austron
 o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

0). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baree, Bare’e, Poso Dialects: Laiwonu (Iba), Pamona, Rapangkaka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, W
6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baree, Bare’e, Poso Dialects: Laiwonu (Iba), Pamona, Rapangkaka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tob

Budong [bdx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments: Christian.
dx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments: Christian.

olynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

ulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.
Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
n, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

d a severe earthquake and tidal wave in 2009.

earthquake and tidal wave in 2009.

ayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: See themselves as Malay culturally and linguistically, not Minangkabau [m
esian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: See themselves as Malay culturally and linguistically, not Minangkabau [min], thoug

exonym meaning ‘the sick ones’ with negative connotations. Muslim, Christian.
meaning ‘the sick ones’ with negative connotations. Muslim, Christian.

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Intermarry with the Kisar [kje]. Christia
tral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Intermarry with the Kisar [kje]. Christian.

raditional religion.
mments: Muslim.

hable subgroup.

a [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] group
% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classifi
mpi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comme
u), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Christi

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang Comments: 85% live in remote rural areas. Different from Rejang-Baram group of langua
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang Comments: 85% live in remote rural areas. Different from Rejang-Baram group of languages on Bor
e pronunciation in some other Rote languages. Ethnic autonym: Rikou. Christian.
ation in some other Rote languages. Ethnic autonym: Rikou. Christian.

ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

itional religion, Christian.

mahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

hu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian.
an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian.
esian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Muslim.
tral Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Muslim.

ongko [bgb], 62% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-B
b], 62% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, W

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak

-Polynesian, Land Dayak

(Tahuna). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

68%–71% with Haruku [hrk], 65% with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%–66% with Tulehu [tlu], 49% with Luhu [lcq], 54% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classifi
with Haruku [hrk], 65% with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%–66% with Tulehu [tlu], 49% with Luhu [lcq], 54% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: A

mona, Southern Comments: Contact with Bugis [bug] and Kaili Ledo [lew] speakers. Muslim.
thern Comments: Contact with Bugis [bug] and Kaili Ledo [lew] speakers. Muslim.

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Subgroups: Waktu Lima, Waktu Telu. Most
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Subgroups: Waktu Lima, Waktu Telu. Most Waktu Tel
Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halma
lynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Sout

traditional religion.

, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Many current village locations are the result of recent migrations from older locations. Chris
or-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Many current village locations are the result of recent migrations from older locations. Christian, trad

eligion, Christian.

rby Napu [npy] or of Kaili languages. Most closely related to Moma [myl] in Palolo Valley. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
[npy] or of Kaili languages. Most closely related to Moma [myl] in Palolo Valley. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celeb
nesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.
ntral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.

2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Sawang, Seka, Sekah Dialects
reasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Sawang, Seka, Sekah Dialects: Lexically

y schools. Christian, Muslim.

Christian, Muslim.

o Comments: Christian, Muslim.

nts: Christian, Muslim.

exical similarity: 56% with Seluwasan [sws]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sout
ilarity: 56% with Seluwasan [sws]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Mal
o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Christian (Protestant).
an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Christian (Protestant).

nym: Buyaka. Traditional religion, Christian.

ka. Traditional religion, Christian.

u, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East

ram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East
ment had moved them from Serua Island, south central Maluku, to Seram due to volcanic activity on their island.
moved them from Serua Island, south central Maluku, to Seram due to volcanic activity on their island.

West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

w Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

ian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.
 Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Government schools through entire area. Increasing inte
Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Government schools through entire area. Increasing intermarriage

an, Central Maluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

l Maluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

: Christian, traditional religion.

traditional religion.
 from Gorontalo [gor]. Muslim.
ontalo [gor]. Muslim.

% with Sentani [set]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Distinct from Tanahmerah [tcm] (Sum
ntani [set]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Distinct from Tanahmerah [tcm] (Sumeri) of Bo

us), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East Toraja, Luwu’, Luwu-Rongkong, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Tae
ing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East Toraja, Luwu’, Luwu-Rongkong, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, “Toala

Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tagal (North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut, Tagol), Tawan, Tolokoson (Telekoson), Tomani (Tumaniq
Semembu, Sumambuq), Tagal (North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut, Tagol), Tawan, Tolokoson (Telekoson), Tomani (Tumaniq). Classific

m: Tajio. Kasimbar is the main town. Muslim.

asimbar is the main town. Muslim.

Northern Comments: Christian.

omments: Christian.
yo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: Talo, Seho, Biha, and Bono (Mbono) are place names. Traditional religion, Chr
an, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: Talo, Seho, Biha, and Bono (Mbono) are place names. Traditional religion, Christian.

w], Bungku [bkz], and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
u [bkz], and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, E

, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Muslim, Christian.

a’dan Comments: Muslim, Christian.

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

 stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

em. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Manombai [woo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas
al similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Manombai [woo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mala

armi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian.

pura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian.

th, Butuan-Tausug Comments: Muslim.

-Tausug Comments: Muslim.

n]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North

West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

uan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
sian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Muslim, Christian.
ral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Muslim, Christian.

o-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
te. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E

edly similar to Tidore [tvo]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.
ar to Tidore [tvo]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.
, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Lakluta, Natarbora, Soibada, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los, Tetun Terik), Northern Tetun
etun Belu, Tetung Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Lakluta, Natarbora, Soibada, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los, Tetun Terik), Northern Tetun (Belu Utar

dalir, Salalir, Saralir, Selalir), Sesayap (Sesajap), Sibuku, Tarakan (Terakan), Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nor
r, Saralir, Selalir), Sesayap (Sesajap), Sibuku, Tarakan (Terakan), Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo

ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.
ayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.

). Dialects: Boëng, Dodinga, Tobelo (Heleworuru). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Taught in m
Boëng, Dodinga, Tobelo (Heleworuru). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Taught in middle sch

200 Wiwirano. Asera and Laiwui not separately listed, but less than 1,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, Toki
ano. Asera and Laiwui not separately listed, but less than 1,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, Tokia, Tololaki,
Western, Interior Comments: Muslim.
nterior Comments: Muslim.

mona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Consider themselves Pamona. Muslim.

rthern, Pamona Comments: Consider themselves Pamona. Muslim.

hilippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

an, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Christian.

pine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Christian.

nts: Christian.

orthern, Kaili Comments: Recent settlers from elsewhere and rubber plantation development brought new language contacts. Muslim.
aili Comments: Recent settlers from elsewhere and rubber plantation development brought new language contacts. Muslim.
(Mappa-Pana, West Toraja). Rantepao is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, T
na, West Toraja). Rantepao is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’da

ar Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

nts: Traditional religion, Christian.

an, Masapua, Tomliapat. Lexical similarity: 92%–97% among dialects, 76% with Perai [wet], 74% with Aputai [apx], 73% with Ili’uun [ilu
ua, Tomliapat. Lexical similarity: 92%–97% among dialects, 76% with Perai [wet], 74% with Aputai [apx], 73% with Ili’uun [ilu], 52% wit

tus: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kusuri, Teluk Lili. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobe
gorous). Dialects: Kusuri, Teluk Lili. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobelo [tlb] var

anci (Wangi- Wangi, Wanje, Wanji, Wantji). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kaledupa and Wanci, and may be separate languages. 70%–75%
gi- Wangi, Wanje, Wanji, Wantji). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kaledupa and Wanci, and may be separate languages. 70%–75% with Tuk

s: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi Dialects: Binongko, Bonerate, Tomea (Tomia). Lexical similarity: 70%
orous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi Dialects: Binongko, Bonerate, Tomea (Tomia). Lexical similarity: 70%–75% with

: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Am

cation: East Geelvink Bay Comments: May be better considered a dialect of Burate [bti]. Christian, traditional religion.
st Geelvink Bay Comments: May be better considered a dialect of Burate [bti]. Christian, traditional religion.

inggang, Tunjung Londong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam

unjung Londong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam

Amabi (Amabi, Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule’u), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manea, Manlea), Mollo-Miomafo (Mi
mabi, Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule’u), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manea, Manlea), Mollo-Miomafo (Miomafo, Mo

ru Comments: Muslim.
ents: Muslim.

with dialect of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], and Pannei [pnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawes
of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], and Pannei [pnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Norther

ank, Lariang river. 20,000 (1990 M. Martens), increasing. 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 SIL), 500 in Benggaulu. Status: 5 (De
g river. 20,000 (1990 M. Martens), increasing. 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 SIL), 500 in Benggaulu. Status: 5 (Developing).

ungan Comments: Christian.

mments: Christian.
n-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan
Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

n [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ssification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

-Polynesian. Christian, traditional religion.

n. Christian, traditional religion.

rred by the people.

w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

alayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments
ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West N
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea

ano, East Wano, West Wano. Reportedly similar to Nggem [nbq], and Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani [dnw]. Cl
Wano, West Wano. Reportedly similar to Nggem [nbq], and Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classificatio
 ea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen Comments: Christian.
rawasih Bay, Waropen Comments: Christian.

mbuu [raz] and Kodeoha [vko], 54% with the Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
and Kodeoha [vko], 54% with the Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele

g [bnf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Gese
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom C

5% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Ea
Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast C
 and west dialects, 70% with South Wemale dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
ialects, 70% with South Wemale dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central M

and historical relationship with Liquisa area in East Timor. Christian, traditional religion.
cal relationship with Liquisa area in East Timor. Christian, traditional religion.

West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: ‘Buton’ usually u
wa [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: ‘Buton’ usually used gener

Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with South Sulawesi Group, 43% with Kaili-Pamona Subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang [s
], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with South Sulawesi Group, 43% with Kaili-Pamona Subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang [skx], 39% w

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers Comments: The name Atamanu is not currently known.
ynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers Comments: The name Atamanu is not currently known.

ps], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: The name In-lom refers to only half the group. Ch
ith Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: The name In-lom refers to only half the group. Christian, tra

Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Hupla [hap]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, tr
ey [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Hupla [hap]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional r

n of related varieties from north to south with 90% lexical similarity between extremes, but with morphological and phonological differ
d varieties from north to south with 90% lexical similarity between extremes, but with morphological and phonological differences. Sou

005 SIL). Christian, traditional religion.

hristian, traditional religion.
s: Christian, traditional religion.
, traditional religion.

onal religion.

rawasih Bay, Iresim Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

y, Iresim Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ay, Yeretuar Comments: Distinct from Kamoro [kgq]. Christian, traditional religion.
ar Comments: Distinct from Kamoro [kgq]. Christian, traditional religion.

eaking the same language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
same language. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
g dialects, 64% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 63% with Hulung [huk] and Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
64% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 63% with Hulung [huk] and Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E

uaulu, 44% with Boano [bzn] and Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, C
with Boano [bzn] and Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Ma

rse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabu
emantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like K

alayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Mus
nesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Muslim, Chris

make cultivation impossible; that is done in Wae Tawa village on Buru Island. Muslim.
vation impossible; that is done in Wae Tawa village on Buru Island. Muslim.
local name. Muslim.

sih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

pen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nguage. Christian, traditional religion.

hristian, traditional religion.

yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian.

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian.

tedly originates from Gag Island, west of Waigeo Island. Traditional religion, Christian.
nates from Gag Island, west of Waigeo Island. Traditional religion, Christian.
67%–72% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 71%–73% with Luhu [lcq] in Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-East
with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 71%–73% with Luhu [lcq] in Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay

itak [txt]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Napu [npy]. The 3 are geographically, politically, and culturally separate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-
. The 3 are geographically, politically, and culturally separate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona,

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: A separate socio-religious group from Sunda [sun]. Inner and outer, Badui refer
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: A separate socio-religious group from Sunda [sun]. Inner and outer, Badui refer to locatio

mes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2
, 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007), and
ebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.
ern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.

gion, but users are diminishing. Speech strata in several lowland varieties (1989 A. Clynes). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
sers are diminishing. Speech strata in several lowland varieties (1989 A. Clynes). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-S

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.
 and grammatical innovations set Bangka apart from other Malay speech varieties. Muslim, traditional religion.
mmatical innovations set Bangka apart from other Malay speech varieties. Muslim, traditional religion.

505,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar,
Status: 3 (Wider communication).Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar, already d

ge will die out. Muslim.

out. Muslim.

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Many reject the label Batak for its cultural con
o-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Many reject the label Batak for its cultural connotations.
Comments: Muslim.
 rn Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian, Muslim.
o-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian, Muslim.

g ‘nonfluent’, but the names do not have negative connotations to speakers themselves. Muslim, Christian.
nt’, but the names do not have negative connotations to speakers themselves. Muslim, Christian.

ments: Formerly the trade language of Tor area. Christian, traditional religion.
merly the trade language of Tor area. Christian, traditional religion.

pidgins and creoles. It evolved mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Influences from Peranakan Ind
d creoles. It evolved mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Influences from Peranakan Indonesian [

rpon, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sorido, Sundei, Wadibu, Wardo, Wari, Warsa, Yobi (Jobi). Some consider Biak and
beri, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sorido, Sundei, Wadibu, Wardo, Wari, Warsa, Yobi (Jobi). Some consider Biak and Numfor d
-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Bobongko is not derogatory to its speakers, but it is to the
n, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Bobongko is not derogatory to its speakers, but it is to the Andio [b

Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Distinct from Gorontalo [gor] (1974 J. Little). Muslim.
, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Distinct from Gorontalo [gor] (1974 J. Little). Muslim.
Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments: Muslim.
Seko, Panasuan Comments: Muslim.

on Tolo bay; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mandar bay, 2 more enclaves (More, Pasangkayu) along Makassar strait; possible other small con
y; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mandar bay, 2 more enclaves (More, Pasangkayu) along Makassar strait; possible other small concentration

Landawe, Routa, Torete (To Rete), Tulambatu, Waia. Lexical similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe dialects; 38%
Routa, Torete (To Rete), Tulambatu, Waia. Lexical similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe dialects; 38% with Pam
Ethnic population Fogi dialect: 500, but no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama dialects, 88%
pulation Fogi dialect: 500, but no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama dialects, 88% between

apen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

tral-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
with Lontoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 66% with Liabuku [lix], 61% with Wolio [wlo], 60% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austrones
oi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 66% with Liabuku [lix], 61% with Wolio [wlo], 60% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
ulu is not to be confused with the Lembak subdialect of the Belide dialect of Musi [mui]. Muslim.
o be confused with the Lembak subdialect of the Belide dialect of Musi [mui]. Muslim.

New Guinea, Damal Comments: Christian.

ea, Damal Comments: Christian.
d Dela-Oenale [row] are more divergent from other languages on Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Easter
nale [row] are more divergent from other languages on Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo

o’. Christian.

cts: Northern Dobel, Southeast Dobel, Straits Dobel. At least 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% with Koba [kpd]. Classification: Aus
ern Dobel, Southeast Dobel, Straits Dobel. At least 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% with Koba [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian

functions. Muslim.
mments: Muslim.
 officials. Christian, traditional religion.
hristian, traditional religion.

apuas River, Suai, Taman Mendalem, Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan, Kalis Dayak. Traditional religion, Christian.
er, Suai, Taman Mendalem, Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan, Kalis Dayak. Traditional religion, Christian.

ith Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

stian, traditional religion.

itional religion.

Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kei [kei]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn
u), Sera (Seira). Sera is most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kei [kei]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce

da 85% of Galela. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Galela. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Ampat Comments: A school in each village. Muslim.
mments: A school in each village. Muslim.

Sulawesi their ancestral homeland.

heir ancestral homeland.

ine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

er Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

lor Comments: Separate sociopolitical history from Adang. Christian.

ents: Separate sociopolitical history from Adang. Christian.
nesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
mba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nts: Christian, traditional religion.

an, traditional religion.
 hree Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung
rs, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung

Plain, Tariku, Central Comments: Christian.

ku, Central Comments: Christian.

et], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southw
with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluk
y ‘Classical Malay’ of the Riau-Johor sultanate (Sneddon 2003). Has regional variants. Muslim.
l Malay’ of the Riau-Johor sultanate (Sneddon 2003). Has regional variants. Muslim.

anguage of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa, Jawa Dialects: Banten, Banyumas, Cirebon (Cheribo
 provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa, Jawa Dialects: Banten, Banyumas, Cirebon (Cheribon, Tjirebo

-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian, Muslim.

esian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Christian.
tral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Christian.
other Kaili varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 98% between the Da’a and Inde dialects. Classification
varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 98% between the Da’a and Inde dialects. Classification: Austron

is intelligible of Ledo and Edo; Ado next most intelligible; Tado a little less. Some intelligibility of Da’a [kzf], but major sociolinguistic diff
ble of Ledo and Edo; Ado next most intelligible; Tado a little less. Some intelligibility of Da’a [kzf], but major sociolinguistic differences.

5% with Kaledupa dialect of Tukang Besi North [khc]; Kambe-kambero dialect is 84% with Busoa [bup], 72% with Muna [mnb], 76% wit
ledupa dialect of Tukang Besi North [khc]; Kambe-kambero dialect is 84% with Busoa [bup], 72% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Liabuku

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim.

, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim.
 o-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian
sian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian

angili. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, tradition

mmon and much ritual exchange. Christian, traditional religion.

much ritual exchange. Christian, traditional religion.

Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
mments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
pper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
o, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.

oup with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

yo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.
nal religion, Christian.
n, Christian.
prestigious urban dialect. Kei Besar speakers usually also know Kei Kecil, but not vice versa. Kei Besar is reportedly more similar to Ford
s urban dialect. Kei Besar speakers usually also know Kei Kecil, but not vice versa. Kei Besar is reportedly more similar to Fordata [frd]
 hamic, Malayic Comments: Indonesian [ind] well understood only by a few with at least a 6th-grade education.
alayic Comments: Indonesian [ind] well understood only by a few with at least a 6th-grade education.

Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Keninjal is one of many ill-defined “Malayic Dayak” varieties.
mic, Malayic Comments: Keninjal is one of many ill-defined “Malayic Dayak” varieties.

Ndang, Lepo’ Tau, Lepo’ Tepu’, Uma’ Jalan, Uma’ Tukung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawa
o’ Tau, Lepo’ Tepu’, Uma’ Jalan, Uma’ Tukung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan

Kayanic Kenyah
Schwaner ‘Punan’

guage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
ay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

r Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

uton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
outhwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comments: Called Yotowawa or Meher locally. Christian.
Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comments: Called Yotowawa or Meher locally. Christian.

ialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central
gri Besar 82% with Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Muslim (Shafi Sunni).
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Muslim (Shafi Sunni).

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Tana Towa resist modern ways, contact with outsiders. Muslim
n, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Tana Towa resist modern ways, contact with outsiders. Muslim, tradition
nts: Muslim.

Malay Comments: Territory rapidly shrinking, somewhat due to deforestation. Traditional religion, Muslim.
mments: Territory rapidly shrinking, somewhat due to deforestation. Traditional religion, Muslim.
New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.
lynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.

ments: Muslim.

wasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: Christian.

Yapen, East Comments: Christian.
lebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim, Christian.
tu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ments: ‘Lamaholot-Alor’ is used to refer to both a lingua franca and also to any of several Austronesian varieties spoken from eastern F
maholot-Alor’ is used to refer to both a lingua franca and also to any of several Austronesian varieties spoken from eastern Flores to Al
outhern Pesisir, Sungkai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Teachers must use L1, especially in low
sisir, Sungkai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Teachers must use L1, especially in lower grades.

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Muslim, Christian.

lear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.

a-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.

Muslim, traditional religion.

aditional religion.

alects. Tawoyan [twy] may be inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 77% with Tawoyan [twy], 53% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Benua (
woyan [twy] may be inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 77% with Tawoyan [twy], 53% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Benua (populatio
h Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 26% with Muna [mnb], 25% with Wotu [wtw], 24% with Bugis [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
a’dan [sda], 26% with Muna [mnb], 25% with Wotu [wtw], 24% with Bugis [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sou
uton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
an, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

tween Kobi and Manusela [wha], 54%–66% between Kobi and Benggoi [bgy], 48%–58% between Kobi and Salas [sgu]. Classification: A
bi and Manusela [wha], 54%–66% between Kobi and Benggoi [bgy], 48%–58% between Kobi and Salas [sgu]. Classification: Austronesi

nusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian (Nuniali).
hree Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian (Nuniali).
Buru Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.
ments: Muslim, traditional religion.

ne, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

r Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

nesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

mor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.
Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

iong). Related to Malagasy languages in Madagascar. Lexical similarity: 77% with Paku [pku], 75% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification
ated to Malagasy languages in Madagascar. Lexical similarity: 77% with Paku [pku], 75% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification: Austron

he Madurese population is likely underreported. Population total all countries: 6,770,900. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bas
se population is likely underreported. Population total all countries: 6,770,900. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Basa Mathur

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

ristian, traditional religion.
nto). Gowa dialect is prestigious. Dialects form a chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Com
dialect is prestigious. Dialects form a chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Mu

, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: A volcanic eruption on Makian Island, transmig
almahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: A volcanic eruption on Makian Island, transmigrations, s

Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial i
940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in

Moluccan (Maluku) Malay Dialects: Dobo Malay. Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian [ind]. Difficult intelligibility with North Molucc
(Maluku) Malay Dialects: Dobo Malay. Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian [ind]. Difficult intelligibility with North Moluccan Malay
 njar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd].
and Brunei [xkd].

m, Lematang Ulu, Lintang, Ogan, Pasemah, Rambang, Semenda, Serawai. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaur [vkk], 80% between Pekal [pe
ng Ulu, Lintang, Ogan, Pasemah, Rambang, Semenda, Serawai. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaur [vkk], 80% between Pekal [pel] and som

mbi Malay. Forms a network of related varieties with Minangkabau [min] west, Riau Malay [zlm] north, and Musi [mui] south (Anderbe
y. Forms a network of related varieties with Minangkabau [min] west, Riau Malay [zlm] north, and Musi [mui] south (Anderbeck 2008).

lay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Influences from Portuguese [por] and Ternate [tft]. Christian, Muslim.
 Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Influences from Portuguese [por] and Ternate [tft]. Christian, Muslim.

bs]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim, Christian.
mber of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim, Christian.

rently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay [bve], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd]. A member of macrolanguag
elligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay [bve], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [m

nded by Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang,
ngakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuang

stian, Muslim (Pattae’).

slim (Pattae’).
e, Malunda, Pamboang, Sendana (Cenrana, Tjendana). A complex dialect grouping. May be more dialects than those listed. Balanipa an
a, Pamboang, Sendana (Cenrana, Tjendana). A complex dialect grouping. May be more dialects than those listed. Balanipa and Sendan

entral Maluku, East Comments: Muslim.

luku, East Comments: Muslim.
milarity: 76% with Lorang [lrn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Ch
% with Lorang [lrn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, M

th Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, M
n [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-S

eic-Trukic, Trukic

West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.
ak, Tanah, Ulu. Not intelligible with Indonesian [ind]. Pekal [pel] may be intelligible with Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage M
Ulu. Not intelligible with Indonesian [ind]. Pekal [pel] may be intelligible with Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa
ristian, Muslim.
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Christian.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Christian.

(Towatoe). Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, C
. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Ea

guals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene Dialects: Tokotu’a (Kabaena), Wita Ea (Poleang, Rumbia). Lexical similarity
tus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene Dialects: Tokotu’a (Kabaena), Wita Ea (Poleang, Rumbia). Lexical similarity: Wita Ea

thin the Morop group. Relationship between Nemah and Dintere is unclear, and may constitute more than one language. Christian, tra
orop group. Relationship between Nemah and Dintere is unclear, and may constitute more than one language. Christian, traditional re
, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, and Burukene. Lexical similarit
Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, and Burukene. Lexical similarity: 71% wi

tral-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ng, Palembangnese, Sekayu Dialects: Belide, Burai, Coastal Malay, Kelingi, Lematang Ilir, Meranjat, Musi Sekayu, Palembang Lama, Pega
bangnese, Sekayu Dialects: Belide, Burai, Coastal Malay, Kelingi, Lematang Ilir, Meranjat, Musi Sekayu, Palembang Lama, Pegagan, Pen
n: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain Comments: Traditional religion.
New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain Comments: Traditional religion.
u, Katingan Ngawa, Mantangai (Oloh Mangtangai), Pulopetak. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bakumpai [bkr], 62% with Kohin [kkx], 50% w
n Ngawa, Mantangai (Oloh Mangtangai), Pulopetak. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bakumpai [bkr], 62% with Kohin [kkx], 50% with Ot Da

rth dialect (particularly Gunung Sitoli) has high prestige and is a lingua franca in Nias. The South dialect (particularly Teluk Dalam variet
(particularly Gunung Sitoli) has high prestige and is a lingua franca in Nias. The South dialect (particularly Teluk Dalam variety) has lowe
u [hud]. Christian, traditional religion.
hristian, traditional religion.
rawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Dayic, Murutic, Murut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ents: Uria is a misspelling used earlier. Glossonym: Warpok by the Nimboran. Traditional religion, Christian.
s a misspelling used earlier. Glossonym: Warpok by the Nimboran. Traditional religion, Christian.

i), Sebaung, Ulu Ai’ (Da’an). Lexical similarity: 70% with Siang [sya], 65% with Kohin [kkx], 60% with Katingan dialect of Ngaju [nij], 50%
g, Ulu Ai’ (Da’an). Lexical similarity: 70% with Siang [sya], 65% with Kohin [kkx], 60% with Katingan dialect of Ngaju [nij], 50% with Nga

Bawah [xmz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comm
mz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Chri
aka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tobau (Bare’e, Tobalo, Tobao), Tokondindi, Tomoni, Topada. Laiwonu and Rapangkaka dialects may b
, Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tobau (Bare’e, Tobalo, Tobao), Tokondindi, Tomoni, Topada. Laiwonu and Rapangkaka dialects may be separat

ments: Muslim.
cally, not Minangkabau [min], though Pekal has Minangkabau influences. Neither Minangkabau nor Malay readily understand Pekal, d
Minangkabau [min], though Pekal has Minangkabau influences. Neither Minangkabau nor Malay readily understand Pekal, due to lexic

ith the Kisar [kje]. Christian.

sar [kje]. Christian.
mz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western,
ngku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Co
Pamona, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
outhern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ng-Baram group of languages on Borneo. Musi and Rawas dialects (named after rivers they are on) not to be confused with Malay vari
group of languages on Borneo. Musi and Rawas dialects (named after rivers they are on) not to be confused with Malay varieties of the
 Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Users prefer Saluan over Loinang. Muslim, Christian, traditional religio
Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Users prefer Saluan over Loinang. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.

n, Muslim.

with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram,
ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusak

tu Lima, Waktu Telu. Most Waktu Telu own farms; most Waktu Lima are landless, travel more, and have diverse occupations. Muslim,
aktu Telu. Most Waktu Telu own farms; most Waktu Lima are landless, travel more, and have diverse occupations. Muslim, traditional
New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Different from Saleman [sau]. Muslim, Christian.
ea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Different from Saleman [sau]. Muslim, Christian.

from older locations. Christian, traditional religion.

r locations. Christian, traditional religion.

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.
wang, Seka, Sekah Dialects: Lexically and phonologically distinct from the Belitung dialect of Malay [zlm] and other Sea Tribe varieties.
a, Sekah Dialects: Lexically and phonologically distinct from the Belitung dialect of Malay [zlm] and other Sea Tribe varieties. Lexically m

n Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Christian.

Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Christian.
entire area. Increasing intermarriage with other groups. Christian.
a. Increasing intermarriage with other groups. Christian.
om Tanahmerah [tcm] (Sumeri) of Bomberai Peninsula. Ethnic autonym: Tepera. Christian, traditional religion.
merah [tcm] (Sumeri) of Bomberai Peninsula. Ethnic autonym: Tepera. Christian, traditional religion.

gkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, “Toala’”, Toraja Timur, Toware Dialects: Bua, Northeast Luwu (Bone-Bone, Masamba), Rongkong, South
wu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, “Toala’”, Toraja Timur, Toware Dialects: Bua, Northeast Luwu (Bone-Bone, Masamba), Rongkong, South Luwu. Dia

ekoson), Tomani (Tumaniq). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut
omani (Tumaniq). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut
es. Traditional religion, Christian.
nal religion, Christian.

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.
layo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.
yo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Largest language group in Aru Islands. Christian, Muslim.
esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Largest language group in Aru Islands. Christian, Muslim.
 esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.
alayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.
un Terik), Northern Tetun (Belu Utara, Foho, Hill Tetun, Lia Foho, North Belu, Tasi Feto, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik), Southern Tetun (Be
Northern Tetun (Belu Utara, Foho, Hill Tetun, Lia Foho, North Belu, Tasi Feto, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik), Southern Tetun (Belu Selatan

n, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

Comments: Christian.
s: Christian.

oda Comments: Taught in middle school in Tobelo town. Traditional religion, Christian.
ents: Taught in middle school in Tobelo town. Traditional religion, Christian.

e Names: Laki, Lolaki, Tokia, Tololaki, To’olaki Dialects: Asera (Asera Wanua, Noie), Konawe (Kendari, Kioki, Tambuoki), Laiwui, Mekong
aki, Lolaki, Tokia, Tololaki, To’olaki Dialects: Asera (Asera Wanua, Noie), Konawe (Kendari, Kioki, Tambuoki), Laiwui, Mekongga (Bingko
anguage contacts. Muslim.
ontacts. Muslim.
outh Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.
esi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

[apx], 73% with Ili’uun [ilu], 52% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
% with Ili’uun [ilu], 52% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-

ate intelligibility with Tobelo [tlb] variety. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Forest people who
ibility with Tobelo [tlb] variety. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Forest people who have cont

arate languages. 70%–75% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 48% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Cia-Cia [cia], 40% with Kamaru [kgx], an a
guages. 70%–75% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 48% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Cia-Cia [cia], 40% with Kamaru [kgx], an average of

mia). Lexical similarity: 70%–75% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 48% with Cia-Cia [cia], 49% with Lasalimu [llm], average of 35% with oth
al similarity: 70%–75% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 48% with Cia-Cia [cia], 49% with Lasalimu [llm], average of 35% with other nearby

aku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.

nlea), Mollo-Miomafo (Miomafo, Mollo). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Same lan
lo-Miomafo (Miomafo, Mollo). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Same language cha

Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

n, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

in Benggaulu. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro Dialects: Bana, Benggaulu (Bingkolu), Kantewu (Central U
ulu. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro Dialects: Bana, Benggaulu (Bingkolu), Kantewu (Central Uma), South
erawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.
mahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

th Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
rn Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.

u, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim, Christian.

nda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim, Christian.

Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.

olaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.
 Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale Comments: Christian, Muslim.
alayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale Comments: Christian, Muslim.

mments: ‘Buton’ usually used generically inside Southeast Sulawesi to refer to Wolio; outside Southeast Sulawesi it refers to people fro
Buton’ usually used generically inside Southeast Sulawesi to refer to Wolio; outside Southeast Sulawesi it refers to people from Southe

p, 41% with Seko Padang [skx], 39% with Tae’ Luwu [rob], 36%–43% with Bungku-Tolaki Subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 33% w
h Seko Padang [skx], 39% with Tae’ Luwu [rob], 36%–43% with Bungku-Tolaki Subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 33% with Bugis

ot currently known.
 to only half the group. Christian, traditional religion.
alf the group. Christian, traditional religion.

ik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

cal and phonological differences. Southern dialect thought more prestigious. Lexical similarity: 90% among the north and south dialect
onological differences. Southern dialect thought more prestigious. Lexical similarity: 90% among the north and south dialects, 47% wit
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Nort
layo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Se

stern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments:
ayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments: Muslim, C

n like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
s dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Ba

l-Western Comments: Muslim, Christian.

Comments: Muslim, Christian.
o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.
sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.
-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: ‘Tobada’, Bada person. Christian.
an, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: ‘Tobada’, Bada person. Christian.

ner and outer, Badui refer to location and status within the group religion. Muslim, traditional religion.
uter, Badui refer to location and status within the group religion. Muslim, traditional religion.

i (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981; Verheijen 1986). Status: 6b (Threate
ee, and Neveux 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981; Verheijen 1986). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Nusa Penida Island variety associated with Highland Bali dialect. It is a
Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Nusa Penida Island variety associated with Highland Bali dialect. It is a scattering

istian, Muslim, traditional religion.

uslim, traditional religion.
ness, and in media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan p
n media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan provinces.

el Batak for its cultural connotations. Unclear whether this is a single language.
r its cultural connotations. Unclear whether this is a single language.
uences from Peranakan Indonesian [pea] and Bali [ban]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (1989 R. Allen)
m Peranakan Indonesian [pea] and Bali [ban]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (1989 R. Allen). Classific

i). Some consider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polyn
onsider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, East
its speakers, but it is to the Andio [bzb]. Muslim, Christian.
rs, but it is to the Andio [bzb]. Muslim, Christian.
 it; possible other small concentrations in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. 5,000,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), in
e other small concentrations in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. 5,000,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. P

nd Landawe dialects; 38% with Pamona dialects [pmf]; 88% with Landawe dialect; 84% with Waia dialect; 82% with Torete dialect; 74%
we dialects; 38% with Pamona dialects [pmf]; 88% with Landawe dialect; 84% with Waia dialect; 82% with Torete dialect; 74% with Wa
nd Wae Sama dialects, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Lisela [lcl] and Masarete, 4
ma dialects, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Lisela [lcl] and Masarete, 48% betwe
]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Bu
cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Buton Comm
-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

a [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.
lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: Primar
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: Primary schools
sian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian.
or-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian.
anyumas, Cirebon (Cheribon, Tjirebon), Indramayu, Malang-Pasuruan, Manuk, Pasisir, Surabaya, Surakarta (Sawlaw, Solo), Tegal, Temb
Cirebon (Cheribon, Tjirebon), Indramayu, Malang-Pasuruan, Manuk, Pasisir, Surabaya, Surakarta (Sawlaw, Solo), Tegal, Tembung. High
nde dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.
cts. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.

ut major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 80%–88% between Ledo and the Ado, Edo, Doi, and Lindu dialects. Classification
ociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 80%–88% between Ledo and the Ado, Edo, Doi, and Lindu dialects. Classification: Austron

with Muna [mnb], 76% with Liabuku [lix]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton
[mnb], 76% with Liabuku [lix]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear
umba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ments: Christian, traditional religion.

ge. Christian.
itual exchange. Christian.
ange. Christian.
rtedly more similar to Fordata [frd] than other Kei dialects. Tanimbar Kei is spoken in only one village. Lexical similarity: 60% with Ford
re similar to Fordata [frd] than other Kei dialects. Tanimbar Kei is spoken in only one village. Lexical similarity: 60% with Fordata [frd].
orth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah
o, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah
act with outsiders. Muslim, traditional religion.
utsiders. Muslim, traditional religion.
ties spoken from eastern Flores to Alor. Alor [aol] is part of a chain which includes Lamaholot. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
n from eastern Flores to Alor. Alor [aol] is part of a chain which includes Lamaholot. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
 st use L1, especially in lower grades. Muslim.
especially in lower grades. Muslim.

Muslim, Christian.

usun Deyah [dun]. Benua (population 25,000, six subdialects) may be distinct enough to be considered a separate language. (Nikolić 20
ah [dun]. Benua (population 25,000, six subdialects) may be distinct enough to be considered a separate language. (Nikolić 2008). Clas
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang Comments: Muslim.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang Comments: Muslim.
alas [sgu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Com
n Witu [duv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South Comments: Traditional religio
uv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South Comments: Traditional religion.

ing). Alternate Names: Basa Mathura, Madhura, Madurese Dialects: Bangkalan (Bangkalon), Bawean (Babean, Bhebien, Boyanese), Pa
rnate Names: Basa Mathura, Madhura, Madurese Dialects: Bangkalan (Bangkalon), Bawean (Babean, Bhebien, Boyanese), Pamekesan
h Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim.
, Makassar Comments: Muslim.

on Makian Island, transmigrations, speakers of other languages in the area and pressure from those languages have taken a toll on vita
n Island, transmigrations, speakers of other languages in the area and pressure from those languages have taken a toll on vitality. Mus

to language of provincial identity in Sumatra. Alternate Names: Bahasa Daerah, Bahasa Melayu, Malayu Dialects: Akit, Belitung, coasta
ge of provincial identity in Sumatra. Alternate Names: Bahasa Daerah, Bahasa Melayu, Malayu Dialects: Akit, Belitung, coastal Jambi, D

gibility with North Moluccan Malay [max]; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity: 81% with Indonesian [ind]. Banda Malay [b
th North Moluccan Malay [max]; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity: 81% with Indonesian [ind]. Banda Malay [bpq] may b
k], 80% between Pekal [pel] and some dialects such as Pasemah and Bengkulu. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classificatio
etween Pekal [pel] and some dialects such as Pasemah and Bengkulu. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austro

Musi [mui] south (Anderbeck 2008). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malay
i] south (Anderbeck 2008). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chami

. Christian, Muslim.
 member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

d by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja townsTanjung Riau, east and southeast; Semitau, Suhaid, and Men
, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja townsTanjung Riau, east and southeast; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suru
an those listed. Balanipa and Sendana may each be more than 1 dialect. Balanipa is prestige dialect. Mandar, Mamuju [mqx], and Bam
sted. Balanipa and Sendana may each be more than 1 dialect. Balanipa is prestige dialect. Mandar, Mamuju [mqx], and Bambam [ptu]
nesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.
u Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ral Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Hindu.
u, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Hindu.
 mber of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Mu
macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sun
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Christian, Muslim.
ayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Christian, Muslim.

Rumbia). Lexical similarity: Wita Ea dialect 80% with Tokotu’a dialect; 68% with Menui dialect of Wawonii [wow], 66% with Kulisusu [v
Lexical similarity: Wita Ea dialect 80% with Tokotu’a dialect; 68% with Menui dialect of Wawonii [wow], 66% with Kulisusu [vkl], 65% w

ne language. Christian, traditional religion.

ge. Christian, traditional religion.
 Burukene. Lexical similarity: 71% with Pancana [pnp], 62% with Cia-Cia [cia], 52% with Wolio [wlo], 50% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with
. Lexical similarity: 71% with Pancana [pnp], 62% with Cia-Cia [cia], 52% with Wolio [wlo], 50% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Tukang Be

yu, Palembang Lama, Pegagan, Penesak, Penukal, Rawas. A mutually-intelligible dialect chain stretching along the Musi River with 2 su
mbang Lama, Pegagan, Penesak, Penukal, Rawas. A mutually-intelligible dialect chain stretching along the Musi River with 2 subgroups:
2% with Kohin [kkx], 50% with Ot Danum [otd], 35% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito,
ohin [kkx], 50% with Ot Danum [otd], 35% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, So

ticularly Teluk Dalam variety) has lower prestige, especially in northern Nias, and is considered by many Nias speakers from other areas
uk Dalam variety) has lower prestige, especially in northern Nias, and is considered by many Nias speakers from other areas as unrefin
 dialect of Ngaju [nij], 50% with Ngaju (main dialect) [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North
Ngaju [nij], 50% with Ngaju (main dialect) [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North Commen

i, Western, Interior Comments: Christian, Muslim.

n, Interior Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Rapangkaka dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 76% (Taa)–90% among dialects, except for Tombelala [ttp], which h
ka dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 76% (Taa)–90% among dialects, except for Tombelala [ttp], which has 66%–7
eadily understand Pekal, due to lexical and phonological distinctiveness. Muslim.
derstand Pekal, due to lexical and phonological distinctiveness. Muslim.
n, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.
-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.
e confused with Malay varieties of the same name. Muslim.
with Malay varieties of the same name. Muslim.
Christian, traditional religion.
traditional religion.

ntral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua Comments: Spoken by hundreds of Latu
uku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua Comments: Spoken by hundreds of Latu [ltu] peo

erse occupations. Muslim, traditional religion.

ations. Muslim, traditional religion.
 other Sea Tribe varieties. Lexically most similar to Bintan Orang Laut Malay [zlm] dialect. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Cl
a Tribe varieties. Lexically most similar to Bintan Orang Laut Malay [zlm] dialect. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classificati
samba), Rongkong, South Luwu. Dialect chain throughout Tae’ area east into Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Lexical similarity: 82% or greater amo
ongkong, South Luwu. Dialect chain throughout Tae’ area east into Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Lexical similarity: 82% or greater among dialec

an, Dayic, Murutic, Murut

Murutic, Murut
ments: Muslim.
hristian, Muslim.
herik), Southern Tetun (Belu Selatan, Fehan, Lia Fehan, Plains Tetun, South Belu, South Tetun, Tasi Mane). Classification: Austronesian,
uthern Tetun (Belu Selatan, Fehan, Lia Fehan, Plains Tetun, South Belu, South Tetun, Tasi Mane). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

Tambuoki), Laiwui, Mekongga (Bingkokak, Kolaka, Konio, Norio, Tamboki), Wiwirano (Nohina). Lexical similarity: 88% with Asera, 84% w
Laiwui, Mekongga (Bingkokak, Kolaka, Konio, Norio, Tamboki), Wiwirano (Nohina). Lexical similarity: 88% with Asera, 84% with Konaw
 -Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian (Protestant).
Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian (Protestant).

ments: Forest people who have contact with village people when selling copra and purchasing supplies. Traditional religion, Christian.
rest people who have contact with village people when selling copra and purchasing supplies. Traditional religion, Christian.

0% with Kamaru [kgx], an average of 35% with other nearby languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Easter
maru [kgx], an average of 35% with other nearby languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southe

], average of 35% with other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 85% with Binongko and Tomea, 81% with Bonerate, 79% with Tomea
 of 35% with other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 85% with Binongko and Tomea, 81% with Bonerate, 79% with Tomea and Bone

early every valley. Same language chain as Amarasi [aaz] and Baikeno [bkx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Ea
valley. Same language chain as Amarasi [aaz] and Baikeno [bkx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma

gkolu), Kantewu (Central Uma), Southern Uma (Aria), Tobaku (Dompa, Ompa, Western Uma), Tolee’ (Eastern Uma), Winatu (Northern
tewu (Central Uma), Southern Uma (Aria), Tobaku (Dompa, Ompa, Western Uma), Tolee’ (Eastern Uma), Winatu (Northern Uma). Lite
ents: Christian.

, Christian.
stian, Muslim.

awesi it refers to people from Southeast Sulawesi, or is sometimes confused with Bajau people as sailors. Muslim.
fers to people from Southeast Sulawesi, or is sometimes confused with Bajau people as sailors. Muslim.

Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 33% with Bugis [bug], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25% with Lemolang [ley]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
dan [sda], 33% with Bugis [bug], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25% with Lemolang [ley]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele
 he north and south dialects, 47% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesi
and south dialects, 47% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
e Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Largest language in west Seram. Christian.
Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Largest language in west Seram. Christian.

haha, Elpaputi Comments: Muslim, Christian.

puti Comments: Muslim, Christian.

stern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Interspersed with Helong [heg]. Most literature in Kotos
layo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Interspersed with Helong [heg]. Most literature in Kotos dialect. C
silulu Comments: Muslim.
mments: Muslim.
1986). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’
atus: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’ne’ Diale
Highland Bali dialect. It is a scattering of villages with minimal influence from the former Majapahit Empire. Hindu.
ali dialect. It is a scattering of villages with minimal influence from the former Majapahit Empire. Hindu.
and Eastern Kalimantan provinces. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Labuhan Dialects: Hulu, Kuala. Lexically infl
ern Kalimantan provinces. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Labuhan Dialects: Hulu, Kuala. Lexically influenced b
miliar with it (1989 R. Allen). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim.
it (1989 R. Allen). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim.

tral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Ba
n Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic C
ndonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 5,017,800. L2 users: 500,000 in Indonesia. Status: 3 (Wider commun
2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 5,017,800. L2 users: 500,000 in Indonesia. Status: 3 (Wider communication). A

2% with Torete dialect; 74% with Wawonii [wow]; 66% with Taloki [tlk], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]; 54
orete dialect; 74% with Wawonii [wow]; 66% with Taloki [tlk], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]; 54% with th
Lisela [lcl] and Masarete, 48% between Leliali dialect of Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 44% betwee
and Masarete, 48% between Leliali dialect of Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 44% between Ambela
na-Buton, Buton, West Buton Comments: Language name based on the negator, cia (no). Muslim.
, Buton, West Buton Comments: Language name based on the negator, cia (no). Muslim.
ditional religion.

: Christian, Muslim.
 ordata Comments: Primary schools in nearly every village, secondary schools for every 3 or 4 villages. Christian, Muslim.
omments: Primary schools in nearly every village, secondary schools for every 3 or 4 villages. Christian, Muslim.
Sawlaw, Solo), Tegal, Tembung. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but users diminishing and mostly limited to Cen
lo), Tegal, Tembung. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but users diminishing and mostly limited to Central Javane
nts: Christian.

ndu dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Tado dialect different
ts. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Tado dialect different from Tad

outheastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic Comments: Muslim.

ern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic Comments: Muslim.
al similarity: 60% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Ma
y: 60% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei
igion, Christian, Muslim.
stian, Muslim.
 arate language. (Nikolić 2008). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North
guage. (Nikolić 2008). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North
uku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Speakers use Liana. Christian.
Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Speakers use Liana. Christian.
mments: Traditional religion.
Traditional religion.

n, Bhebien, Boyanese), Pamekesan (Pamekasan), Sampang, Sapudi, Sumenep. Dialect continuum. Reports differ about inherent intellig
n, Boyanese), Pamekesan (Pamekasan), Sampang, Sapudi, Sumenep. Dialect continuum. Reports differ about inherent intelligibility am
 es have taken a toll on vitality. Muslim.
aken a toll on vitality. Muslim.

lects: Akit, Belitung, coastal Jambi, Deli, Kapuas Hulu, Ketapang, Landak, Pontianak, Riau islands (Sea Tribe dialects), Riau Mainland, Sa
t, Belitung, coastal Jambi, Deli, Kapuas Hulu, Ketapang, Landak, Pontianak, Riau islands (Sea Tribe dialects), Riau Mainland, Sakai, Samb

esian [ind]. Banda Malay [bpq] may best be considered a dialect of Moluccan Malay [max]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Commen
. Banda Malay [bpq] may best be considered a dialect of Moluccan Malay [max]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Deve
e Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
Malayic, Malay

Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn diale
uhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area b
, Mamuju [mqx], and Bambam [ptu] are separate languages in a language chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sout
[mqx], and Bambam [ptu] are separate languages in a language chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawe
ayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni).
y Comments: Muslim (Sunni).
istian, Muslim.

wow], 66% with Kulisusu [vkl], 65% with Taloki [tlk], Koroni [xkq], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 64% with Bungku [bkz], and 57% w
% with Kulisusu [vkl], 65% with Taloki [tlk], Koroni [xkq], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 64% with Bungku [bkz], and 57% with Tolak
h Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Tukang Besi [khc] or [bhq], 45% with Kamaru [kgx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic
[llm], 47% with Tukang Besi [khc] or [bhq], 45% with Kamaru [kgx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern

ng the Musi River with 2 subgroups: Musi and Palembang. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Mal
si River with 2 subgroups: Musi and Palembang. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn
olynesian, Greater Barito, West, South
n, Greater Barito, West, South

speakers from other areas as unrefined. Christian.

rom other areas as unrefined. Christian.
reater Barito, West, North Comments: Dohoi and Murung 1 dialects may be separate languages. Traditional religion, Christian.
rito, West, North Comments: Dohoi and Murung 1 dialects may be separate languages. Traditional religion, Christian.
 r Tombelala [ttp], which has 66%–76% with other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered a separate language. Classification: Austr
ala [ttp], which has 66%–76% with other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian,
poken by hundreds of Latu [ltu] people in Kairatu village. Muslim, Christian.
hundreds of Latu [ltu] people in Kairatu village. Muslim, Christian.
olanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Ethnic autonym:
e Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Ethnic autonym: Orang Sa
milarity: 82% or greater among dialects, 82% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi,
% or greater among dialects, 82% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Different l
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Different language

ity: 88% with Asera, 84% with Konawe, 85% with Mekongga, 81% with Laiwui, 78% with Waru, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54%
th Asera, 84% with Konawe, 85% with Mekongga, 81% with Laiwui, 78% with Waru, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the M
ditional religion, Christian.
igion, Christian.

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Most in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku are mix
n, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Most in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku are mixed with

onerate, 79% with Tomea and Bonerate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton
79% with Tomea and Bonerate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukang

ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n Uma), Winatu (Northern Uma). Literature exists in Kantewu dialect, but many would prefer to read their own dialect. Classification: A
natu (Northern Uma). Literature exists in Kantewu dialect, but many would prefer to read their own dialect. Classification: Austronesia
tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio Comments: Muslim.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio Comments: Muslim.
l-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena Comments: Christian (Roman Catholic), Christian (Protestant
Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena Comments: Christian (Roman Catholic), Christian (Protestant).
g]. Most literature in Kotos dialect. Christian.
terature in Kotos dialect. Christian.
Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’ne’ Dialects: Jampea, Jaya Bakti, Kajoa, Matalaang, Poso, Roti, Same’, Sulamu, Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. C
ut, Sama, Taurije’ne’ Dialects: Jampea, Jaya Bakti, Kajoa, Matalaang, Poso, Roti, Same’, Sulamu, Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. Classificati
s: Hulu, Kuala. Lexically influenced by Javanese [jav]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Indonesian [ind], 66% with Tamuan (Malayic Dayak) [x
uala. Lexically influenced by Javanese [jav]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Indonesian [ind], 66% with Tamuan (Malayic Dayak) [xdy], 45%
w Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De’, Rappang Buginese, Ugi Dialects:
Wider communication). Alternate Names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De’, Rappang Buginese, Ugi Dialects: Barru (Nep

with Moronene [mqn]; 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups; 82% with the Routa dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
onene [mqn]; 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups; 82% with the Routa dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele
and Masarete, 44% between Ambelau [amv] and Masarete, 27%–33% between Buru dialects and Sula [szn]. Classification: Austronesia
rete, 44% between Ambelau [amv] and Masarete, 27%–33% between Buru dialects and Sula [szn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malay
and mostly limited to Central Javanese speakers. Javanese varieties in Suriname and in New Caledonia now only partially intelligible w
y limited to Central Javanese speakers. Javanese varieties in Suriname and in New Caledonia now only partially intelligible with difficul
nts: Tado dialect different from Tado, an alternate name for Lindu [klw]. Muslim, Christian.
dialect different from Tado, an alternate name for Lindu [klw]. Muslim, Christian.
-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
an, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
 iffer about inherent intelligibility among dialects: some Sumenep and Sampang report they cannot understand Pamekasan or Sumene
ut inherent intelligibility among dialects: some Sumenep and Sampang report they cannot understand Pamekasan or Sumenep. Difficul
 alects), Riau Mainland, Sakai, Sambas, Sanggau, Sekadau, Sintang, Sukadana, Tamiang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
Riau Mainland, Sakai, Sambas, Sanggau, Sekadau, Sintang, Sukadana, Tamiang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo

eole, Malay based Comments: Developed from Sabah Malay [msi] and still reflects some archaic forms. Further diverged by adapting to
ay based Comments: Developed from Sabah Malay [msi] and still reflects some archaic forms. Further diverged by adapting to the vern
ns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: a
and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: area bound
, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar Comments: Muslim.
-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar Comments: Muslim.
h Bungku [bkz], and 57% with Tolaki [lbw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-To
[bkz], and 57% with Tolaki [lbw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, East
Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
olynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
religion, Christian.
guage. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Pamona speakers in Bung
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Pamona speakers in Bungku Utara
omments: Ethnic autonym: Orang Sawang, sea people. Southernmost of dozens of Malayic-speaking Orang Laut, sea tribe, groups rang
Ethnic autonym: Orang Sawang, sea people. Southernmost of dozens of Malayic-speaking Orang Laut, sea tribe, groups ranging from
olynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Different from Toraja-Sa’dan (Tae’) [sda]. Different from the Bugis-Luw
, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Different from Toraja-Sa’dan (Tae’) [sda]. Different from the Bugis-Luwu dialect
mor Comments: Different language from Tetun Dili [tdt]. Christian, traditional religion.
ments: Different language from Tetun Dili [tdt]. Christian, traditional religion.

hambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Mekongga has 86% with Konawe, 80% with Laiwui. Classification: Austro
d Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Mekongga has 86% with Konawe, 80% with Laiwui. Classification: Austronesian, M
nggara and Maluku are mixed with Tukang Besi South. Muslim.
nd Maluku are mixed with Tukang Besi South. Muslim.

Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.

tern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.

istian, traditional religion.

ditional religion.

wn dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
olic), Christian (Protestant).
stian (Protestant).
ian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Baja
gian 2, Wallace. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw Comm
Tamuan (Malayic Dayak) [xdy], 45% with Bakumpai [bkr], 35% with Ngaju [nij]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification
Malayic Dayak) [xdy], 45% with Bakumpai [bkr], 35% with Ngaju [nij]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austro
ng Buginese, Ugi Dialects: Barru (Nepo, Pare-Pare, Soppeng Riaja, Tanete, Tompo), Bone (Dua Boccoe, Mare, Palakka), Camba, Luwu (B
e, Ugi Dialects: Barru (Nepo, Pare-Pare, Soppeng Riaja, Tanete, Tompo), Bone (Dua Boccoe, Mare, Palakka), Camba, Luwu (Bua Ponran

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: There are word
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: There are word taboos
only partially intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia reportedly cannot use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat 1971). Sev
ally intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia reportedly cannot use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat 1971). Several dialec
nd Pamekasan or Sumenep. Difficult intelligibility with Kangean [kkv]. Bawean may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 75% with
kasan or Sumenep. Difficult intelligibility with Kangean [kkv]. Bawean may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kangean
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: This entry refers to numerous, local or vernacular, Malay vari
Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: This entry refers to numerous, local or vernacular, Malay varieties not

er diverged by adapting to the vernaculars of central Maluku. Many varieties of trade Malay are considered Malay-based creoles (Grim
ed by adapting to the vernaculars of central Maluku. Many varieties of trade Malay are considered Malay-based creoles (Grimes 1988
yung and Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja towns. 520,000 (Wurm and
Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja towns. 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Southwest Comments: Formerly a kingdom. Muslim.
astern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Southwest Comments: Formerly a kingdom. Muslim.
ern Comments: Muslim.
ments: Muslim.
 : Pamona speakers in Bungku Utara recognize 5 ethnic groups with minor dialect differences: Pusangke, Kajumorangka, Tokasiala, Bur
a speakers in Bungku Utara recognize 5 ethnic groups with minor dialect differences: Pusangke, Kajumorangka, Tokasiala, Burangas, an
aut, sea tribe, groups ranging from the waters of Thailand through the Riau archipelago and Bangka and Belitung. Traditional religion.
ribe, groups ranging from the waters of Thailand through the Riau archipelago and Bangka and Belitung. Traditional religion.
fferent from the Bugis-Luwu dialect of Bugis [bug]. Different from the Bugis-speaking “Toala” identified by P. and F. Sarasin (1903). “Toa
om the Bugis-Luwu dialect of Bugis [bug]. Different from the Bugis-speaking “Toala” identified by P. and F. Sarasin (1903). “Toala’” is a p
aiwui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Language
Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw Comments: Known as Bayo and Taurije’ne’ in the Makasar [mak] language. Known as Bajo in Buginese [bu
Borneo Coast Bajaw Comments: Known as Bayo and Taurije’ne’ in the Makasar [mak] language. Known as Bajo in Buginese [bug]. Scho
 Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.
 Palakka), Camba, Luwu (Bua Ponrang, Luwu’, Malangke-Ussu, Wara), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sawitto (Pinrang
Camba, Luwu (Bua Ponrang, Luwu’, Malangke-Ussu, Wara), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sawitto (Pinrang), Sidrap (

s: Muslim.
Comments: There are word taboos and complex intermarriage patterns on the island. Exogamous. 10 clans. Traditional religion, Christi
ts: There are word taboos and complex intermarriage patterns on the island. Exogamous. 10 clans. Traditional religion, Christian, Musl
entjaraninggrat 1971). Several dialects in Sabah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Christian.
ggrat 1971). Several dialects in Sabah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Christian.
Lexical similarity: 75% with Kangean [kkv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese Comments: Mainly rural. Bawea
milarity: 75% with Kangean [kkv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese Comments: Mainly rural. Bawean consid
l or vernacular, Malay varieties not well differentiated from each other, as well as varieties for which further research is required to cla
acular, Malay varieties not well differentiated from each other, as well as varieties for which further research is required to clarify diffe

Malay-based creoles (Grimes 1988, 1991; Holm 1989) and as Austronesian with contact features (Collins 1980; Gil 2001; Wolff 1988).
ased creoles (Grimes 1988, 1991; Holm 1989) and as Austronesian with contact features (Collins 1980; Gil 2001; Wolff 1988). Christian
owns. 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suha
000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000
umorangka, Tokasiala, Burangas, and Topotaa. The first 4 are interior mountain dwellers; the Topotaa are coastal. Bungku Tengah reco
ka, Tokasiala, Burangas, and Topotaa. The first 4 are interior mountain dwellers; the Topotaa are coastal. Bungku Tengah recognize 5 v
tung. Traditional religion.
ditional religion.
and F. Sarasin (1903). “Toala’” is a pejorative Bugis exonym meaning forest people. Rongkong dialect has Seko Lemo, Rongkong Atas (
rasin (1903). “Toala’” is a pejorative Bugis exonym meaning forest people. Rongkong dialect has Seko Lemo, Rongkong Atas (Rongkon
rn, West Coast Comments: Language names based on negative forms are no longer in use. Muslim.
oast Comments: Language names based on negative forms are no longer in use. Muslim.
own as Bajo in Buginese [bug]. Schools in some villages. They live in houses on stilts over water. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, M
ajo in Buginese [bug]. Schools in some villages. They live in houses on stilts over water. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, a
gi Riawa), Sawitto (Pinrang), Sidrap (Alitta, Pinrang Utara, Sidenrang), Sinjai (Bulukumba, Enna, Palattae), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo. Bone
Sawitto (Pinrang), Sidrap (Alitta, Pinrang Utara, Sidenrang), Sinjai (Bulukumba, Enna, Palattae), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo. Bone and Soppe
Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
al religion, Christian, Muslim.
Comments: Christian.
Christian.
ments: Mainly rural. Bawean consider their language separate from Madurese. East Madurese, especially Sumenep, is considered high,
ainly rural. Bawean consider their language separate from Madurese. East Madurese, especially Sumenep, is considered high, or stand
 research is required to clarify differentiation from more mainstream dialects. Distinguished from court-Malay-derived Standard Malay
h is required to clarify differentiation from more mainstream dialects. Distinguished from court-Malay-derived Standard Malay [zsm] an

80; Gil 2001; Wolff 1988). Christian, Muslim.

001; Wolff 1988). Christian, Muslim.
,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bamayo, Bumayoh Dialects: Arut (Suka
au, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bamayo, Bumayoh Dialects: Arut (Sukarame), B
astal. Bungku Tengah recognize 5 varieties: Topotaa (same as Taa), Tobau, Tokondindi, and Topada. Christian.
ngku Tengah recognize 5 varieties: Topotaa (same as Taa), Tobau, Tokondindi, and Topada. Christian.
ko Lemo, Rongkong Atas (Rongkong-Kanandede) and Rongkong Bawah (Sabbang) subdialects. Bua dialect has Bajo (Palili’) and Bastem
Rongkong Atas (Rongkong-Kanandede) and Rongkong Bawah (Sabbang) subdialects. Bua dialect has Bajo (Palili’) and Bastem (“Toala’
languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. Muslim, traditional religion.
es are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. Muslim, traditional religion.
ppeng (Kessi), Wajo. Bone and Soppeng dialects are central. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Co
ssi), Wajo. Bone and Soppeng dialects are central. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: M
menep, is considered high, or standard Madurese. Sumenep is isolated culturally and geographically. Bangkalon, spoken in Surabaya, is
s considered high, or standard Madurese. Sumenep is isolated culturally and geographically. Bangkalon, spoken in Surabaya, is importa
ay-derived Standard Malay [zsm] and Indonesian [ind]. Muslim (Sunni), Christian, traditional religion.
ed Standard Malay [zsm] and Indonesian [ind]. Muslim (Sunni), Christian, traditional religion.
mayoh Dialects: Arut (Sukarame), Banana’, Belantikan (Sungkup), Delang, Kayung (Kayong), Lamandau (Landau Kantu), Melahui, Mente
ialects: Arut (Sukarame), Banana’, Belantikan (Sungkup), Delang, Kayung (Kayong), Lamandau (Landau Kantu), Melahui, Mentebah-Sur
as Bajo (Palili’) and Bastem (“Toala’”) subdialects. Muslim.
Palili’) and Bastem (“Toala’”) subdialects. Muslim.
, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.
awesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.
lon, spoken in Surabaya, is important economically because that city is highly urbanized and is most affected by Bahasa Indonesia. Mu
ken in Surabaya, is important economically because that city is highly urbanized and is most affected by Bahasa Indonesia. Muslim.
au Kantu), Melahui, Mentebah-Suruk, Pangin, Payak, Riam (Nibung Terjung), Sekakai, Semitau, Serawai, Silat, Suhaid, Sukamara (Kerta
u), Melahui, Mentebah-Suruk, Pangin, Payak, Riam (Nibung Terjung), Sekakai, Semitau, Serawai, Silat, Suhaid, Sukamara (Kerta Mulya),
d by Bahasa Indonesia. Muslim.
asa Indonesia. Muslim.
, Suhaid, Sukamara (Kerta Mulya), Tamuan, Tapitn, Tebidah, Tomun, Undau. Listed dialects form a chain and may constitute 3 or more
, Sukamara (Kerta Mulya), Tamuan, Tapitn, Tebidah, Tomun, Undau. Listed dialects form a chain and may constitute 3 or more languag
 may constitute 3 or more languages. Related to Keninjal [knl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Mala
onstitute 3 or more languages. Related to Keninjal [knl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Com
ian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Serawai dialect different from the Serawai dialect of Central Malay [pse] in Sumatra. The term
alayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Serawai dialect different from the Serawai dialect of Central Malay [pse] in Sumatra. The term Mala
[pse] in Sumatra. The term Malayic Dayak is misleading (would better be termed Dayak Malayic (Collins 2003) and not linguistically ba
n Sumatra. The term Malayic Dayak is misleading (would better be termed Dayak Malayic (Collins 2003) and not linguistically based. Ho
03) and not linguistically based. However, it is not yet clear what linguistic label(s) should replace it.
not linguistically based. However, it is not yet clear what linguistic label(s) should replace it.
 x x x x
No
x Name ISO 639 x
1 x Abinomn bsa x
2 x Abui abz x
3 x Abun kgr x
4 x Aceh ace x
5 x Adang adn x
6 x Adonara adr x
7 x Aghu ahh x
8 x Airoran air x
9 x Alor aol x
10 x Alune alp x
11 x Amahai amq x
12 x Amarasi aaz x
13 x Ambai amk x
14 x Ambelau amv x
15 x Ampanang apg x
16 x Anakalanguakg x
17 x Anasi bpo x
18 x Andio bzb x
19 x Ansus and x
20 x Anus auq x
21 x Aoheng pni x
22 x Aputai apx x
23 x Aralle-Tab atq x
24 x Arandai jbj x
25 x Arguni agf x
26 x As asz x
27 x Asilulu asl x
28 x Asmat, Casasc x
29 x Asmat, Centcns x
30 x Asmat, Nornks x
31 x Asmat, Yaoasy x
32 x Atohwaim aqm x
33 x Auye auu x
34 x Awbono awh x
35 x Awera awr x
36 x Awyi auw x
37 x Awyu, Asuepsa x
38 x Awyu, Centawu x
39 x Awyu, Ederawy x
40 x Awyu, Jair awv x
41 x Awyu, Nortyir x
42 x Awyu, Soutaws x
43 x Babar, Nor bcd x
44 x Babar, Sou vbb x
45 x Bada bhz x
46 x Badui bac x
47 x Bagusa bqb x
48 x Baham bdw x
49 x Bahau bhv x
50 x Bahonsuai bsu x
51 x Bajau, Indobdl x
52 x Bakati’ bei x
53 x Bakati’, Ra lra x
54 x Bakati’, Sarsre x
55 x Bakumpai bkr x
56 x Balaesang bls x
57 x Balantak blz x
58 x Bali ban x
59 x Bambam ptu x
60 x Banda bnd x
61 x Banggai bgz x
62 x Bangka mfb x
63 x Banjar bjn x
64 x Bantik bnq x
65 x Barakai baj x
66 x Barapasi brp x
67 x Baras brs x
68 x Basap bdb x
69 x Batak Alas-btz x
70 x Batak Angkakb x
71 x Batak Dairi btd x
72 x Batak Karo btx x
73 x Batak Mandbtm x
74 x Batak Simabts x
75 x Batak Tobabbc x
76 x Bati bvt x
77 x Batui zbt x
78 x Batuley bay x
79 x Bauzi bvz x
80 x Bayono byl x
81 x Bedoanas bed x
82 x Behoa bep x
83 x Beneraf bnv x
84 x Benggoi bgy x
85 x Bengkala S bqy x
86 x Bentong bnu x
87 x Benyadu’ byd x
88 x Berik bkl x
 89 x Betaf bfe x
90 x Betawi bew x
91 x Biak bhw x
92 x Bidayuh, Bibth x
93 x Bidayuh, B sdo x
94 x Biga bhc x
95 x Bilba bpz x
96 x Bima bhp x
97 x Bintauna bne x
98 x Biritai bqq x
99 x Blagar beu x
100 x Boano bzl x
101 x Boano bzn x
102 x Bobongko bgb x
103 x Bobot bty x
104 x Bolango bld x
105 x Bolongan blj x
106 x Bonerate bna x
107 x Bonggo bpg x
108 x Budong-Bubdx x
109 x Bugis bug x
110 x Bukat bvk x
111 x Bukitan bkn x
112 x Buli bzq x
113 x Bunak bfn x
114 x Bungku bkz x
115 x Buol blf x
116 x Burate bti x
117 x Burmeso bzu x
118 x Buru mhs x
119 x Burumakokaip x
120 x Burusu bqr x
121 x Buruwai asi x
122 x Busami bsm x
123 x Busoa bup x
124 x Campalagiacml x
125 x Chinese, H hak x
126 x Chinese, Mcmn x
127 x Chinese, Mcdo x
128 x Chinese, Mnan x
129 x Chinese, Y yue x
130 x Cia-Cia cia x
131 x Citak txt x
132 x Citak, Tam tml x
133 x Col liw x
134 x Dabe dbe x
135 x Dai dij x
136 x Dakka dkk x
137 x Damal uhn x
138 x Damar, Easdmr x
139 x Damar, Wedrn x
140 x Dampelas dms x
141 x Dani, Lowerdni x
142 x Dani, Mid Gdnt x
143 x Dani, Upperdna x
144 x Dani, West dnw x
145 x Dao daz x
146 x Dawera-Daddw x
147 x Dela-Oenalrow x
148 x Dem dem x
149 x Demisa dei x
150 x Dengka dnk x
151 x Dera kbv x
152 x Dhao nfa x
153 x Diebroud tbp x
154 x Dineor mrx x
155 x Diuwe diy x
156 x Dobel kvo x
157 x Dondo dok x
158 x Doutai tds x
159 x Duano dup x
160 x Duri mvp x
161 x Duriankeredbn x
162 x Dusner dsn x
163 x Dusun Dey dun x
164 x Dusun Mal duq x
165 x Dusun Wit duw x
166 x Duvle duv x
167 x Edopi dbf x
168 x Ekari ekg x
169 x Elseng mrf x
170 x Embaloh emb x
171 x Emem enr x
172 x Emplawas emw x
173 x Ende end x
174 x Enggano eno x
175 x Enrekang ptt x
176 x Eritai ert x
177 x Erokwanas erw x
178 x Fayu fau x
179 x Fedan pdn x
180 x Foau flh x
181 x Fordata frd x
182 x Galela gbi x
183 x Galolen gal x
184 x Gamkonoragak x
185 x Gane gzn x
186 x Gayo gay x
187 x Gebe gei x
188 x Geser-Gor ges x
189 x Gorap goq x
190 x Gorontalo gor x
191 x Gresi grs x
192 x Haji hji x
193 x Hamap hmu x
194 x Haruku hrk x
195 x Hatam had x
196 x Hawu hvn x
197 x Helong heg x
198 x Hitu htu x
199 x Hoti hti x
200 x Hovongan hov x
201 x Huaulu hud x
202 x Hukumina huw x
203 x Hulung huk x
204 x Hupla hap x
205 x Iau tmu x
206 x Iban iba x
207 x Ibu ibu x
208 x Iha ihp x
209 x Iha Based Pihb x
210 x Ile Ape ila x
211 x Ili’uun ilu x
212 x Imroing imr x
213 x Indonesianind x
214 x Indonesianinl x
215 x Indonesianpea x
216 x Irarutu irh x
217 x Isirawa srl x
218 x Itik itx x
219 x Jangkang djo x
220 x Javanese jav x
221 x Javindo jvd x
222 x Jofotek-Br jbr x
223 x Kabola klz x
224 x Kaburi uka x
225 x Kadai kzd x
226 x Kafoa kpu x
227 x Kaibobo kzb x
228 x Kaidipang kzp x
229 x Kaili, Da’a kzf x
230 x Kaili, Ledo lew x
231 x Kaili, Unde unz x
232 x Kaimbulawzka x
233 x Kais kzm x
234 x Kaiy tcq x
235 x Kalabra kzz x
236 x Kalao kly x
237 x Kalumpangkli x
238 x Kamang woi x
239 x Kamarian kzx x
240 x Kamaru kgx x
241 x Kambera xbr x
242 x Kamberau irx x
243 x Kamoro kgq x
244 x Kangean kkv x
245 x Kanum, Bädkhd x
246 x Kanum, Ng kcd x
247 x Kanum, Smkxq x
248 x Kanum, Sotkrz x
249 x Kao kax x
250 x Kapauri khp x
251 x Kaptiau kbi x
252 x Karas kgv x
253 x Karey kyd x
254 x Karon Dori kgw x
255 x Kaur vkk x
256 x Kaure bpp x
257 x Kauwera xau x
258 x Kawe kgb x
259 x Kayagar kyt x
260 x Kayan Mahxay x
261 x Kayan, Bus bfg x
262 x Kayan, Kayaxkn x
263 x Kayan, Me xkd x
264 x Kayan, Wa whu x
265 x Kayeli kzl x
266 x Kayupulau kzu x
267 x Kedang ksx x
268 x Kehu khh x
269 x Kei kei x
270 x Keijar kdy x
271 x Kelabit kzi x
272 x Kemak kem x
273 x Kembayan xem x
274 x Kemberanobzp x
275 x Kembra xkw x
276 x Kemtuik kmt x
277 x Kendayan knx x
278 x Keninjal knl x
279 x Kenyah, Maxkl x
280 x Kenyah, W whk x
281 x Ke’o xxk x
282 x Kepo’ kuk x
283 x Kereho xke x
284 x Kerinci kvr x
285 x Ketengban xte x
286 x Ketum ktt x
287 x Kimaghimakig x
288 x Kimki sbt x
289 x Kioko ues x
290 x Kirikiri kiy x
291 x Kisar kje x
292 x Klon kyo x
293 x Koba kpd x
294 x Kodeoha vko x
295 x Kodi kod x
296 x Kofei kpi x
297 x Kohin kkx x
298 x Kokoda xod x
299 x Kola kvv x
300 x Kombai tyn x
301 x Komering kge x
302 x Komodo kvh x
303 x Kompane kvp x
304 x Komyandarkzv x
305 x Konda knd x
306 x Koneraw kdw x
307 x Konjo, Coaskjc x
308 x Konjo, Highkjk x
309 x Kopkaka opk x
310 x Koroni xkq x
311 x Korowai khe x
312 x Korupun-Sekpq x
313 x Kosare kiq x
314 x Kowiai kwh x
315 x Kubu kvb x
316 x Kui kvd x
317 x Kula tpg x
318 x Kulisusu vkl x
319 x Kumbewahxks x
320 x Kur kuv x
321 x Kuri nbn x
322 x Kurudu kjr x
323 x Kwer kwr x
324 x Kwerba kwe x
325 x Kwerba M xwr x
326 x Kwerisa kkb x
327 x Kwesten kwt x
328 x Kwinsu kuc x
329 x Laba lau x
330 x Laha lhh x
331 x Laiyolo lji x
332 x Lamaholot slp x
333 x Lamalera lmr x
334 x Lamatuka lmq x
335 x Lamboya lmy x
336 x Lampung Aljp x
337 x Lampung Nabl x
338 x Larike-Wakalo x
339 x Lasalimu llm x
340 x Latu ltu x
341 x Lauje law x
342 x Laura lur x
343 x Lawangan lbx x
344 x Legenyem lcc x
345 x Lembata, Slmf x
346 x Lembata, Wlmj x
347 x Lemolang ley x
348 x Lengilu lgi x
349 x Lepki lpe x
350 x Leti lti x
351 x Levuka lvu x
352 x Lewo Elenglwe x
353 x Lewotobi lwt x
354 x Liabuku lix x
355 x Liana-Seti ste x
356 x Lik eip x
357 x Liki lio x
358 x Lindu klw x
359 x Li’o ljl x
360 x Lisabata-Nulcs x
361 x Lisela lcl x
362 x Lola lcd x
363 x Lolak llq x
364 x Lole llg x
365 x Loloda loa x
366 x Lorang lrn x
367 x Loun lox x
368 x Luang lex x
369 x Lubu lcf x
370 x Luhu lcq x
371 x Lun Bawan lnd x
372 x Ma’anyan mhy x
373 x Maba mqa x
374 x Maden xmx x
375 x Madura mad x
376 x Mai Brat ayz x
377 x Mairasi zrs x
378 x Maiwa wmm x
379 x Makasar mak x
380 x Makian, Eamky x
381 x Makian, Wemqs x
382 x Maklew mgf x
383 x Malay zlm x
384 x Malay, Am abs x
385 x Malay, Bac btj x
386 x Malay, Bali mhp x
387 x Malay, Banbpq x
388 x Malay, Ber bve x
389 x Malay, Bukibvu x
390 x Malay, Centpse x
391 x Malay, Jamjax x
392 x Malay, Kot mqg x
393 x Malay, Kupmkn x
394 x Malay, Lar lrt x
395 x Malay, Makmfp x
396 x Malay, Ma xmm x
397 x Malay, Normax x
398 x Malay, Pappmy x
399 x Malay, Tenvkt x
400 x Malayic Daxdy x
401 x Malimpungmli x
402 x Mamasa mqj x
403 x Mamboru mvd x
404 x Mamuju mqx x
405 x Mandar mdr x
406 x Mander mqr x
407 x Mandobo Aaax x
408 x Mandobo Bbwp x
409 x Manem jet x
410 x Manggarai mqy x
411 x Mangole mqc x
412 x Manikion mnx x
413 x Manipa mqp x
414 x Manombai woo x
415 x Manusela wha x
416 x Mapia mpy x
417 x Marau mvr x
418 x Marind mrz x
419 x Marind, Bi bpv x
420 x Mariri mqi x
421 x Masela, Cenmxz x
422 x Masela, Easvme x
423 x Masela, Wemss x
424 x Masimasi ism x
425 x Masiwang bnf x
426 x Massep mvs x
427 x Matbat xmt x
428 x Mawes mgk x
429 x Ma’ya slz x
430 x Mekwei msf x
431 x Mentawai mwv x
432 x Meoswar mvx x
433 x Mer mnu x
434 x Meyah mej x
435 x Minangkabmin x
436 x Mlap kja x
437 x Mo wkd x
438 x Modang mxd x
439 x Modole mqo x
440 x Moi mxn x
441 x Moksela vms x
442 x Molof msl x
443 x Moma myl x
444 x Mombum mso x
445 x Momina mmb x
446 x Momuna mqf x
447 x Mongondomog x
448 x Moni mnz x
449 x Mor mhz x
450 x Mor moq x
451 x Moraid msg x
452 x Mori Atas mzq x
453 x Mori Bawa xmz x
454 x Moronene mqn x
455 x Morop iwo x
456 x Morori mok x
457 x Moskona mtj x
458 x Mpur akc x
459 x Mualang mtd x
460 x Muna mnb x
461 x Munggui mth x
462 x Murkim rmh x
463 x Musi mui x
464 x Muyu, Nortkti x
465 x Muyu, Soutkts x
466 x Nafri nxx x
467 x Nage nxe x
468 x Naka’ela nae x
469 x Nakai nkj x
470 x Nalca nlc x
471 x Namla naa x
472 x Napu npy x
473 x Narau nxu x
474 x Nasal nsy x
475 x Ndom nqm x
476 x Nduga ndx x
477 x Nedebang nec x
478 x Ngad’a nxg x
479 x Ngad’a, Easnea x
480 x Ngaju nij x
481 x Ngalum szb x
482 x Nggem nbq x
483 x Nias nia x
484 x Nila nil x
485 x Nimboran nir x
486 x Ninggerumnxr x
487 x Nipsan nps x
488 x Nisa njs x
489 x Nuaulu, Nonni x
490 x Nuaulu, So nxl x
491 x Nusa Laut nul x
492 x Obokuitai afz x
493 x Oirata oia x
494 x Okolod kqv x
495 x Onin oni x
496 x Onin Basedonx x
497 x Ormu orz x
498 x Orya ury x
499 x Osing osi x
500 x Ot Danum otd x
501 x Padoe pdo x
502 x Pagu pgu x
503 x Paku pku x
504 x Palu’e ple x
505 x Palumata pmc x
506 x Pamona pmf x
507 x Panasuan psn x
508 x Pancana pnp x
509 x Pannei pnc x
510 x Pantar, Welev x
511 x Papasena pas x
512 x Papuma ppm x
513 x Patani ptn x
514 x Paulohi plh x
515 x Pekal pel x
516 x Pendau ums x
517 x Perai wet x
518 x Petjo pey x
519 x Pom pmo x
520 x Ponosakan pns x
521 x Punan Apu pud x
522 x Punan Merpuf x
523 x Punan Merpuc x
524 x Punan Tub puj x
525 x Puragi pru x
526 x Putoh put x
527 x Rahambuu raz x
528 x Rajong rjg x
529 x Rampi lje x
530 x Rasawa rac x
531 x Ratahan rth x
532 x Rejang rej x
533 x Rembong reb x
534 x Reta ret x
535 x Riantana ran x
536 x Ribun rir x
537 x Rikou rgu x
538 x Riung riu x
539 x Roma rmm x
540 x Rongga ror x
541 x Roon rnn x
542 x Sa’ban snv x
543 x Sahu saj x
544 x Sajau Basa sjb x
545 x Salas sgu x
546 x Saleman sau x
547 x Saluan loe x
548 x Samarokentmj x
549 x Sanggau scg x
550 x Sangir sxn x
551 x Saparua spr x
552 x Saponi spi x
553 x Sarudu sdu x
554 x Sasak sas x
555 x Sauri srt x
556 x Sause sao x
557 x Sawai szw x
558 x Saweru swr x
559 x Sawi saw x
560 x Sawila swt x
561 x Seberuang sbx x
562 x Sedoa tvw x
563 x Segai sge x
564 x Seget sbg x
565 x Seit-Kaitet hik x
566 x Sekak lce x
567 x Sekar skz x
568 x Seko Padanskx x
569 x Seko Tengasko x
570 x Selaru slu x
571 x Selayar sly x
572 x Selungai Mslg x
573 x Seluwasan sws x
574 x Semandangsdm x
575 x Sembakungsbr x
576 x Semimi etz x
577 x Sempan xse x
578 x Sentani set x
579 x Sepa spb x
580 x Serili sve x
581 x Serua srw x
582 x Serui-Laut seu x
583 x Siang sya x
584 x Sika ski x
585 x Sikaritai tty x
586 x Sikule skh x
587 x Silimo wul x
588 x Simeulue smr x
589 x Skou skv x
590 x So’a ssq x
591 x Sobei sob x
592 x Sowanda sow x
593 x Sowari dmy x
594 x Suabo szp x
595 x Sula szn x
596 x Sumbawa smw x
597 x Sunda sun x
598 x Sunum ymn x
599 x Suwawa swu x
600 x Tabaru tby x
601 x Tabla tnm x
602 x Tae’ rob x
603 x Tagal Murumvv x
604 x Taikat aos x
605 x Taje pee x
606 x Tajio tdj x
607 x Talaud tld x
608 x Taliabu tlv x
609 x Taloki tlk x
610 x Talondo’ tln x
611 x Tamagario tcg x
612 x Taman tmn x
613 x Tanahmeratcm x
614 x Tandia tni x
615 x Tangko tkx x
616 x Tarangan, Etre x
617 x Tarangan, txn x
618 x Tarpia tpf x
619 x Tause tad x
620 x Tausug tsg x
621 x Tawoyan twy x
622 x Tebi dmu x
623 x Tefaro tfo x
624 x Tehit kps x
625 x Teiwa twe x
626 x Tela-Masbutvm x
627 x Teluti tlt x
628 x Tengger tes x
629 x Teor tev x
630 x Tereweng twg x
631 x Termanu twu x
632 x Ternate tft x
633 x Ternateño tmg x
634 x Tetun tet x
635 x Te’un tve x
636 x Tidong tid x
637 x Tidore tvo x
638 x Tii txq x
639 x Tobati tti x
640 x Tobelo tlb x
641 x Tofanma tlg x
642 x Tolaki lbw x
643 x Tomadino tdi x
644 x Tombelala ttp x
645 x Tombulu tom x
646 x Tomini txm x
647 x Tondano tdn x
648 x Tonsawangtnw x
649 x Tonsea txs x
650 x Tontemboatnt x
651 x Topoiyo toy x
652 x Toraja-Sa’ sda x
653 x Totoli txe x
654 x Towei ttn x
655 x Trimuris tip x
656 x Tsaukambokvz x
657 x Tugun tzn x
658 x Tugutil tuj x
659 x Tukang Beskhc x
660 x Tukang Besbhq x
661 x Tulehu tlu x
662 x Tunggare trt x
663 x Tunjung tjg x
664 x Uab Meto aoz x
665 x Ujir udj x
666 x Ulumanda’ulm x
667 x Uma ppk x
668 x Uma’ Lasanxky x
669 x Uma’ Lung ulu x
670 x Una mtg x
671 x Uruangniri urn x
672 x Usku ulf x
673 x Viid snu x
674 x Vitou vto x
675 x Wabo wbb x
676 x Wae Rana wrx x
677 x Waigeo wgo x
678 x Waioli wli x
679 x Walak wlw x
680 x Wambon wms x
681 x Wandamenwad x
682 x Wanggom wng x
683 x Wano wno x
684 x Wanukaka wnk x
685 x Waremboriwsa x
686 x Wares wai x
687 x Waris wrs x
688 x Waritai wbe x
689 x Warkay-Bi bgv x
690 x Waropen wrp x
691 x Waru wru x
692 x Watubela wah x
693 x Wauyai wuy x
694 x Wawonii wow x
695 x Wejewa wew x
696 x Wemale weo x
697 x Wersing kvw x
698 x Woi wbw x
699 x Wolani wod x
700 x Wolio wlo x
701 x Woria wor x
702 x Wotu wtw x
703 x Yahadian ner x
704 x Yalahatan jal x
705 x Yale, Kosar kkl x
706 x Yali, Angguyli x
707 x Yali, Ninia nlk x
708 x Yali, Pass Vyac x
709 x Yamdena jmd x
710 x Yaqay jaq x
711 x Yarsun yrs x
712 x Yaur jau x
713 x Yawa yva x
714 x Yei jei x
715 x Yelmek jel x
716 x Yeresiam ire x
717 x Yeretuar gop x
718 x Yetfa yet x
719 x Yoke yki x
720 x Zorop wfg x
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg riv
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, western half, Alor island. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: “Barawahing” (pej.),
Papua Barat Province, Sorong regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid subdistricts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of
Aceh Province, north tip of Sumatra, both coasts; into Sumatera Utara Province, south coast enclave. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northwest (Bird’s Head), Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town towards Banda Sea coast. 3,0
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Adonara and east Solor islands, between Flores and Lembata islands. 98,000 (2008 census). St
Papua Province, Merauke regency, Jair subdistrict, interior south coast area. Between Mapi and Digul rivers west of Tanamera
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, and other villages
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, pockets along north Pantar and adjacent islands. 25,000 (Grimes et
Maluku Province. West Seram island, Seram Barat district, Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 27 villages. 17,200 (2000). Status: 5 (Deve
Maluku Province, 4 villages. Southwest Seram island, near Masohi town. 50 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternat
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, southwest tip, Timor island, 80 villages. Dialect locations: Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is wes
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts, 10 villages. On Ambai island in Cendera
Maluku Province, central Ambelau island off southeast coast of Buru island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambelau.
Southern Kalimantan Timur Province, west of Mahakam river delta, east of Jambu and Lamper towns. 30,000 (Wurm and Hatt
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Sumba island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. 16,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. 2,000 (1993
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lamala subdistrict, Tauge and Tangeban villages. Near tip of eastern peninsula. 1,700 (Busenitz 199
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages. Easternmost
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. 320 (2005
Kalimantan Timur Province, near Sarawak border, western end of province, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam riv
Southwest Maluku Province, 2 villages. North central Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; south central Wetar, Weta
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mambi subdistrict. Between Mandar and Kalumpang towns. 12,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing)
Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Bintuni subdistrict; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast; west from Sebyar (Timofo
Papua Barat Province, Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf, off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. 150 (Wurm 20
Papua Barat Province, Asbakin, Maklaumkarta, and Mega villages. West Bird’s Head area, north coast east of Dampler strait, in
Maluku Province, Asilulu, Ureng, and Negeri Lima villages. Northwest Ambon island; some in west Seram island, Hoamoal pen
Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts. Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north, to Kuti river sou
Papua Province. Casuarina coast areas. Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast fr
Papua Province, Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the f
Papua Province, Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast, lower Sirac river area. 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shi
Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast inland, northeast of Pirimapun town, between Cook an
Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. Central highlands southeast of Cenderawasih bay; Siriwo river area. 350 (19
Papua Province, Jayawuarar district. Modera river area. 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict,1 village. East side of Cenderawasih bay, Wapoga river m
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Arso subdistrict. Northeast, highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border, south of Jaya
Papua Province, South coast area, southwest of Wildeman river, east of Kampong river, inland from Pirimapun. 6,500 (2002 SI
Papua Province, Mappi and Boven Digul regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast inland,
Papua Province, Merauke district. Inland, both banks, lower Digul river; north of Keisak town. 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Thre
Papua Province, Merauke district. West of northward bend, Digul river. 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: T
Papua Province, Merauke district. West side, Digul river, upstream from Tanamerah town. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou
Papua Province, Merauke district. Both banks, lower Digul river; Bade town area. 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alt
Maluku Province, south, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island east of Timor island. 1,000 (2007 SIL
Maluku Province, Kroing, Letwurung, Kokwari, Wakpapai, Ahanari, Analutur, Manuweri, and Tutuwawan villages. Southeast Ba
Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Selatan provinces, northwest of Lake Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Poso Pesisir, and Par
Java, separate enclaves: Banten Province, Rangkasbitung regency, on Ujung river; Pandeglang town, near Mount Kendeng; 2 s
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mamberamo river, south of Lake Rombebai. 300 (1
Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. Northwest Bomberai peninsula, east of Fakfak
Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Pahangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts. Area a
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Bahonsuai village on the east coast. 200 (Mead 1999). Status: 7 (Shiftin
Well dispersed throughout north central Indonesia; Sulawesi Utara Province, Wori, Tumpaan, and Belang subdistricts; Sulawes
Kalimantan Barat Province, northwestern area; Sambas river headwaters. 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternat
Kalimantan Barat Province, Pejampi and 2 other villages. Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, southeast of Sambas town. 12,000 i
Kalimantan Barat Province, near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Kalimantan Tengah Province; Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kuala Kapuas. 100,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communic
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Balaesang subdistrict, Manimbayu peninsula, Ketong, Kamonji, and Rano villages. 3,200 (Himmelma
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, at least 49 villages. Eastern
Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat provinces; entire island of Bali, and to east, west central Lombok island, Mataram area. 3,330,00
Sulawesi Barat Province, west Polmas regency, Mambi subdistrict. Watershed of Maloso and Mapilli rivers; into Majene and M
Maluku Province, south, Kei islands, west and northeast side of Kei Besar island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly an
Sulawesi Tengah Province, at least 157 villages. Off eastern peninsula, Banggai Islands. 125,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifti
Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, widespread, Bangka island. 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the L
Kalimantan south and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait; Kalimantan Tengah Province as far as Pangkalanbun
Sulawesi Utara Province, 11 villages. Northern peninsula, northeast section, area around Manado city. 3,000 (Utsumi 2001), de
Maluku Province, southern area, Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang villages. Southeast Aru chain, Barakai island; some on G
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawasih bay, along Barapasi river and tributari
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju Regency, Karossa subdistrict, Salubiro village, Baras subdistrict, in and north of Bambaloka v
Kalimantan Timur Province, scattered in Bulungan, Sangkulirang, and Kutai regencies. 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatene
Two areas, Aceh Province; 1: inland from Tapaktuan, and 2: northwest towards Kutacane; eventually into Sumatera Utara Pro
Sumatera Utara Province; Sipirok town area; inland from near Sibolga city towards southern provincial border. 750,000 (1991
Sumatera Utara Province southwest of Lake Toba; area around Sidikalang town, south to coast; also in Aceh Province inland. 1
Sumatera Utara Province, north central area west and northwest of Lake Toba; Aceh Province, small border areas. 600,000 (19
Sumatera Utara Province; southern interior area extending from Padang Sidempuan, across borders with Riau and Sumatera B
Sumatera Utara Province; area northeast of Lake Toba; Pematangsiantar town area. 1,200,000 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing).
Sumatera Utara Province; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Al
Maluku Province. East coast, Seram island between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989). Status:
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Batui subdistrict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, and Batui villages. Eastern peninsul
Maluku Province, 7 island villages. Aru islands, east coast, Tanah Besar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern
Papua Province, Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi
Papua Province, Merauke district. Eilanden and Steenboom rivers. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None kno
Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kokas subdistrict. Bomberai peninsula. 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Clas
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 8 villages. Most speakers in Behoa valley, northwest of Lake Mantana. some
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Tor river mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke
Maluku Province, Benggoi, Balakeo, and Lesa villages. Seram island, Werinama and Bula districts, north Seram Sea coast. 350 (
Java and Bali provinces, Bali island, Buleleng regency, Bengkala village. 41 (2007 SIL). More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; abou
Sulawesi Selatan Province, inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru regencies where Bugis [bug], Makassar [mak] and
Kalimantan Barat Province, Landak and Bengkayang regencies. Northwest near Sarawak border. 54,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vig
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente,
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened
Java island, Jawa Barat Province, Bogar, Bekasi, and Karawang regencies; Banten Province, from Tangerang east to Jakarta city
Papua Barat Province, Biak Numfor regency. Biak and Numfor islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Bird’s He
Kalimantan Barat Province, area east of Suruh village, near Sarawak border. 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 5 (Developing).
Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
Papua Barat Province, Sorong district, Biga village; south of Misool island. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classifica
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northeast end of Rote island, west of Rikou; communities on Semau island and Timor mainland
Nusa Tenggara Barat Province; eastern third of Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus; northeast, Sangeang and Banta islands; N
Sulawesi Utara Province, around Bintauna town. 11,200 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bintaoena,
Papua Province, Puncakjaya district, Biri village. North of mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, East Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong subdistrict, Bolano village. North peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. 2,700 (Him
Maluku Province, North Buano main village. Boano island, facing northwest point, Seram island. 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigo
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Togian islands, Lembanato village on Kilat bay, north side of Togian island, and Tumbulawa village,
Maluku Province. Southeast Seram, Werinama district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; also Tunsai village in Liana
Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency; Gorontalo Province, northeast coast, Atinggola town area, and south
Kalimantan Timur Province, Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
Sulawesi Selatan Province. Selayer island group; Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. 9,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict. 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armopa, Bgu, Bog
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou village. Budong-Budong river area. 70 (Friberg
Sulawesi area, scattered communities generally on various coasts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and
Kalimantan Barat Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. 400 (Wurm and Ha
Kalimantan Timur Province, Iwan river; northwestern, Sarawak border. 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries:
Maluku Utara Province, 3 villages. Central Halmahera, Buli bay, north shore. 2,520 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Buli,
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Timor island, central interior, near border with Timor Leste; many in Belu district. 21,000 in Ind
Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along coast from Mond
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, and Baolan subdistricts, 68 villages. North coast, near Go
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, 1 village. Near Wapoga river mouth. 100 (Wurm 2000)
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict,1 village. Middle Mamberamo river, northeast of Lake Holme
Maluku Province, all of Buru island, except northeast corner, 70 villages. Some on Ambon island, in Jakarta. 33,000 in Indonesi
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Burumakok village. 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct)
Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi town area, west of Kayan river delta. 4,350 (
Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana subdistrict, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka village
Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, south and north coast, Serui island, Kam
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages; southwest tip, Buton island, Flores sea. 2,300 (20
Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. South coast, Mandar bay west of Madjene town. 30,000 (Strømme 1987).
Widespread. Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau islands (
Scattered throughout Indonesia. 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification: Sino
Scattered throughout Java and Bali provinces. Few speakers. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Foochow, Hokchiu, Min
Scattered throughout Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan provinces. 700,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate
Scattered in Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and Central Sumatra generally. 180,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alte
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, extreme southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, area inland between Pasawajo and Membula tow
Papua Province, Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, 19 villages. South coast area, west of upper Digul river, northeast of S
Papua Province, Mappi,and Asmat regencies, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, and Wowi villages. Senggo town area. 290 (1993 R. Doriot
Sumatra, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces, Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north generally; ver
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Dabe village. Tor river valley north to coast. 440 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (
Maluku Province, Sinairusi, 3 other villages; Babar island group, Dai island; north of Babar. 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threaten
Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Northwest of Matakali town. 1,500 (Strømme 198
Papua Province, Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast
Maluku Province, southeast, 6 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, east side. 2,800 (1990 SIL
Maluku Province, southeast, 2 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, north side. 800 (1987 SIL)
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas, Sojol, and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. Northwesternmost point, north peninsula, M
Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; lower gorge. 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Nam
Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley. 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baliem V
Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; upper gorge. 20,000 (1996). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Tra
Papua Province. Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga river valley. 180,000 (1993 censu
Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. West central highlands; east of Cenderawasih bay, along Dao river. 250 (19
Maluku Province; twin coral islands northeast of Babar island, Daweloor island, to south, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman v
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
Papua Province. Western highlands; along Rouffaer river headwaters; north of Ilaga town. 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou
Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa, Muyere, and Botawa villages. Inland, northeast Canderawasih bay, sout
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, northwest coast, from Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay near northwest corner of islan
Northeast Papua Province, 13 villages. South of Jayapura town, near Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all c
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Ndao island, off western tip of Rote island; other settlements scattered on Rote and Timor isla
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Area south of Idenburg river, east of Taiyeve town. 300 (2006 S
Papua Province, Jayapura district. North coast; area near Toarim river mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund)
Papua Province, southeast of Wamena city; east of Catalina river. 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans
Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, entire east coast of Kobror island, 1 village in southeast Wokam island, 4 villages
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli and Buol regencies, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts, at
Papua Province, Toli-Dou village. Area west and south of Taiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Dorio
Sumatra, Riau Province, west Riau archipelago and Riau Daratan east coast; into Jambi Province, northeast coast. 15,000 in Ind
Sulawesi Selatan Province, north Enrekang regency. Northwest of Enrekang town, west of Sadang river. Also, Makassar city; ot
Papua Barat Province; one island between Salawati island and the west end of Bird’s Head. 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population
Papua Barat Province, Manokwari district. No known L1 speakers. There were 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007). Status:
Kalimantan Selatan Province, Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; also into Kalimantan Tengah Province. 20,000 (Wur
Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, one area west of Muarainu town; a second, northeast of Muarateweh tow
Kalimantan Tengah Province, South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns; south of Muarateweh town. 5,000 (2
Papua Province. Area south of Van Daalen river. Eastern dialect along Dagai river, western dialect along Fedide and Wedi river
Papua Province, Yapen Waopen district. Area at Tariku and Kliki rivers confluence. 1,500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alt
Papua Province, Paniai district; west central highlands, inland; Lake Paniai area; into south-southwest Papua Barat Province. 1
Papua Province, Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi subdistricts. South of Jayapura city
Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and Ka
Papua Province. Border area south of Jayapura city. 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Maluku Province, southern area, Emplawas village, Babar island, southern tip, then northwest. 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nea
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island. 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: End
Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 smaller nearby islands. 1,500 (2000 census), dec
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Pinrang regencies; Enrekang town area, west toward head of Mandar bay; into coast
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts, Erai, Kustera, and Haya villages, nort
Papua Barat Province. Bomberai peninsula. 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). D
Papua Province. Kliki river area, west of its juncture with Tariku river; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. 1,400 (2012 SIL).
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of Biri river area. 280 (2005 SIL). Sta
Papua Province, Mamberamo Raya and Jayapura regencies, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1 village. Mamberamo basin region, borde
Maluku Province, southeast, 30 villages; North Tanimbar islands, Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru groups; northwest, Yamdena
Maluku Utara Province, Halmahera island; Galela bay, north to northern tip of island, scattered communities, southwest coast
Maluku Province, southwest area, Wetar island, Iliwaki village. 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Maluku Utara Province, a few coastal villages. North Halmahera island, northwest coast, from Baru town inland. 1,500 (Voorho
Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southernmost peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate N
Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies. North Sumatra highland region near Moun
Maluku Utara Province, 4 villages; Papua Barat Province, Halmahera island; Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, and Gag islands between Halma
Maluku Province, Seram island, southeast tip, nearby Gorom islands. 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names
Maluku Utara Province, Morotai island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. 1,000 (1992
Gorontalo Province, along both coasts, Sulawesi sea north, eastward from Triggula, Maluku sea south, eastward from Popayat
Papua Province, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, and Klaysu villages. West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem
Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency. 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island, east Kalabahi bay, around Moru town, 2 villages; area surrounds Kui [kvd] language
Maluku Province. Haruku island, including Lease islands; between Ambon and Seram islands. 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Mo
Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency. 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adihup, Atam, Bora
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sawu and Raijua islands; 3 enclaves, 2 on Sumba island, Waingapu and Melolo areas; south cen
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Semau island off of Timor island, western tip of Timor, and Kupang city; interspersed with Ama
Maluku Province, Wakal, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Hila villages. Northeast Ambon island, Piru Sea coast, Hitu peninsula. 16,0
Maluku Province, East Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). 10 elderly speakers in 1987, but now probably extin
Kalimantan Barat (Kapuas Hulu regency) and Kalimantan Timur provinces; border area, far northeast corner near Sarawak. 1,0
Maluku Province, 10 villages. North Seram island, Salemen bay, south end. 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island, Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts. No known L1 speakers. Stat
Maluku Province, central area, west Seram, Hulung village, Sauweli hamlet. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Spoken by fe
Papua Province. Central highlands area, Baliem gorge, east. 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Soba D
Papua Province. Puncak Jaya regency, Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai villages. Area between Rouffaer, upper Van Daalen rivers. Diale
Kalimantan Barat Province; upper Kapuas river, north bank, to Sarawak border, from east of Mount Betung, west to Senaning
Maluku Utara Province, north Halmahera island, Ibu river mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages. 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 198
Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency; Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai peninsula. 5,500 (1987 SIL). St
Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Iha
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north Lembata island, Ile Ape peninsula; into nearby mainland Lembata island. 15,000 (2008 c
Maluku Province, southwest, Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai, Nabar, Esulit, and Istutun villages; Wetar island west
Maluku Province, south, Imroing village; Babar island, southwest. 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Imroin
Widespread. 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000), increasing. Population total all countries: 23,200,480. L2 users: 140,000,000 in In
Scattered, Java and Bali. 8,000 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: A blend of Malaysia
Scattered, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur provinces; north coastline area towards Pamanukan town; also in Yogyak
Papua Barat Province, 44 villages. East Bomberai peninsula; Arguni bay north to Bintuni bay, southwest. 4,000 (1987 SIL). Statu
Papua Province, Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, A
Papua Province. North coast east of Tor river, along upper Biri river. 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b (Threa
Kalimantan Barat Province, Central Sanggau regency. Between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns along tributary of Kapuas river.
Jawa Tengah Province, east third of west Java island, southwest half of east Java, including Banyumas, Cilacap, and Purbalingg
Java island, Jawa Tengah Province, southern area. No known L1 speakers. May be a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 sp
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Jofotek spoken in Bir
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Alor island, eastern half, Bird’s Head, north of Kalabahi town. 3,900 (1995 N. Johnst
Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts. South Bird’s Head, inland north of Maccluer ba
Maluku Utara Province, Sula Islands; Taliabu island, eastern interior mountains. Possible speakers in Mangole island mountain
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest Alor island, enclave north of Aluben town. 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic p
Maluku Province, Kairatu district, Kaibobo, Hatusua, Waisamu, Kamarian, Seruawan, and Tihulale villages. West Seram island,
Sulawesi Utara Province; north coast, west and east of Bolaangitang town. 26,600 (2000 census). Kaidipang 8,900, Bolaang Ita
Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Barat provinces in Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, and Banawa subdistricts. ‘Bunggu’ use
Sulawesi Tengah Province, coastal area, both sides of neck south of Manimaya peninsula. 350,000 (2000 census), increasing. S
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli subdistricts; from Pulu bay west to Makassar strait shore; also Sulawesi
Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Siompu island, Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages; southwest Buton island, southwest of Baubau tow
Papua Barat Province, 8 villages. South Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river. 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alter
Papua Province, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Lakes plain area around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer river. 220 (Wurm 2000). Statu
Papua Barat Province. West Bird’s Head, southeast of Sorong city, along Kalabra river inland. 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorou
Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar islands; east end, Kalao island, west of Bonerate island. 500 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989).
Headwaters, Karama river; Sulawesi Barat Province, southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang subdistrict; also, Sulawesi Selatan
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Alor island. 6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
Maluku Province, West Seram island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Under 10 in 1987; now probably extinct (Wurm 20
Sulawesi Tenggara Province; southeast Buton island. 3,500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical s
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, eastern half. 240,000 (2009). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East Sum
Papua Barat Province, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, and Coa villages. Southea
Papua Province, south coast; Mukamuga river into Papua Barat Province, Etna bay area. 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Java island, Jawa Timur Province, sea coast; Kangean islands, east of Madura island. 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorou
Papua Province, south coast border area, southeast of Merauke city. 10 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Altern
Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, and Onggaya villages. Southernmost point of province, east of Merauke city; along Papua
Papua Province, Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages. Southernmost point of province, southeast of M
Papua Province, Sota village. Southernmost point of province, east northeast of Merauke city; bordering Papua New Guinea. 1
Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island; on Kao bay, area near Kao river mouth. 400 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Altern
Papua Province, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Upper Idenburg river, north bank; southwest of Jayapura city. 200
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. North coast west of Jayapura city. 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 7
Papua Barat Province, Antalisa and Mas villages. Karas island off southwest coast of Bomberai peninsula; outside of Sebakor b
Maluku Province, southern area, South Aru Islands, Tarangan island, southeast coast, Karey valley. 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (V
Papua Barat Province, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, and Siakwa villages. Central Bird’s Head; area of headwaters of Kamundan river. 5,00
Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, southernmost extent of province; Sumatera Selatan Province, area extending northwest fr
Papua Province, southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages. 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (
Papua Province, Middle Mamberamo river, north bank east; southeast of Lake Rombebai. 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Papua Barat Province, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, and Menyefun villages. West coast of Bird’s Head, west end of Waigao island and
Papua, south coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. Status: 6b (T
Kalimantan Timur Province, West Kutai and Malinau regencies. Area extends from Muller Mountains from south border north
Kalimantan Timur Province, Muller Mountains, upper Mahakam, Oga, and Belayan river areas; also Kalimantan Tengah Provinc
Kalimantan Timur Province; 2 Kayan river areas: one downstream, the other larger one, headwaters and south. 2,000 (Wurm a
Kalimantan Barat Province. Northeast of Putus Sibau town, along Mendalam river. 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a
Kalimantan Timur Province; north of Muara Wahau town, along north tributary of Telen river. 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). S
Maluku Province; North Buru island. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last speaker of Liliali dialect died in 1989 (Wurm 20
Papua Province. Jayapura harbor. 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly ex
Nusa Tenggara Timur province; northeast Lembata island. 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dang
Papua Province, Wapoga river between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Clas
Maluku Province, southeast portion, about 207 villages on 10 islands; Kei island group west of Aru islands; Kecil, Besar, and su
Papua Province. Pacific coast east; north of Tor river mouth. 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Keder Dialec
Kalimantan Timur Province, remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Longkemuat. 640 in Indonesia (2000). Status
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census). Status:
Kalimantan Barat Province. Area from Balaikarangan and Kembayan towns to near Sarawak border, east of Landak river. 11,00
Papua Barat Province, several villages. Bird’s Head, south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bin
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). C
Papua Province, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup,
Kalimantan Barat Province, Sambas regency. Northeast of Bengkayang town, Madi and Papan jungle area. 321,000 in Indonesi
Kalimantan Barat Province, areas near Nangapinoh, Nangaella, Nangasayan, and Gelalak towns, and along Sayan and Melawi r
Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Kayan, Mahakam, Upper Baram, Bahau, Upper Balui, Malinau, Belayan, Segah, K
Kalimantan Timur Province; Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Uma’ Dian, Muara Pedohon, Kampung Baru, Uma’ Bekuai, and Tabang La
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 4 villages; south central Flores island, south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. 40,000 (2001
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 separate areas, central Flores island; between Manggarai [mqy], Rembong [reb], and Wae Ra
Near Sarawak border, Kereho river; Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency; Kalimantan Barat Province, far east K
Sumatra, Jambi Province, Kerinci regency, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, north and west; also into Sumatera Barat Pr
Papua Province. Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes; scattered. 9,970 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alterna
Papua Province. Foothills of Eastern Highlands, east of East Digul river, about 40 km west of Papua New Guinea border. 900 (2
Papua Province, southeast area; Kolopom island, interior, east of Merauke city. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict. Border area where Sepik river enters Papua New Guinea. 50
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa subdistricts; east central Buton island, Banda sea.
Papua Province, Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages. On Papua New Guinea border, west of confluence of Tariku and Kliki rivers.
Maluku Province, southern part, over 20 villages total; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; nearby Roma and W
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southwest, Alor island, Halerman, Margera, Manatang, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur village
Maluku Province, southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands southeast of Kobroor island, mouth
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka regency, Lasusua subdistrict, 4 villages. Upper Bone bay, east coast. 1,500 (Mead 19
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, West Sumba. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kudi Dialects: Kodi Bangedo, Kod
Papua Province. East side of Geelvink bay. 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67%
Kalimantan Tengah Province, Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages. Central and north Seruyan river area. 8,000 (2003). Stat
Papua Barat Province, Sorong district. Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan city. 3,700 (1991 SIL).
Southeast Maluku, 22 villages. North Aru islands, Kola island, widespread, to adjacent islands. 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigo
Papua Province. Interior south coast area; on plain between upper Wideman and Digul rivers, east of Senggo city. 4,000 (1991
Sumatera Selatan Province; separate areas along Komering river from Lake Ranau to near Palembang city. 470,000 (2000 cens
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Komodo island, west coast, Flores island. 700 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None k
South Maluku Province, Kompane village. Northeast Aru islands, Kongan island east of Wokam island. 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6
Papua Province. Headwaters of Sungai river, west bank. 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. May be m
Papua Barat Province, Teminabuan subdistrict, Konda village; Southwest Bird’s Head area facing Seram Sea; lower Waromge r
Southeast Papua Province. Kolopom island, south coast. 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Konorau Classi
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng regencies. Southeasternmost corner of peninsula; Salayer strait. 1
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, and Bulukumba regencies. Southern peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang ar
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, and Burungmakok villages. In lowlands south of the main ran
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Unsongi village. On Tolo bay, east coast, south of Bungku town. 500 (M
Papua Province. Southeast inland area, northeast of Senggo town; between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. 3,500 (2007 P. de Vri
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict. Eastern highlands, on upper reaches of Erok river. 8,000 (1996 E. Youn
Papua Province. West of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence; south of Jayapura city. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigoro
Papua Barat Province, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, and Kayumerah villages. Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast; Kamrau bay a
Sumatra, Jambi Province, Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Sumatera Selatan Provinc
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island; Kui dialect on south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga villages, also in Moru in Kalabah
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Alor island, central eastern mountains, between Kamang [woi] and Sawila [swt] language area
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Buton regency, Kulisusu Utara, Kulisusu Induk, Kulisusu Barat, and Bonegunu subdistricts. N
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton regency, Lasalimu subdistrict, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages. Buton island, southeas
Maluku Province, southeast area, West Kei Kecil district. Kur and surrounding islands. 3,180 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Diale
Papua Barat Province, 16 villages. Southwest Bomberai peninsula; area south of Bituni bay, northeast of Arguni bay. 500 (1982
Papua Province, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages. Kurudu islands between east tip of Serui (Yapen) island and northwest mainland.
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area south of main ranges; headwaters of Sirac
Papua Province, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem, and Apiaweti villages. Northeast mainland interior; headwaters o
Papua Province, Kwerba, Edifalen, and Marinafalen villages. East bank, Mamberamo river, into highlands; southeast of Kasona
Papua Province. Lower Rouffaer river. 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: T
Papua Province, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, and Omte villages. Pacific coast area east of Sarmi town; lower Tor river area. 2
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. 500 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ans
Maluku Utara Province, south end of Loloda district, 4 villages. North Halmahera island, interior from northwest coast. 2,000 (
Maluku Province, Laha and other villages. Ambon island, south central coast. 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Laiyolo, Barang-Barang, Lowa, and other villages; south tip, Selayar island. 800 (1997 SIL). 250 Laiyo
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east tip Flores, west Solor islands; in pockets on north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, surroundi
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south coast, Lembata island. At least 3 villages. 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Lembata island, between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [lwe] language areas; several villa
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Sumba island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak city. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Sta
Southernmost Sumatra island, Selat Sunda, scattered communities; west, central, and south Lampung Province; nearby island
Sumatra, east Lampung Province. 3 enclaves situated between Kanan and Seputih rivers. 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vi
Maluku Province, Larike, Wakasihu, Tapi, Allang, and Lai villages. Southwesternmost Ambon island coast, Hitu peninsula. 12,60
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Lasalimu subdistrict, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages. Buton island, southeast; Lasalima town area.
Maluku Province, Latu village. Seram island southwest, Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. 2,130 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts. Northwest coast along Tomin
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, from Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso. 10,000 (Grimes et al. 199
Central Kalimantan Timur Province, Karau river area; Kalimantan Selatan Province, Kotabaru, Balangan, Tabalong regencies; Ka
Papua Barat Province, Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island in northwest end of main bay and on south coast; Beo, Lempintol, an
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Lembata island, between Lamalera [lmr] and Lamatuka [lmq] language areas. 7,000 (200
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Lembata island, western end. 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lab
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages. Inland from northeast coast, Bone bay; middle Ron
Kalimantan Timur Province, northeast corner, Benuang area. 3 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austro
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab subdistrict. Near middle Sogber river, north of Apmisibil town. 530 (1991 SIL). St
Maluku Province, Leti island. 7,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Marginal intelligibility and difficulty w
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Lembata island between Ile Ape [ila] and Lamalera [lmr] language areas. 4,000 (20
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central eastern Lembata island, between Lamatuka [lmq] and Kedang [ksx] language areas, sev
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeastern Flores island across from Solor island, Lewotobi volcano area. 6,000. Status: 6a (V
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bungi subdistrict; on south Buton island across From Muna island, part of Liabuku village north of
Maluku Province, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru districts, 8 villages. Seram island, from east Teluti bay north to Seram Sea coast
Papua Province. Eastern highlands area, Eipo river, east of Naltya town. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lindu subdistrict, Anca, Tomado, and Langko villages. Area near Lake Lindu. 2,400 (2000 census), in
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east central Flores island, bi-coastal, between Sika [ski] and Ende [end] language areas. 105,00
Maluku Province, 5 villages. West and north Seram island, across north coast. 1,830 (1982). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Maluku Province. Buru island, west of Manipa, Seram islands. 4 separate areas; largest area: northeast coast, lower inland Wa
Maluku Province, southeast area, Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair villages. Aru island group; 3 islands east of Kobroor and Baun is
Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak subdistrict, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang villages. Inland are
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west central Rote island, from northern coast Ba’a town to south coast; North Lole dialect cov
Maluku Utara Province; North Halmahera island, northwest coast, nearby islands. 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. Status: 5 (D
Southeast Maluku Province. Central Aru island group, Koba island, northwest coast. 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Diale
Maluku Province, central, north central Seram. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malay
Maluku Province. East of Timor island; entire Wetan island, across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. 18,000 (1995 SIL). 2
Sumatra, Sumatera Utara Province, southern end, Kotanopan area. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dia
Maluku Province, western Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, Luhu village. Boano and Kelang islands, west of Seram island. 6,5
Kalimantan Timur Province; mountainous area where Sesayap River tributaries arise. 2 enclaves in western Sabah State. 23,00
Kalimantan Tengah Province, Barito Selatan regency, Dusun Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintang A
Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay; Wasilei area. 6,620 (2000). Status:
Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat islands; western Salawati island. 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na
Jawa Timur Province, coastal areas of main island south and west of Surabaja city, southwest of Madura island; other island gr
Papua Barat Province, about 40 villages. Central Bird’s Head, area around Ayamaru lakes. 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Develop
Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea; area from Arguni bay east, southeast toward T
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies. Interior highlands east of Enrekang town; both sides o
Sulawesi Selatan Province, southwest corner of the peninsula, most of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Taka
Maluku Utara Province; South Halmahera island, west coast; nearby east Makian and south Mori islands; Kayoa, Bacan, and O
Maluku Utara Province; south Halmahera island, southwest coast near Gita town; west Makian island, some Kayoa islands. 12
Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] language areas. 1
Primarily coastal regions of central and north Sumatra, sections of Kalimantan, and the island provinces between them; Riau, S
Maluku Province, central area: Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, and Saparua islands, coastal areas of Seram island; southern area:
Maluku Utara Province, at least 2 villages. Bacan island west of southern Halmahera island, Labuha Area; some on Mandioli Isl
Bali Province, Bali island. 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Baline
Maluku Province. Banda islands; south, off southeast coast of Seram island. 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: May
Kalimantan Timur Province; central coastal area; north, Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah
Kalimantan Selatan Province; central interior; Sampanahan river area, northwest of Limbungan town. 59,000 (2007 SIL). Statu
Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province; east down Lematang and Ogan river valleys, south of Muaraenim town, east and s
Southeast Sumatra island, Jambi Province, widely spoken throughout; Sumatera Selatan Province, thin shared language zone r
Kalimantan Timur Province; Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river; westward then south, central Ma
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west end,Timor island, Kupang city area. 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). L2 users: 100,000. Status: 3
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east end, Flores island, Larantuka city area. 20,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate N
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Makassar port area. L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names
Sulawesi Utara Province, throughout Minahasa regency; other areas in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces. 850,000 (200
Maluku Utara Province; islands off of southern tip of Halmahera island; Sula and Obi island groups to south and west. 700,000
Papua Province. 500,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. L1 and L2 speakers combined. L2 users: 500,000 L1 and L2 speakers combined
Kalimantan Timur Province; east central coastal area, from Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape P
Widely dispersed; Kalimantan Tengah Province, southwest, Sukamara, Lamandau, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur and Katinga
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Pinrang regency, Patampanua subdistrict, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages. Northward b
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river; into Sulawesi Selatan Province, area north of Pare-Pare. 100,0
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; northwest Sumba island, coastal area, Memboro town. 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). A
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts on Makassar strait coast. 60,00
Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Polewali Mandar, and Mamuju regencies. Main area near Cape Mandar and Majene city; 3 c
Papua Province, north coast area; upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classific
Papua Province. Area south of Digul river headwaters, between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, extending towards Fly R
Papua Province, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, and Kaisah villages. Area east of Digul river south of Tanahmerah an
Papua Province, Wembi, Yeti, and Kiba villages. Northeast border area, south of Jayapura. 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). Status:
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Flores island, western third. 900,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Central Manggarai (Ruten
Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Mangole island, south coast; south to Sulabesi island, south tip. 7,280 (2000). Status: 6a (
Papua Barat Province, about 50 villages; Bird’s Head area, east, southeast from the Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Ce
Maluku Province, 4 villages. Manipa island, west of Seram island. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). A
Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, Manombai strait (Sungai) area as far as Wakua, west coast of Wokam island, fro
Maluku Province, 30 villages. Seram island, north, Mansuela mountain area; south, area along Teluti bay. 7,000 (1989 SIL). Sta
Papua Province, Mapia islands, about 290 km north of Manokwari town. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: The ethnic
Papua Province, 5 villages. South coast, eastern Serui island fronting Cenderawasih bay. 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Papua Province, Merauke regency. South coast area; north and west of Merauke city. Also enclave at southernmost extreme o
Papua Province, Merauke regency, Muting subdistrict, Sanayu village. Upper Bian river area. 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Sta
Maluku Province, southeast area, 1 village. Aru island group; Mariri island, east of Kobroor island. 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (V
Maluku Province, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, Marsela town area. 510 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (
Maluku Province south, 3 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, east central area across island. 520 (1980 N. de Jo
Maluku Province south, 5 villages. Marsela island southwest of Babar island, western tip. 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatene
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, island off north coast east of Tor river mouth. 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8
Maluku Province, Bula district. Seram island; area along northeast coast, up from Waru bay. 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigor
Papua Province, north coast east of Mamberamo river mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer river. 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic
Papua Barat Province. Raja Ampat archipelago; Misool and Segaf islands. 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, and Mawes Mukti villages. Northeast coastal are
Papua Barat Province; Raja Ampat islands; central Waigeo, Salawati islands. 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). A
Papua Province, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, and Sabron Dosay villages. Area west of Lake Sentani. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 8
Sumatra island, Sumatera Barat Province; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. 58,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Develop
Papua Barat Province; Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
Papua Barat Province; Central Bird’s Head area; headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo rivers. 85 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). A
Papua Barat Province. Eastern Bird’s Head; northeast coast, west of Manokwari town. 14,800 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). A
Widespread in the Indonesian Archipelago; Sumatra island, Indian ocean coast, Sumatera Barat Province, Padang is central are
Papua Province. Northwest coast, west of Lake Sentani. 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kuang
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. Coastal area of Wakde island, off the north coast, just east of Tor rive
Kalimantan Timur Province; 5 enclaves, upper reaches of the Mahakam, Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers. 15,300 (Wurm an
Maluku Utara Province; interior north Halmahera island, Kao river headwaters. 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua Barat Province, 9 villages. West Bird’s Head area; eastern Salawati island around to Sorong city east and southeast. 4,60
Maluku Province, possibly east Buru island, near Kayeli. No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct).
Papua Province, 9 villages. Around 100 km south of Jayapura city, west of Senggi town. 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). A
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Kulawi subdistrict. Primarily Kulawi and Toro town areas. 5,500 (Barr, Barr, and Salombe 1979). Sta
Papua Province. Island next to southeast coast of Kolopom island; west of Marauke city across Arafura Sea. 250 (1993 R. Dorio
Papua Province, Samboka village. Low hills just south of main ranges; headwaters area of Brazza and Einladen rivers. 200 (199
Papua Province, lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq] language area. 2
Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, both coasts; north side from Poigar town west to Bijaj river; south side, between Pin
Papua Province, central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Djo
Papua Barat Province, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay near Nabire. 700 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: A
Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Maccluer Gulf, inland area, southeast of Mariar. 30 (2012 H. Hammarst
Papua Barat Province, West Bird’s Head inland, from Mata to Worbo generally. 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classific
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts, 25 villages; southeast peninsula neck, southeast of Lake
Sulawesi island, southeast peninsula neck, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tengah Province, Petasia, Lembo, and Bungku Tengah s
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Bombana regency. Southeast mainland, Rumbia mountains area. Kabaena island, Tokotu’a village
Papua Province, Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Dintere dialect: 22 villages; Dinmane dialect: Dewok
Papua Province, south coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethn
Papua Barat Province, southeast Bird’s Head, western Bituni Bay, west of Manikion language area; Sebjor river basin. 8,000 (19
Papua Barat Province, north coast of Bird’s Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar valley. 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Thr
Kalimantan Barat Province, Belitang Hilir, Belitang, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau subdistricts. Area along Ayak and Belitang rivers
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Muna and Buton (northwest coast) islands; several nearby islands; possible community in Ambon
Papua Province, north coast of Serui island, 1 village. 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Natabui Dialects:
Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa [yet] language area, Mot and Milki village
Sumatera Selatan Province, mainly northern 2 thirds of province; Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downstream
Papua Province, south coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms] language areas. 8,000 (2002 S
Papua Province, south coast, just north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
Papua Province, Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa bay, Nafri village. 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classificatio
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, Ebu Lobo volcano north, west slopes, northeast of Ngad’a [nxg] language
Maluku Province, central area, northwest Seram, Kairatu village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Dialects: None kn
Papua Province, east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northea
Papua Province, northeast of Korupun [kpq] language area and southeast of Nipsan [nps] language area, north slopes, east hig
Papua Province, Senggi subdistrict, Keerom regency, Namla village. 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None kn
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 10 villages. Napu valley. 6,100 (2000 R. Hanna), increasing. Status: 6b (Threa
Status: Unattested. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper Comments: 2006 survey data indicates language may not exist and cou
Sumatra, Bengkulu Province, Kaur regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, and Tanjung Baru villages. Nasal river area. 3,00
Papua Province, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island. 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Sca
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Banda sea; north central Pantar island, south, southwest of Kabir town. 1,500. Status: 6a (Vigo
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy], Ende [end], and Li’o [ljl] language areas
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Golewa between Ngad’a [nxg] and Nag
Kalimantan Tengah Province; upper reaches or headwaters of Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers. 890,000 (2003)
Papua Province, northeast of Nakai [nkj] language area, Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhaps Ok Bon valleys, main range border area
Papua Province, north of Wamena, middle Hablifoeri river. 4,400 (2005). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: None known. Lexical
Sumatra island, Sumatera Utara Province; Nias, Batu islands off west coast; Northwest dialect: Alasa area, west in Sirombu and
Maluku Province, south central Seram island transmigration area; 6 villages (originally from Nila island in south central Maluku
North Papua Province, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Statu
Papua Province, border area. 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, N
Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, just west of Hmanggona. 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Papua Province, east side of Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: B
Maluku Province, 2 villages. Seram island, central north coast, inland from west shore, Saleman bay. 500 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a
Maluku Province, Amahai district, 6 villages. Seram island, upland from south coast. 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alt
Maluku Province, central, Lease islands, Nusa Laut island, Titawai village. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,230 (198
Papua Province, Lakes plain just north of mid-Rouffaer river, Obogwi village. 120 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Altern
Maluku Province, southwestern portion, southeast Kisar island, east and west Oirata. 2 villages; Ambon city. 1,220 (1987 SIL).
Kalimantan Timur Province; along Sabah border, northwestern corner of province; east of Lumbis town, north of Lundayeh tow
Papua Barat Province, north and northwest Bomberai peninsula. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names
Papua Province, Onin peninsula. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Onin based
Papua Province, north coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops mountains, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. 500
Papua Province, Unurum-Guay, Bonggo, and Lereh subdistricts, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. 1,600 (1985
Jawa Timur Province, Banyuwangi regency area, easternmost extent of Java island; facing Bali strait. 300,000 (2000 census). St
Kalimantan Tengah Province, remote area, upper reaches of south Kapuas river, large area south of Schwaner range, 7 villages
Sulawesi Selatan Province, east Luwu Utara regency, Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistricts, 9 villages. Inland betwen Lake
Maluku Utara Province; interior northern Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] language area, to mouth of Kao river. 3,310 (200
Kalimantan Tengah Province, East Barito regency. South of Ampah town. 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Status:
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Palu’e island, north of central Flores island. North coast, Flores mainland, northwest of Maume
Maluku Province, central area, northwest Buru island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balamata,
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Poso regency; Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongk
Sulawesi Selatan Province, northwest, area north of Karema river; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, central Buton island, both east and west coasts. 6,000 (2005 D. Andersen). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. 9,000 (1983). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, west Pantar island. 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
Papua Province, Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river just east of Rouffaer river juncture. 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous
Papua Province, Serui island south coast, Papuma village. 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexic
Maluku Utara Province, 9 villages. Halmahera island, narrow tip, southeast peninsula, west along the coast. 10,600 (2000). Sta
Central area, Maluku Province, west Seram, south central Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore, 2 villages: Kecamatan, Ama
Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces; west coast, near northern provincial border; northeast of Ipuh tow
Sulawesi Tengah Province, centered in Balaesang district, Walandano, Sibayu, and other villages. Scattered settlements as far
Maluku Province, southwestern area, Wetar island northeast coast, north of Timor, Uhak and Moning villages. 280 (Hinton 20
Java island, Jakarta Raya; urban area, Special Capital Region. There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly exti
Papua Province, west Serui island, Pom, Serewen, and Mias Endi villages. 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: N
Sulawesi Utara Province; north peninsula, south coast, Belang town area. 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribun
Kalimantan Timur Province; south of Kayan river, northwest of Mount Menyapa. 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Thr
Kalimantan Timur Province; Mahakam river, east of Ujohhilang town. 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). C
Kalimantan Timur Province; upper Malinau river, east of Longkemuat town. 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threate
Kalimantan Timur Province; Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (Vigo
Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, inland. 700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Thr
Kalimantan Timur Province; area on both sides of Mentarang river; Longberang, Mensalong, and Bangalan town areas. 6,000 (
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Kolaka Regency, Pakue subdistrict; west coast, upper Bone bay, north of Kodeoha [vko] lan
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 enclaves on Central Flores island: area near Mount Watuweri; also, south of northern Kepo’
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu Utara regency, Rampi district, 6 isolated mountain villages; also scattered in Sabbang, Limbon
Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. 200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Lak
Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast section of peninsula, southwest of Lake Tondano to northeast coast. 500 (Himmelmann an
Sumatra, north Bengkulu Province, southwest highlands; areas near Arga Makmur, Muara Aman, Curup, and Kapahiang towns
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, between eastern Manggarai [mqy] and Riung [riu] language areas.
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south Pura island; south Ternate island. 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Retta
Papua Province, Frederik Hendrik island. 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kimaam
Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu subdistrict. Landak river area west of Kembayan town. 45,000 (W
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; East Rote island, Rikou, Landu, and Oe Pao domains. 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
Maluku Province, southwestern area, Jerusu village. Roma island east of Wetar island. 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg], and south of Wae Ran
Papua Barat Province, Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay, north of Wandamen peninsula. 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6
Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency; east of Sarawak border, south of Benuang town. 850 in Indonesia (2000). Statu
Maluku Utara Province, southwestern coast, north Halmahera island, Jailolo town area, north of Ternate and Tidore islands. 7,
Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau, and Bulungan regencies; northeast of Muaramalinau town. 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)
Maluku Province, central area, Seram island, Gunung village. 50 (1989 SIL). Likely less than the 50 reported in 1989 (Wurm 200
Maluku Province, Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, and Wahai villages. North central Seram island, Saleman bay. 4,800 (1989 SIL
Sulawesi Tengah Province, east portion, Batui, Batui, Kintom, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Boalemo, Pagimana, Bunta, and Nuhon subd
Papua Province, north coast inland just east of Apauwar river, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, and Tamaya village
Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau regency. Kapuas river, both sides, west, south of Sanggau town. 45,000 (Wurm and Hatto
Sulawesi Utara Province; northwest of east end of peninsula, Great Sangir island. 200,000 in Indonesia (Maryott 1993), increas
Maluku Province, Kulur, Iha, Siri-Sori, Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy, Tomalehu, and Kairatu villages. Saparua, nearby Seram islands. 1
Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification
Sulawesi Barat Province, north Mamuju regency, south Pasangkayu subdistrict. Enclaves on Makassar strait north coast. 4,000
Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Lombok island. 2,100,000 (1989). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lombok Dialects: Ku
Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay near Waropen [wrp] language area, Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami river. 100
Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puaral vil
Maluku Utara Province, Gane Timur and Weda districts,13 villages. Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, Weda bay, both co
Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui island, an island south of Yapen island near S
Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip r
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. 3,000 (Grimes et
Kalimantan Barat Province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Seauk,
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa villa
Kalimantan Timur Province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a (
Papua Barat Province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. 1,200 (1988 SIL). Sta
Maluku Province, Seit and Kaitetu villages. Ambon island, north coast. 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Na
Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province; 2 coastal enclaves, northeast Bangka island and western Belitung island; Lepar
Papua Barat Province, northwest Bomberai peninsula coast, Kokas area; one offshore island. 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977
Sulawesi Selatan Province, North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong subdistrict. Northwestern corner of province. Also, Centra
Sulawesi Selatan Province, northern section, west Limbong subdistrict; area along Betue river. 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowsk
Maluku Province, southeast area, at least 6 villages. Tanimbar island group; Selaru island off southwest tip of main island Yamd
Sulawesi Selatan Province; Selayar island. 128,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Salayar, Sala
Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. East of Lumbis town; upper reaches of Sembakung river. 640 in Indonesia (2000
Maluku Province, southeast area, Wermatang, Batu Putih, Marantutu, and Makatian villages; Tanimbar island group, Yamdena
Kalimantan Barat Province, Ketapang regency. Kualan and Semandang river areas. 20,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a (Vigoro
Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. Sembakung river mouth; west of Alang town. 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status:
Papua Barat Province, Bomberai peninsula near Kaniran, south end extending west to Triton bay; Papua Timur Province, far w
Papua Province, middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq] and west of Asmat language areas. 1,0
Papua Province, Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. 30,000 (1996 SIL), incre
Maluku Province, Sepa village. Seram island, several enclaves along southwest coast between Elapaputih and Teluti bays. 2,60
Maluku Province, southern area, Babar island group, Marsela island, northeast tip. 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribu
Central Maluku Province, south central Seram island, transmigration area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinc
Papua Province, south central Serui island, Nau island south of Serui. 5 villages. 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Kalimantan Tengah Province, Murung Raya regency. Northern bend area, Barito river, north along tributary. 60,000 (Wurm an
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; east Flores island, between Li’o [ljl] and Lamaholot [slp] language areas. 175,000 (Lewis and Gr
Papua Province, Lakes plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer river junctions north, Mamberamo river, Sikari, Haya, and Iri villages.
Sumatra, Aceh Province. Simeulue archipelago; central portion, Simeulue island. 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Name
Papua Province, central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem River, Amo and Kiniage valleys. 5,000 (1987
Sumatra, Aceh Province. West and east ends of Simeulue island; Babi and Banjak islands. 30,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua Province, east of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami river mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, and Sko-Sai villages. 700
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad’a [nxg] and Riung [riu] language
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850
Papua Province, south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names
Papua Province, north coast west of Tanahmerah bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, and Yougafsa villages. 1,300 (2000), d
Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, southeast of Suabo river, along Maccluer bay, 15 villages. 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a
Maluku Utara Province; Sula islands; Sulabesi island, widespread, scattered on Mangole island, east and west ends, north coas
Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Sumbawa island, west of the isthmus, Moyo island off northern coast. 300,000 (1989). Status: 6
Java island, Jawa Barat and Banten provinces; western third of the island, though generally inland from north shore; across bo
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island off north coast, east of Tor river. 560 (2005
Sulawesi Utara Province, Maluku sea, Pinogu area inland; Gorontalo Province, Bunda river valley, east of Gorontalo city. 5,000
Maluku Utara Province, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. North Halmahera island. 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Altern
Papua Province, Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahmerah bay. 3,750 (1990 UBS). St
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Luwu and North Luwu regencies. Main area along the northwest coast; Bone bay; west in Bastem s
Kalimantan Timur Province, Nunukan regency. 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Semambu, Seme
Papua Province, due south of Jayapura, northeast border area. 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arso
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Parigi Tengah, and Ampibabo subdistricts. 350 (Himmelmann 2001), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts, 21 villages. Western shore, Tomini bay. 12,000 (Himm
Sulawesi Utara Province; Talaud islands, northeast of Sangir islands. 82,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Nam
Maluku Utara Province; Sula island group; Taliabu island, northwest coast; some on Mangole island. 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 i
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton island. Wakorumba subdistrict, Maligano village; northwest coast; Kapontori subdistrict, W
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Bonehau subdistrict, part of Bonehau village. 1,200 (2011 A. Tadollo), increasing. St
Papua Province, south coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq] language areas. 3,500 (1987 SIL). Sta
Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river; upriver from Putussibau town. South of Mount Lawit. 30
Papua Barat Province, north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Gondu and Bapai rivers. 500 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened)
Papua Province, Bird’s Head neck area just south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9
Papua Province, west of Nakai [nkj] language area, Kawemaot village. 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Tr
Maluku Province, southeastern portion, south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and villages in Maikor strait (Sungai Mai
Maluku Province, southeastern area, south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. 0 monolingua
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarfia village. 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: S
Papua Province, west Lakes plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau] and northwest of E
Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. 12,000 in Indonesia (Wu
Eastern area, Kalimantan Tengah Province, east of Barito river, area around Palori town; border area, southeast Kalimantan Ti
Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, south of Zorop [wfg], east of Emem [enr], and north of Towei [ttn] language ar
Papua Province, east side of Cenderawasih bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Papua Barat Province, southwest Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict, abou
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, 6 villages. Central Pantar island. 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
Maluku Province south, Tela and Masbuar villages. Southwest Babar island. 1,050 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternat
Maluku Province. South Seram island, Teluti bay. 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Silen, Taluti, Tehor
Jawa Timur Province, south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Maluku Province. Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tio’or D
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; 2 villages on Tereweng island off southeast coast of Pantar island, and one village on Pantar. 8
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai domains. Central Rote island. 30,000 (2002 UKAW).
Maluku Utara Province; Ternate island. Kayoa islands on north end of Lapan bay; islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islands.
Maluku Utara Province, Ternate island. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ternatenyo Dialects: Spa
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; central Timor island, bi-coastal. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Population total all countries: 463
Maluku Province, central portion, south central Seram island location area; 4 villages. No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extin
Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency. Sembakung and Sibuka river deltas; Tarakan, Bunyu, Baru, Tibi, and nearby isla
Maluku Utara Province; Tidore island. Ternate, Mare, and northern Moti islands. Also Halmahera island, west coast areas, faci
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, southwest. East of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole [llg], and south of Dengka [dnk
Papua Province, Jayapura bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, and Tanah Hitam villages. 100 (Wurm 2007).
Maluku Utara Province, Tubelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, North Halmahera; Maba and Wasile districts, Central Halmahera. Ha
Papua Province, south Jayapura border area, Keerom regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most of Na
South Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe, Konawe, South Konawe, Kolaka, and North Kolaka regencies, Mekongga dis
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Sakita village. On east coast, Tolo bay, near Bungku town. 600 (Mead 19
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, 4 villages. On west coast, Tolo bay, south of Bungku town. 1,100 (Mead
Sulawesi Utara Province; northeast coast, near Manado city, Tanawangko and Tomohon areas. 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 198
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong, Tomini, and Tinombo subdistricts, 42 villages. Northeast coast along Tomini bay, inland.
Sulawesi Utara Province, Toulour regency. North peninsula, Lake Tondano area southeast and east. 92,000 in Indonesia (Wurm
Sulawesi Utara Province; landlocked area southwest of Lake Manado; near Tombatu town. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), d
Sulawesi Utara Province, northeasternmost tip. 90,000 (1989), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tonsea’
Sulawesi Utara Province; Minahasa peninsula, northeast coast, southern shore, Amurang bay inland. 150,000 (1990 J. Merrifie
Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict. Inland along Budong-Budong river. 450 (Yamaguchi an
Sulawesi Selatan Province, Tana Toraja and Luwu regencies; border areas, Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamasa regency; possibly
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, and Dondo subdistricts, 29 villages. Northernmost portion of provinc
Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [dmu] and west of Emem [enr] language ar
Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo river east bank, between Kauwera [xau] and
Papua Province, west side of upper Digul river, north of Wanggom, south of Komyandaret. 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous
Maluku Province, southwestern area, Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, and Arwala villages. Wetar island w
Maluku Utara Province, Tobelo, Kao, Wasile, and Maba districts, Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno villages; North Halmahera island
Sulawesi Tenggara Province,Tukang Besi archipelago north, Kaledupa and Wangiwangi islands; also, Runduma islands, to east.
Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Tukang Besi archipelago, south islands; northern Binongko and Tomea islands; South Sulawesi Pro
Maluku Province, 4 villages. Ambon island, northeast coast. 18,800 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Northeast
North central Papua Province, west of Mamberamo river, east Geelvink bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp] language
Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai regency; area between Adas, Dempar, and Melak towns; then down the Mahakam rivers, ea
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; most of west Timor island. 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: At
Maluku Province, southeast portion; Northwest Aru islands, jir and Wokam islands west peninsula tip. 1,030 (2011 SIL). Status
Sulawesi Barat Province, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies. Mostly interior area north of Majene town. 30,000
Sulawesi Tengah Province, Donggala regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro subdistricts, 32 villages; along Lariang river and tribut
Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Long Pujungan, Long Jelet Mesahan, and Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect) villages
Kalimantan Timur Province, Malinau regency, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, and Long Belua villages. Middle M
Papua Province, east highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip valley,
Papua Barat Province, 2 small islands between Karas island and southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland, some possible on Ka
Papua Province, south of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa] and south of Molof [msl] language areas. 110 (2004 SIL).
Papua Province, border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. 250 (2005 SIL). 0 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternat
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Takar
Papua Province, Serui island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island, 2 separate enclaves between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] la
Papua Barat Province, north central Waigeo island off western Bird’s Head, Sorong regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, Warsa
Maluku Utara Province; northwest Halmahera island, Coastal area, from Sasu town, inland to highland interior. 3,000 (Voorho
Papua Province, Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, and Wurigelebut villages. 20,000 (2007 P. Seow). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua Province, south coast area north of Mandobo language area. 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kenon, Ke
Papua Barat Province, Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih bay along Wandamen bay extending to east end of Bintuni bay
Papua Province, upper Digul river area. East of Kombai [tyn] and west of Wambon [wms] language areas. 1,180 (2002 SIL). Sta
Papua Province, central highlands area, upper Rouffaer river basin north of Damal [uhn], northwest of Dem [dem], south of Ki
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, southwest coast, southeast of Waikabubak city. 10,000 (Wurm and Hattor
Papua Province, north coast, Mamberamo river mouth and west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi villages. 600 (199
Papua Province, north coast area inland from Kwesten [kwt] language area on upper Biri river, south side, Maweswares village
Papua Province, northeastern area, Keerom regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jayapura. 1,500 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Thre
Papua Province, Lakes plain area around Taiyeve. 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wari, Weretai
Papua Province, south coast area bordering Asmat languages to east and Sawi [saw] language to west, lower Eilanden river. 3
Papua Province, Yapen and Waropen regencies. Ambumi dialect: south of the Wandamen bay. 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shift
Sulawesi Tenggara Province, North Konawe regency, Asera subdistrict, Mopute village. Interior area; north of confluence of So
Maluku Province, east central area, Watubela islands, north of Kur island. 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Papua Barat Province, island off of southeast Waigeo island, Wauyai village. 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classifica
Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. 30,000 (2004 D. Andersen), increasing.
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; west Sumba island, interior. 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Veveva, W
Maluku Province, at least 14 villages. Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; southwest Seram, northeast
Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island. East coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on central north
Papua Province, west Serui island, Wooi and Wainap villages. 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name
Papua Province, west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] language area, northeast of L
Sulawesi Tenggara Province; Buton island, southwest coast towards Buntung strait; Baubau city, adjacent areas northeast and
Papua Province, interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. 5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known
Sulawesi Selatan Province, East Luwu regency, Wotu subdistrict, Lampenai, and Bawalipu villages. Northern end of Bone bay; c
Papua Barat Province, south Bird’s Head, along Maccluer bay between lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers. 500 (1991 SIL). Statu
Maluku Province, south central Seram island, coastal area west of Teluti bay. 1,700 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alterna
Papua Province, eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguruk. 2
Papua Province, central highlands area northwest of Nalca [nlc] and east of Grand Valley Dani language areas. 15,000 (1991 J.
Papua Province, central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat villages; E
Papua Province, central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima regencies. 5,000
Maluku Province, southeast area, 35 villages. Tannembar islands; east coast Yamdena island, down to north tip of Selaru island
Papua Province, south coast Obaa river area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu] language areas.
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, island off north coast east of Biri river. 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribun
Papua Province, lower end of Cenderawasih bay, west of Yeresiam [ire] language area. 350 (1978 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alte
Papua Province, Yapen island: 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages, all in the central portion of
Papua Province, south coast border area, east of Marind along Maro river. 6 villages. 2,390 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alte
Papua Province, south coast area, east side of Marianne strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) island and mainland. 400
Papua Province, south Cenderawasih bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur lake; into Papua Barat Province, area north of Om
Papua Province, lower Kwatisore bay, between 2 peninsulas; into Papua Barat Province, southern end, Wandamen peninsula.
Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east and north of Sobger river, south of Ji mou
Papua Province, Sarmi regency, east of Warembori, east of Mamberamo river, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coast fro
Papua Province, northeastern portion, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu. 230 (2005 SIL). 0 monoling
 ate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
uage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
Madik), Abun Tat (Karon Pantai). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
hinese Dialects: Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malay
bola [klz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian.
entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim, Christian.
arnggala [gtu] of Australia. Christian, traditional religion.
West Coast Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.
Alune (Nikulkan-Murnaten-Wakolo), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu). Rambatu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe [kgb] may b
an [kzx], 58% with Kaibobo [kzb], 52% with Luhu [lcq] and Hulung [huk], 50% with Alune [alp], 49% with Naka’ela [nae], 47% with Lisabata-
ects: Kotos, Ro’is, Ro’is Hero (Kopa), Ro’is Tais Nonof. Part of Uab Meto language chain. Reportedly similar to Uab Meto [aoz] but with diff
Randawaya. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ce
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau Comments: Schools through junior high on the isla

], 62% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 66% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Bangga
. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West
stern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Commen
% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Hovongan [hov]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Ke
remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai [wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Ili’uun [ilu], 57% with Ga
: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim.
mberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments: Christi
religion, Christian.
o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cen
u, Negeri Lima (Henalima, Lima), Ureng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%–82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 7
a, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Dialects: Ajam (Ayam), Misman, Simai (Simay). Reportedly similar to Sempan

ssel Lakes Comments: Distinct from Awyi [auw] (Awye) in Taikat group. Christian, traditional religion.
l similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono Comments: Frequently at war with Kopkaka and Korowai.

ani-Moni group. Christian, traditional religion.

al Awyu [awu] and Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Christian, traditional relig
ification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu Comments: Traditional religion.
mments: Christian.
. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bada’, Tobada’ Dialects: Ako, Bada. Lexical similarity: 85% with Bada and Behoa [bep], 91% with
ensus). 12,000 in Kenekes village area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo Dialects: Sometimes consider
erba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
berai, West Bomberai Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
enyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper
. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.
ovince on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula islands. 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,00

layo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’ Comments: Traditional religion.

arity: 75% with Ngaju [nij], 45% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South Comments

es: Balanta, Kosian Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Saluan [loe], 39% with Bobongko [bgb]. Classifi
hland Bali (“Bali Aga” (pej.)), Lowland Bali (Badung, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem, Klungkung, Tabanan), Nusa Penida. Reporte
n, Pakkau, Pattae’, Salu Mokanam. Complex dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 83%–94% with Bumal; 85%–80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulah
Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser Comments: The people originally came from the Banda Islands, but the language is
nggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christian.
er of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: A network
owards Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; smaller region, Kalimantan Barat Province, coastal Matua. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 censu

rity: 70% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian
4% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Nor
ments: Traditional religion, Christian.
). Alas dialect may be more similar to Karo Batak [btx], 81% cognate (Soravia 2002), while Kluet and Singkil may be more closely related to
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Christian.
Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
b]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern Comments: A general form of Bata

nds, Batak, Southern Comments: Christian.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Strong separation of ethnolinguistic identity from Gese
[bzb], 54% with Bobongko [bgb], 46% with Balantak [blz], 38% with Banggai [bgz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.
Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Dialects: Aumenefa, Gesda Dae, Neao. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: W
n: Bayono-Awbono
ments: Christian, traditional religion.
from Bada [bhz] and Napu [npy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: Ch
preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.
with dialects; 54%–66% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%–50% with Salas Gunung dialect [sgu], 32%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Au
: In the linguistic literature the language is referred to as Kata Kolok which means ‘deaf language’ in Balinese [ban].
to Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: ‘Bentong’ and ‘Dentong’ are Bugis [b

ate Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. C
 Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte Dialects: None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from bo
h, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor Dialects: Ariom, Bo’o, Bosnik, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Kamer, Korido, Korim, Mandusir, Mapia, Mios Num, Mo
Biatah [bth] of Sarawak. Christian, traditional religion.
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern
Raja Ampat
Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comm
ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Muslim.

riku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar
olynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Different from Boano [bzn] in Maluku. Muslim.
nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Different from B
l similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 44% with Andio [bzb], and 30% with Gorontalo [gor], 25%–30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow lan
luti [tlt], 42% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ea
olang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Dialects: Atinggola (Andagile, Attingola, Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (Uki). Classification: Austronesian, M
ng Comments: Traditional religion.
olynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.
apura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Bgu may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.
ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju [mqx] and Seko Padang [skx], 61% with Seko Tengah [sko], 72% with Panasuan [psn]. Classificati
outh of lake, along east coast of Bone bay, 3 enclaves; Kasiputih area facing Muna island; Sulawesi Tengah Province, west side, areas at Oti

-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang Comments: Christian.

South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Several communities of over 100 dwellings. Muslim, Christian.
ps scattered among other languages. Traditional religion.
; interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. 27,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Nahina, Ta
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Mus
religion, Christian.
n 5% with other languages. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu), Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoke

known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditi
ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Gui
1% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Lantoi [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton,
], 55% with Bugis Bone [bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene [bug], Bugis Sidrap [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South
esia (1982). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Kaesabu, Masiri, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialect of
Vakam. Reportedly similar to Asmat [cns]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religi
Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
gi. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments
 ). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.
rthern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.
ungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Dialects: Amongme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [m
Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East Damar
Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar
-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Dampal dialect is extinct. Muslim.
West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

milarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper Comments: Christian
l Lakes Comments: Traditional religion.
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North Comments: Christian.
tral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Christian, traditional reli
dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of, ngg, in Eastern Dengka dialect become, nd, in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of W

lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Ethnic autonym
s Plain, East Comments: Used as an inter-language. Christian, traditional religion.
mments: Christian, traditional religion.

merchants and other outsiders who live in Dobel villages and residents of Lorang use it as L2. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Do
sian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Most of the hill Dondo interact socially with the Dondo coastal population whic

esin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala Dialects: A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po
cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.

w Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central
y: 90% with the 2 dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South
n, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South
ariku, Duvle Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

milar to Wolani [wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Eth
lated to any other language. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Almost no outside influence. ‘Morwap’ is vigorously rejected as a
Maloh). Kalis may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic Comments: Com

ayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Christian, Muslim.
tulappa-Kassa), Ranga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: Muslim.
, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is reportedly similar but not the same. Lexi
tern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
Doa Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–49% with Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East Comments: Ethnic name is Fuau
ge towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida Dia
0 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a
bar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Immigrants from Kisar learned Galolen. Christian.

n Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: Muslim.
eople consider Alas [btz] a distant Gayo dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comm
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guine
ith Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Ges
Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P
ello, Holontalo, Hulontalo Dialects: East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, Limboto (Limbotto), Tilamuta, West Gorontalo (Kwandang). Classificati
ran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
sa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni).
eographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with Adang. Classification: Trans-New Guin
% with Saparua [spr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nu

, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese Dialects: Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua), Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu). Classification: Austronesian, Mal
, Helong Darat (Bolok), Helong Pulau (Island Helong, Semau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Pol
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits,

g [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Puna
n, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Culturally distinct from Manusela. Traditional religion.

la [nae], 63% with Alune [alp], 59% with Wemale [weo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesi

Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau Dialects: Foi, Iau, Turu. Reportedly similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. Varieties listed as dialects may
Demam, Maung, Sebaru’, Sekapat, Seklau, Sesat, Sigarau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Iban
herently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu
oper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

esian, Bima-Lembata
u, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, Telemar, Ustutun. All also use the Ili’uun dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%–97% among dialects, 73% with Tugun

h Standard Malay [zsm]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Mala

esian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin [cmn] elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]
Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera Comm
, Western Isirawa. Reportedly similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa Comment
is language may no longer exist or speakers moved to another location. Christian, traditional religion.

si, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Population total all countries:
reole, Dutch based
n, traditional religion.
be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate language from Adang [adn]. Class
 ristian, traditional religion.
entral Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: The government wants to resettle them along the coast. Traditional religion.
ments: The name Kafoa is not known locally.
t, 75% with Kamarian [kzx], 62%–65% with Saparua [spr], 62% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.
nguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binggi, Bunggu, Da’a, Pakawa, Pekava, Pekawa Dialects: Da’a (Dombu), Inde. Some intelli
Edo (Sidondo), Ija (Sigi), Ledo (Palu), Rai (Sindue-Tawaili, Tawaili-Sindue), Raio (Kori), Ta’a (Dolago-Sausu, Sausu), Taa (Palolo), Tado (Ri Io, T
ayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Lole has negative term, unde. Ganti has negative term, ndepuu. Muslim
: 81% with Kambe-kambero dialect, 75% with Busoa [bup], 64%–74% with Muna [mnb] dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku [lix], 66

Christian, traditional religion.

sian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim.

maller dialects not listed. Lexical similarity: 78% with Mamasa [mqj], 78% with Tae’ [rob], 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]; 82% between Kara
or-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: North central Alor language complex.
arua [spr], 60% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 59% with Amahai [amq], Luhu [lcq], Naka’ela [nae], and Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austronesi
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: Muslim.
hern Sumba, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai). Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Lewa and Uma Ratu Nggai dialec
uwai [asi]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
tion: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro Comments: Different from Yeretuar (Umari) [gop]. Christian, traditional religion.
Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese
so classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic gro
languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: Sou
are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Class
l intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-
hera, Sahu Comments: Muslim.

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sar

tral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

traditional religion.
nd for Central Malay [pse] speakers. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Malay [pse] dialects Pasemah and Serawai. A member of macrolan

onal religion, Christian.

olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cende
w Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
akan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Linguistic influences from Ot Danum [otd].
yo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli Comments: Shifted to Ambonese Malay [abs] or L
o-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.
 utonese who live in Kei. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Keiese, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav Dialects: Kei Besar, Kei Kecil, Ta’am, Tan

rth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian.

r Timor Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern Comments:

milarity: 80% with Gresi [grs]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ames: Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Kendayan-Ambawang, Salako Dialects: Ahe, Ambawang, Kendayan, Selako. Classification
ore than 80% with other “Malayic Dayak” dialects in Melawi Basin like Barai, Nanga Nuak, Kebahan, Ransa, Kenyilu, Limbai and Kubin. Class
52,000. 0 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah Dialects: Badeng, Bakung, Lepo’ B
ames: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Dialects: Lebu’ Kulit, Uma Timai, Uma’ Ujok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borne
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: People and language are both called Ke’

. Lexical similarity: 69% with Hovongan [hov], 69% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Nort
dialect diversity in a small area, shading into Jambi Malay [zlm] east and Minangkabau [min] north. Distinct from Kerinci-Minangkabau dia
ditional religion.
yu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

o dialect of Muna [mnb], 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku [lix] and Busoa [bup]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic

wa Dialects: Not related to Oirata [oia], which has sometimes been called a dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centr
r-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor
tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru
; 54% with the several Mori and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bun
ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

ori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kembe
ith Ujir [udj]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim, Christian.
wyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
g, Kayu Agung Asli, Komering, Upstream Komering. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp]; 74% with Sungka

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.

. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Kadjang, Kajang, Tana Towa). Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 76% with Makassar [mak]; Tana Toa dialect: 10
al Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim, Christian.
imilar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
alect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku
h dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai Comments: Traditional religion.
s]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
wai, Namatota, Namatote Dialects: Adijaya, Keroi, Namatota. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Poly
Ridan, Supat, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu Lako. Related to Lubu [lcf]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian,
s: Batulolong, Kiramang (Kramang), Kui (Buraga, Lerabaing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor C
pui Dialects: Arumaka, Iramang, Kula, Kula Watena, Kulatela, Larena, Sumang, Watena. Reportedly structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but
7% with Tolaki [lbw], 75% with Koroni [xkq], 66% with Wawonii [wow] and Bungku [bkz] group, 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the
utheastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.
ei [kei], 71%–83% with Teor [tev], 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centr
tern Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
oup. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-W
ame language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western
wabai, Sasawa, Serikenam. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comme
erba, Nuclear Comments: ‘Nopukw’, language, in the Kwerba family, and does not distinguish a particular variety. Traditional religion, Chris

with Galela [gbi], 78% with Loloda [loa]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian.
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Am
etween Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect, 76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Wotu [wtw], 39% with Muna [mnb]. Clas
bang, Taka, Tanjung Bunda), West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), West Solor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

. 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir Dialects: Daya, Krui (Kroe, Kr
ilarity: 72% between the Menggala dialect and the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp], 77% among dialects. Classification: Austronesian
asihu dialects; 92% between Larike and Wakasihu; 68%–71% with Asilulu [asl], 67%–72% with Negeri Lima dialect of Asilulu [asl]. Classifica
ng Besi South [bhq], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 50% with Wolio [wlo] and Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cel
u, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua
abo (Ampibabo-Lauje). Ampibabo dialect may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-To
al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba
: Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Benua, Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Pasir, P
Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Muslim, Christian

own. Lexical similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq], 38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with Wolio [wlo], 31% with Sek

u, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. They share historical and cultural heritage with Luang [lex], but maintain their own identity and local pride
ern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
bly most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: C

%–76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko [ues]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern
al similarity: 66%–74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast) dialects, 69%–78% between Kobi and Seti, 70

yo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: ‘Tado’ (alternate for Lindu) is different from Tado dia
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.
with Naka’ela [nae], 67% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malay
Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo Dialects: Lisela (Licela, Licella), Tagalisa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.
from Mongondow [mog]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Ponosakan [pns], 63% with Kaidipang [kzp]. Classificati
gah, Roti, Rotinese Dialects: Ba’a, North Lole, South Lole. North Lole, na-hina, becomes South Lole, ni-hina. Classification: Austronesian, Ma
. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian.

milarity: 89% with Leti [lti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest M

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumu
dayeh, Southern Murut Dialects: Lun Bawang (Long Bawan, Sarawak Murut), Lun Daye, Papadi. Not Murutic, although sometimes called S
nclaves near Tawahan and Damar. 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Dialects: Dusun
ra-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Muslim.
-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Possibly the same as Maya [slz]. Christian, traditional re
0 in Indonesia (2000 census), decreasing. 86,000 Bawean. 2000 census reports large population decrease. Due to intermarriage, language
with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], and its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat Comments: Ethnic autonym: Ayamaru. Trad
Mairasi. Reportedly similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi [etz], 61%
omments: Muslim.
oa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Dialects: Gowa (Goa
kian Timur Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma
age isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian Com
hristian, traditional religion.
ng provinces. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan,
3 (Wider communication).Became an LWC through trade, and is used in inter-cultural ommunication, market, and some media. Alternate N
alayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: No evidence of an earlier indigenous language (1987 J. Collins). Muslim.

f macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Shares phono
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Traditional religion.
nsus). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bengkulu, Besemah, Enim, Lintang, Midden Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai Di
Bengkulu Province, small area south of Lake Dipatipan. 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Batin, Djambi Dia
ts (Northern Kutai). A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, M
te and Chinese languages, Portuguese [por], Uab Meto [aoz], Sabu [hvn], Spanish [spa], Dutch [nld], English [eng]. Christian, Muslim.

nese Malay, Minahasan Malay Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to North Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lankan M
ernate Names: Ternate Malay Dialects: None known. Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. Reportedly more similar to
offices. Became an LWC through trade. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm
nate Names: Kutai, Tenggarong Dialects: Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai, Tenggarong Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun
ng city northeast towards Kotabaru; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau
lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu Comments: They view themselves as distinct fro
ng, Southern Mamasa, Tae’). Lexical similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulaw
as. Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju Comments: Muslim
g islands near Makassar city, other areas. 475,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar

ew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

fication: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ntion Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

it-Kaitetu [hik], 55%–60% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 56% with Boano [bzn] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyn
en on Wamar island. 9,110 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam Dialects: None known. Not inher
eties, 67%–75% with Hatuolo, 64%–86% with Maneo, 66%–86% with Maneoratu, 67%–80% with South Manusela; 64%–72% with Huaulu [
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Ocea
puma [ppm], and Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polyn
ant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear M
nd, Nuclear Marind Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ian, Aru Comments: Muslim.
h Babar Comments: Christian.
Comments: Christian.

armi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwa

t New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
onal religion.
yo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional re
[kmt]. Classification: Nimboran Comments: Different from Moi (Mosana) [mxn]. Christian, traditional religion.
layo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
erawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

i, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Padang Dialects: Agam, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Orang Mamak, Pajokumbuh, Pancuang Soal
intermarriage with Kemtuik [kmt] speakers. Kwansu is an obsolete village name. Christian, traditional religion.
anic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
orth Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang
ments: Some intermarriage with the Tabaru [tby]. Christian.
nt from Mekwei [msf] (Moi) dialect. Christian, traditional religion.

tional religion.
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.
Mombum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ahai Comments: They have contact with Dani who are learning Momuna. Christian, traditional religion.
moga, Lolayan, Passi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mong
Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor Comments: Different from Trans-New Guinea Mor [moq]. Traditional religion, Christian.
Mor [mhz]. Christian, traditional religion.

Dialects: Impo, Molio’a, Molongkuni, Tambee (Ajo, South Mori, Tambee, Zuid-Mori), Ulu Uwoi. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Baw
i, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Dialects: Karunsi’e (Karonsie, Korongsi, Sinongko), Moiki (Tomoiki), Nuha (Soroako), T
0 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. Wita Ea 23,000, Tokotu’a 14,000. Includes about 3,500 living in cities. Second or third generations in citie
sification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland Comments: Ethnonym: Morop. Dintere most widespread dialect. The previous langua
mony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
nx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

lligibility from Mualang to Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Christian.
mpu, Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Tiworo (Eastern Muna). Subvarieties of standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, To
tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West

ation).Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it as a
ssification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland

sian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Formerly lived in mounta
my] difficult to understand. Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Not the same as Larantuka M
th Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Distinct from Korupun (Kimyal) dialect of Korupun-Sela [k

n, Badaic Comments: Christian.

ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nasal Comments: Muslim.

Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

east Ngada Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Le
nt, market, etc.). Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito Dialects: Ba’amang (Bara-Bare, Sam
Dialects: Apmisibil, Ngalum, Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
an, traditional religion.
entral Nias, North Nias (Gunung Sitoli), Northwest Nias, South Nias, West Nias. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwes
an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

land on the Indonesia side where they temporarily migrate to gather food. Christian, traditional religion.
tern Comments: Distinct from Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Christian, traditional religion.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Distinct from Huaulu [hud].
% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sa
o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha,

Timor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Christian.

Okolod variety in Sabah, 70% with Pensiangan Murut dialect of Tagal Murut [mvv], 34% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian
on, Christian.

New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
ned). Alternate Names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. Clas

e Names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum Dialects: Dohoi, Kadorih, Kuhin, Ot Balawan, Ot Banu’u, Ot Murung 1 (Murung 1, Punan
hreatened). Alternate Names: Alalao, Pado-e, Padoé, South Mori Dialects: Central Padoe, Western Padoe. 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 73%

esian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

languages; marginal intelligibility of Li’o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lemb

u, and Bone-Bone subdistricts; total 193 villages. 137,000 (Lauder et al. 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baree, Bare’e, Po
7% with Seko Tengah [sko], 63% with Seko Padang [skx], 72% with Budong-Budong [bdx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Muna [mnb], 57% with Cia-Cia [cia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclea
e-Tabulahan [atq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

an, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional re
mahera, Southeast Comments: Schools. Muslim.
am, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua Comments: Experienced a severe earthquake and tidal wave in 2009.
A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: S
c, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: “Umalasa” is a Bugis [bug] exonym meaning ‘the sick ones’ with negative connotations. M
uun [ilu], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southw
dominantly Malay and Dutch [nld] vocabulary, with Malay and Sundanese elements.
Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Muslim.
orneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

ricultural peoples (Blust 1974). There are no Penan languages as a distinguishable subgroup.

Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

e, Wiau Dialects: Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw

b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect. Classification: A

, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Musi (Curup), Pasisir, Rawas. Lebong recognized as central dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang Comments: 85%

yo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: ‘Ringgou’ is the pronunciation in some other Rote languages. Ethnic autonym
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
uinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

o Waioli [wli] and Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

i [bgy], 35%–46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Malu
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: M
’, Lingketeng), Luwuk. Lexical similarity: 74% with Batui [zbt], 53% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with Andio [bzb], 51% with Balantak [blz]. Cl
tian, traditional religion.
ble. Koman and Semerawai could be in this group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak
ko), Siau (Sjauw), Tabukang (Tabukan), Tagulandang (Tahulandang), Taruna (Tahuna). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Phil
2%–84% with Latu [ltu], 69% with Amahai [amq], 67% with Kamarian [kzk], 68%–71% with Haruku [hrk], 65% with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%–66%

ma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Contact with Bugis [bug] and Kaili L
plex dialect network. Some varieties have low mutual intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa,
n: East Geelvink Bay Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

exical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern

on: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
; distinct historical ethnic identities. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Many current village
Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
e Names: Baria, Tawaelia, Tawailia, Topobaria Dialects: Not a dialect of nearby Napu [npy] or of Kaili languages. Most closely related to Mo
Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, Wes
Kapalajernih, and Kundur; possible scattered populations on mainland. 420 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
n Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Many primary schools. Christian, Muslim.
[psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko Comments: Christian, Muslim.
Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to nearby languages. Lexical similarity: 56% with Seluwasan [sws]. Classification: Aus
s: Muslim, Christian.
urutic, Murut
atian dialect quite different from others. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast M
itional religion, Christian.
akan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong
63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
n Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
n: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Ethnic autonym: Buyaka. Traditional religion, Christian.
ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East

Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua Comments: Government had moved them from Serua Island, south central Maluku
olynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Wester
 a Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lem
ssification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

k Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

omments: Christian, traditional religion.

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.
n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sar

Head, Inanwatan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula Comments: Muslim.

Sundanese Dialects: Bogor (Krawang), Cirebon, Pringan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: Muslim, t
Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
lippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Separate language from Gorontalo [gor]. Muslim.
mments: Christian.
% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Se
s in East Luwu regency, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako. 340,000 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: East To
ngan, Taggal, Tagul), Rundum (Arundum), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tagal (North Borneo Murut

of Kaili Unde [unz]. Muslim.

ynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern Comments: Ethnic autonym: Tajio. Kasimbar is the main town. Muslim.
long). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian.
milar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo Comments: Talo,
arity: 77% with Kulisusu [vkl]; 75% with Koroni [xkq]; 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65%
]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Muslim, Christian.
on: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
aditional religion, Christian.

a, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

outh East Tarangan. Lexical similarity: 71% with West Tarangan [txn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mal
rn Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Manom
astern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian.
ents: First contact with outside world in 1982. Christian, traditional religion.
esian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug Comments: Muslim.
wn. Lexical similarity: 77% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Ba

nal religion, Christian.

lmeit, Sfa Riere, Tehit Jit. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head Comments: Christian, tradition

ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East C
rom Javanese. Hindu.
ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim, Christian.

n Termanu). Reportedly seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for s
northeast Halmahera. Status: 6b (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tidore [tvo]. Classification: West Papuan, Nort

Tenggara province. Alternate Names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Lakluta, N
em from Teun Island, south central Maluku, due to volcanic activity on their island.
ones, Tiroon, Zedong Dialects: Nonukan (Nunukan), Penchangan, Sedalir (Sadalir, Salalir, Saralir, Selalir), Sesayap (Sesajap), Sibuku, Taraka
cation: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.
prefix, na-fa’da, varies with, i-fa’da. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuc
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North N
at islands. Papua Province, Sorong area. 27,700 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Boëng, Dodinga, Tobelo (Heleworuru). Classificatio
s: Christian, traditional religion.
ws. 331,000 (2000 census). 298,000 Tolaki (Konawe), 33,000 Mekongga and 200 Wiwirano. Asera and Laiwui not separately listed, but less
onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Muslim.
ngku [bkz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Consider themselves Pa
[tdn] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Traditional r
o-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Muslim.
mbulu [tom] and Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast Comments: Christi

gion, Christian.
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North Comments: Christian.
]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Recent settlers from elsewhere and r
a, Toraja Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu’), Toraja Barat (Mappa-Pana, West Toraja). Rantepao is prestige dialect. Class
ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli Comments: Muslim.

th Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
m Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
e Names: Mahuan, Tutunohan Dialects: Arwala, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat. Lexical similarity: 92%–97% among d
rs in Maba district. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. 2,590 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Kusuri, Teluk Lili. Possibly several d
ous). Alternate Names: Buton, Wakatobi Dialects: Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wangi- Wangi, Wanje, Wanji, Wantji). Lexical similarity: 8
rn Papua Province. 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakato
ialects, 74%–82% with Hitu [htu], 72%–76% with Haruku [hrk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Po
65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Comments: May be better considere
Names: Tunjung Dayak Dialects: Pahu, Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Linggang, Tunjung Londong. Classification: Austronesian, Mala
anuban-Amanatun (Amanatun, Amanuban, Amanubang), Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi (Amabi, Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule’u), Biboki-Insana (Bib
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Muslim.
tteng, Sondoang, Tappalang. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity: 75%–80% with dialect of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], and Panne
ther areas north of Palu; small area in Sulawesi Barat Province, near west bank, Lariang river. 20,000 (1990 M. Martens), increasing. 15,00
nesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan Comments: Christian.
n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan
one known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Commen
h Bomberai Comments: Blust (1991) says this appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Christian, traditional religion.
anguage. Classification: Unclassified Comments: Afra may be the name preferred by the people.
 alayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Com

etsam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera
Halmahera, Sahu Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ni, Dasener, Steenkool, Wamesa (Ubu), Waruritinao, Wasior, Windesi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Ma

s: 0. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waano Dialects: Central Wano, East Wano, West Wano. Reportedly similar to Nggem [nbq
wu, Sumba
assification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
wres village now inhabited by Mawes [mgk] speakers. Christian, traditional religion.

n Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen Comments: Christian.
alects, 79% with Mekongga and other Tolaki [lbw] dialects, 70% with Rahambuu [raz] and Kodeoha [vko], 54% with the Mori [mzq] or [xmz
1% with Teor [tev] and Kur [kuv], 37% with Bobot [bty], 34% with Masiwang [bnf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Centra
Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ct of Bungku [bkz], 66% with Taloki [lbw], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
yo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ale, West Wemale, West-Central Wemale. Lexical similarity: 84% with east and west dialects, 70% with South Wemale dialect. Classificatio
sification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar Comments: Cultural and historical relationship with Liquisa area in East Timor. Chris
nesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western C
rans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
1% with Cia-Cia [cia]; 60% with Masiri dialect of Cia-Cia and Lantoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polyne
nd Waropen [wrp]-speaking village.
lternate Names: Wadu Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with South Sulaw
’s Head, Konda-Yahadian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
eluti [tlt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Th
Dialects: Gilika (Kilika), Kosarek, Tiple. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan [nps], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Me

galik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan Dialects: None known. Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Hupla [hap]. Class
nea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
lirin Dialects: North Yamdena (Nus Das), South Yamdena (Nus Bab). A chain of related varieties from north to south with 90% lexical simila
Marind, Yaqay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Bay, Sarmi Comments: Yarsun may not exist or speakers may have moved (2005 SIL). Christian, traditional religion.
Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
wa, South Yawa, West Yawa. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Maro, Yey Comments: Different cultural group from Marind. Christian, traditional religion.
, Yelmek-Maklew Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
o-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
n, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar Comments: Distinct from Kamoro [kgq]. Christian,
si, Biksi, Inisine Dialects: None known. Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language. Classification: Unclassified Comme
 wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
sification: Pauwasi, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
 , Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Acehnese Comments: Muslim.

estigious. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 77%–91% among dialects, 64% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 63% with Hulung [huk]
a [nae], 47% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 45% with Wemale [weo] and Nuaulu, 44% with Boano [bzn] and Saleman [sau]. Classification: Aus
Uab Meto [aoz] but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility prob
sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New
rough junior high on the island. Wild pigs and rocky terrain on Ambelau make cultivation impossible; that is done in Wae Tawa village on B

bic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western Comments: ‘Masama’ is preferred local name. Muslim.
ian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian, traditional
yapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Anus and Fedan [pdn] may be the same language. Christian, traditional religion.
North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’
th Ili’uun [ilu], 57% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, S

Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

nea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Reportedly originates from Gag Island, west of Waigeo Island. Traditio
2% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 72%–73% with the Wakal dialect of Hitu [htu], 67%–72% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 71%–73% with Luhu [lcq] in

eportedly similar to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers, Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asma

and Korowai.

ts: Christian, traditional religion.

 and Behoa [bep], 91% with Behoa and Napu [npy], 80% with Bada and Napu [npy]. The 3 are geographically, politically, and culturally sep
ialects: Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda [sun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese Comments: A separate

Coast Comments: Muslim.

Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Cen

ito, West, South Comments: Muslim.

with Bobongko [bgb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern Comments: Muslim, Christi
nan), Nusa Penida. Reportedly 2 distinct dialects. High Bali is used in religion, but users are diminishing. Speech strata in several lowland v
th dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumanda [ulm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi,
slands, but the language is no longer spoken there. Muslim.

Malay Comments: A network of dialects with distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical innovations set Bangka apart from other Malay
00 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,505,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Banjar became a LWC

an, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Some think the language will die out. Muslim.

y be more closely related to Pakpak Dairi [btd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak

ents: A general form of Batak common to a wider area than Angkola. Muslim.

nguistic identity from Geser-Gorom [ges]. Muslim.

Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Muslim.

ink Bay, Bauzi Comments: Whistle speech reported. Christian, traditional religion.

hern, Badaic Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Se

’ and ‘Dentong’ are Bugis [bug] and Makasarese [mak] exonyms meaning ‘nonfluent’, but the names do not have negative connotations to

kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Comments: Formerly the trade language of Tor area. Christian, traditio
 ased creole distinct from both Indonesian [ind] and other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evolved mid-19th century. Unique phonolog
dusir, Mapia, Mios Num, Mofu, Monoarfu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Rumberpon, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sorido, Sunde

r, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

Comments: Different from Boano [bzl] in Sulawesi.

Gorontalo-Mongondow languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic C
ynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot Comments: Muslim.
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Distin

Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments: Muslim.
vince, west side, areas at Oti, Toaya, and Donggola; east side, 3 enclaves on Tolo bay; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mandar bay, 2 more enclav

mes: Ikinyikiusa, Nahina, Tamboeko, Tambuku, Tobuco Dialects: Bungku, Landawe, Routa, Torete (To Rete), Tulambatu, Waia. Lexical simil
Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Ethnic population Fogi dialect: 500, but no remaining speakers. Le

Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

h Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan Comments: Muslim.
, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.

Kambe-Kambero dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 69% with Busoa [bup], 67% with Lontoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 66% with Liabuku [lix], 6
: Christian, traditional religion.

, Malayic, Malay Comments: The Lembak Delapan dialect of Col in Bengkulu is not to be confused with the Lembak subdialect of the Belide
 s: Christian.

lated to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], and Wolani [wod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal Comments: Christian.

roper Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ts: Christian, traditional religion.

engka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao [nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale [row] are more divergent from other languages on

Comments: Ethnic autonym: Dhao. Rote neighbors refer to them as ‘Ndao’. Christian.

oping). Alternate Names: Doibel, Kobroor, Kobro’or, Sersifar Tannin Dialects: Northern Dobel, Southeast Dobel, Straits Dobel. At least 3 dia
ndo coastal population which reinforces the use of Dondo in a variety of functions. Muslim.

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

Wissel Lakes Comments: Ethnonym: Kapauku by southern neighbors. Christian.

’ is vigorously rejected as a language name by speakers and government officials. Christian, traditional religion.
s, Tamanic Comments: Complex mix of ethnic groups: Taman of upper Kapuas River, Suai, Taman Mendalem, Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Le

pulu Comments: Muslim.

milar but not the same. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 86% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Commen
onal religion, Christian.
mments: Ethnic name is Fuau; Abawiri most accepted language name. Christian, traditional religion.
ata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida Dialects: Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is most divergent dialect. Lexical si
ai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility of Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% of Galela. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera,

matra-Barrier Islands Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

almahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: A school in each village. Muslim.
ral Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim.
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified Comments: Consider Sulawesi their ancestral homeland.
talo (Kwandang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Goronta

assification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Separate sociopolitical history from Adang. Christia
tral Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay Comments: Muslim, Christian.

ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao Comments: Christian, tradition
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
ru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.

nic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’ Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung

eties listed as dialects may be separate languages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central Comments: Christian.
layo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

g dialects, 73% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Aputai [apx], 67% with Perai [wet], 51% with Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo

esian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Developed from literary ‘Classical Malay’ of the Riau-Johor sultanate (Sneddon 2003). H

ien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]) elements. Classification: Creole, Malay based
ea, South Halmahera Comments: Christian, Muslim.
r Kwerba, Isirawa Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

pulation total all countries: 84,308,740. Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Altern

age from Adang [adn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Christian, Muslim.
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Com
omments: Muslim.
(Dombu), Inde. Some intelligibility of Ledo dialect of Kaili, Ledo [lew] and other Kaili varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Le
), Taa (Palolo), Tado (Ri Io, To ri Io, Torio, Toriu), Tara (Parigi). Doi dialect is intelligible of Ledo and Edo; Ado next most intelligible; Tado a l
ative term, ndepuu. Muslim.
na, 70% with Liabuku [lix], 66% with Cia-Cia [cia], 58% with Wolio [wlo], 45% with Kaledupa dialect of Tukang Besi North [khc]; Kambe-kam

an [sda]; 82% between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja

k]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, E

and Uma Ratu Nggai dialects have difficulty understanding those from Mangili. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-E

traditional religion.

a Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common and much ritual exchange. Christian, traditional religion.
Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan m
alian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum vari
Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Comments: One ethnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ri

ea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

wai. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Commen

a, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

aditional religion.

Ambonese Malay [abs] or Lisela [lcl] (Wurm 2007). Muslim.

 Besar, Kei Kecil, Ta’am, Tanimbar Kei (Atnebar), Tayando. Kei Kecil is the prestigious urban dialect. Kei Besar speakers usually also know K

roper, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

dayan, Selako. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Indonesian [ind] well understood only
yilu, Limbai and Kubin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Keninjal is one of many ill-de
ts: Badeng, Bakung, Lepo’ Bem, Lepo’ Ke, Lepo’ Kuda, Lepo’ Maut, Lepo’ Ndang, Lepo’ Tau, Lepo’ Tepu’, Uma’ Jalan, Uma’ Tukung. Classific
ayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah
anguage are both called Ke’o. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.

nesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

om Kerinci-Minangkabau dialect of Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi

Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma Comments: Called Yotowawa or M

Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.

similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guin
nts: Muslim, Christian.

g Api [ljp]; 74% with Sungkai dialect of Lampung Api (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments:

[mak]; Tana Toa dialect: 10% with other coastal dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comm

stern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.

 entral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai Comments: Muslim.
lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Territory rapidly shrinking, somewhat due to d
r-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor Comments: Muslim, Christian.
similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui Comments: Chri
onene [mqn], 54% with the Mori languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolak

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur Comments: Muslim.

nesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: Christian.

ba, Kwerba, Nuclear Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

ty. Traditional religion, Christian.

nts: Christian.
Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Christian.
39% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao Comments: Muslim, Christian.
ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: ‘Lamaholot-Alor’ is used to refer to both a lingua franca an

Dialects: Daya, Krui (Kroe, Kru’i, Njo, Western Lampung), Pubian, Ranau, Southern Pesisir, Sungkai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Muslim.
ect of Asilulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunu
an, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton Comments: Muslim.

ynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

Mantararen, Njumit, Pasir, Purai, Purung, Taboyan, Tuwang. At least 17 dialects. Tawoyan [twy] may be inherently intelligible. Lexical simi
omments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.

h Wolio [wlo], 31% with Seko Padang [skx], 30% with Rampi [lje], 29% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 26% with Muna [mnb], 25% with Wotu [w

own identity and local pride. Christian.

ima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42%–61% between Kobi and Manusela [wha], 54%–66% between Kobi and Be

u) is different from Tado dialect of Kaili Ledo [lew]. Christian.

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments:
Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

Kaidipang [kzp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontal
sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang Comments: Matrilineal. Christian.

aku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian.

lthough sometimes called Southern Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelab
nyak Dayak Dialects: Dusun Balangan, Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong). Related to Malagasy languages in Madagascar. Lexical simila

slz]. Christian, traditional religion.

to intermarriage, language attitudes, and other socioeconomic issues, the Madurese population is likely underreported. Population total a
ic autonym: Ayamaru. Traditional religion.
: 69% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

a, Tena Dialects: Gowa (Goa, Lakiung), Maros-Pangkep, Turatea (Jeneponto). Gowa dialect is prestigious. Dialects form a chain. Classificatio
ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Mak
lmahera, West Makian Comments: Muslim.

au, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas a
nd some media. Alternate Names: Ambonese, Ambong, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay Dialects: Dobo Malay. Marginal intellig

y Comments: Shares phonological innovations with Kutai Malay [vkt], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd].

emah, Semendo, Serawai Dialects: Benakat, Bengkulu, Enim, Kikim, Kisam, Lematang Ulu, Lintang, Ogan, Pasemah, Rambang, Semenda, Se
te Names: Batin, Djambi Dialects: Downstream Jambi Malay, Upstream Jambi Malay. Forms a network of related varieties with Minangkab
, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
g]. Christian, Muslim.

. Also similar to Sri Lankan Malay [sci]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Influence
. Reportedly more similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Creo
bs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Classification: Creole, Malay based
nggarong and Kota Bangun (Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai [mqg]) are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau M
from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns;
w themselves as distinct from Bugis [bug] and Enrekang [ptt]. Muslim.
yo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim (Pattae’).
Mamuju Comments: Muslim.
dian, Mandharsche, Manjar Dialects: Balanipa (Napo-Tinambung), Majene, Malunda, Pamboang, Sendana (Cenrana, Tjendana). A complex

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East Comments: Muslim.

cts: None known. Not inherently intelligible with Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Lorang [lrn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo
ela; 64%–72% with Huaulu [hud], 42%–61% with Liana Seti [ste], 45% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
tern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic
esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Com
w Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwang

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

Pajokumbuh, Pancuang Soal (Muko-Muko), Penghulu, Si Junjung, Singkarak, Tanah, Ulu. Not intelligible with Indonesian [ind]. Pekal [pel] m

rontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.

ty: 73%–86% with Mori Bawah [xmz] and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bu
Tomoiki), Nuha (Soroako), Tinompo (Mokole, Soroako), Tiu (Tioe), Watu (Towatoe). Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75%
or third generations in cities no longer speak Moronene. 1,850 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene Dialec
dialect. The previous language name ‘Iwur’ came from a single village within the Morop group. Relationship between Nemah and Dintere
istian, traditional religion.

nic Comments: Christian.

Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gulamas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katob
ra-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

embang dialect to use it as a trade language. Alternate Names: Palembang, Palembangnese, Sekayu Dialects: Belide, Burai, Coastal Malay,

s: Formerly lived in mountains then moved down to Kairatu.

ot the same as Larantuka Malay [lrt] (Nagi) in Nusa Tenggara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain Comments: Traditi
al) dialect of Korupun-Sela [kpq]. Christian, traditional religion.

ents: Christian.
Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.
: Ba’amang (Bara-Bare, Sampit), Kahayan, Kahayan Kapuas, Katingan Ngaju, Katingan Ngawa, Mantangai (Oloh Mangtangai), Pulopetak. Le
n, traditional religion.

alayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias Comments: North dialect (particularly Gunung Sitoli) has high prestige and is a li

aditional religion.

Distinct from Huaulu [hud].

tral Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Different from Huaulu [hud]. Christian, traditional religion.
m Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments: Christian.
 Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut Comments: Traditional religion, C

ght dialect differences. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya Comments: Uria is a misspelling used earlier. Glossonym: Warpok by the

Murung 1 (Murung 1, Punan Ratah), Ot Olang, Ot Tuhup, Sarawai (Melawi), Sebaung, Ulu Ai’ (Da’an). Lexical similarity: 70% with Siang [sya
alects. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Mori Bawah [xmz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cel

ayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

te Names: Baree, Bare’e, Poso Dialects: Laiwonu (Iba), Pamona, Rapangkaka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tobau (Bare’e, Tobalo, Tobao), T
nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan Comments: Christian.
astern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.
u Comments: Muslim.

ents: Christian, traditional religion.

ave in 2009.
Malayic, Malay Comments: See themselves as Malay culturally and linguistically, not Minangkabau [min], though Pekal has Minangkabau in
h negative connotations. Muslim, Christian.
nesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Intermarry with the Kisar [kje]. Christian.

ongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo

tige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

an, Rejang Comments: 85% live in remote rural areas. Different from Rejang-Baram group of languages on Borneo. Musi and Rawas dialec

languages. Ethnic autonym: Rikou. Christian.

yo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian.
Sawai-Nuaulu Comments: Muslim.
51% with Balantak [blz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic Comments:

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%–66% with Tulehu [tlu], 49% with Luhu [lcq], 54% with Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes

t with Bugis [bug] and Kaili Ledo [lew] speakers. Muslim.

esian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Subgroups: Waktu Lima, Waktu Telu. Most Waktu Telu own farms; most Waktu L

Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast Comments: Different fr

ments: Many current village locations are the result of recent migrations from older locations. Christian, traditional religion.

. Most closely related to Moma [myl] in Palolo Valley. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Ka

m, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.

eatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Sawang, Seka, Sekah Dialects: Lexically and phonologically distinct f

san [sws]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Ch

yo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern Comments: Christian (Protestant).

sland, south central Maluku, to Seram due to volcanic activity on their island.
Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.
 layo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata Comments: Christian.

ea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Comments: Government schools through entire area. Increasing intermarriage with other groups. Christian.

anese Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper Comments: Distinct from Tanahmerah [tcm] (Sumeri) of Bomberai Peninsula. Ethnic auto
g). Alternate Names: East Toraja, Luwu’, Luwu-Rongkong, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, “Toala’”, Toraja Timur, Toware Diale
Tagal (North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut, Tagol), Tawan, Tolokoson (Telekoson), Tomani (Tumaniq). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

n. Muslim.

a, Taliabo Comments: Talo, Seho, Biha, and Bono (Mbono) are place names. Traditional religion, Christian.
dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungk
m, Christian.

nesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

st Tarangan [tre] and Manombai [woo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Commen
ts: Christian.

layo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Muslim, Christian.

 Muslim, Christian.

y need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Tim
fication: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore Comments: Muslim.

ts: Eastern Tetun (Lakluta, Natarbora, Soibada, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los, Tetun Terik), Northern Tetun (Belu Utara, Foho, Hill Tetun, Lia Foho,

ap (Sesajap), Sibuku, Tarakan (Terakan), Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, M

olynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

c, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Comments: Christian.
o (Heleworuru). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Taught in middle school in Tobelo town. Traditio

ot separately listed, but less than 1,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, Tokia, Tololaki, To’olaki Dialects: Asera (Ase

nts: Consider themselves Pamona. Muslim.

ast Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

Northeast Comments: Christian.

ttlers from elsewhere and rubber plantation development brought new language contacts. Muslim.
pao is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Mus

milarity: 92%–97% among dialects, 76% with Perai [wet], 74% with Aputai [apx], 73% with Ili’uun [ilu], 52% with Galolen [gal]. Classification
Teluk Lili. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobelo [tlb] variety. Classification: West Pap
Wantji). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kaledupa and Wanci, and may be separate languages. 70%–75% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 48% wi
Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi Dialects: Binongko, Bonerate, Tomea (Tomia). Lexical similarity: 70%–75% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 48%
, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon Comments: Muslim, Ch
ts: May be better considered a dialect of Burate [bti]. Christian, traditional religion.
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam
Fatule’u), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manea, Manlea), Mollo-Miomafo (Miomafo, Mollo). Much dialect variation.

Tabulahan [atq], and Pannei [pnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comment
Martens), increasing. 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 SIL), 500 in Benggaulu. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oem

nea, Mek, Eastern Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 awasih Bay, Yapen, East Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

olynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat Comments: Christian, traditional religion

ynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cendera

tedly similar to Nggem [nbq], and Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, D

omments: Christian.
with the Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bu
Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom Comments: Muslim, Christian.

tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.

Wemale dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusa
uisa area in East Timor. Christian, traditional religion.
y, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru Comments: ‘Buton’ usually used generically inside Southeast Sulawe

erage 43% with South Sulawesi Group, 43% with Kaili-Pamona Subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang [skx], 39% with Tae’ Luwu [rob], 36%–43%

, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers Comments: The name Atamanu is not currently known.
tion: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern Comments: The name In-lom refers to only half the group. Christian, traditional religion.

[yli], and Hupla [hap]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

outh with 90% lexical similarity between extremes, but with morphological and phonological differences. Southern dialect thought more p

aditional religion, Christian.

m Kamoro [kgq]. Christian, traditional religion.
cation: Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
[lcs], 63% with Hulung [huk] and Naka’ela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Cent
an [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Pir
fferences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. Classification: Aust
est New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Muslim, Christian.
ne in Wae Tawa village on Buru Island. Muslim.

ments: Christian, traditional religion.

-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian.

t of Waigeo Island. Traditional religion, Christian.

71%–73% with Luhu [lcq] in Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku,

uinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

politically, and culturally separate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic Comments: ‘To
nese Comments: A separate socio-religious group from Sunda [sun]. Inner and outer, Badui refer to location and status within the group re

nd Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Teng

n Comments: Muslim, Christian.

h strata in several lowland varieties (1989 A. Clynes). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa Comments: Nus
Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

gka apart from other Malay speech varieties. Muslim, traditional religion.
ation).Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Pr

matra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern Comments: Many reject the label Batak for its cultural connotations. Unclear whether this is a single

u, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ve negative connotations to speakers themselves. Muslim, Christian.

Tor area. Christian, traditional religion.

 h century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Influences from Peranakan Indonesian [pea] and Bali [ban]. Often not int
, Sorendidori, Sorido, Sundei, Wadibu, Wardo, Wari, Warsa, Yobi (Jobi). Some consider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages. Classification

anggai, Western, Saluanic Comments: Bobongko is not derogatory to its speakers, but it is to the Andio [bzb]. Muslim, Christian.

orontalic Comments: Distinct from Gorontalo [gor] (1974 J. Little). Muslim.

Mandar bay, 2 more enclaves (More, Pasangkayu) along Makassar strait; possible other small concentrations in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papu

lambatu, Waia. Lexical similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe dialects; 38% with Pamona dialects [pmf]; 88% with La

ut no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama dialects, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% betwe

ditional religion, Christian.

ka], 66% with Liabuku [lix], 61% with Wolio [wlo], 60% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern

mbak subdialect of the Belide dialect of Musi [mui]. Muslim.

nt from other languages on Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nucle

Straits Dobel. At least 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% with Koba [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eas

Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan, Kalis Dayak. Traditional religion, Christian.

Plain, Tariku, East Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

 divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kei [kei]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Christian, Muslim.

illage. Muslim.

talo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

history from Adang. Christian.

mments: Christian, traditional religion.

eram, Hulung

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian

ultanate (Sneddon 2003). Has regional variants. Muslim.

ral and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa, Jawa Dialects: Banten, Banyumas, Cirebon (Cheribon, Tjirebon), Indramayu, Malang-Pasuru

: Christian, Muslim.
unusaku, Piru Bay, East Comments: Christian.

ociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 98% between the Da’a and Inde dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celeb
xt most intelligible; Tado a little less. Some intelligibility of Da’a [kzf], but major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 80%–88% bet

esi North [khc]; Kambe-kambero dialect is 84% with Busoa [bup], 72% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Liabuku [lix]. Classification: Austronesia

Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Christian, Muslim.

eram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian

alayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

tian, traditional religion.

with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
hnic group with Kanum varieties. Clan marriages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.
ages common, and much ritual exchange. Christian.

mic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim, traditional religion.

peakers usually also know Kei Kecil, but not vice versa. Kei Besar is reportedly more similar to Fordata [frd] than other Kei dialects. Tanimb

n [ind] well understood only by a few with at least a 6th-grade education.

eninjal is one of many ill-defined “Malayic Dayak” varieties.
alan, Uma’ Tukung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

rn Comments: Muslim.

ents: Called Yotowawa or Meher locally. Christian.

ssification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central

sian, Lampung Comments: Muslim (Shafi Sunni).

h Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Tana Towa resist modern ways, contact with outsiders. Muslim, traditional religion.
 rinking, somewhat due to deforestation. Traditional religion, Muslim.

, Tanglapui Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.

s: Muslim, Christian.
er to both a lingua franca and also to any of several Austronesian varieties spoken from eastern Flores to Alor. Alor [aol] is part of a chain w

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung Comments: Teachers must use L1, especially in lower grades. Muslim.

l Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal Comments: Muslim, Christian.
Comments: Muslim.

ntly intelligible. Lexical similarity: 77% with Tawoyan [twy], 53% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Benua (population 25,000, six subdialects) may b

a [mnb], 25% with Wotu [wtw], 24% with Bugis [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang Commen

ents: Muslim.
%–66% between Kobi and Benggoi [bgy], 48%–58% between Kobi and Salas [sgu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-
orthwest Seram Comments: Muslim, Christian (Nuniali).

talo-Mongondow, Gorontalic Comments: Muslim.

Rote Comments: Christian.

rth Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

n Madagascar. Lexical similarity: 77% with Paku [pku], 75% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greate

reported. Population total all countries: 6,770,900. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Basa Mathura, Madhura, Madurese Dialects:

ts form a chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar Comments: Muslim.
South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane Comments: A volcanic eruption on Makian Island, transmigrations, speakers of other languages in th

marily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. Alternate Names: Bah
obo Malay. Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian [ind]. Difficult intelligibility with North Moluccan Malay [max]; speakers switch to Indon

mah, Rambang, Semenda, Serawai. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaur [vkk], 80% between Pekal [pel] and some dialects such as Pasemah and
ed varieties with Minangkabau [min] west, Riau Malay [zlm] north, and Musi [mui] south (Anderbeck 2008). A member of macrolanguage M

based Comments: Influences from Portuguese [por] and Ternate [tft]. Christian, Muslim.
ay [msa]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Muslim, Christian.

al innovations with Berau Malay [bve], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesia
arit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja
rana, Tjendana). A complex dialect grouping. May be more dialects than those listed. Balanipa and Sendana may each be more than 1 diale

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Traditional religio

Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

donesian [ind]. Pekal [pel] may be intelligible with Minangkabau. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, M
 , Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Christian.
with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-To
te Names: Maronene Dialects: Tokotu’a (Kabaena), Wita Ea (Poleang, Rumbia). Lexical similarity: Wita Ea dialect 80% with Tokotu’a dialect
tween Nemah and Dintere is unclear, and may constitute more than one language. Christian, traditional religion.

Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, and Burukene. Lexical similarity: 71% with Pancana [pnp], 62% with Cia-C
ligion, Christian.

elide, Burai, Coastal Malay, Kelingi, Lematang Ilir, Meranjat, Musi Sekayu, Palembang Lama, Pegagan, Penesak, Penukal, Rawas. A mutually

Mountain Comments: Traditional religion.

Mangtangai), Pulopetak. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bakumpai [bkr], 62% with Kohin [kkx], 50% with Ot Danum [otd], 35% with Banjar [bj

has high prestige and is a lingua franca in Nias. The South dialect (particularly Teluk Dalam variety) has lower prestige, especially in northe
ments: Traditional religion, Christian.

. Glossonym: Warpok by the Nimboran. Traditional religion, Christian.

milarity: 70% with Siang [sya], 65% with Kohin [kkx], 60% with Katingan dialect of Ngaju [nij], 50% with Ngaju (main dialect) [nij]. Classificati
ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior Comments: Christian, Muslim.

u (Bare’e, Tobalo, Tobao), Tokondindi, Tomoni, Topada. Laiwonu and Rapangkaka dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 76

h Pekal has Minangkabau influences. Neither Minangkabau nor Malay readily understand Pekal, due to lexical and phonological distinctive

ation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.

tian, Muslim.

neo. Musi and Rawas dialects (named after rivers they are on) not to be confused with Malay varieties of the same name. Muslim.
estern, Saluanic Comments: Users prefer Saluan over Loinang. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.

stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits,

u own farms; most Waktu Lima are landless, travel more, and have diverse occupations. Muslim, traditional religion.

east Comments: Different from Saleman [sau]. Muslim, Christian.

onal religion.

Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.

and phonologically distinct from the Belitung dialect of Malay [zlm] and other Sea Tribe varieties. Lexically most similar to Bintan Orang Lau

ku, Southern Comments: Christian.

with other groups. Christian.

mberai Peninsula. Ethnic autonym: Tepera. Christian, traditional religion.

, Toraja Timur, Toware Dialects: Bua, Northeast Luwu (Bone-Bone, Masamba), Rongkong, South Luwu. Dialect chain throughout Tae’ area
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut

astern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu Comments: Muslim.

o-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Largest language group in Aru Islands. Christian, Muslim.
 tern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian.

a, Foho, Hill Tetun, Lia Foho, North Belu, Tasi Feto, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik), Southern Tetun (Belu Selatan, Fehan, Lia Fehan, Plains Tetun

, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

ool in Tobelo town. Traditional religion, Christian.

To’olaki Dialects: Asera (Asera Wanua, Noie), Konawe (Kendari, Kioki, Tambuoki), Laiwui, Mekongga (Bingkokak, Kolaka, Konio, Norio, Tam

n Comments: Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.

h Galolen [gal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wet
ety. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda Comments: Forest people who have contact with village people when se
ng Besi South [bhq], 48% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Cia-Cia [cia], 40% with Kamaru [kgx], an average of 35% with other nearby languag
ukang Besi North [khc], 48% with Cia-Cia [cia], 49% with Lasalimu [llm], average of 35% with other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 85%
bon Comments: Muslim, Christian.

lo). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Same language chain as Amarasi [aaz] and Baiken

Pitu Ulunna Salu Comments: Muslim.

Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro Dialects: Bana, Benggaulu (Bingkolu), Kantewu (Central Uma), Southern Uma (Aria), Tobaku (Domp
Christian, traditional religion.

West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western Comments: Christian.

Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.

c, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Muslim.

mments: Muslim, Christian.

mments: Muslim.

aluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale Comments: Christian, Muslim.

ally inside Southeast Sulawesi to refer to Wolio; outside Southeast Sulawesi it refers to people from Southeast Sulawesi, or is sometimes c

h Tae’ Luwu [rob], 36%–43% with Bungku-Tolaki Subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda], 33% with Bugis [bug], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25%

ditional religion.

hern dialect thought more prestigious. Lexical similarity: 90% among the north and south dialects, 47% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: A
 rn Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Comments: Largest
East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Comments: Muslim, Christian.
s dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Com

olynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu Comments: Muslim.
hern, Badaic Comments: ‘Tobada’, Bada person. Christian.
nd status within the group religion. Muslim, traditional religion.

veral thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981; Verheijen 1986). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Baja

k-Sumbawa Comments: Nusa Penida Island variety associated with Highland Bali dialect. It is a scattering of villages with minimal influence

nant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan provinces. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Ban

clear whether this is a single language.

and Bali [ban]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (1989 R. Allen). Classification: Creole, Malay based Commen
t 2 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halm

Muslim, Christian.

n Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. 5,000,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 5,01

dialects [pmf]; 88% with Landawe dialect; 84% with Waia dialect; 82% with Torete dialect; 74% with Wawonii [wow]; 66% with Taloki [tlk]

arete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Lisela [lcl] and Masarete, 48% between Leliali dialect of Kayeli [kzl] and

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Buton Comments: Language name based on t
ynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

ayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru Comments: Christian, Muslim.

l-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: Primary schools in nearly every village, secondary

Wetar Comments: Christian.

Indramayu, Malang-Pasuruan, Manuk, Pasisir, Surabaya, Surakarta (Sawlaw, Solo), Tegal, Tembung. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the lang
n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Christian.
cal similarity: 80%–88% between Ledo and the Ado, Edo, Doi, and Lindu dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic,

. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic Comm
n other Kei dialects. Tanimbar Kei is spoken in only one village. Lexical similarity: 60% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Mala

enyah, Kenyah
Alor [aol] is part of a chain which includes Lamaholot. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.

5,000, six subdialects) may be distinct enough to be considered a separate language. (Nikolić 2008). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-P

ulawesi, Lemolang Comments: Muslim.

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Comments: Speakers use Liana. Christi
 Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South Comments: Traditional religion.

adhura, Madurese Dialects: Bangkalan (Bangkalon), Bawean (Babean, Bhebien, Boyanese), Pamekesan (Pamekasan), Sampang, Sapudi, Sum

ers of other languages in the area and pressure from those languages have taken a toll on vitality. Muslim.

atra. Alternate Names: Bahasa Daerah, Bahasa Melayu, Malayu Dialects: Akit, Belitung, coastal Jambi, Deli, Kapuas Hulu, Ketapang, Landa
x]; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity: 81% with Indonesian [ind]. Banda Malay [bpq] may best be considered a dialect of Mo

alects such as Pasemah and Bengkulu. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo
member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Mus

]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

u, Sukamara, and Sukaraja townsTanjung Riau, east and southeast; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects: southeast of Kapuas ri
 y each be more than 1 dialect. Balanipa is prestige dialect. Mandar, Mamuju [mqx], and Bambam [ptu] are separate languages in a langua

omments: Traditional religion, Christian, Hindu.

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

n, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Christian, Muslim.
t 80% with Tokotu’a dialect; 68% with Menui dialect of Wawonii [wow], 66% with Kulisusu [vkl], 65% with Taloki [tlk], Koroni [xkq], Tulamb

ncana [pnp], 62% with Cia-Cia [cia], 52% with Wolio [wlo], 50% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Tukang Besi [khc] or [bhq], 45% with Kamaru

Penukal, Rawas. A mutually-intelligible dialect chain stretching along the Musi River with 2 subgroups: Musi and Palembang. A member o

m [otd], 35% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South

prestige, especially in northern Nias, and is considered by many Nias speakers from other areas as unrefined. Christian.
main dialect) [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North Comments: Dohoi and Murung 1 dialects m

guages. Lexical similarity: 76% (Taa)–90% among dialects, except for Tombelala [ttp], which has 66%–76% with other Bungku Tengah diale

and phonological distinctiveness. Muslim.

Comments: Muslim.

ame name. Muslim.

ru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua Comments: Spoken by hundreds of Latu [ltu] people in Kairatu village. Muslim, Chris

similar to Bintan Orang Laut Malay [zlm] dialect. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
chain throughout Tae’ area east into Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Lexical similarity: 82% or greater among dialects, 82% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. C
han, Lia Fehan, Plains Tetun, South Belu, South Tetun, Tasi Mane). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo

, Kolaka, Konio, Norio, Tamboki), Wiwirano (Nohina). Lexical similarity: 88% with Asera, 84% with Konawe, 85% with Mekongga, 81% with

ar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar Comments: Christian (Protestant).

with village people when selling copra and purchasing supplies. Traditional religion, Christian.
with other nearby languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-B
uages. Lexical similarity 85% with Binongko and Tomea, 81% with Bonerate, 79% with Tomea and Bonerate. Classification: Austronesian, M

as Amarasi [aaz] and Baikeno [bkx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuc

n Uma (Aria), Tobaku (Dompa, Ompa, Western Uma), Tolee’ (Eastern Uma), Winatu (Northern Uma). Literature exists in Kantewu dialect, b
Sulawesi, or is sometimes confused with Bajau people as sailors. Muslim.

], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25% with Lemolang [ley]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio Comments: Muslim

rdata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamde
lat Inai Comments: Largest language in west Seram. Christian.

clear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Interspersed with Helong [heg]. Most literature in Kotos dialect. Christian.
Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’ne’ Dialects: Jampea, Jaya Bakti, Kajoa, Matala

ages with minimal influence from the former Majapahit Empire. Hindu.

ate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Labuhan Dialects: Hulu, Kuala. Lexically influenced by Javanese [jav]. Lexical similarity: 73
reole, Malay based Comments: Muslim.
alayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Comments: Christian, traditional religi

tion total all countries: 5,017,800. L2 users: 500,000 in Indonesia. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Boegineesche, Boeg

wow]; 66% with Taloki [tlk], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]; 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups; 82% with th

ali dialect of Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 44% between Ambelau [amv] and Masarete, 27%–33% bet

Language name based on the negator, cia (no). Muslim.

rly every village, secondary schools for every 3 or 4 villages. Christian, Muslim.

ese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but users diminishing and mostly limited to Central Javanese speakers. Javanese varieties in Su
Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili Comments: Tado dialect different from Tado, an alternate name for Lindu [klw]. M

Buton, Munan, Munic Comments: Muslim.

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata Comments: M
on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North

s: Speakers use Liana. Christian.

asan), Sampang, Sapudi, Sumenep. Dialect continuum. Reports differ about inherent intelligibility among dialects: some Sumenep and Sam

puas Hulu, Ketapang, Landak, Pontianak, Riau islands (Sea Tribe dialects), Riau Mainland, Sakai, Sambas, Sanggau, Sekadau, Sintang, Sukad
considered a dialect of Moluccan Malay [max]. Classification: Creole, Malay based Comments: Developed from Sabah Malay [msi] and stil

Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

ayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

ects: southeast of Kapuas river, from Sintang to Putus Sibau towns; Banana and Tapitn dialects: area bounded by Singakawang, Bengkayan
arate languages in a language chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar Comments: Musl
ki [tlk], Koroni [xkq], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 64% with Bungku [bkz], and 57% with Tolaki [lbw]. Classification: Austronesian, M

or [bhq], 45% with Kamaru [kgx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear M

nd Palembang. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Mala
oi and Murung 1 dialects may be separate languages. Traditional religion, Christian.

other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pam
airatu village. Muslim, Christian.

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Ethnic autonym: Orang Sawang, sea people. Southernmost of
% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan Comments: Different
sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor Comments: Different language from Tetun Dili [tdt]. Christian, traditi

% with Mekongga, 81% with Laiwui, 78% with Waru, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Mekongga

Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Most in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku are mixed with Tukang Besi South. Muslim.
assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate Comments: Muslim.

lynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto Comments: Christian, traditional religion.

exists in Kantewu dialect, but many would prefer to read their own dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-
u-Wolio Comments: Muslim.

luku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena Comments: Christian (Roman Catholic), Christian (Protestant).

a, Jaya Bakti, Kajoa, Matalaang, Poso, Roti, Same’, Sulamu, Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, G

e [jav]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Indonesian [ind], 66% with Tamuan (Malayic Dayak) [xdy], 45% with Bakumpai [bkr], 35% with Ngaju [n
: Christian, traditional religion.

Names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De’, Rappang Buginese, Ugi Dialects: Barru (Nepo, Pare-Pare, Soppeng Riaja, Tanete, To

d Tolaki groups; 82% with the Routa dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolak

nd Masarete, 27%–33% between Buru dialects and Sula [szn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Po
kers. Javanese varieties in Suriname and in New Caledonia now only partially intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia reporte
nate name for Lindu [klw]. Muslim, Christian.
r, Kei-Fordata Comments: Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
 ts: some Sumenep and Sampang report they cannot understand Pamekasan or Sumenep. Difficult intelligibility with Kangean [kkv]. Bawea

au, Sekadau, Sintang, Sukadana, Tamiang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Th
m Sabah Malay [msi] and still reflects some archaic forms. Further diverged by adapting to the vernaculars of central Maluku. Many varietie

by Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya towns; Kayung and Delang dialects: area bounded by Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuan
n, Mandar Comments: Muslim.
ssification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Southwest Comments: Formerly a ki

ern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western Comments: Muslim.

ayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

lynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona Comments: Pamona speakers in Bungku Utara recognize 5 ethnic groups with minor di
a people. Southernmost of dozens of Malayic-speaking Orang Laut, sea tribe, groups ranging from the waters of Thailand through the Riau
a’dan Comments: Different from Toraja-Sa’dan (Tae’) [sda]. Different from the Bugis-Luwu dialect of Bugis [bug]. Different from the Bugis-
n Dili [tdt]. Christian, traditional religion.

Bungku groups. Mekongga has 86% with Konawe, 80% with Laiwui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Sou

si South. Muslim.
ate Comments: Muslim.

o-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern Comments: Christian, Muslim.

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw Comments: Known as Bayo and Taurije’ne’ in the

pai [bkr], 35% with Ngaju [nij]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic
e, Soppeng Riaja, Tanete, Tompo), Bone (Dua Boccoe, Mare, Palakka), Camba, Luwu (Bua Ponrang, Luwu’, Malangke-Ussu, Wara), Pangkep

Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast Comments: Muslim.

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru Comments: There are word taboos and complex intermarriage patterns on the
e in New Caledonia reportedly cannot use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat 1971). Several dialects in Sabah. Classification: Austronesian,
with Kangean [kkv]. Bawean may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kangean [kkv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

layic, Malay Comments: This entry refers to numerous, local or vernacular, Malay varieties not well differentiated from each other, as wel
ntral Maluku. Many varieties of trade Malay are considered Malay-based creoles (Grimes 1988, 1991; Holm 1989) and as Austronesian wi

ai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja towns. 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,00
st Comments: Formerly a kingdom. Muslim.
ethnic groups with minor dialect differences: Pusangke, Kajumorangka, Tokasiala, Burangas, and Topotaa. The first 4 are interior mountain
of Thailand through the Riau archipelago and Bangka and Belitung. Traditional religion.
]. Different from the Bugis-speaking “Toala” identified by P. and F. Sarasin (1903). “Toala’” is a pejorative Bugis exonym meaning forest pe
esian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast Comments: Language names based on negative forms are no lo
s Bayo and Taurije’ne’ in the Makasar [mak] language. Known as Bajo in Buginese [bug]. Schools in some villages. They live in houses on sti

Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay Comments: Muslim.

ngke-Ussu, Wara), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sawitto (Pinrang), Sidrap (Alitta, Pinrang Utara, Sidenrang), Sinjai (Bulu

ermarriage patterns on the island. Exogamous. 10 clans. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
lassification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese Comments: Christian.
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese Comments: Mainly rural. Bawean consider their language separate from Madurese. Eas

ted from each other, as well as varieties for which further research is required to clarify differentiation from more mainstream dialects. Dis
89) and as Austronesian with contact features (Collins 1980; Gil 2001; Wolff 1988). Christian, Muslim.

n, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
first 4 are interior mountain dwellers; the Topotaa are coastal. Bungku Tengah recognize 5 varieties: Topotaa (same as Taa), Tobau, Tokon
exonym meaning forest people. Rongkong dialect has Seko Lemo, Rongkong Atas (Rongkong-Kanandede) and Rongkong Bawah (Sabbang
on negative forms are no longer in use. Muslim.
s. They live in houses on stilts over water. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. Muslim, traditional
ara, Sidenrang), Sinjai (Bulukumba, Enna, Palattae), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo. Bone and Soppeng dialects are central. Classification: Austrone
parate from Madurese. East Madurese, especially Sumenep, is considered high, or standard Madurese. Sumenep is isolated culturally and

ore mainstream dialects. Distinguished from court-Malay-derived Standard Malay [zsm] and Indonesian [ind]. Muslim (Sunni), Christian, tr

k. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bamayo, Bumayoh Dialects: Arut (Sukarame), Banana’, Belantikan (Sungkup), Delang, Kayung (K
same as Taa), Tobau, Tokondindi, and Topada. Christian.
Rongkong Bawah (Sabbang) subdialects. Bua dialect has Bajo (Palili’) and Bastem (“Toala’”) subdialects. Muslim.
ippines. Muslim, traditional religion.
ral. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis Comments: Muslim.
 ep is isolated culturally and geographically. Bangkalon, spoken in Surabaya, is important economically because that city is highly urbanized

Muslim (Sunni), Christian, traditional religion.

ungkup), Delang, Kayung (Kayong), Lamandau (Landau Kantu), Melahui, Mentebah-Suruk, Pangin, Payak, Riam (Nibung Terjung), Sekakai, S
that city is highly urbanized and is most affected by Bahasa Indonesia. Muslim.

(Nibung Terjung), Sekakai, Semitau, Serawai, Silat, Suhaid, Sukamara (Kerta Mulya), Tamuan, Tapitn, Tebidah, Tomun, Undau. Listed dialec
Tomun, Undau. Listed dialects form a chain and may constitute 3 or more languages. Related to Keninjal [knl]. Classification: Austronesian,
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic Comments: Serawai dialect different from the Serawai dialect of
from the Serawai dialect of Central Malay [pse] in Sumatra. The term Malayic Dayak is misleading (would better be termed Dayak Malayic
r be termed Dayak Malayic (Collins 2003) and not linguistically based. However, it is not yet clear what linguistic label(s) should replace it.
tic label(s) should replace it.
 Name 1st Ed Name 18th Ed
aaa aaa aaa
Mandobo Atas aax aax Mandobo Atas
Amarasi aaz aaz Amarasi
Lampung Nyo abl abl Lampung Nyo
Malay, Ambonese abs abs Malay, Ambonese
Abui abz abz Abui
Aceh ace ace Aceh
Adang adn adn Adang
Adonara adr adr Adonara
Obokuitai afz afz Obokuitai
Arguni agf agf Arguni
Aghu ahh ahh Aghu
Burumakok aip aip Burumakok
Airoran air air Airoran
Batak Angkola akb akb Batak Angkola
Mpur akc akc Mpur
Anakalangu akg akg Anakalangu
Larike-Wakasihu alo alo Larike-Wakasihu
Alune alp alp Alune
Ambai amk amk Ambai
Amahai amq amq Amahai
Ambelau amv amv Ambelau
Ansus and and Ansus
Alor aol aol Alor
Taikat aos aos Taikat
Uab Meto aoz aoz Uab Meto
Arabic, Levantine apc apc -
Ampanang apg apg Ampanang
Aputai apx apx Aputai
Atohwaim aqm aqm Atohwaim
Asmat, Casuarina Coast asc asc Asmat, Casuarina Coast
Buruwai asi asi Buruwai
Asilulu asl asl Asilulu
Asmat, Yaosakor asy asy Asmat, Yaosakor
As asz asz As
Aralle-Tabulahan atq atq Aralle-Tabulahan
Anus auq auq Anus
Auye auu auu Auye
Awyi auw auw Awyi
Awbono awh awh Awbono
Awera awr awr Awera
Awyu, South aws aws Awyu, South
Awyu, Central awu awu Awyu, Central
Awyu, Jair awv awv Awyu, Jair
Awyu, Edera awy awy Awyu, Edera
Mai Brat ayz ayz Mai Brat
baa baa baa
 Badui bac bac Badui
Barakai baj baj Barakai
Bali ban ban Bali
Batuley bay bay Batuley
Batak Toba bbc bbc Batak Toba
Babar, North bcd bcd Babar, North
Basap bdb bdb Basap
Bajau, Indonesian bdl bdl Bajau, Indonesian
Baham bdw bdw Baham
Budong-Budong bdx bdx Budong-Budong
Bedoanas bed bed Bedoanas
Bakati’ bei bei Bakati’
Behoa bep bep Behoa
Blagar beu beu Blagar
Betawi bew bew Betawi
Betaf bfe bfe Betaf
Kayan, Busang bfg bfg Kayan, Busang
Bunak bfn bfn Bunak
Bobongko bgb bgb Bobongko
Warkay-Bipim bgv bgv Warkay-Bipim
Benggoi bgy bgy Benggoi
Banggai bgz bgz Banggai
Biga bhc bhc Biga
Bima bhp bhp Bima
Tukang Besi South bhq bhq Tukang Besi South
Bahau bhv bhv Bahau
Biak bhw bhw Biak
Bada bhz bhz Bada
Banjar bjn bjn Banjar
Berik bkl bkl Berik
Bukitan bkn bkn Bukitan
Bakumpai bkr bkr Bakumpai
Bungku bkz bkz Bungku
Bolango bld bld Bolango
Buol blf blf Buol
blj1 blj Bolongan
blj2 Bulungan blj blj -
Balaesang bls bls Balaesang
Balantak blz blz Balantak
Bonerate bna bna Bonerate
Banda bnd bnd Banda
Bintauna bne bne Bintauna
Masiwang bnf bnf Masiwang
Bantik bnq bnq Bantik
Bentong bnu bnu Bentong
Beneraf bnv bnv Beneraf
Bonggo bpg bpg Bonggo
Anasi bpo bpo Anasi
 Kaure bpp bpp Kaure
Malay, Banda bpq bpq Malay, Banda
Marind, Bian bpv bpv Marind, Bian
Bilba bpz bpz Bilba
Bagusa bqb bqb Bagusa
Biritai bqq bqq Biritai
Burusu bqr bqr Burusu
bqy1 - bqy Bengkala Sign Language
bqy2 Kata Kolok bqy bqy -
Barapasi brp brp Barapasi
Baras brs brs Baras
Abinomn bsa bsa Abinomn
Busami bsm bsm Busami
Bahonsuai bsu bsu Bahonsuai
Batak Dairi btd btd Batak Dairi
Bidayuh, Biatah bth bth Bidayuh, Biatah
Burate bti bti Burate
Malay, Bacanese btj btj Malay, Bacanese
Batak Mandailing btm btm Batak Mandailing
Batak Simalungun bts bts Batak Simalungun
Batak Karo btx btx Batak Karo
Bobot bty bty Bobot
Batak Alas-Kluet btz btz Batak Alas-Kluet
Bugis bug bug Bugis
Busoa bup bup Busoa
Malay, Berau bve bve Malay, Berau
Bukat bvk bvk Bukat
Bati bvt bvt Bati
Malay, Bukit bvu bvu Malay, Bukit
Bauzi bvz bvz Bauzi
Mandobo Bawah bwp bwp Mandobo Bawah
Benyadu’ byd byd Benyadu’
Bayono byl byl Bayono
Andio bzb bzb Andio
Boano bzl bzl Boano
Boano bzn bzn Boano
Kemberano bzp bzp Kemberano
Buli bzq bzq Buli
Burmeso bzu bzu Burmeso
caa caa caa
Chinese, Min Dong cdo cdo Chinese, Min Dong
Cia-Cia cia cia Cia-Cia
cml1 - cml Campalagian
cml2 Koneq-koneq cml cml -
Chinese, Mandarin cmn cmn Chinese, Mandarin
Asmat, Central cns cns Asmat, Central
daa daa daa
Dao daz daz Dao
Dabe dbe dbe Dabe
Edopi dbf dbf Edopi
Duriankere dbn dbn Duriankere
Dawera-Daweloor ddw ddw Dawera-Daweloor
Demisa dei dei Demisa
Dem dem dem Dem
German, Standard deu deu -
Dai dij dij Dai
Diuwe diy diy Diuwe
Jangkang djo djo Jangkang
Dakka dkk dkk Dakka
Damar, East dmr dmr Damar, East
Dampelas dms dms Dampelas
Tebi dmu dmu Tebi
Sowari dmy dmy Sowari
Dani, Upper Grand Valley dna dna Dani, Upper Grand Valley
Dani, Lower Grand Valley dni dni Dani, Lower Grand Valley
Dengka dnk dnk Dengka
Dani, Mid Grand Valley dnt dnt Dani, Mid Grand Valley
Dani, Western dnw dnw Dani, Western
Dondo dok dok Dondo
Damar, West drn drn Damar, West
Dusner dsn dsn Dusner
Dusun Deyah dun dun Dusun Deyah
Duano dup dup Duano
Dusun Malang duq duq Dusun Malang
Duvle duv duv Duvle
Dusun Witu duw duw Dusun Witu
eaa eaa eaa
Beginci ebc ebc -
Lik eip eip Lik
Ekari ekg ekg Ekari
Embaloh emb emb Embaloh
Emplawas emw emw Emplawas
Ende end end Ende
English eng eng -
Enggano eno eno Enggano
Emem enr enr Emem
Eritai ert ert Eritai
Erokwanas erw erw Erokwanas
Semimi etz etz Semimi
faa faa faa
Fayu fau fau Fayu
Foau flh flh Foau
French fra fra -
Fordata frd frd Fordata
gaa gaa gaa
Gamkonora gak gak Gamkonora
Galolen gal gal Galolen
Gayo gay gay Gayo
Galela gbi gbi Galela
Gerai gef gef -
Gebe gei gei Gebe
Geser-Gorom ges ges Geser-Gorom
Yeretuar gop gop Yeretuar
Gorap goq goq Gorap
Gorontalo gor gor Gorontalo
Gresi grs grs Gresi
Gane gzn gzn Gane
haa haa haa
Hatam had had Hatam
Chinese, Hakka hak hak Chinese, Hakka
Hupla hap hap Hupla
Helong heg heg Helong
Seit-Kaitetu hik hik Seit-Kaitetu
Hindi hin hin -
Haji hji hji Haji
Hamap hmu hmu Hamap
Hovongan hov hov Hovongan
Haruku hrk hrk Haruku
Hoti hti hti Hoti
Hitu htu htu Hitu
Huaulu hud hud Huaulu
Hulung huk huk Hulung
Hukumina huw huw Hukumina
Hawu hvn hvn Hawu
iaa iaa iaa
Iban iba iba Iban
Ibu ibu ibu Ibu
Iha Based Pidgin ihb ihb Iha Based Pidgin
Iha ihp ihp Iha
Ile Ape ila ila Ile Ape
Ili’uun ilu ilu Ili’uun
Imroing imr imr Imroing
Indonesian ind ind Indonesian
Indonesian Sign Language inl inl Indonesian Sign Language
Yeresiam ire ire Yeresiam
Irarutu irh irh Irarutu
Kamberau irx irx Kamberau
Masimasi ism ism Masimasi
Tidung, Southern itd itd -
Itik itx itx Itik
Morop iwo iwo Morop
jaa jaa jaa
Yalahatan jal jal Yalahatan
Yaqay jaq jaq Yaqay
 Yaur jau jau Yaur
Javanese jav jav Javanese
Malay, Jambi jax jax Malay, Jambi
Arandai jbj jbj Arandai
Jofotek-Bromnya jbr jbr Jofotek-Bromnya
Yei jei jei Yei
Yelmek jel jel Yelmek
Manem jet jet Manem
Kaera jka jka -
Yamdena jmd jmd Yamdena
Japanese jpn jpn -
Javindo jvd jvd Javindo
kaa kaa kaa
Kao kax kax Kao
Kaptiau kbi kbi Kaptiau
kbv1 kbv Dera
kbv2 Dla kbv kbv -
Kanum, Ngkâlmpw kcd kcd Kanum, Ngkâlmpw
Koneraw kdw kdw Koneraw
Keijar kdy kdy Keijar
Kei kei kei Kei
Kemak kem kem Kemak
Kawe kgb kgb Kawe
Komering kge kge Komering
Kamoro kgq kgq Kamoro
Abun kgr kgr Abun
Karas kgv kgv Karas
Karon Dori kgw kgw Karon Dori
Kamaru kgx kgx Kamaru
Tukang Besi North khc khc Tukang Besi North
Kanum, Bädi khd khd Kanum, Bädi
Korowai khe khe Korowai
Kehu khh khh Kehu
Kapauri khp khp Kapauri
Kimaghima kig kig Kimaghima
Kosare kiq kiq Kosare
Kirikiri kiy kiy Kirikiri
Mlap kja kja Mlap
Konjo, Coastal kjc kjc Konjo, Coastal
Kisar kje kje Kisar
Konjo, Highland kjk kjk Konjo, Highland
Kurudu kjr kjr Kurudu
Kwerisa kkb kkb Kwerisa
Yale, Kosarek kkl kkl Yale, Kosarek
Kangean kkv kkv Kangean
Kohin kkx kkx Kohin
Kalumpang kli kli Kalumpang
klw1 - klw Lindu
klw2 Tado klw klw -
Kalao kly kly Kalao
Kabola klz klz Kabola
Kemtuik kmt kmt Kemtuik
Konda knd knd Konda
Keninjal knl knl Keninjal
Kendayan knx knx Kendayan
Kodi kod kod Kodi
Korean kor kor -
Koba kpd kpd Koba
Kofei kpi kpi Kofei
Korupun-Sela kpq kpq Korupun-Sela
Tehit kps kps Tehit
Kafoa kpu kpu Kafoa
Okolod kqv kqv Okolod
Kanum, Sota krz krz Kanum, Sota
Kedang ksx ksx Kedang
Muyu, North kti kti Muyu, North
Muyu, South kts kts Muyu, South
Ketum ktt ktt Ketum
Kwinsu kuc kuc Kwinsu
Kepo’ kuk kuk Kepo’
Kur kuv kuv Kur
Kubu kvb kvb Kubu
Kui kvd kvd Kui
Komodo kvh kvh Komodo
Dobel kvo kvo Dobel
Kompane kvp kvp Kompane
Kerinci kvr kvr Kerinci
Kola kvv kvv Kola
Wersing kvw kvw Wersing
Tsaukambo kvz kvz Tsaukambo
Kwerba kwe kwe Kwerba
Kowiai kwh kwh Kowiai
Kwer kwr kwr Kwer
Kwesten kwt kwt Kwesten
Kanum, Smärky kxq kxq Kanum, Smärky
Karey kyd kyd Karey
Klon kyo kyo Klon
Kayagar kyt kyt Kayagar
Kaibobo kzb kzb Kaibobo
Kadai kzd kzd Kadai
Kaili, Da’a kzf kzf Kaili, Da’a
Kelabit kzi kzi Kelabit
Kayeli kzl kzl Kayeli
Kais kzm kzm Kais
Kaidipang kzp kzp Kaidipang
Kayupulau kzu kzu Kayupulau
 Komyandaret kzv kzv Komyandaret
Kamarian kzx kzx Kamarian
Kalabra kzz kzz Kalabra
laa laa laa
Laba lau lau Laba
Lauje law law Lauje
Tolaki lbw lbw Tolaki
Lawangan lbx lbx Lawangan
Legenyem lcc lcc Legenyem
Lola lcd lcd Lola
Sekak lce lce Sekak
Lubu lcf lcf Lubu
Lisela lcl lcl Lisela
Luhu lcq lcq Luhu
Lisabata-Nuniali lcs lcs Lisabata-Nuniali
Pantar, Western lev lev Pantar, Western
Kaili, Ledo lew lew Kaili, Ledo
Luang lex lex Luang
ley1 - ley Lemolang
ley2 Limola ley ley -
Lengilu lgi lgi Lengilu
Laha lhh lhh Laha
Liki lio lio Liki
Col liw liw Col
Liabuku lix lix Liabuku
Rampi lje lje Rampi
Laiyolo lji lji Laiyolo
ljl1 Li’o ljl ljl -
ljl2 - ljl Li’o
Lampung Api ljp ljp Lampung Api
Lole llg llg Lole
Lasalimu llm llm Lasalimu
Lolak llq llq Lolak
Lembata, South lmf lmf Lembata, South
Lembata, West lmj lmj Lembata, West
Lamatuka lmq lmq Lamatuka
Lamalera lmr lmr Lamalera
Lamboya lmy lmy Lamboya
Lundayeh lnd lnd Lun Bawang
Loloda loa loa Loloda
Saluan loe loe Saluan
Loun lox lox Loun
Lepki lpe lpe Lepki
Bakati’, Rara lra lra Bakati’, Rara
Lorang lrn lrn Lorang
Malay, Larantuka lrt lrt Malay, Larantuka
Leti lti lti Leti
Latu ltu ltu Latu
lur1 - lur Laura
lur2 Loura lur lur -
Levuka lvu lvu Levuka
Lewoeleng lwe lwe Lewo Eleng
Lewotobi lwt lwt Lewotobi
maa maa maa
Madura mad mad Madura
Makasar mak mak Makasar
Malay, North Moluccan max max Malay, North Moluccan
Mandar mdr mdr Mandar
Meyah mej mej Meyah
Bangka mfb mfb Bangka
mfp1 Indonesian, Makassar mfp mfp -
mfp2 - mfp Malay, Makassar
Maklew mgf mgf Maklew
Mawes mgk mgk Mawes
Malay, Balinese mhp mhp Malay, Balinese
Buru mhs mhs Buru
Ma’anyan mhy mhy Ma’anyan
Mor mhz mhz Mor
Minangkabau min min Minangkabau
Malay, Kupang mkn mkn Malay, Kupang
Makian, East mky mky Makian, East
Malimpung mli mli Malimpung
Momina mmb mmb Momina
Muna mnb mnb Muna
Mer mnu mnu Mer
mnx1 - mnx Manikion
mnx2 Sougb mnx mnx -
Moni mnz mnz Moni
Mongondow mog mog Mongondow
Morori mok mok Morori
Mor moq moq Mor
Mapia mpy mpy Mapia
Maba mqa mqa Maba
Mangole mqc mqc Mangole
Momuna mqf mqf Momuna
Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai mqg mqg Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai
Mariri mqi mqi Mariri
Mamasa mqj mqj Mamasa
Moronene mqn mqn Moronene
Modole mqo mqo Modole
Manipa mqp mqp Manipa
Mander mqr mqr Mander
Makian, West mqs mqs Makian, West
Mamuju mqx mqx Mamuju
Manggarai mqy mqy Manggarai
Elseng mrf mrf Elseng
 Dineor mrx mrx Dineor
Marind mrz mrz Marind
Mekwei msf msf Mekwei
Moraid msg msg Moraid
Molof msl msl Molof
Mombum mso mso Mombum
Masela, West mss mss Masela, West
Mualang mtd mtd Mualang
Una mtg mtg Una
Munggui mth mth Munggui
Moskona mtj mtj Moskona
Musi mui mui Musi
Mamboru mvd mvd Mamboru
Duri mvp mvp Duri
Marau mvr mvr Marau
Massep mvs mvs Massep
mvv1 Murut, Tagal mvv mvv -
mvv2 - mvv Tagal Murut
Meoswar mvx mvx Meoswar
Mentawai mwv mwv Mentawai
Modang mxd mxd Modang
Moi Kelim mxn mxn Moi
Masela, Central mxz mxz Masela, Central
Moma myl myl Moma
Mori Atas mzq mzq Mori Atas
naa naa naa
Namla naa naa Namla
Naka’ela nae nae Naka’ela
Chinese, Min Nan nan nan Chinese, Min Nan
Kuri nbn nbn Kuri
Nggem nbq nbq Nggem
Nduga ndx ndx Nduga
Ngad’a, Eastern nea nea Ngad’a, Eastern
Nedebang nec nec Nedebang
Yahadian ner ner Yahadian
Dhao nfa nfa Dhao
Nias nia nia Nias
Ngaju nij nij Ngaju
Nila nil nil Nila
Nimboran nir nir Nimboran
Nisa njs njs Nisa
Nakai nkj nkj Nakai
Asmat, North nks nks Asmat, North
Nalca nlc nlc Nalca
Dutch nld nld -
Yali, Ninia nlk nlk Yali, Ninia
Nuaulu, North nni nni Nuaulu, North
Nipsan nps nps Nipsan
Napu npy npy Napu
Ndom nqm nqm Ndom
Nasal nsy nsy Nasal
Nusa Laut nul nul Nusa Laut
Nage nxe nxe Nage
Ngad’a nxg nxg Ngad’a
Nuaulu, South nxl nxl Nuaulu, South
Ninggerum nxr nxr Ninggerum
- nxu Narau
Nafri nxx nxx Nafri
oaa oaa oaa
Oirata oia oia Oirata
Onin oni oni Onin
Onin Based Pidgin onx onx Onin Based Pidgin
Kopkaka opk opk Kopkaka
Ormu orz orz Ormu
Osing osi osi Osing
Ot Danum otd otd Ot Danum
paa paa paa
Papasena pas pas Papasena
Fedan pdn pdn Fedan
Padoe pdo pdo Padoe
Indonesian, Peranakan pea pea Indonesian, Peranakan
Taje pee pee Taje
Pekal pel pel Pekal
Petjo pey pey Petjo
Pagu pgu pgu Pagu
Paku pku pku Paku
Palu’e ple ple Palu’e
Paulohi plh plh Paulohi
- pmc Palumata
Pamona pmf pmf Pamona
Pom pmo pmo Pom
Malay, Papuan pmy pmy Malay, Papuan
Pannei pnc pnc Pannei
Aoheng pni pni Aoheng
Pancana pnp pnp Pancana
Ponosakan pns pns Ponosakan
Uma ppk ppk Uma
Papuma ppm ppm Papuma
Puragi pru pru Puragi
Awyu, Asue psa psa Awyu, Asue
Malay, Central pse pse Malay, Central
Panasuan psn psn Panasuan
Patani ptn ptn Patani
Enrekang ptt ptt Enrekang
Bambam ptu ptu Bambam
Punan Merap puc puc Punan Merap
 Punan Aput pud pud Punan Aput
Punan Merah puf puf Punan Merah
Punan Tubu puj puj Punan Tubu
Putoh put put Putoh
raa raa raa
Rasawa rac rac Rasawa
Riantana ran ran Riantana
Rahambuu raz raz Rahambuu
Rembong reb reb Rembong
Rejang rej rej Rejang
Reta ret ret Reta
Rikou rgu rgu Rikou
Rohingya rhg rhg -
Ribun rir rir Ribun
Riung riu riu Riung
Rajong rjg rjg Rajong
Murkim rmh rmh Murkim
Roma rmm rmm Roma
Roon rnn rnn Roon
Tae’ rob rob Tae’
Rongga ror ror Rongga
Dela-Oenale row row Dela-Oenale
Ratahan rth rth Ratahan
saa saa saa
Sahu saj saj Sahu
Sause sao sao Sause
Sasak sas sas Sasak
Saleman sau sau Saleman
Sawi saw saw Sawi
sbg1 Moi Lemas sbg sbg -
sbg2 - sbg Seget
sbr1 Murut, Sembakung sbr sbr -
sbr2 - sbr Sembakung Murut
Kimki sbt sbt Kimki
Seberuang sbx sbx Seberuang
Sanggau scg scg Sanggau
Toraja-Sa’dan sda sda Toraja-Sa’dan
- sdm Semandang
Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong sdo sdo Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong
Semandang sdq sdq -
Sarudu sdu sdu Sarudu
Sentani set set Sentani
Serui-Laut seu seu Serui-Laut
Segai sge sge Segai
Salas sgu sgu Salas
Sajau Basap sjb sjb Sajau Basap
Sikule skh skh Sikule
Sika ski ski Sika
 Seko Tengah sko sko Seko Tengah
Skou skv skv Skou
Seko Padang skx skx Seko Padang
Sekar skz skz Sekar
slg1 Murut, Selungai slg slg -
slg2 - slg Selungai Murut
Lamaholot slp slp Lamaholot
Selaru slu slu Selaru
Selayar sly sly Selayar
Ma’ya slz slz -
- slz Ma’ya
Simeulue smr smr Simeulue
Sumbawa smw smw Sumbawa
Bidayuh, Bau sne sne -
Viid snu snu Viid
Sa’ban snv snv Sa’ban
Sobei sob sob Sobei
Sowanda sow sow Sowanda
Sepa spb spb Sepa
Saponi spi spi Saponi
Saparua spr spr Saparua
Bakati’, Sara sre sre Bakati’, Sara
Isirawa srl srl Isirawa
Sauri srt srt Sauri
Serua srw srw Serua
So’a ssq ssq So’a
Liana-Seti ste ste Liana-Seti
Sunda sun sun Sunda
Serili sve sve Serili
Saweru swr swr Saweru
Seluwasan sws sws Seluwasan
Sawila swt swt Sawila
Suwawa swu swu Suwawa
Sangir sxn sxn Sangir
Siang sya sya Siang
Ngalum szb szb Ngalum
Sula szn szn Sula
Suabo szp szp Suabo
Sawai szw szw Sawai
taa taa taa
Tause tad tad Tause
Diebroud tbp tbp Diebroud
Tabaru tby tby Tabaru
Tamagario tcg tcg Tamagario
Tanahmerah tcm tcm Tanahmerah
Kaiy tcq tcq Kaiy
Tomadino tdi tdi Tomadino
Tajio tdj tdj Tajio
 Tondano tdn tdn Tondano
Doutai tds tds Doutai
Tengger tes tes Tengger
Tetun tet tet Tetun
Teor tev tev Teor
Tefaro tfo tfo Tefaro
Ternate tft tft Ternate
Tagalog tgl tgl -
- tid Tidong
Trimuris tip tip Trimuris
Tunjung tjg tjg Tunjung
Tangko tkx tkx Tangko
Tobelo tlb tlb Tobelo
Talaud tld tld Talaud
Tofanma tlg tlg Tofanma
Taloki tlk tlk Taloki
Talondo’ tln tln Talondo’
tlt1 Sou Nama tlt tlt -
tlt2 - tlt Teluti
Tulehu tlu tlu Tulehu
Taliabu tlv tlv Taliabu
Ternateño tmg tmg Ternateño
Samarokena tmj tmj Samarokena
Citak, Tamnim tml tml Citak, Tamnim
Taman tmn tmn Taman
Iau tmu tmu Iau
Tandia tni tni Tandia
Tabla tnm tnm Tabla
Tontemboan tnt tnt Tontemboan
Tonsawang tnw tnw Tonsawang
Tombulu tom tom Tombulu
Topoiyo toy toy Topoiyo
Tarpia tpf tpf Tarpia
Kula tpg tpg Kula
Tarangan, East tre tre Tarangan, East
Tunggare trt trt Tunggare
Tausug tsg tsg Tausug
Tobati tti tti Tobati
Towei ttn ttn Towei
Tombelala ttp ttp Tombelala
Sikaritai tty tty Sikaritai
Tugutil tuj tuj Tugutil
tve1 Te’un tve tve -
tve2 - tve Te’un
Tela-Masbuar tvm tvm Tela-Masbuar
Tidore tvo tvo Tidore
Sedoa tvw tvw Sedoa
Teiwa twe twe Teiwa
 Tereweng twg twg Tereweng
Termanu twu twu Termanu
Tawoyan twy twy Tawoyan
Totoli txe txe Totoli
Tomini txm txm Tomini
Tarangan, West txn txn Tarangan, West
Tii txq txq Tii
Tonsea txs txs Tonsea
Citak txt txt Citak
Kombai tyn tyn Kombai
Tugun tzn tzn Tugun
uaa uaa uaa
Ujir udj udj Ujir
Kioko ues ues Kioko
Damal uhn uhn Damal
Kaburi uka uka Kaburi
Usku ulf ulf Usku
Ulumanda’ ulm ulm Ulumanda’
Uma’ Lung ulu ulu Uma’ Lung
Pendau ums ums Pendau
Kaili, Unde unz unz Kaili, Unde
Uruangnirin urn urn Uruangnirin
Orya ury ury Orya
vaa vaa vaa
Babar, Southeast vbb vbb Babar, Southeast
Kaur vkk vkk Kaur
Kulisusu vkl vkl Kulisusu
Kodeoha vko vko Kodeoha
Malay, Tenggarong Kutai vkt vkt Malay, Tenggarong Kutai
Masela, East vme vme Masela, East
Moksela vms vms Moksela
Vitou vto vto Vitou
waa waa waa
Wamesa wad wad Wandamen
Watubela wah wah Watubela
Wares wai wai Wares
Wabo wbb wbb Wabo
Waritai wbe wbe Waritai
Woi wbw wbw Woi
Wemale weo weo Wemale
Perai wet wet Perai
Wejewa wew wew Wejewa
Zorop wfg wfg Zorop
wgo1 Ambel wgo wgo -
wgo2 - wgo Waigeo
wha1 - wha Manusela
wha2 Sou Upaa wha wha -
Kenyah, Wahau whk whk Kenyah, Wahau
 Kayan, Wahau whu whu Kayan, Wahau
Mo wkd wkd Mo
Welaun wlh wlh -
Waioli wli wli Waioli
Wolio wlo wlo Wolio
Walak wlw wlw Walak
Maiwa wmm wmm Maiwa
Wambon wms wms Wambon
Wanggom wng wng Wanggom
Wanukaka wnk wnk Wanukaka
Wano wno wno Wano
Wolani wod wod Wolani
Kamang woi woi Kamang
Manombai woo woo Manombai
Woria wor wor Woria
Wawonii wow wow Wawonii
Waropen wrp wrp Waropen
Waris wrs wrs Waris
Waru wru wru Waru
Wae Rana wrx wrx Wae Rana
Warembori wsa wsa Warembori
Wotu wtw wtw Wotu
Silimo wul wul Silimo
Wauyai wuy wuy Wauyai
Kauwera xau xau Kauwera
Kayan Mahakam xay xay Kayan Mahakam
Kambera xbr xbr Kambera
Malayic Dayak xdy xdy Malayic Dayak
xem1 - xem Kembayan
xem2 Mateq xem xem -
Kayan, Mendalam xkd xkd Kayan, Mendalam
Kereho xke xke Kereho
Kenyah, Mainstream xkl xkl Kenyah, Mainstream
Kayan, Kayan River xkn xkn Kayan, Kayan River
Koroni xkq xkq Koroni
Kumbewaha xks xks Kumbewaha
Kembra xkw xkw Kembra
Uma’ Lasan xky xky Uma’ Lasan
Malay, Manado xmm xmm Malay, Manado
Matbat xmt xmt Matbat
xmx1 - xmx Maden
xmx2 Salawati xmx xmx -
Mori Bawah xmz xmz Mori Bawah
Kokoda xod xod Kokoda
Sempan xse xse Sempan
Ketengban xte xte Ketengban
Kwerba Mamberamo xwr xwr Kwerba Mamberamo
xxk1 Ke’o xxk xxk -
xxk2 - xxk Ke’o
Tambora xxt xxt -
yaa yaa yaa
Yali, Pass Valley yac yac Yali, Pass Valley
Yetfa yet yet Yetfa
Awyu, North yir yir Awyu, North
Yoke yki yki Yoke
Yali, Angguruk yli yli Yali, Angguruk
Sunum ymn ymn Sunum
Yarsun yrs yrs Yarsun
Chinese, Yue yue yue Chinese, Yue
Yawa yva yva Yawa
zaa zaa zaa
Batui zbt zbt Batui
Kaimbulawa zka zka Kaimbulawa
Malay zlm zlm Malay
Mairasi zrs zrs Mairasi
No by Lang No by Pops Language Name
418 237 Mandobo Atas aax Mandobo Atas
12 97 Amarasi aaz Amarasi
350 61 Lampung Nyo abl Lampung Nyo
396 18 Malay, Ambonese abs Malay, Ambonese
2 188 Abui abz Abui
4 13 Aceh ace Aceh
5 368 Adang adn Adang
6 84 Adonara adr Adonara
504 662 Obokuitai afz Obokuitai
27 658 Arguni agf Arguni
7 369 Aghu ahh Aghu
122 691 Burumakok aip Burumakok
8 480 Airoran air Airoran
72 33 Batak Angkola akb Batak Angkola
468 281 Mpur akc Mpur
17 189 Anakalangu akg Anakalangu
351 209 Larike-Wakasihu alo Larike-Wakasihu
10 185 Alune alp Alune
13 227 Ambai amk Ambai
11 684 Amahai amq Amahai
15 303 Ambelau amv Ambelau
20 321 Ansus and Ansus
9 147 Alor aol Alor
618 563 Taikat aos Taikat
678 29 Uab Meto aoz Uab Meto
24 48 Arabic, Levantine apc Arabic, Levantine
16 135 Ampanang apg Ampanang
23 657 Aputai apx Aputai
34 483 Atohwaim aqm Atohwaim
30 255 Asmat, Casuarina Coast asc Asmat, Casuarina Coast
124 485 Buruwai asi Buruwai
29 256 Asilulu asl Asilulu
33 410 Asmat, Yaosakor asy Asmat, Yaosakor
28 702 As asz As
25 142 Aralle-Tabulahan atq Aralle-Tabulahan
21 598 Anus auq Anus
35 586 Auye auu Auye
38 587 Awyi auw Awyi
36 665 Awbono awh Awbono
37 706 Awera awr Awera
44 253 Awyu, South aws Awyu, South
40 271 Awyu, Central awu Awyu, Central
42 402 Awyu, Jair awv Awyu, Jair
41 346 Awyu, Edera awy Awyu, Edera
388 167 Mai Brat ayz Mai Brat
48 158 Badui bac Badui
67 327 Barakai baj Barakai
 60 11 Bali ban Bali
80 351 Batuley bay Batuley
77 17 Batak Toba bbc Batak Toba
45 484 Babar, North bcd Babar, North
70 194 Basap bdb Basap
53 56 Bajau, Indonesian bdl Bajau, Indonesian
50 473 Baham bdw Baham
110 654 Budong-Budong bdx Budong-Budong
83 653 Bedoanas bed Bedoanas
54 331 Bakati’ bei Bakati’
85 330 Behoa bep Behoa
102 229 Blagar beu Blagar
92 5 Betawi bew Betawi
91 538 Betaf bfe Betaf
273 372 Kayan, Busang bfg Kayan, Busang
116 155 Bunak bfn Bunak
105 408 Bobongko bgb Bobongko
702 613 Warkay-Bipim bgv Warkay-Bipim
87 588 Benggoi bgy Benggoi
63 89 Banggai bgz Banggai
97 595 Biga bhc Biga
99 36 Bima bhp Bima
674 68 Tukang Besi South bhq Tukang Besi South
51 178 Bahau bhv Bahau
93 98 Biak bhw Biak
47 249 Bada bhz Bada
65 9 Banjar bjn Banjar
90 462 Berik bkl Berik
113 543 Bukitan bkn Bukitan
57 80 Bakumpai bkr Bakumpai
117 154 Bungku bkz Bungku
107 302 Bolango bld Bolango
118 87 Buol blf Buol
115 136 Bulungan blj Bulungan
58 359 Balaesang bls Balaesang
59 157 Balantak blz Balantak
108 217 Bonerate bna Bonerate
62 370 Banda bnd Banda
100 386 Bintauna bne Bintauna
434 490 Masiwang bnf Masiwang
66 461 Bantik bnq Bantik
88 228 Bentong bnu Bentong
86 642 Beneraf bnv Beneraf
109 517 Bonggo bpg Bonggo
18 409 Anasi bpo Anasi
268 568 Kaure bpp Kaure
399 350 Malay, Banda bpq Malay, Banda
428 383 Marind, Bian bpv Marind, Bian
 98 278 Bilba bpz Bilba
49 602 Bagusa bqb Bagusa
101 621 Biritai bqq Biritai
123 329 Burusu bqr Burusu
266 472 Kata Kolok bqy Kata Kolok
68 394 Barapasi brp Barapasi
69 682 Baras brs Baras
1 601 Abinomn bsa Abinomn
125 521 Busami bsm Busami
52 518 Bahonsuai bsu Bahonsuai
73 63 Batak Dairi btd Batak Dairi
95 257 Bidayuh, Biatah bth Bidayuh, Biatah
119 666 Burate bti Burate
397 703 Malay, Bacanese btj Malay, Bacanese
75 30 Batak Mandailing btm Batak Mandailing
76 65 Batak Simalungun bts Batak Simalungun
74 38 Batak Karo btx Batak Karo
106 324 Bobot bty Bobot
71 79 Batak Alas-Kluet btz Batak Alas-Kluet
111 8 Bugis bug Bugis
126 528 Busoa bup Busoa
400 219 Malay, Berau bve Malay, Berau
112 573 Bukat bvk Bukat
78 353 Bati bvt Bati
401 107 Malay, Bukit bvu Malay, Bukit
81 438 Bauzi bvz Bauzi
419 170 Mandobo Bawah bwp Mandobo Bawah
89 109 Benyadu’ byd Benyadu’
82 603 Bayono byl Bayono
19 594 Andio bzb Andio
103 400 Boano bzl Boano
104 362 Boano bzn Boano
286 443 Kemberano bzp Kemberano
114 393 Buli bzq Buli
120 622 Burmeso bzu Burmeso
129 732 Chinese, Min Dong cdo Chinese, Min Dong
132 77 Cia-Cia cia Cia-Cia
317 385 Koneq-koneq cml Koneq-koneq
128 40 Chinese, Mandarin cmn Chinese, Mandarin
31 277 Asmat, Central cns Asmat, Central
147 623 Dao daz Dao
136 570 Dabe dbe Dabe
170 439 Edopi dbf Edopi
163 707 Duriankere dbn Duriankere
148 458 Dawera-Daweloor ddw Dawera-Daweloor
151 574 Demisa dei Demisa
150 486 Dem dem Dem
194 304 German, Standard deu German, Standard
137 511 Dai dij Dai
156 667 Diuwe diy Diuwe
228 126 Jangkang djo Jangkang
138 471 Dakka dkk Dakka
140 387 Damar, East dmr Damar, East
142 250 Dampelas dms Dampelas
638 640 Tebi dmu Tebi
606 456 Sowari dmy Sowari
145 160 Dani, Upper Grand Valley dna Dani, Upper Grand Valley
143 159 Dani, Lower Grand Valley dni Dani, Lower Grand Valley
152 161 Dengka dnk Dengka
144 112 Dani, Mid Grand Valley dnt Dani, Mid Grand Valley
146 60 Dani, Western dnw Dani, Western
159 230 Dondo dok Dondo
141 512 Damar, West drn Damar, West
164 708 Dusner dsn Dusner
165 162 Dusun Deyah dun Dusun Deyah
161 195 Duano dup Duano
166 325 Dusun Malang duq Dusun Malang
169 499 Duvle duv Duvle
167 310 Dusun Witu duw Dusun Witu
84 272 Beginci ebc Beginci
368 375 Lik eip Lik
171 81 Ekari ekg Ekari
173 231 Embaloh emb Embaloh
175 624 Emplawas emw Emplawas
176 72 Ende end Ende
178 130 English eng English
177 505 Enggano eno Enggano
174 411 Emem enr Emem
180 548 Eritai ert Eritai
181 643 Erokwanas erw Erokwanas
586 494 Semimi etz Semimi
182 451 Fayu fau Fayu
184 546 Foau flh Foau
186 301 French fra French
185 113 Fordata frd Fordata
189 440 Gamkonora gak Gamkonora
188 527 Galolen gal Galolen
191 49 Gayo gay Gayo
187 94 Galela gbi Galela
193 412 Gerai gef Gerai
192 388 Gebe gei Gebe
195 128 Geser-Gorom ges Geser-Gorom
731 593 Yeretuar gop Yeretuar
196 487 Gorap goq Gorap
197 35 Gorontalo gor Gorontalo
198 395 Gresi grs Gresi
190 382 Gane gzn Gane
202 190 Hatam had Hatam
127 31 Chinese, Hakka hak Chinese, Hakka
212 371 Hupla hap Hupla
204 204 Helong heg Helong
577 226 Seit-Kaitetu hik Seit-Kaitetu
205 86 Hindi hin Hindi
199 184 Haji hji Haji
200 500 Hamap hmu Hamap
208 488 Hovongan hov Hovongan
201 181 Haruku hrk Haruku
207 709 Hoti hti Hoti
206 191 Hitu htu Hitu
209 607 Huaulu hud Huaulu
211 711 Hulung huk Hulung
210 710 Hukumina huw Hukumina
203 73 Hawu hvn Hawu
214 196 Iban iba Iban
215 692 Ibu ibu Ibu
216 712 Iha Based Pidgin ihb Iha Based Pidgin
217 307 Iha ihp Iha
218 197 Ile Ape ila Ile Ape
219 452 Ili’uun ilu Ili’uun
220 544 Imroing imr Imroing
221 1 Indonesian ind Indonesian
222 27 Indonesian Sign Language inl Indonesian Sign Language
730 681 Yeresiam ire Yeresiam
225 333 Irarutu irh Irarutu
253 436 Kamberau irx Kamberau
433 701 Masimasi ism Masimasi
651 145 Tidung, Southern itd Tidung, Southern
227 679 Itik itx Itik
465 283 Morop iwo Morop
718 432 Yalahatan jal Yalahatan
724 245 Yaqay jaq Yaqay
726 592 Yaur jau Yaur
230 2 Javanese jav Javanese
403 21 Malay, Jambi jax Malay, Jambi
26 481 Arandai jbj Arandai
232 644 Jofotek-Bromnya jbr Jofotek-Bromnya
728 457 Yei jei Yei
729 582 Yelmek jel Yelmek
420 578 Manem jet Manem
236 308 Kaera jka Kaera
723 150 Yamdena jmd Yamdena
229 205 Japanese jpn Japanese
231 713 Javindo jvd Javindo
260 575 Kao kax Kao
262 635 Kaptiau kbi Kaptiau
157 605 Dla kbv Dla
257 668 Kanum, Ngkâlmpw kcd Kanum, Ngkâlmpw
318 463 Koneraw kdw Koneraw
283 583 Keijar kdy Keijar
282 91 Kei kei Kei
285 233 Kemak kem Kemak
270 540 Kawe kgb Kawe
312 39 Komering kge Komering
254 259 Kamoro kgq Kamoro
3 367 Abun kgr Abun
263 634 Karas kgv Karas
265 311 Karon Dori kgw Karon Dori
251 401 Kamaru kgx Kamaru
673 70 Tukang Besi North khc Tukang Besi North
256 704 Kanum, Bädi khd Kanum, Bädi
324 354 Korowai khe Korowai
281 646 Kehu khh Kehu
261 645 Kapauri khp Kapauri
298 373 Kimaghima kig Kimaghima
326 626 Kosare kiq Kosare
301 625 Kirikiri kiy Kirikiri
445 610 Mlap kja Mlap
319 64 Konjo, Coastal kjc Konjo, Coastal
302 164 Kisar kje Kisar
320 99 Konjo, Highland kjk Konjo, Highland
335 406 Kurudu kjr Kurudu
339 699 Kwerisa kkb Kwerisa
719 403 Yale, Kosarek kkl Yale, Kosarek
255 74 Kangean kkv Kangean
308 261 Kohin kkx Kohin
248 182 Kalumpang kli Kalumpang
615 352 Tado klw Tado
247 696 Kalao kly Kalao
233 344 Kabola klz Kabola
288 396 Kemtuik kmt Kemtuik
316 556 Konda knd Konda
290 132 Keninjal knl Keninjal
289 45 Kendayan knx Kendayan
306 165 Kodi kod Kodi
322 153 Korean kor Korean
304 506 Koba kpd Koba
307 670 Kofei kpi Kofei
325 262 Korupun-Sela kpq Korupun-Sela
640 242 Tehit kps Tehit
237 489 Kafoa kpu Kafoa
506 357 Okolod kqv Okolod
259 669 Kanum, Sota krz Kanum, Sota
280 137 Kedang ksx Kedang
477 266 Muyu, North kti Muyu, North
478 340 Muyu, South kts Muyu, South
297 501 Ketum ktt Ketum
341 558 Kwinsu kuc Kwinsu
293 292 Kepo’ kuk Kepo’
333 363 Kur kuv Kur
328 234 Kubu kvb Kubu
329 671 Kui kvd Kui
313 429 Komodo kvh Komodo
158 305 Dobel kvo Dobel
314 596 Kompane kvp Kompane
295 53 Kerinci kvr Kerinci
310 275 Kola kvv Kola
711 349 Wersing kvw Wersing
670 519 Tsaukambo kvz Tsaukambo
337 397 Kwerba kwe Kwerba
327 541 Kowiai kwh Kowiai
336 672 Kwer kwr Kwer
340 414 Kwesten kwt Kwesten
258 655 Kanum, Smärky kxq Kanum, Smärky
264 537 Karey kyd Karey
303 312 Klon kyo Klon
271 232 Kayagar kyt Kayagar
238 552 Kaibobo kzb Kaibobo
235 589 Kadai kzd Kadai
240 102 Kaili, Da’a kzf Kaili, Da’a
284 532 Kelabit kzi Kelabit
277 715 Kayeli kzl Kayeli
244 522 Kais kzm Kais
239 284 Kaidipang kzp Kaidipang
278 685 Kayupulau kzu Kayupulau
315 608 Komyandaret kzv Komyandaret
250 714 Kamarian kzx Kamarian
246 361 Kalabra kzz Kalabra
342 415 Laba lau Laba
354 116 Lauje law Lauje
656 55 Tolaki lbw Tolaki
355 82 Lawangan lbx Lawangan
356 627 Legenyem lcc Legenyem
373 504 Lola lcd Lola
578 572 Sekak lce Sekak
381 416 Lubu lcf Lubu
372 218 Lisela lcl Lisela
382 287 Luhu lcq Luhu
371 425 Lisabata-Nuniali lcs Lisabata-Nuniali
521 221 Pantar, Western lev Pantar, Western
241 57 Kaili, Ledo lew Kaili, Ledo
380 183 Luang lex Luang
370 503 Limola ley Limola
359 502 Lengilu lgi Lengilu
343 345 Laha lhh Laha
369 700 Liki lio Liki
135 67 Col liw Col
366 656 Liabuku lix Liabuku
540 273 Rampi lje Rampi
344 616 Laiyolo lji Laiyolo
365 76 Li’o ljl Li’o
349 26 Lampung Api ljp Lampung Api
375 166 Lole llg Lole
352 470 Lasalimu llm Lasalimu
374 686 Lolak llq Lolak
357 263 Lembata, South lmf Lembata, South
358 264 Lembata, West lmj Lembata, West
347 336 Lamatuka lmq Lamatuka
346 335 Lamalera lmr Lamalera
348 148 Lamboya lmy Lamboya
383 152 Lundayeh lnd Lundayeh
376 198 Loloda loa Loloda
560 111 Saluan loe Saluan
378 716 Loun lox Loun
360 549 Lepki lpe Lepki
55 210 Bakati’, Rara lra Bakati’, Rara
377 639 Lorang lrn Lorang
406 169 Malay, Larantuka lrt Malay, Larantuka
361 269 Leti lti Leti
353 407 Latu ltu Latu
379 235 Loura lur Loura
362 337 Levuka lvu Levuka
363 338 Lewoeleng lwe Lewoeleng
364 293 Lewotobi lwt Lewotobi
387 4 Madura mad Madura
391 14 Makasar mak Makasar
408 22 Malay, North Moluccan max Malay, North Moluccan
416 37 Mandar mdr Mandar
443 202 Meyah mej Meyah
64 44 Bangka mfb Bangka
223 16 Indonesian, Makassar mfp Indonesian, Makassar
394 661 Maklew mgf Maklew
438 509 Mawes mgk Mawes
398 149 Malay, Balinese mhp Malay, Balinese
121 118 Buru mhs Buru
384 66 Ma’anyan mhy Ma’anyan
459 523 Mor mhz Mor
444 7 Minangkabau min Minangkabau
405 42 Malay, Kupang mkn Malay, Kupang
392 168 Makian, East mky Makian, East
412 366 Malimpung mli Malimpung
455 647 Momina mmb Momina
470 52 Muna mnb Muna
442 678 Mer mnu Mer
604 215 Sougb mnx Sougb
458 171 Moni mnz Moni
457 71 Mongondow mog Mongondow
466 687 Morori mok Morori
460 693 Mor moq Mor
425 717 Mapia mpy Mapia
386 285 Maba mqa Maba
422 276 Mangole mqc Mangole
456 418 Momuna mqf Momuna
404 92 Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai mqg Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai
429 619 Mariri mqi Mariri
413 88 Mamasa mqj Mamasa
464 146 Moronene mqn Moronene
448 417 Modole mqo Modole
423 445 Manipa mqp Manipa
417 698 Mander mqr Mander
393 212 Makian, West mqs Makian, West
415 101 Mamuju mqx Mamuju
421 23 Manggarai mqy Manggarai
172 606 Elseng mrf Elseng
155 683 Dineor mrx Dineor
427 280 Marind mrz Marind
439 464 Mekwei msf Mekwei
461 491 Moraid msg Moraid
452 636 Molof msl Molof
454 629 Mombum mso Mombum
432 508 Masela, West mss Masela, West
469 125 Mualang mtd Mualang
684 306 Una mtg Una
471 513 Munggui mth Munggui
467 265 Moskona mtj Moskona
476 12 Musi mui Musi
414 236 Mamboru mvd Mamboru
162 69 Duri mvp Duri
426 430 Marau mvr Marau
435 695 Massep mvs Massep
475 419 Murut, Tagal mvv Murut, Tagal
441 628 Meoswar mvx Meoswar
440 103 Mentawai mwv Mentawai
447 193 Modang mxd Modang
449 322 Moi Kelim mxn Moi Kelim
430 551 Masela, Central mxz Masela, Central
453 248 Moma myl Moma
462 206 Mori Atas mzq Mori Atas
484 694 Namla naa Namla
481 719 Naka’ela nae Naka’ela
130 28 Chinese, Min Nan nan Chinese, Min Nan
334 557 Kuri nbn Kuri
494 328 Nggem nbq Nggem
488 238 Nduga ndx Nduga
491 314 Ngad’a, Eastern nea Ngad’a, Eastern
489 446 Nedebang nec Nedebang
717 567 Yahadian ner Yahadian
153 309 Dhao nfa Dhao
495 25 Nias nia Nias
492 24 Ngaju nij Ngaju
496 720 Nila nil Nila
497 420 Nimboran nir Nimboran
500 559 Nisa njs Nisa
482 524 Nakai nkj Nakai
32 482 Asmat, North nks Asmat, North
483 192 Nalca nlc Nalca
168 186 Dutch nld Dutch
721 224 Yali, Ninia nlk Yali, Ninia
501 560 Nuaulu, North nni Nuaulu, North
499 398 Nipsan nps Nipsan
485 288 Napu npy Napu
487 466 Ndom nqm Ndom
486 376 Nasal nsy Nasal
503 721 Nusa Laut nul Nusa Laut
480 114 Nage nxe Nage
490 105 Ngad’a nxg Ngad’a
502 447 Nuaulu, South nxl Nuaulu, South
498 492 Ninggerum nxr Ninggerum
479 433 Nafri nxx Nafri
505 460 Oirata oia Oirata
508 561 Onin oni Onin
507 722 Onin Based Pidgin onx Onin Based Pidgin
321 577 Kopkaka opk Kopkaka
509 562 Ormu orz Ormu
511 46 Osing osi Osing
512 95 Ot Danum otd Ot Danum
522 579 Papasena pas Papasena
183 618 Fedan pdn Fedan
513 365 Padoe pdo Padoe
224 163 Indonesian, Peranakan pea Indonesian, Peranakan
619 585 Taje pee Taje
526 138 Pekal pel Pekal
529 733 Petjo pey Petjo
514 358 Pagu pgu Pagu
515 688 Paku pku Paku
516 240 Palu’e ple Palu’e
525 689 Paulohi plh Paulohi
517 96 Pamona pmf Pamona
530 421 Pom pmo Pom
409 20 Malay, Papuan pmy Malay, Papuan
520 151 Pannei pnc Pannei
22 389 Aoheng pni Aoheng
519 252 Pancana pnp Pancana
531 723 Ponosakan pns Ponosakan
681 180 Uma ppk Uma
523 542 Papuma ppm Papuma
536 525 Puragi pru Puragi
39 286 Awyu, Asue psa Awyu, Asue
402 19 Malay, Central pse Malay, Central
518 520 Panasuan psn Panasuan
524 223 Patani ptn Patani
179 85 Enrekang ptt Enrekang
61 121 Bambam ptu Bambam
534 648 Punan Merap puc Punan Merap
532 584 Punan Aput pud Punan Aput
533 660 Punan Merah puf Punan Merah
535 422 Punan Tubu puj Punan Tubu
537 294 Putoh put Putoh
541 649 Rasawa rac Rasawa
546 474 Riantana ran Riantana
538 590 Rahambuu raz Rahambuu
544 315 Rembong reb Rembong
543 43 Rejang rej Rejang
545 514 Reta ret Reta
548 213 Rikou rgu Rikou
550 493 Rohingya rhg Rohingya
547 119 Ribun rir Ribun
549 208 Riung riu Riung
539 295 Rajong rjg Rajong
472 617 Murkim rmh Murkim
551 431 Roma rmm Roma
553 475 Roon rnn Roon
616 50 Tae’ rob Tae’
552 341 Rongga ror Rongga
149 279 Dela-Oenale row Dela-Oenale
542 454 Ratahan rth Ratahan
555 274 Sahu saj Sahu
569 630 Sause sao Sause
567 15 Sasak sas Sasak
559 320 Saleman sau Saleman
572 355 Sawi saw Sawi
450 465 Moi Lemas sbg Moi Lemas
474 364 Murut, Sembakung sbr Murut, Sembakung
299 555 Kimki sbt Kimki
574 127 Seberuang sbx Seberuang
562 120 Sanggau scg Sanggau
666 32 Toraja-Sa’dan sda Toraja-Sa’dan
96 731 Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong sdo Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong
585 83 Semandang sdq Semandang
566 392 Sarudu sdu Sarudu
588 139 Sentani set Sentani
592 467 Serui-Laut seu Serui-Laut
576 423 Segai sge Segai
557 690 Salas sgu Salas
556 296 Sajau Basap sjb Sajau Basap
596 176 Sikule skh Sikule
594 62 Sika ski Sika
581 399 Seko Tengah sko Seko Tengah
599 526 Skou skv Skou
580 297 Seko Padang skx Seko Padang
579 569 Sekar skz Sekar
473 533 Murut, Selungai slg Murut, Selungai
345 51 Lamaholot slp Lamaholot
582 267 Selaru slu Selaru
583 78 Selayar sly Selayar
385 339 Ma’ya slz Ma’ya
598 122 Simeulue smr Simeulue
609 47 Sumbawa smw Sumbawa
94 730 Bidayuh, Bau sne Bidayuh, Bau
687 632 Viid snu Viid
554 510 Sa’ban snv Sa’ban
601 496 Sobei sob Sobei
605 641 Sowanda sow Sowanda
589 390 Sepa spb Sepa
565 724 Saponi spi Saponi
564 225 Saparua spr Saparua
56 332 Bakati’, Sara sre Bakati’, Sara
226 427 Isirawa srl Isirawa
568 673 Sauri srt Sauri
591 725 Serua srw Serua
600 241 So’a ssq So’a
367 374 Liana-Seti ste Liana-Seti
610 3 Sunda sun Sunda
590 597 Serili sve Serili
571 611 Saweru swr Saweru
584 384 Seluwasan sws Seluwasan
573 377 Sawila swt Sawila
612 270 Suwawa swu Suwawa
563 75 Sangir sxn Sangir
593 106 Siang sya Siang
493 239 Ngalum szb Ngalum
608 172 Sula szn Sula
607 515 Suabo szp Suabo
570 214 Sawai szw Sawai
634 531 Tause tad Tause
154 604 Diebroud tbp Diebroud
613 199 Tabaru tby Tabaru
625 356 Tamagario tcg Tamagario
628 564 Tanahmerah tcm Tanahmerah
245 638 Kaiy tcq Kaiy
657 677 Tomadino tdi Tomadino
620 290 Tajio tdj Tajio
661 251 Tondano tdn Tondano
160 680 Doutai tds Doutai
643 93 Tengger tes Tengger
649 41 Tetun tet Tetun
644 476 Teor tev Teor
639 675 Tefaro tfo Tefaro
647 104 Ternate tft Ternate
617 90 Tagalog tgl Tagalog
669 612 Trimuris tip Trimuris
677 115 Tunjung tjg Tunjung
630 674 Tangko tkx Tangko
654 143 Tobelo tlb Tobelo
621 110 Talaud tld Talaud
655 631 Tofanma tlg Tofanma
623 600 Taloki tlk Taloki
624 599 Talondo’ tln Talondo’
602 187 Sou Nama tlt Sou Nama
675 243 Tulehu tlu Tulehu
622 323 Taliabu tlv Taliabu
648 729 Ternateño tmg Ternateño
561 580 Samarokena tmj Samarokena
134 615 Citak, Tamnim tml Citak, Tamnim
626 140 Taman tmn Taman
213 441 Iau tmu Iau
629 727 Tandia tni Tandia
614 347 Tabla tnm Tabla
664 201 Tontemboan tnt Tontemboan
662 156 Tonsawang tnw Tonsawang
659 179 Tombulu tom Tombulu
665 571 Topoiyo toy Topoiyo
633 534 Tarpia tpf Tarpia
330 313 Kula tpg Kula
631 289 Tarangan, East tre Tarangan, East
676 565 Tunggare trt Tunggare
635 216 Tausug tsg Tausug
653 676 Tobati tti Tobati
668 663 Towei ttn Towei
658 405 Tombelala ttp Tombelala
595 424 Sikaritai tty Sikaritai
672 391 Tugutil tuj Tugutil
637 728 Te’un tve Te’un
642 477 Tela-Masbuar tvm Tela-Masbuar
650 117 Tidore tvo Tidore
575 530 Sedoa tvw Sedoa
641 342 Teiwa twe Teiwa
645 516 Tereweng twg Tereweng
646 141 Termanu twu Termanu
636 173 Tawoyan twy Tawoyan
667 222 Totoli txe Totoli
660 177 Tomini txm Tomini
632 268 Tarangan, West txn Tarangan, West
652 174 Tii txq Tii
663 529 Tonsea txs Tonsea
133 258 Citak txt Citak
311 334 Kombai tyn Kombai
671 468 Tugun tzn Tugun
679 478 Ujir udj Ujir
300 300 Kioko ues Kioko
139 203 Damal uhn Damal
234 539 Kaburi uka Kaburi
686 664 Usku ulf Usku
680 133 Ulumanda’ ulm Ulumanda’
683 378 Uma’ Lung ulu Uma’ Lung
527 426 Pendau ums Pendau
242 129 Kaili, Unde unz Kaili, Unde
685 581 Uruangnirin urn Uruangnirin
510 435 Orya ury Orya
46 326 Babar, Southeast vbb Babar, Southeast
267 123 Kaur vkk Kaur
331 131 Kulisusu vkl Kulisusu
305 444 Kodeoha vko Kodeoha
410 58 Malay, Tenggarong Kutai vkt Malay, Tenggarong Kutai
431 550 Masela, East vme Masela, East
451 718 Moksela vms Moksela
688 535 Vitou vto Vitou
694 317 Wamesa wad Wamesa
705 343 Watubela wah Watubela
699 650 Wares wai Wares
689 449 Wabo wbb Wabo
701 659 Waritai wbe Waritai
712 428 Woi wbw Woi
710 299 Wemale weo Wemale
528 620 Perai wet Perai
708 108 Wejewa wew Wejewa
734 637 Zorop wfg Zorop
 14 434 Ambel wgo Ambel
603 282 Sou Upaa wha Sou Upaa
292 260 Kenyah, Wahau whk Kenyah, Wahau
276 553 Kayan, Wahau whu Kayan, Wahau
446 547 Mo wkd Mo
709 450 Welaun wlh Welaun
691 380 Waioli wli Waioli
714 100 Wolio wlo Wolio
692 175 Walak wlw Walak
390 134 Maiwa wmm Maiwa
693 381 Wambon wms Wambon
695 469 Wanggom wng Wanggom
697 244 Wanukaka wnk Wanukaka
696 497 Wano wno Wano
713 318 Wolani wod Wolani
249 291 Kamang woi Kamang
424 254 Manombai woo Manombai
715 705 Woria wor Woria
707 144 Wawonii wow Wawonii
703 298 Waropen wrp Waropen
700 566 Waris wrs Waris
704 591 Waru wru Waru
690 379 Wae Rana wrx Wae Rana
698 536 Warembori wsa Warembori
716 633 Wotu wtw Wotu
597 316 Silimo wul Silimo
706 614 Wauyai wuy Wauyai
269 576 Kauwera xau Kauwera
272 455 Kayan Mahakam xay Kayan Mahakam
252 54 Kambera xbr Kambera
411 34 Malayic Dayak xdy Malayic Dayak
437 220 Mateq xem Mateq
275 442 Kayan, Mendalam xkd Kayan, Mendalam
294 554 Kereho xke Kereho
291 211 Kenyah, Mainstream xkl Kenyah, Mainstream
274 413 Kayan, Kayan River xkn Kayan, Kayan River
323 498 Koroni xkq Koroni
332 479 Kumbewaha xks Kumbewaha
287 697 Kembra xkw Kembra
682 448 Uma’ Lasan xky Uma’ Lasan
407 10 Malay, Manado xmm Malay, Manado
436 459 Matbat xmt Matbat
558 734 Salawati xmx Salawati
463 207 Mori Bawah xmz Mori Bawah
309 348 Kokoda xod Kokoda
587 495 Sempan xse Sempan
296 247 Ketengban xte Ketengban
338 609 Kwerba Mamberamo xwr Kwerba Mamberamo
279 124 Ke’o xxk Ke’o
627 726 Tambora xxt Tambora
722 319 Yali, Pass Valley yac Yali, Pass Valley
732 453 Yetfa yet Yetfa
43 437 Awyu, North yir Awyu, North
733 652 Yoke yki Yoke
720 200 Yali, Angguruk yli Yali, Angguruk
611 545 Sunum ymn Sunum
725 651 Yarsun yrs Yarsun
131 59 Chinese, Yue yue Chinese, Yue
727 246 Yawa yva Yawa
79 507 Batui zbt Batui
243 404 Kaimbulawa zka Kaimbulawa
395 6 Malay zlm Malay
389 360 Mairasi zrs Mairasi
ISO 639 EGIDS Population
aax 6a 10,000
aaz 5 70,000
abl 6a 180,000
abs 3 1,600,000
abz 6a 16,000
ace 6b 2,840,000
adn 6b 3,000
adr 6a 98,000
afz 6b 120
agf 6b 150
ahh 6b 3,000
aip 8b 40
air 6b 1,000
akb 6b 535,000
akc 6b 7,000
akg 6a 16,000
alo 6b 12,600
alp 6b 17,200
amk 6b 10,100
amq 8b 50
amv 6a 5,700
and 6b 4,600
aol 6a 25,000
aos 6b 500
aoz 5 700,000
apc Unestablished 283,000
apg 6a 30,000
apx 8b 150
aqm 6b 1,000
asc 5 9,000
asi 7 1,000
asl 6b 8,760
asy 7 2,000
asz 8b 6
atq 5 29,300
auq 7 320
auu 5 350
auw 8a 350
awh 6b 100
awr 9 0
aws 6b 9,340
awu 6a 7,500
awv 6b 2,300
awy 6b 3,870
ayz 5 20,000
bac 6a 20,000
baj 6a 4,450
ban 5 3,300,000
bay 6b 3,640
bbc 6b 1,610,000
bcd 6b 1,000
bdb 6b 15,000
bdl 6b 226,000
bdw 6b 1,100
bdx 6b 180
bed 7 180
bei 6b 4,000
bep 6b 4,280
beu 6a 10,000
bew 6b 5,000,000
bfe 6b 600
bfg 6b 3,000
bfn 6a 21,000
bgb 6a 2,050
bgv 6b 300
bgy 8a 350
bgz 7 88,300
bhc 6b 330
bhp 6a 500,000
bhq 6a 130,000
bhv 6a 19,000
bhw 6b 70,000
bhz 5 9,780
bjn 3 3,650,000
bkl 6b 1,200
bkn 6b 570
bkr 3 100,000
bkz 6b 22,000
bld 6b 5,770
blf 6a 90,200
blj 6a 30,000
bls 7 3,300
blz 5 20,500
bna 6a 11,900
bnd 7 3,000
bne 7 2,800
bnf 6b 1,000
bnq 8a 1,200
bnu 6b 10,100
bnv 7 200
bpg 8a 790
bpo 6b 2,000
bpp 8a 450
bpq 6a 3,690
bpv 7 2,900
bpz 6a 7,000
bqb 6a 300
bqq 6b 250
bqr 6a 4,350
bqy 5 1,125
brp 6b 2,500
brs 8a 64
bsa 6b 300
bsm 6b 700
bsu 7 780
btd 6b 172,000
bth 5 8,480
bti 7 100
btj 8b 6
btm 6b 691,000
bts 5 151,000
btx 6b 491,000
bty 6b 4,500
btz 6a 101,000
bug 3 4,370,000
bup 7 670
bve 6a 11,200
bvk 6b 400
bvt 6b 3,500
bvu 6a 59,000
bvz 5 1,500
bwp 6b 20,000
byd 6a 54,000
byl 6a 300
bzb 7 335
bzl 6b 2,400
bzn 6a 3,240
bzp 6b 1,500
bzq 6b 2,520
bzu 6a 250
cdo 8b Unlisted
cia 6b 104,000
cml 6b 2,830
cmn 6b 466,000
cns 6b 7,000
daz 6b 250
dbe 7 440
dbf 6b 1,500
dbn 10 0
ddw 7 1,270
dei 7 400
dem 6b 1,000
deu Unestablished 5,700
dij 6b 820
diy 6b 100
djo 6a 37,000
dkk 7 1,140
dmr 6b 2,800
dms 7 9,560
dmu 8a 220
dmy 8a 1,300
dna 5 20,000
dni 5 20,000
dnk 6a 20,000
dnt 5 50,000
dnw 6a 180,000
dok 6b 10,000
drn 6b 800
dsn 9 0
dun 6a 20,000
dup 6a 15,000
duq 6b 4,500
duv 6b 930
duw 6b 5,000
ebc 6a 7,500
eip 6b 3,000
ekg 5 100,000
emb 5 10,000
emw 8b 250
end 6a 110,000
eng Unestablished 34,000
eno 6b 870
enr 6b 2,000
ert 6b 530
erw 6b 200
etz 7 1,000
fau 6b 1,400
flh 6a 550
fra Unestablished 5,800
frd 6b 50,000
gak 6b 1,500
gal 6b 680
gay 6b 275,000
gbi 5 79,000
gef 5 2,000
gei 6b 2,650
ges 6a 36,500
gop 7 350
goq 7 1,000
gor 6b 505,000
grs 8a 2,500
gzn 6b 2,900
had 5 16,000
hak 8a 640,000
hap 6b 3,000
heg 6b 14,000
hik 6b 10,200
hin Unestablished 94,000
hji 6a 17,500
hmu 6b 900
hov 6b 1,000
hrk 8a 18,200
hti 10 0
htu 6b 16,000
hud 6b 300
huk 10 0
huw 10 0
hvn 5 110,000
iba 5 15,000
ibu 8b 35
ihb 9 0
ihp 6a 5,500
ila 6b 15,000
ilu 6b 1,400
imr 7 560
ind 1 198,000,000
inl 6a 810,000
ire 7 70
irh 6b 4,000
irx 7 1,570
ism 8b 10
itd 6a 27,000
itx 6b 80
iwo 6a 6,900
jal 7 1,700
jaq 6b 10,000
jau 7 350
jav 4 68,200,000
jax 6a 1,000,000
jbj 6b 1,000
jbr 6b 200
jei 7 1,280
jel 8a 400
jet 6b 400
jka 6a 5,500
jmd 5 25,000
jpn Unestablished 14,000
jvd 9 0
kax 8a 400
kbi 8a 230
kbv 7 300
kcd 6b 100
kdw 7 1,200
kdy 8a 370
kei 6a 85,000
kem 6a 10,000
kgb 6b 600
kge 6a 470,000
kgq 6a 8,000
kgr 6b 3,000
kgv 8a 240
kgw 6a 5,000
kgx 6b 2,330
khc 6a 120,000
khd 8b 5
khe 6a 3,500
khh 6b 200
khp 6b 200
kig 6b 3,000
kiq 6a 250
kiy 6a 250
kja 8b 300
kjc 6b 167,000
kje 5 20,000
kjk 6b 68,500
kjr 6b 2,180
kkb 8b 15
kkl 5 2,300
kkv 5 110,000
kkx 6b 8,000
kli 6a 18,000
klw 5 3,640
kly 7 22
klz 6a 3,900
kmt 7 2,500
knd 6b 500
knl 6a 32,000
knx 3 321,000
kod 5 20,000
kor Unestablished 22,800
kpd 6b 870
kpi 7 100
kpq 5 8,000
kps 6b 10,000
kpu 6b 1,000
kqv 6a 3,390
krz 6a 100
ksx 6a 30,000
kti 6a 8,000
kts 6a 4,000
ktt 6b 900
kuc 6b 500
kuk 6b 6,000
kuv 6b 3,180
kvb 6b 10,000
kvd 6b 100
kvh 6b 1,730
kvo 5 5,680
kvp 6b 330
kvr 6b 260,000
kvv 6a 7,400
kvw 6a 3,700
kvz 6b 780
kwe 6b 2,500
kwh 6b 600
kwr 6b 100
kwt 7 2,000
kxq 6b 170
kyd 6b 610
kyo 6b 5,000
kyt 6b 10,000
kzb 8b 500
kzd 7 350
kzf 5 62,600
kzi 6b 640
kzl 9 0
kzm 7 700
kzp 7 6,660
kzu 8a 50
kzv 6b 300
kzx 9 0
kzz 6a 3,290
lau 6b 2,000
law 6b 49,800
lbw 6b 238,000
lbx 6a 100,000
lcc 6a 250
lcd 6b 900
lce 6b 420
lcf 6a 2,000
lcl 7 11,900
lcq 6b 6,500
lcs 6b 1,830
lev 6a 10,800
lew 3 215,000
lex 5 18,000
ley 6b 900
lgi 7 900
lhh 6a 3,890
lio 8a 11
liw 6a 145,000
lix 8a 160
lje 6b 7,500
lji 6b 290
ljl 6a 105,000
ljp 6a 827,000
llg 6a 20,000
llm 6b 1,150
llq 8b 50
lmf 6a 8,000
lmj 6a 8,000
lmq 6a 4,000
lmr 6a 4,000
lmy 6a 25,000
lnd 5 23,000
loa 5 15,000
loe 6b 51,900
lox 10 0
lpe 6b 530
lra 5 12,000
lrn 6a 220
lrt 6b 20,000
lti 7 7,710
ltu 7 2,130
lur 6a 10,000
lvu 6a 4,000
lwe 6a 4,000
lwt 6a 6,000
mad 5 7,790,000
mak 6b 2,110,000
max 3 1,000,000
mdr 3 499,000
mej 5 14,800
mfb 6a 340,000
mfp 3 1,880,950
mgf 6b 120
mgk 6b 850
mhp 6b 25,000
mhs 6b 45,000
mhy 6b 150,000
mhz 7 700
min 5 4,880,000
mkn 3 350,000
mky 6b 20,000
mli 6b 3,090
mmb 6b 200
mnb 6b 266,000
mnu 6b 85
mnx 5 12,000
mnz 5 20,000
mog 6b 117,000
mok 8b 50
moq 8a 30
mpy 10 0
mqa 6a 6,620
mqc 6a 7,280
mqf 6b 2,000
mqg 6a 80,000
mqi 6a 280
mqj 6a 89,100
mqn 6b 26,300
mqo 6b 2,000
mqp 6b 1,500
mqr 8b 20
mqs 6a 12,000
mqx 6b 62,900
mqy 6a 900,000
mrf 6b 300
mrx 8a 55
mrz 6b 7,000
msf 8a 1,200
msg 6b 1,000
msl 6b 230
mso 8a 250
mss 7 850
mtd 5 40,000
mtg 5 5,600
mth 6b 800
mtj 5 8,000
mui 3 3,105,000
mvd 6a 10,000
mvp 6b 123,000
mvr 6b 1,700
mvs 8b 25
mvv 6b 2,000
mvx 6b 250
mwv 5 62,300
mxd 6a 15,300
mxn 7 4,600
mxz 8a 510
myl 5 9,940
mzq 6b 14,000
naa 8b 30
nae 10 0
nan 8a 766,000
nbn 7 500
nbq 5 4,400
ndx 5 10,000
nea 6a 5,000
nec 6b 1,500
ner 6b 500
nfa 5 5,000
nia 5 867,000
nij 3 890,000
nil 10 0
nir 8a 2,000
njs 6b 500
nkj 6b 700
nks 6a 1,000
nlc 5 16,000
nld Unestablished 17,000
nlk 5 10,500
nni 6b 500
nps 6b 2,500
npy 5 6,240
nqm 6b 1,200
nsy 6a 3,000
nul 9 0
nxe 5 50,000
nxg 6a 60,000
nxl 6b 1,500
nxr 6b 1,000
nxx 8a 1,630
oia 7 1,220
oni 6b 500
onx 9 0
opk 6b 400
orz 7 500
osi 6a 300,000
otd 6a 78,800
pas 6b 400
pdn 7 280
pdo 6b 3,100
pea 7 20,000
pee 8b 370
pel 6a 30,000
pey 8b Unlisted
pgu 7 3,310
pku 8a 50
ple 6b 10,000
plh 8b 50
pmf 6b 77,900
pmo 6b 2,000
pmy 3 1,100,000
pnc 6b 24,400
pni 6b 2,630
pnp 6a 9,460
pns 9 0
ppk 5 18,800
ppm 6b 600
pru 6b 700
psa 6b 6,500
pse 6a 1,590,000
psn 6a 770
ptn 6a 10,600
ptt 6b 94,500
ptu 5 42,100
puc 6b 200
pud 6b 370
puf 6b 140
puj 6b 2,000
put 6b 6,000
rac 6b 200
ran 6b 1,100
raz 7 350
reb 6a 5,000
rej 6a 350,000
ret 6b 800
rgu 6a 12,000
rhg Unestablished 1,000
rir 6a 45,000
riu 6a 14,000
rjg 6a 6,000
rmh 6a 290
rmm 6b 1,700
rnn 6b 1,100
rob 5 272,000
ror 6a 4,000
row 6a 7,000
rth 8b 1,340
saj 5 7,500
sao 6b 250
sas 5 2,100,000
sau 6b 4,800
saw 8a 3,500
sbg 7 1,200
sbr 6b 3,180
sbt 6b 500
sbx 6a 37,000
scg 6a 45,000
sda 5 588,000
sdo 6a Unlisted
sdq 5 100,000
sdu 6b 2,550
set 5 30,000
seu 7 1,200
sge 6b 2,000
sgu 8b 50
sjb 6a 6,000
skh 6b 19,800
ski 6a 175,000
sko 6b 2,500
skv 6a 700
skx 6a 6,000
skz 6b 450
slg 6b 640
slp 3 268,000
slu 6b 8,000
sly 6a 103,000
slz 6b 4,000
smr 6a 40,300
smw 6a 300,000
sne 6b Unlisted
snu 8a 250
snv 6b 850
sob 7 1,000
sow 6b 210
spb 6b 2,600
spi 10 0
spr 8a 10,200
sre 6a 4,000
srl 6b 1,800
srt 6b 100
srw 10 0
ssq 6a 10,000
ste 6b 3,000
sun 5 32,400,000
sve 8a 330
swr 6b 300
sws 6b 2,840
swt 6b 3,000
swu 7 7,590
sxn 5 110,000
sya 6a 60,000
szb 6a 10,000
szn 6a 20,000
szp 6b 800
szw 6b 12,000
tad 6a 650
tbp 6b 300
tby 5 15,000
tcg 6a 3,500
tcm 6b 500
tcq 6b 220
tdi 8a 100
tdj 7 6,100
tdn 8a 9,560
tds 7 70
tes 6a 80,000
tet 5 400,000
tev 6b 1,100
tfo 6b 100
tft 6b 62,000
tgl Unestablished 86,000
tip 6a 300
tjg 6b 50,000
tkx 6b 100
tlb 5 27,700
tld 6a 53,100
tlg 6a 250
tlk 8a 310
tln 6b 320
tlt 6a 17,000
tlu 7 10,000
tlv 6a 4,520
tmg 10 0
tmj 6b 400
tml 5 290
tmn 6a 30,000
tmu 5 1,500
tni 9 0
tnm 8a 3,750
tnt 6b 14,900
tnw 7 21,000
tom 7 19,000
toy 8a 440
tpf 8a 630
tpg 6a 5,000
tre 6a 6,110
trt 6b 500
tsg 5 12,000
tti 8b 100
ttn 8a 120
ttp 6b 2,240
tty 5 2,000
tuj 6b 2,590
tve 10 0
tvm 6a 1,050
tvo 6a 46,000
tvw 5 660
twe 6a 4,000
twg 6b 800
twu 6a 30,000
twy 5 20,000
txe 7 10,800
txm 6b 19,700
txn 5 7,910
txq 6a 20,000
txs 6b 670
txt 5 8,000
tyn 6b 4,000
tzn 6a 1,200
udj 7 1,030
ues 6b 5,970
uhn 6b 14,000
uka 6b 600
ulf 8a 110
ulm 6b 31,600
ulu 6b 3,000
ums 6b 1,820
unz 6a 35,700
urn 6b 400
ury 6b 1,600
vbb 6a 4,460
vkk 6a 40,000
vkl 6a 32,100
vko 6b 1,500
vkt 6a 210,000
vme 8a 520
vms 10 0
vto 7 630
wad 6b 5,000
wah 6a 4,000
wai 7 200
wbb 7 1,500
wbe 6b 150
wbw 6b 1,800
weo 6a 6,000
wet 6b 280
wew 6a 55,000
wfg 7 230
wgo 7 1,600
wha 6a 7,000
whk 6b 8,000
whu 6b 500
wkd 7 550
wlh 6a 1,500
wli 6b 3,000
wlo 6b 65,000
wlw 6a 20,000
wmm 6b 31,500
wms 6b 3,000
wng 6b 1,180
wnk 6a 10,000
wno 6b 1,000
wod 5 5,000
woi 6b 6,000
woo 6a 9,110
wor 8b 5
wow 6b 27,600
wrp 7 6,000
wrs 6b 500
wru 6b 350
wrx 6b 3,000
wsa 7 620
wtw 7 250
wul 5 5,000
wuy 7 300
xau 6a 400
xay 6b 1,300
xbr 5 240,000
xdy 6a 520,000
xem 6a 11,000
xkd 6b 1,500
xke 6b 500
xkl 6b 12,000
xkn 6b 2,000
xkq 7 980
xks 6b 1,010
xkw 8a 20
xky 6b 1,500
xmm 3 3,320,000
xmt 6b 1,250
xmx 7 Unlisted
xmz 6b 14,000
xod 6b 3,700
xse 6b 1,000
xte 5 9,970
xwr 6a 300
xxk 6a 40,000
xxt 10 0
yac 6a 5,000
yet 6a 1,400
yir 6b 1,500
yki 6b 200
yli 5 15,000
ymn 8a 560
yrs 8a 200
yue 8a 182,000
yva 5 10,000
zbt 7 850
zka 6a 2,290
zlm 6a 4,910,000
zrs 5 3,300
Papua province: between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, toward Fly river border in Papua New Guinea.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Timor island southwest tip; Timur sea near Benini point east to Ela point, in
Lampung province: 3 enclaves east between Kanan and Seputih rivers.
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru island group, Wamar island; Seram Bagian Barat regency, Ambon city, Kama
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Alor island.
Aceh province: Aceh Barat, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Singkil, Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Timur
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town toward Banda Sea coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Adonara and east Solor islands.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Obogwi village on Lakes plain north of Rouffaer river.
West Papua province: Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula.
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Jair sub-district in south interior between Mapi and Digul rivers.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Kurima sub-district, Burumakok village.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat sub-districts, Isirania, Motobiak, Subu, and other vil
North Sumatera province: Labuhan Batu, Labuhan Batu Selatan, Padang Lawas, Padang Lawas Utara, Tapanuli Selatan, Tap
West Papua province: Manokwari regency on north coast of Bird’s Head; also Kebar valley.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island, southwest coast.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Allang, Lai, Larike, Tapi, and Wakasihu villages on southwest Ambon island coas
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu and Taniwel districts, 27 villages in Latuhelu area and Piru bay.
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur sub-districts, 10 villages on Ambai island, Cende
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 4 villages; Seram island in Elpaputih bay near Masohi town.
Maluku province: central Ambelau island; Buru island coast, Wae Tawa village; 8 villages.
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat sub-district, Aibondeni, Ansus, Kairawi, and Yenusi villages on Yape
East Nusa Tenggara province: coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, north Pantar and adjacent islands.
Papua province: northeast border area south of Jayapura.
East Nusa Tenggara province: most of west Timor island.

East Kalimantan province: east of Jambu and Lamper towns west of Mahakam river delta.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency; Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; Wetar strait coast, Lurang vill
Papua province: Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari sub-district. South coast inland, between Cook and Kronkel rivers.
Papua province: Mappi regency, Edera and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts on Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north to Kuti riv
West Papua province: Fakfak and Kaimana regencies, Esania, Gaka, Guriasa, Hia, Kuna, Marobia, Tairi, and Yarona villages
Maluku province: Asilulu, Negeri Lima, and Ureng, villages. Northwest Ambon island and west Seram island, Hoamoal peni
Papua province: Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy sub-districts; lower Surets and Eilanden rivers confluence area.
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Asbaken and Sorong.
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Aralle and Tabulalang towns, 2 separate areas.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pulau Anus and Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river.
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; central highlands in Siriwo river area.
Papua province: Keerom regency, Arso sub-district; northeast highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency; Modera river area.
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district,1 village; east Cenderawasih bay at Wapoga river mouth.
Papua province: Merauke and Mappi regencies, Bade town area; lower Digul river.
Papua province: Mappi and Boven Digul regencies, Bimika, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Obaa sub-districts; south coast inla
Papua province: Merauke district.
Papua province: Merauke regency, both banks, lower Digul river.
West Papua province: about 40 villages in central Bird’s Head, Ayamaru lakes area.
Banten province: Rangkasbitung regency, Pandeglang town, on Ujung river; West Java province: Sukabumi city area, 1 villa
Maluku province: Apara, Bemun, Longgar, and Mesiang villages in the south; Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island n
Bali province: widespread; West Nusa Tenggara province: Kota Mataram and Lombok Barat regency; west central Lombok
Maluku province: Aru islands regency, Arafura Sea east coast offshore communities, 7 island villages.
North Sumatera province: Asahan, Humbang Hasundutan, Labuhan Batu Utara, Samosir, Simalungan, south Tapanuli Teng
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island.
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Berau, Bulungan, Kutai Kartanegara, Penajam Paser Utara, and Kutai Tim
Gorontalo province; North Maluku province: Bacan, Kayoa, Obi, and Sula islands; Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South S
West Papua province: northwest Bomberai peninsula, Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts; Kaimana r
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Tengah regency, Topoyo sub-district, Tabolang village; Makassar strait, Budong-Budong
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas sub-district; Bomberai peninsula.
West Kalimantan province: Sambas regency; Sambas river headwaters.
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 8 villages; Behoa and Napu valleys.
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands.
Banten province: Tangerang recency and city; dominant in Jakarta Special Capital Region; West Java province: Bekasi, Boga
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; north coast area east of Sarmi.
Central Kalimantan province; East Kalimantan province: Muller Mountains, Belayan, upper Mahakam, and Oga river areas.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency, central interior, near East Timor border, on Timor island.
Central Sulawesi province: Batu Daka island, Tumbulawa village on northwest coast; Togian islands, Lembanato village on K
Papua province: Asmat regency south coast, 3 villages near Otsianep and northeast near Bapiem.
Maluku province: Werinama and Bula districts, Balakeo, Benggoi, and Lesa villages; Seram island, north Seram Sea coast.
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai Kepulauan regency, at least 157 villages; Banggai and Bowokan islands.
West Papua province: Sorong district, Biga village, on south Misool island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Komodo island area; West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus, Ba
South Sulawesi province: Selayar regency, Bonerate, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Madu islands; Alor, Ambon, Buru, Maluku, M
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung, and Long Pahangai sub-districts
Papua province: Biak Numfor regency, Biak and Numfor islands; Yapen Island regency, north coast area; West Papua provi
Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi provinces: Luwu Utara and Poso regencies, Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Parigi, and
Central Kalimantan province: Palangkaraya, Pangkalanbun, and Sampit; East Kalimantan province: Kutai, Pasir, and Pulau L
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Tor Atas sub-district, Beu, Bora Bora, Dangken, Doronta, Kondirjan, Safrontani, Sewan, Som
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on Sarawak border, 2 enclaves on Iwan river.
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan, and Barito Utara, and Kapuas regencies, Kapuas and Barito rivers; possibly sou
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Selatan, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Utara sub-districts, about 45 coastal villages from
Gorontalo province: Gorontalo Utara regency, Atinggola town area; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Selanta
Central Sulawesi province: Baolan, Biau, Bokat, Bunobogu, Momunu, and Paleleh sub-districts, 68 villages on north coast, n
East Kalimantan province: Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river.
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala regency, Balaesang sub-district, Kamonji, Ketong, and Rano villages on Manimbayu pe
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balantak, Lamala, Luwuk, and Tinangkung Lamala sub-districts, at least 49 villa
South Sulawesi province: Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Selayer islands.
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara regency, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly a third; Kei Besar island west and n
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondou Utara regency, Bintauna town and inland; Celebes Sea.
Maluku province: Bula district along Seram island northeast coast.
North Sulawesi province: Manado city area, 11 villages; north peninsula, northeast section.
South Sulawesi province: Barru, Bone, Pangkep, and Maros regencies; highland areas northeast of Makassar city.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Beneraf and part of Nenke village; north coast area east of Tor ri
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir sub-district on north coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river.
Papua province: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on Nawa river.
Maluku province: south Banda islands.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Muting sub-district, Sanayu village in upper Bian river area.
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Rote island; Semau island; Timor mainland near Kupang.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district.
Papua province: Puncakjaya district, Biri village.
East Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, Sesayap sub-district, Sekatakbunyi town area.
Bali province: Northern Bali, Buleleng regency, Kubutambahan Disctrict, Desa Kolok, about 20 km east of Singaraja.
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas sub-district; east Cenderawasih bay, Barapasi river area and tribu
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, Baras sub-district, in and north of Bambaloka village, Karossa sub-district
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth at Idenburg river to hea
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan sub-districts, Kamanap, Kaonda and Masiaroti vi
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Bahonsuai village on the east coast, Tolo bay.
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Humbang Hasundutan, Pakpak Barat, Samosir, and Ta
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency, area near Sarawak border; possibly northeast Landak regency.
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 1 village near Wapoga river mouth.
North Maluku province: at least 2 villages on Bacan and Mandioli islands.
North Sumatera province: south interior from Padang Sidempuan into Riau and West Sumatra provinces.
North Sumatera province: Deli Serdang, Kota Pematang Siantar, Serdang Bedagai, and Simalungun regencies.
Aceh province: Aceh Tenggara regency, at the border; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Deli Serdang, Karo, and Langkat rege
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Werinama sub-district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; Tunsai
Aceh province: inland from Tapaktuan, and northwest towards Kutacane; into North Sumatra province.
Central Sulawesi province: Donggola, Oti, and Toaya, west; 3 Tolo bay enclaves east; South Sulawesi province: widespread
Southeast Sulawesi province: South Buton regency, Batauga district, Busoa and Lakambau villages, around 22 km south of
East Kalimantan province: Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; Celebes Sea coast
West Kalimantan province: northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, 3 areas.
Maluku province: Seram island east coast between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland.
South Kalimantan province: Sampanahan river area northwest of Limbungan town.
Papua province: Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas sub-districts, Danau Bira
Papua province: Boven Digul regency, Aiwat, Anggai, Butiptiri, Getentiri, Kaisah, and Subur villages; south of Tanahmerah a
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang and Landak regencies; near Sarawak border.
Papua province: Asmat regency, Eilanden-Steenboom river area.
Central Sulawesi province: Lamala sub-district, Tangeban and Tauge villages, peninsula east tip area.
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong sub-district, Bolano village; north peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini.
Maluku province: North Buano main village; Boano and Seram islands.
West Papua province: several villages on Bird’s Head south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Kalitami across Bintuni b
North Maluku province: central Halmahera, 3 villages on Buli bay north shore.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district, 1 village on Middle Mamberamo river.
Bali and Java provinces: scattered throughout.
Southeast Sulawesi province: southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, inland between Sampolawa and Pasawajo towns; Bat
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency on Mandar bay south coast.
Scattered.
Papua province: Asmat regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts, south coast from Owap river nor
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; west central highlands along Dao river.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Dabe village, Tor river valley north to coast.
Papua province: southwest Mamberamo Raya and north Puncak regencies; Rouffaer river between Splitsingbivak and Mot
West Papua province: one island between Salawati island and Bird’s Head west end.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages in Banda Sea on twin coral islan
Papua province: Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa, Desawa, and Muyere villages; inland in northeast Canderawasih ba
Papua province: Western highlands along Rouffaer river headwaters.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Sinairusi, 3 other villages on Lewa island.
Papua province: Asmat regency, southeast of Wamena city.
West Kalimantan province: central Sanggau regency, between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns on Kapuas river tributary.
West Sulawesi province: Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district.
Maluku province: southeast, 6 villages; east Damar island.
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala, Parigi-Moutong, and Toli-Toli regencies, Balaesang, Dampelas, and Sojol sub-districts
Papua province: Keerom regency, Affi, Dubu, and Jembatan Web villages’ border area.
Papua province: Ambora, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, and Yougafsa villages on north coast.
Papua province: Lanny Jaya regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; upper gorge.
Papua province: Ndugu regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; lower gorge.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island northwest coast, Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay.
Papua province: Lanny Jaya and Ndugu regencies, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands.
Papua province: Central highlands.
Central Sulawesi province: Buol and Tolitoli regencies, Baolan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub-distric
Maluku province: southeast, 2 villages; north Damar island.
West Papua province: Teluk Wondama regency.
South Kalimantan province: Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; into Central Kalimantan province.
Sumatra, Riau province: west archipelago and Daratan east coast; into Jambi province: northeast coast; Riau Province, Ben
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency, northeast and west of Muarainu town; East Kalimantan province: Kuta
Papua province: south of Van Daalen river; Dagai river (Eastern Duvle), Fedide and Wedi rivers (Western Duvle).
Central Kalimantan province: South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns.
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency, Nanga Tayap and Hulu Sungai.
Papua province: Eastern highlands, Eipo river area.
Papua province: Deiya, Dogiyai, Intan Jaya, north Mimika, south Nabire, and Paniai regencies in west central highlands and
West Kalimantan province: northeast Kapuas Hulu regency, upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Kalis, Lauh, Leboyan, Nyabau, an
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emplawas village, south Babar island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island.
Large cities in Java; other industrial areas.
Bengkulu province: Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 small nearby islands.
Papua province: Keerom and Pegunungan Bintang regencies, border area south of Jayapura city.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu and Mamberamo Tengah sub-districts, Erai, Haya, and Kustera villages;
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on Berau bay.
Papua province: Nabire regency, border area west of Lake Jamur; West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bomberai penin
Papua province: Kliki river area; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay.
Papua province: Jayapura and Mamberamo Raya regencies, Kecamatan sub-district, 1 village; Mamberamo basin region on

Maluku province: southeast, 30 villages; north archipelago on Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru islands; northwest, Yamdena
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Baru town and inland on northwest coast.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Iliwaki village on Wetar island.
Aceh province: Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies; Sumatra highland region near Mount Se
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Bisa island, Koto Wonto area; Obi island: Laiwai and Sesepe area, and
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency.
North Maluku province: Gag, Gebe, and Yoi’umiya islands, 4 villages; Special Region of West Papua province: Halmahera is
Maluku province: Seram island southeast.
Papua province: Nabire regency, lower Kwatisore bay; West Papua province: south Teluk Wondama regency, Wandamen p
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency, Bobane and Igo villages; Pulau Morotai regency, Pilowo and Waringin v
Gorontalo province: widespread along both coasts; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Utara regency, northea
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bring, Hawa, Ibub, Klaysu, Sunna, Tabangkwari, and Yansu villages.
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, south peninsula.
West Papua province: Manokwari regency.
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Banten, Central Java, East Java, West Java, South Kalimantan: Banjarmasin city; West Kalima
Papua province: central highlands area, Baliem gorge.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Semau island; Timor island west tip, and Kupang city.
Maluku Province: Maluku Tengah regency, Piru bay, Ambon island, north coast: Seit and Kaitetu villages.

South Sumatera province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency, 2 areas on Sumatra.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Moru town area, 2 villages in east Kalabahi bay.
East Kalimantan province: border area northeast near Sarawak; West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency.
Maluku province: Haruku island, Lease islands.
Maluku province: east Seram island.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Wakal villages on Ambon island, Piru Sea coast
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 10 villages on north Seram island, Salemen bay, south end near Opin town.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Hulung village on west Seram island.
Maluku province: Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts on northwest Buru island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, Ende area; Raijua and Sawu islands, 3 enclaves; Sumba island, Waingapu and M
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Nanga Katungau north to Sarawak border on middle Kapuas river, east o
North Maluku province: Halmahera Barat regency, Gamlamo and Gamici villages on north Halmahera island, Iboe river mo
West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Fak Fak Selantan area on Bomberai peninsula south coast.
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts on west Bomberai peninsula.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, north Lomblem island, Ile Ape peninsula and inland.
Maluku province: Erai, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Istutun, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, and Telemar villages southwest; Lirang island; W
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emroing village; Babar island southwest.
Widespread.
Scattered: Java and Bali, especially Jakarta.
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cenderawasih bay, Yamur lake area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency.
West Papua province: Fakfak, north Kaimana, and Teluk Bintani regencies on east Bomberai peninsula, Arguni bay north to
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bahomia, Coa, Inari, Koi, Tanggaromi, Ubia-Seramuku, Waho, Wamesa, and Wam
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Masi-Masi island off north coast.
North Kalimantan province: Atap, Malinau, Mensalong, Nunukan, Pembeliangan, Tarakan, and Tideng Pale towns.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast on upper Biri river.
Papua province: Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur east to Ok Denom. Dewok (Dinamne dialect); Aurarin hamlet (Uppe
Maluku province: Makulu Tengah regency, south central Seram island coastal area.
Papua province: Mappi regency, south coast along Obaa river north to Gandaimu area.
Papua province: Nabire regency, west Cenderawasih bay, Manggua point south to Wororomi.
Banten, Central Java, and East Java provinces; Special Region of Yogyakarta; Sumatra island: Lampung province; resettleme
Bengkulu province: small area south of Lake Dipatipan; Jambi province: widespread; Riau province: Indragiri Hulu and Indr
West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Bintuni sub-district; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Srum village (Bromnya dialect); Pantai Timur sub-district, Biridua villag
Papua province: Merauke regency, 6 villages in south coast area, along Maro river.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Bibikem, Dodalim, Wanam, and Woboyo villages; South coast, east Muli strait.
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area, Kiba, Wembi, and Yeti villages.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Abangiwang, Bibit Gomi, Matgomi/Weniwa, Padangsul, Pantar, and Tamalabang villages on
Maluku province: Tannembar islands, east coast Yamdena island, south to north tip of Selaru island, 35 villages; southwest

Central Java province: south.

North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency; north Halmahera island on Kao bay area near Kao river mouth.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Kaptiau village.
Papua province: Keerom regency, 13 villages on Papua New Guinea border.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya, Tomer, and Yanggandur villages south along Papua New Guinea border.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island south coast.
Papua province: Pacific coast east, north of Tor river mouth.
Maluku province: about 207 villages on 10 islands southeast; Besar, Kecil, and surrounding islands, Kei island group, and Ku
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency; north central Timor island, East Timor border area.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Bird’s Head west coast, Bianci, Menyefun, Salio, and Selepele villages; Batangp
South Sumatera province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur, Ogan Komering Ulu, and Ogan Ilir regen
Papua province: south coast; Mukamuga river into West Papua province: Etna bay area.
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts, about 20 villages; north coast, interio
West Papua province: Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas island.
West Papua province: Asses, Pef, Siakwa, and Sunopi villages; central Bird’s Head Kamundan river headwaters area.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, east Buton island on Lawelu bay.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Kaledupa, Maluku, Mongole, Runduma, Seram, Sulabesi, Taliabu, and W
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya village; south coast border area.
Papua province: southeast inland area between upper Sirac and Digul rivers.
Papua province: Nabire regency, Sareba bay, Wapoga river in the foothills.
Papua province: Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets on upper Idenburg river north bank.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island interior.
Papua province: west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence, south of Jayapura city.
Papua province: Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages, west of Tariku and Kliki rivers’ confluence.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, west of Lake Sentani.
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Sinjai regencies; southeast peninsula on Salayer strait.
Maluku province: south, over 20 villages; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; Roma and Wetar islands, Ama
South Sulawesi province: Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Sinjai regencies, south peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang are
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages; Kurudu islands.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, lower Rouffaer river.
Papua province: eastern highlands.
East Java province: sea coast; Kangean islands.
Central Kalimantan province: Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages in central and north Seruyan river area.
South Sulawesi province; West Sulawesi province: southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang sub-district, Karama river headw
Central Sulawesi province: Lindu sub-district, Anca, Langko, and Tomado villages near Lake Lindu.
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Selayar islands; east Kalao island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Alor island, Bird’s Head area.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Aib, Aimbe, Braso, Mamda, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, S
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, Teminabuan sub-district, Konda village; lower Waromge river in southwest
Central Kalimantan province; West Kalimantan province: Gelalak, Nangaella, Nangapinoh, and Nangasayan town areas, an
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang, Kota Singkawang, Kuba Raya, Landak, Sambas, and Sanggau regencies; northwest
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba.

Maluku province: southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands in mouth of Barakai strait.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; east side of Cendrawasih bay.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district in eastern highlands, on Erok river upper reaches.
West Papua province: Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan sub-district, half of Sawiat sub-district, about 31 villages in sou
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, southwest enclave.
East Kalimantan province: Sabah border area in northwest.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sota village; south, bordering Papua New Guinea.
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Lembata island.
Papua province: south coast border area.
Papua province: south coast, north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea.
Papua province: foothills on east Digul river.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Ansudu village.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Timur regency, 2 areas in central Flores island highlands.
Maluku province: west Kei Kecil district in Kur and surrounding islands southeast.
Sumatra, Jambi province: Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Riau province: Indrigir
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency. Lerabaing and Buraga villages on Alor island (Kui dialect); Kapebang and Sibera
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Barat regency, Komodo island.
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru islands; Kobror island central and east coast, 18 villages; southeast Wokam
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Kompane village on Kongan island.
Sumatra, Jambi province: Kerinci regency, Sungaipenuh area in western mountains; West Sumatra province: Solok Selatan
Maluku province: 22 villages in north Aru islands on Kola and adjacent islands.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Pietoko, Pureman, and 2 enclaves on central north, east, and southeast coasts.
Papua province: upper Digul river west side.
Papua province: Apiaweti, Aurime, Munukania, Tatsewalem, and Wamariri villages in Apauwer river headwaters.
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Adijaya, Kayumerah, Keroi, and Namatota villages; Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau b
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Kwer village; lowlands area at Sirac river headwaters.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Arare, Holmhaven, Mafenter, and Omte villages in Pacific coast area.
Papua province: Kondo, Rawa Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yanggandur villages, south point bordering Papua New Guinea.
Maluku province: Tarangan island southeast coast, Karey valley in Aru Islands.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, Halerman, Manatang, Margera, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages.
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, southwest coast from Arafura sea inland.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu sub-district, Hatusua, Kaibobo, Kamarian, Seruawan, Tihulale, and W
North Maluku province: Kepulauan Sula regency in Sula Islands, Molucca sea coast, Tjapaplulu strait area; Taliabu island, 2
Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces: Banawa, Dolo, Marawola, Palolo, and Sigi-Biromaru sub-districts.
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, 2 remote mountain enclaves, on Sarawak border.
Maluku province: Buru regency, northeast Buru island, Kayeli bay area.
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river: 8 villages.
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondo Utara regency, Kaidipang and Bolangitang towns; north coast.
Papua province: Kota Jayapura city and island in Jayapura harbor.
Papua province: Sungai river west bank headwaters.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, southwest Seram island inland from Ceram strait, Haruku, and Sapura islan
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head, Kalabra river inland.
North Maluku province: south Loloda district, 4 villages; Halmahera island northwest interior.
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala and Parigi Moutong regencies, Ampibabo, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, and Tom
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka, North Kolaka, Konawe, North Konawe, and South Konawe regencies, Mekongga distr
Central Kalimantan province: North, East, and South Barito regencies; East Kalimantan province: Karau river area; South Ka
West Papua province: Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island, Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages in northwest main bay and s
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Jambuair, Lola, and Warabal villages in Aru island group on Barakan, Lola, and P
Riau province; Riau Islands province; Bangka Belitung Islands province: Bangka Barat, Banka Tenga, and Bangka Selatan reg
North Sumatera province: Mandailing Natal regency, Kotanopan district.
Maluku province: Buru island; Wae and Apo river valleys, and west on north Seram Sea coast; some in Ambon.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Luhu village on northwest and south coast of Seram island, Boano and Man
Maluku province: 5 villages on west and north Seram island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Pantar island.
Central Sulawesi province: south Donggala, Morowali, south Parigi Moutong, Poso, Sigi, and Tojo Una-Una regencies, Kota
Maluku province: Wetan island, and across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island.
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages, in middle Rongko river area; scattered in Sabban
North Kalimantan province: Long Layu’, Long Padi.
Maluku province: Laha and other villages on Ambon island south central coast.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, Liki and Nirumoar islands.
Bengkulu and South Sumatra provinces: Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north; small group east of Be
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bungi district, Bau-Bau sub-district; south Buton island Waliabuku village area north of Bau-B
Central Sulawesi province: border area southwest of Lake Poso; South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Rampi distr
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Barang-Barang, Laiyolo, Lowa, and other villages on Selayar island so
East Nusa Tenggara province: east central Flores island.
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency; Lampung province: Lampung Barat and Tanggamus regencies in Semangko bay area; Wa
East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Rote island, Ba’a town and north to south coast; north and central region (Nort
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Lasalima town, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages facing La
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak sub-district, Lolak, Mongkoinit, Mongkoinit Barat, Tombolan
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, south Lembata island, Atadei district.
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Lembata island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Lembata island, several villages between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewoeleng [lwe] language a
East Nusa Tenggara province: 3 or more villages on Lembata island south coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island southwest coast.
North Kalimantan province: mountainous Sesayap river area.
North Maluku province: North Halmahera regency on northwest coast, nearby islands.
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balingara town east to Mount Balantak area; Lamala bay southwest along Pele
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, north central Seram island.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Teiraplu, Yefta, and Aboy districts, west of Sungai Sobger.
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang regency, Pejampi and 2 other villages; Sanggau regency border area; upper Lundu
Maluku Province: Aru islands group, Koba island on northwest coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency, Larantuka city area, and southwest Flores Strait towards Lewotobi tow
Maluku province: Southwest Maluku regency, Leti island sub-district.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Latu village; west Seram island, southwest Elpaputih bay, Point Latu.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso on northwest Sumba island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Lembata island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: central eastern Lembata island; north coastal plains villages are from recent government-ind
East Nusa Tenggara province: southeastern Flores island in Lewotobi volcano area.
East Java province: Java island coast south and west of Surabaja city, Bawean, Kangean, and Sapudi islands; South Kaliman
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan, and Takalar regencies; southwe
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Damar, northwest Jaronga, and south Halmahera islands.
South Sulawesi province: Pangkajene Islands regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas; West Sulawesi pro
West Papua province: Bird’s Head northeast coast.
Bangka Belitung Islands province: widespread, Bangka island.
South Sulawesi province: Makassar port area.
Papua province: Merauke regency, Welbuti village; south coast area.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti, and Mawes Wres villages on Buri river wes
Bali province: widespread on Bali and Nusa islands.
Maluku province: Buru island except northeast corner, 70 villages; some on Ambon island in Jakarta.
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan and Barito Timur regencies, Awang, Dusun Hilir, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Tengah
West Papua province: Nabire regency, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay; coastal area northeast of Ruwianui point.
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency, Pulau Banyak and Singkil districts; Simeulue regency, Sinabang; South Aceh regency; S
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Kupang city and Semau island; all on west Timor island.
North Maluku province: Kota Tidore Kepaluan regency; Bacan, Halmahera west coast, Kayoa, south Mori, and Obi islands.
South Sulawesi province: Pinrang regency, Patampanua sub-district, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages; north Sad
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Samboka village on lowland hills at headwaters of Brazza and Einladen rivers.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Kendari city; Central Buton, Muna, West-Muna, and South Buton regencies.
Papua province: Nabire regency; West Papua province: Kaimana and Teluk Wondama regencies on central Bird’s Head, he
West Papua province: about 50 villages in Bird’s Head area, southeast from Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cende
Papua province: central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area.
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, and Bolaang Mongondow Timur regencies;
Papua province: south coast border area.
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on northwest Bomberai peninsula, Berau bay inland.
West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Mapia islands.
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Wasilei area on southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay.
North Maluku province: Sula islands on Mangole island south coast, south to Sula Besi island south tip.
Papua province: west Asmat regency into Yahukimo regency; lowlands south of main ranges.
East Kalimantan province: Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river and central Mahakam river basi
Maluku province: 1 village southeast on Mairi island in Aru island group.
South Sulawesi province: north Pare-Pare area; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bombana regency, Bombana district, Wita Ea village; Rumbia mountains on southeast mainla
North Maluku province: Kao river headwaters on north Halmahera island.
Maluku province: Central Maluku regency, 4 villages on Manipa island, west of Seram island.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, 2 areas on upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river.
North Maluku province: Halmahera southwest coast, Kayoa, west Makian islands.
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong, Kalukku, and Mamuju sub-districts; Point Rangas north along M
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, western third.
Papua province: Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Abepura, Arso, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi sub-districts, Lake Sentani area
Papua province: Sarmi regency on north coast, Walckenaer bay area.
Papua province: Merauke regency south coast area; also, enclave in extreme south Papua.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Kendate, Maribu, Sabron Dosay, and Waibrong villages.
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head inland, Mata to Worbo area.
Papua province: 9 villages 100 km south of Jayapura city.
Papua province: Kolopom island.
Maluku province: 5 villages on Masela island west tip.
West Kalimantan province: Belitang, Belitang Hilir, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau sub-districts along Ayak and Belitang rivers.
Papua province: Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon areas in east Weip and Yay valleys.
Papua province: Yapen island north coast, 1 village.
West Papua province: southeast Bird’s Head, west Bituni Bay; Sebjor river basin.
South Sumatera province: widespread in northern 2 thirds of province from Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountain
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Sumba island, coastal Memboro town.
South Sulawesi province: north Enrekang regency; Makassar city and other communities.
Papua province: 5 villages on east Yapen island, Cenderawasih bay.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast; also west of Sarmi near Apauwer river.
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, northwest valley east to Simalumung.
West Papua province: Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay.
West Sumatera province: Sumatra island; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city.
East Kalimantan province: 5 enclaves on upper reaches of Belayan, Kelinjau, Mahakam, and Segah rivers.
West Papua province: 9 villages on west Bird’s Head; Salawati island, Sorong city east and southeast.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages in Ilbutung area on Marsela island.
Central Sulawesi province: Kulawi sub-district, Kulawi and Toro town areas.
Central Sulawesi province: Lembo, Mori Atas, and Petasia sub-districts, 25 villages on southeast peninsula neck; South Sula
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, Namla village.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Taniwel village on Seram island.
Bali, Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra provinces: scattered.
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency, 16 villages in southwest Bomberai peninsula.
Papua province: middle Hablifoeri river north of Wamena.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Tiom in central highlands, and scattered.
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores, Desa Rowa, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Boawae, Kecamatan Golewa
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Pantar island in Banda sea.
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head along Maccluer bay.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote Ndao regency, Ndao island off western tip of Rote island; scattered settlements on Rote
North Sumatera province: Batu, Nias and Mursala islands. Alasa, Sirombu and Mandrehe (Northwest dialect); Gomo, and s
Central Kalimantan province: Gunung Mas, Kapuas, Katingan, Kota Palangkaraya, Kotawaringin Timur, and Pulang Pisau reg
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 6 villages.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, about 26 villages west of Lake Sentani.
Papua province: east Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area.
Papua province: east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil nort
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma sub-district. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to
Papua province: east highlands north slopes.

Papua province: central highlands, Holuwon, Lolat, and Ninia villages.

Maluku province: 2 villages on Seram island, central north coast and inland, and Saleman bay.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district west of Hmanggona.
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 10 villages in Tomini bay.
Papua province: Kolopom island.
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru, and Tanjung Betuah villages in Nasal river area on Suma
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Lease islands and Nusa Laut island in Titawai village.
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Flores island, west slopes of Ebu Lobo volcano.
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island.
Maluku province: Amahai district, 6 villages on Seram island inland from south coast.
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency on Papua New Guinea border.
Papua province: Jayapura area, Nafri village on southeast Yotafa bay.
Maluku province: southeast Maluku Barat Daya regency; Kisar island, Oirata village; some in Ambon city.
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on north Bomberai peninsula in Berau bay south coast west to Wetin point, then sou
West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Maruntiri area on Onin peninsula and inland highlands.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Burungmakok and Siradala villages in lowlands; headwaters area,
Papua province: Jayapura regency north coast, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages.
East Java province: Banyuwangi regency area on far east Java island facing Bali strait.
Central Kalimantan province: upper south Kapuas river, 7 villages; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kal
Papua province: Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, coastline and island off north coast of Biri river area.
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Malili, Mangkutana, and Nuha sub-districts, 9 villages inland between Lake
Central Java, East Java, West Java, and Yogyakarta provinces scattered on north coast.
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong regency, Ampibabo and Parigi Tengah sub-districts in Tomini bay.
South Sumatera and Bengkulu provinces: northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to Argamakmur area south.
Jakarta Special Capital Region.
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency on lower Kao river and west to interior foothills.
Central Kalimantan province: East Barito regency, Paku district, Bantei Napu, Kalamus, Tampa, and Tarinsing villages.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Palu’e island; Flores mainland, Nangahure village northwest of Maumere.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Kecamatan and Amahai villages on Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore.
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Bungku Tengah, Bungku Utara, Lage, Mori Atas, Pam
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Mias Endi, Pom, and Serewen villages on Yapen island, from Pon bay west to W
Widespread in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces.
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district.
Central Kalimantan province: border areas; East Kalimantan province: Sarawak border area, upper reaches of Barito, Kapu
Southeast Sulawesi province: central Buton island, east and west coasts.
North Sulawesi province: Belang town area.
Central Sulawesi province: Sigi regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro sub-districts, 32 villages on Lariang river and tributaries
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Papuma village on Yapen island south coast.
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency on southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, and inl
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies; inland from Pirimapun.
Bengkulu province: central Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung province; South S
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency northwest; West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko
North Maluku province: 9 villages on Halmahera island along the west coast.
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang and Pinrang regencies, Enrekang town area, west toward Mandar bay head; West Sula
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Maloso and Mapilli rivers watershed; into Majene and Mam
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on upper Malinau river.
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency south of Kayan river.
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency on Mahakam river.
East Kalimantan province: Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas.
North Kalimantan province: Malinau and Nunukan regencies, Bangalan, Longberang, and Mensalong towns in Mentarang r
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 2 villages on Cenderawasih bay east coast at Rombak rive
Papua province: Kolopom island.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka Utara regency, Pakue sub-district on upper Bone bay west coast, Batunong and north
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island.
Bengkulu province: Arga Makmur, Curup, Kapahiang, and Muara Aman town areas in southwest highlands; South Sumatra
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, south Pura and south Ternate (Alor) islands.
East Nusa Tenggara province: East Rote island, Landu, Oe Pao, and Rikou areas.

West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu sub-district, Landak river area.
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Riung.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Central Flores island near Mount Watuweri, 2 areas.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, Milki and Mot villages.
Maluku province: Jerusu village on Roma island.
West Papua province: Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay.
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and North Luwu regencies; northwest coast; Bone bay; Bastem sub-district, Rongkong river
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale areas.
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on northeast peninsula and Tomini bay.
North Maluku province: Jailolo town area on north Halmahera island.
Papua Province: southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puara
West Nusa Tenggara province: Lombok island.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency on Saleman bay, north central Seram island, 3 areas.
Papua Province: Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ay
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages.
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, Sembakung river mouth.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, near Sepik river entrance to Papua New Guinea.
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Sea
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency along Kapuas river.
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and Tana Toraja regencies; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency; possibly Makassar c
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau and Sintang regencies; Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border.
West Kalimantan province: Ketapang regency in Kualan and Semandang river areas.
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, south Pasangkayu sub-district, 1 area near Lariang river mouth, another s
Papua province: Lake Sentani area, about 30 scattered villages; scattered in other parts of Indonesia.
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Serui town area on Yapen island south coast; west past Panduan point; Sareba
East Kalimantan province: Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town.
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Gunung village on Seram island northeast coast.
East Kalimantan province: Berau and Bulungan regencies.
Aceh province: central Simeulue island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Flores island.
South Sulawesi province: west Limbong sub-district along Betue river.
Papua province: Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai, and Sko-Yambe villages, north coast border area at Tami river mouth.
Central Sulawesi province: Palolo valley; South Sulawesi province: North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong sub-district.
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas area on northwest Bomberai peninsula coast; Ogar island.
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency on upper Sembakung river.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency; also Solor island; possibly north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, and surr
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Tanimbar island group; at least 6 villages on Nuswotar, Selaru, and Yam
South Sulawesi province: Selayar island.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago on east Bantanta, central Salawati islands, and Misool island.
Aceh province: east and west Simeulue island; Babi and Banyak islands.
West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa and Moyo islands.
West Kalimantan: Bengkayang regency, Jagoi Babang sub-district.
Papua province: Senggi village in border area south of Jayapura.
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, north coast area, Bagaiserwar, Sarmi, and Sawar villages.
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area.
Maluku province: Sepa village on Seram island, and several areas on southwest coast.
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa village.
Maluku province: Hualoy, Iha, Kairatu, Kulur, Latu, Siri-Sori, Tomalehu villages; Saparua and Seram islands.
West Kalimantan province: near Sanggau-Ledo.
Papua province: Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi regency: Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero
Papua province: Waropen regency, Sauri-Sirami village on east Cenderawasih bay.
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 4 villages.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah and Seram Bagian regencies, Tehoru, Timur Bula, and Werinama districts, 8 villages from
Banten and West Java provinces: western third of Java; Central Java province: Cilacap regency.
Maluku province: Babar island group, Papilewan town on northeast Marsela island.
Papua Province: Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Yapen island, an island south of Yapen island ne
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Batu Putih, Makatian, Marantutu, and Wermatang villages in Tanimbar
East Nusa Tenggara Province: southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas.
Gorontalo province: Bone Bolango regency, Bone river valley.
North Sulawesi province: Great Sangir island east peninsula.
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency, Barito river north along tributary.
Papua province: Ok Bon, Ok Sibil, and Ok Tsop valleys.
North Maluku province: Sula islands; Sula Besi (Sanana) island, widespread; Mangole island scattered on east, west and no
West Papua province: south Bird’s Head, 15 villages along Maccluer bay.
North Maluku province: Halmahera Tengah and Halmahera Selatan regencies, Gane Timur and Weda districts;13 villages. H
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies, 3 areas on Rouffaer river.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district.
North Maluku province: West Halmahera regency, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba sub-districts.
Papua province: south coast area.
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency on north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Bapai and Gondu river areas.
Papua province: Kaiy and Kokou villages in Lakes plain area, lower Rouffaer river.
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah sub-district, Sakita village on Tolo bay east coast.
Central Sulawesi province: Ampibabo, Sindue, and Tinombo sub-districts, 21 villages on Tomini bay west coast.
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on north peninsula, Lake Tondano area.
Papua province: Toli-Dou village southwest of Taiyeve town.
East Java province: south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo.
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Timor island.
Maluku province: Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands.
Papua province: Demba and Tefaro villages in east Cenderawasih bay.
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate regency, Hiri and Ternate islands; Halmahera Selatan regency, islands between Baca

Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district on Mamberamo river east bank.
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency border area; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanega
Papua province: Kawemaot village.
North Maluku province: Kao, Jailolo, and Tubelo districts on north Halmahera island; Maba and Wasile districts on central
North Sulawesi province: Talaud islands.
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, most of Namla, Tofanma Dua, and Tofanma Satu villages in south Jay
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton Utara regency; Kapontori and Wakorumba sub-districts, Maligano and Wakalambe vill
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Bonehau sub-district, Bonehau village area.
Maluku province: south Seram island, Teluti bay area.
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Ambon island, Liang, Tulehu, Tengah-tengah, and Tial villages.
North Maluku province: Sula island group; Taliabu island northwest coast; some on Mangole island.
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate city on Ternate island.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Sarmi regencies, Karfasia, Maseb, Samarkena, and Tamaya villages on north coast,
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, Epem, Tamnim, Wowi, and Zinak villages; Senggo town area.
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency; upper Kapuas river.
Papua province: Puncak Jaya regency, Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages between Rouffaer and Van Daalen rivers.
Papua province: Nabire regency, Bird’s Head neck area south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river; possibly Papua B
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bukia, Depapre, and Wari towns, and 13 villages on north coast.
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Selatan regency on Amurang bay inland; Minahasa and Minahasa Tenggara regencies,
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Tenggara regency; north area near Ronoketang town.
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency, Kota Tomohon city.
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong sub-district, inland along Budong-Budong river.
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Demta sub-district, Tarfia village on north coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northeast coast, Kiralela, Koilela, Maukuru, Peisaka, and Takala villages; also east
Maluku province: 12 villages in south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor).
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cendrawasih bay, Nabire town northeast past Ruwiami point.
North Kalimantan province: scattered coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines.
Papua province: Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam, and Tobati villages on Jayapura bay.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Towe Hitam village.
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, 4 villages on Tolo bay west coast.
Papua province: Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages in Lakes plain area.
North Maluku province: East Halmahera regency, Maba district, Miaf, Bebsili, and Marasipno villages; Wasile district, pass
Maluku province: 4 villages on central and south central Seram island.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Masbuar and Tela villages on southwest Babar island.
North Maluku province: Tidore, Mare, and Moti islands; Halmahera island west coast areas.
Central Sulawesi province: Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa
East Nusa Tenggara province: 6 villages on central Pantar island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: 2 villages on Tereweng island; 1 village on Pantar island.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Talae, and Termanu areas on central Rote island.
Central Kalimantan province: Palori town area; East Kalimantan province: southeast border area.
Central Sulawesi province: Toli-Toli regency, Baolan, Dampal Selatan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong and Toli-Toli regencies; Gorontalo province: Pohuwato regency, east to Mautan
Maluku province: south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: southwest Rote island.
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Utara regency, Kota Bitung and Kota Manado cities.
Papua province: Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak sub-district, 19 villages on south coast.
Papua province: Asmat regency, between upper Wideman and Digul rivers.
Maluku province: southwest in Arwala, Ilpokil, Ilway, Kahailin, Mahuan, Masapun, and Tomliapat villages; southeast Wetar
Maluku province: Kepulauan-Aru regency; northwest Aru islands on Udjir and Wokam islands.
Southeast Sulawesi province: north Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa sub-districts, east central Buton island.
Papua province: central highlands, Paniai regency, Beoga and Ilaga sub-districts; Asmat, Deiya, Mimika, and Puncak regenc
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan and Teluk Bintuni regencies, Inanwatan and Merdei sub-districts; south Bird’s Head a
Papua province: Keerom regency, Usku village west of Sobger river.
West Sulawesi province: Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies, mostly interior.
North Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, small area; Malinau regency, Batu Kajang, Pimping, Long Belua, Long Setula
Central Sulawesi province: Balaesang sub-district, Sibayu, Walandano, and other villages; scattered north to Dampal Utara
Central Sulawesi province: Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli sub-districts; Palu bay west to Makassar strait; West Sulawesi provin
West Papua province: Fak-Fak regency, Faur and Tuburuasa islands; southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland; possibly Kar
Papua province: Jayapura and Sarmi regencies, Bonggo, Lereh, and Unurum-Guay sub-districts, Taja, Wamho, and Witi villa
Maluku province: Ahanari, Analutur, Kokwari, Kroing, Letwurung, Manuweri, Tutuwawan, and Wakpapai villages; southeas
Bengkulu province: south; South Sumatra province: northwest from Danay Panay; all on Sumatra island.
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Buton regency, Bonegunu, Kulisusu Barat, Kulisusu Induk, and Kulisusu Utara sub-distr
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Kolaka regency, Lasusua sub-district, 4 villages in upper Bone bay, east coast.
East Kalimantan province: Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Sa
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages from Welulora to Latalola Besar on east central Marsela island we
Maluku province: east Buru island near Kayeli.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Takar village inland.
West Papua province: Manokwari, Wasior, Wandamen bay to Bintuni bay east end.
Maluku province: Watubela islands east central area.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Maweswares village on Biri river headwaters south side.
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, 6 villages on Yapen island, north and south coast.
Papua province: Tolikara regency; Taiyeve area south of Idenburg, Mamberama, and Rouffaer rivers’ confluence.
Papua province: west Yapen island, Wooi and Wainap villages.
Maluku province: at least 14 villages on Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; also southwest Seram
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Moning and Uhak villages on Wetar island northeast coast.
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island interior.
Papua province: Keerom regency, Warlef village.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Waigeo Selatan sub-district, Go, Kabare, Kabilol, Nyandesawai, Selegop, Waifo
Maluku province: 30 villages on north Seram island mountain area; south along Teluti bay.
East Kalimantan province: Berau regency, Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Kampung Baru, Muara Pedohon, Tabang Lama, Uma’ Be
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Timur regency, Telen river north tributary.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; Wakde island, and north coastal area.
East Nusa Tenggara: Belu regency, Asumanu, Baudaok, Bauho, Raiulun, Sarabau, Silawan, Tohe, and Tulakadi.
North Maluku province: northwest Halmahera island coast from Sasu town inland to highland interior.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Bau-Bau city on Buton island southwest coast.
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Asologoima, Biri, Bolakme, Bugi, Koragi, Ngguma (Tagima), Pyramid, Silo Karno, Wolo
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang, Polewali Mandar and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies; Boya river area.
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Ambatkwi sub-district.
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, upper Digul river area.
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island, southwest coast.
Papua province: Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies in central highlands area; Van Daalen river to upper Rouffaer river.
Papua province: west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers area northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Alor island.
Maluku province: Aru islands, Manombai strait to Wakua island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Ben
Papua province: Waropen regency, Botawa village; Sanoringga river mouth to interior, and northeast.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port.
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; south Waropen bay area (Ambumi dialect), and southwest to
Papua province: Keerom regency, Waris sub-district.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Konawe Utara regency, Asera sub-district interior, Mopute village.
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island, 2 separate areas between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] lan
Papua province: Maberamo Raya regency, Bonoi, Poiwai, Tamakuri, and Warembori villages, Mamberamo river mouth we
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Timur regency, Wotu sub-district, Bawalipu and Lampenai villages in north Bone bay; coast
Papua province: central highlands, Amo and Kiniage valleys.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Wauyai village on southeast coast.
Papua province: middle Mamberamo river, north bank.
East Kalimantan province: Malinau and West Kutai regencies; Muller Mountains from south border north almost to Malays
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Sumba island.
Widely dispersed; Central Kalimantan province: Katingan, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur, Lamandau, and Sukamara rege
West Kalimantan province: Balaikarangan and Kembayan to Sarawak border area.
West Kalimantan province: along Mendalam river.
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kalimantan prov
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Batu Kajang, Long Belua, Long Setulang, Long Uli, and Pimping villages; D
East Kalimantan province: Kayan river headwaters south, and downstream.
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Unsongi village on Tolo bay east coast.
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages on southeast Buto
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab sub-district.
East Kalimantan province: Malinau regency, Long Jelet Mesahan, Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect), and Long Pujungan villag
Gorontalo and North Sulawesi provinces.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago in Misool and Segaf islands.
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, northwest Salawati island.
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah, Lembo, and Petasia sub-districts, 24 villages; South Sulawesi province: Mahalo
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency in Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer gulf.
Papua province: middle south coast, between Agats and Kokonao.
Papua province: Papua New Guinea border area, east highland slopes, scattered.
Papua province: Edifalen, Kwerba, and Marinafalen villages on Mamberamo river east bank and into highlands.
East Nusa Tenggara province: 4 villages on south central Flores island.
West Nusa Tenggara province: central Sumbawa.
Papua province: central highlands, Jayawijaya, Kurima, and Kurulu regencies.
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab sub-district.
Papua province: Merauke district; Digul river west side.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mantarbori village northeast of Rombebai lake, east of Mamberamo river.
Papua province: central highlands area.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, coastal area and Nirumoar island.
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district.
Jakarta Special Capital Region, Kalimantan, and North Sumatra: scattered.
Papua province: central Yapen island, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages.
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Batui sub-district, Balantang, Batui, Sisipan, and Tolando villages; eastern pen
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages on Siompu island, southwest Buton island, Kambe-kambero v
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Central Kalimantan, Jambi, North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, South Kalimantan, West Kalim
Papua province; West Papua province: Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea, southeast from Arguni ba
Papua province: between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, toward Fly river border in Papua New Guinea. Users: 10,0
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Timor island southwest tip; Timur sea near Benini point east to Ela point, in
Lampung province: 3 enclaves east between Kanan and Seputih rivers. Users: 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru island group, Wamar island; Seram Bagian Barat regency, Ambon city, Kama
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Alor island. Users: 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
Aceh province: Aceh Barat, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Singkil, Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Timur
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town toward Banda Sea coast. Users: 3,000 (2000), decre
East Nusa Tenggara province: Adonara and east Solor islands. Users: 98,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Obogwi village on Lakes plain north of Rouffaer river. Users: 120 (Wurm 2000
West Papua province: Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. Users: 150
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Jair sub-district in south interior between Mapi and Digul rivers. Users: 3,000 (1987
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Kurima sub-district, Burumakok village. Users: 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Statu
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat sub-districts, Isirania, Motobiak, Subu, and other vil
North Sumatera province: Labuhan Batu, Labuhan Batu Selatan, Padang Lawas, Padang Lawas Utara, Tapanuli Selatan, Tap
West Papua province: Manokwari regency on north coast of Bird’s Head; also Kebar valley. Users: 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). S
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 16,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Allang, Lai, Larike, Tapi, and Wakasihu villages on southwest Ambon island coas
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu and Taniwel districts, 27 villages in Latuhelu area and Piru bay. Use
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur sub-districts, 10 villages on Ambai island, Cende
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 4 villages; Seram island in Elpaputih bay near Masohi town. Users: 50 (Wurm 20
Maluku province: central Ambelau island; Buru island coast, Wae Tawa village; 8 villages. Users: 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic po
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat sub-district, Aibondeni, Ansus, Kairawi, and Yenusi villages on Yape
East Nusa Tenggara province: coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, north Pantar and adjacent islands. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 19
Papua province: northeast border area south of Jayapura. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Na
East Nusa Tenggara province: most of west Timor island. Users: 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Users: 283,000 in Indonesia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, S
East Kalimantan province: east of Jambu and Lamper towns west of Mahakam river delta. Users: 30,000 (Wurm and Hatto
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency; Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; Wetar strait coast, Lurang vill
Papua province: Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari sub-district. South coast inland, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. Users: 1
Papua province: Mappi regency, Edera and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts on Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north to Kuti riv
West Papua province: Fakfak and Kaimana regencies, Esania, Gaka, Guriasa, Hia, Kuna, Marobia, Tairi, and Yarona villages
Maluku province: Asilulu, Negeri Lima, and Ureng, villages. Northwest Ambon island and west Seram island, Hoamoal peni
Papua province: Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy sub-districts; lower Surets and Eilanden rivers confluence area. Users: 2,00
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Asbaken and Sorong. Users: 6 (Arnold 2020). Also 2 semi-speakers (Arnold 2020). E
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Aralle and Tabulalang towns, 2 separate areas. Users: 29,30
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pulau Anus and Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. Users: 320 (2
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; central highlands in Siriwo river area. Users: 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic pop
Papua province: Keerom regency, Arso sub-district; northeast highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border. Users: 350
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency; Modera river area. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened).
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district,1 village; east Cenderawasih bay at Wapoga river mouth.
Papua province: Merauke and Mappi regencies, Bade town area; lower Digul river. Users: 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Th
Papua province: Mappi and Boven Digul regencies, Bimika, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Obaa sub-districts; south coast inla
Papua province: Merauke district. Users: 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kia River Awyu Clas
Papua province: Merauke regency, both banks, lower Digul river. Users: 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alterna
West Papua province: about 40 villages in central Bird’s Head, Ayamaru lakes area. Users: 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Dev
Banten province: Rangkasbitung regency, Pandeglang town, on Ujung river; West Java province: Sukabumi city area, 1 villa
Maluku province: Apara, Bemun, Longgar, and Mesiang villages in the south; Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island n
Bali province: widespread; West Nusa Tenggara province: Kota Mataram and Lombok Barat regency; west central Lombok
Maluku province: Aru islands regency, Arafura Sea east coast offshore communities, 7 island villages. Users: 3,640 (2011 SI
North Sumatera province: Asahan, Humbang Hasundutan, Labuhan Batu Utara, Samosir, Simalungan, south Tapanuli Teng
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island. Users: 1,0
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Berau, Bulungan, Kutai Kartanegara, Penajam Paser Utara, and Kutai Tim
Gorontalo province; North Maluku province: Bacan, Kayoa, Obi, and Sula islands; Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South S
West Papua province: northwest Bomberai peninsula, Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts; Kaimana r
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Tengah regency, Topoyo sub-district, Tabolang village; Makassar strait, Budong-Budong
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas sub-district; Bomberai peninsula. Users: 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting)
West Kalimantan province: Sambas regency; Sambas river headwaters. Users: 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b* (Threatened).
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 8 villages; Behoa and Napu valleys. Users: 4,280 (2010 ce
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. Users: 10,000 (Steinhauer 2014). Status:
Banten province: Tangerang recency and city; dominant in Jakarta Special Capital Region; West Java province: Bekasi, Boga
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; north coast area east of Sarmi. Users: 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (
Central Kalimantan province; East Kalimantan province: Muller Mountains, Belayan, upper Mahakam, and Oga river areas.
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency, central interior, near East Timor border, on Timor island. Users: 21,000 in Indo
Central Sulawesi province: Batu Daka island, Tumbulawa village on northwest coast; Togian islands, Lembanato village on K
Papua province: Asmat regency south coast, 3 villages near Otsianep and northeast near Bapiem. Users: 300 (1993 R. Dori
Maluku province: Werinama and Bula districts, Balakeo, Benggoi, and Lesa villages; Seram island, north Seram Sea coast. U
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai Kepulauan regency, at least 157 villages; Banggai and Bowokan islands. Users: 88,300 (
West Papua province: Sorong district, Biga village, on south Misool island. Users: 330 (Arnold 2020). Status: 6b (Threatene
East Nusa Tenggara province: Komodo island area; West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus, Ba
South Sulawesi province: Selayar regency, Bonerate, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Madu islands; Alor, Ambon, Buru, Maluku, M
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung, and Long Pahangai sub-districts
Papua province: Biak Numfor regency, Biak and Numfor islands; Yapen Island regency, north coast area; West Papua provi
Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi provinces: Luwu Utara and Poso regencies, Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Parigi, and
Central Kalimantan province: Palangkaraya, Pangkalanbun, and Sampit; East Kalimantan province: Kutai, Pasir, and Pulau L
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Tor Atas sub-district, Beu, Bora Bora, Dangken, Doronta, Kondirjan, Safrontani, Sewan, Som
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on Sarawak border, 2 enclaves on Iwan river. Users: 570 in Indonesia (2000).
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan, and Barito Utara, and Kapuas regencies, Kapuas and Barito rivers; possibly sou
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Selatan, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Utara sub-districts, about 45 coastal villages from
Gorontalo province: Gorontalo Utara regency, Atinggola town area; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Selanta
Central Sulawesi province: Baolan, Biau, Bokat, Bunobogu, Momunu, and Paleleh sub-districts, 68 villages on north coast, n
East Kalimantan province: Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. Users: 30,000 (Kawi et al 2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorou
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala regency, Balaesang sub-district, Kamonji, Ketong, and Rano villages on Manimbayu pe
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balantak, Lamala, Luwuk, and Tinangkung Lamala sub-districts, at least 49 villa
South Sulawesi province: Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Selayer islands. Users: 11,900 (2010 census). Status: 6a
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara regency, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly a third; Kei Besar island west and n
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondou Utara regency, Bintauna town and inland; Celebes Sea. Users: 2,800 (2010 c
Maluku province: Bula district along Seram island northeast coast. Users: 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
North Sulawesi province: Manado city area, 11 villages; north peninsula, northeast section. Users: 1,200 (2010 census), de
South Sulawesi province: Barru, Bone, Pangkep, and Maros regencies; highland areas northeast of Makassar city. Users: 10
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Beneraf and part of Nenke village; north coast area east of Tor ri
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armop
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir sub-district on north coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. User
Papua province: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on Nawa river. Users: 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund)
Maluku province: south Banda islands. Users: 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Creole, Malay based
Papua province: Merauke regency, Muting sub-district, Sanayu village in upper Bian river area. Users: 2,900 (2002 Sohn M
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Rote island; Semau island; Timor mainland near Kupang. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district. Users: 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate
Papua province: Puncakjaya district, Biri village. Users: 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati
East Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, Sesayap sub-district, Sekatakbunyi town area. Users: 4,350 (2007 SIL). Status
Bali province: Northern Bali, Buleleng regency, Kubutambahan Disctrict, Desa Kolok, about 20 km east of Singaraja. Users:
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas sub-district; east Cenderawasih bay, Barapasi river area and tribu
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, Baras sub-district, in and north of Bambaloka village, Karossa sub-district
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth at Idenburg river to hea
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan sub-districts, Kamanap, Kaonda and Masiaroti vi
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Bahonsuai village on the east coast, Tolo bay. U
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Humbang Hasundutan, Pakpak Barat, Samosir, and Ta
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency, area near Sarawak border; possibly northeast Landak regency. Users: 8,480 i
Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 1 village near Wapoga river mouth. Users: 100 (W
North Maluku province: at least 2 villages on Bacan and Mandioli islands. Users: 6 (2012 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Al
North Sumatera province: south interior from Padang Sidempuan into Riau and West Sumatra provinces. Users: 691,000 (2
North Sumatera province: Deli Serdang, Kota Pematang Siantar, Serdang Bedagai, and Simalungun regencies. Users: 151,0
Aceh province: Aceh Tenggara regency, at the border; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Deli Serdang, Karo, and Langkat rege
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Werinama sub-district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; Tunsai
Aceh province: inland from Tapaktuan, and northwest towards Kutacane; into North Sumatra province. Users: 101,000 (20
Central Sulawesi province: Donggola, Oti, and Toaya, west; 3 Tolo bay enclaves east; South Sulawesi province: widespread
Southeast Sulawesi province: South Buton regency, Batauga district, Busoa and Lakambau villages, around 22 km south of
East Kalimantan province: Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; Celebes Sea coast
West Kalimantan province: northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, 3 areas. Users: 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sta
Maluku province: Seram island east coast between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. Users: 3,500 (Loski and Loski 198
South Kalimantan province: Sampanahan river area northwest of Limbungan town. Users: 59,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (V
Papua province: Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas sub-districts, Danau Bira
Papua province: Boven Digul regency, Aiwat, Anggai, Butiptiri, Getentiri, Kaisah, and Subur villages; south of Tanahmerah a
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang and Landak regencies; near Sarawak border. Users: 54,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a*
Papua province: Asmat regency, Eilanden-Steenboom river area. Users: 300 (2020 M. Edelen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
Central Sulawesi province: Lamala sub-district, Tangeban and Tauge villages, peninsula east tip area. Users: 335 (2010 cen
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong sub-district, Bolano village; north peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. U
Maluku province: North Buano main village; Boano and Seram islands. Users: 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
West Papua province: several villages on Bird’s Head south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Kalitami across Bintuni b
North Maluku province: central Halmahera, 3 villages on Buli bay north shore. Users: 2,520 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatene
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district, 1 village on Middle Mamberamo river. User
Bali and Java provinces: scattered throughout. Users: Few speakers. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Foochow
Southeast Sulawesi province: southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, inland between Sampolawa and Pasawajo towns; Bat
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency on Mandar bay south coast. Users: 2,830 (2010 census), decreasing. Sta
Scattered. Users: 466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, C
Papua province: Asmat regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts, south coast from Owap river nor
Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; west central highlands along Dao river. Users: 250 (1991 SIL). Status: 6
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Dabe village, Tor river valley north to coast. Users: 440 (2005 SIL
Papua province: southwest Mamberamo Raya and north Puncak regencies; Rouffaer river between Splitsingbivak and Mot
West Papua province: one island between Salawati island and Bird’s Head west end. Users: No known L1 speakers (de Vrie
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages in Banda Sea on twin coral islan
Papua province: Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa, Desawa, and Muyere villages; inland in northeast Canderawasih ba
Papua province: Western highlands along Rouffaer river headwaters. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alt
Users: 5,700 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, G
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Sinairusi, 3 other villages on Lewa island. Users: 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (T
Papua province: Asmat regency, southeast of Wamena city. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: T
West Kalimantan province: central Sanggau regency, between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns on Kapuas river tributary. U
West Sulawesi province: Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 1,140 (2010 census), decreasing. Statu
Maluku province: southeast, 6 villages; east Damar island. Users: 2,800 (1990 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala, Parigi-Moutong, and Toli-Toli regencies, Balaesang, Dampelas, and Sojol sub-districts
Papua province: Keerom regency, Affi, Dubu, and Jembatan Web villages’ border area. Users: 220 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (M
Papua province: Ambora, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, and Yougafsa villages on north coast. Users: 1,300 (2000), decreasing. S
Papua province: Lanny Jaya regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; upper gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996). Status: 5*
Papua province: Ndugu regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; lower gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (D
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island northwest coast, Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Statu
Papua province: Lanny Jaya and Ndugu regencies, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands. Users: 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status
Papua province: Central highlands. Users: 180,000 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dani Barat, Ilag
Central Sulawesi province: Buol and Tolitoli regencies, Baolan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub-distric
Maluku province: southeast, 2 villages; north Damar island. Users: 800 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
West Papua province: Teluk Wondama regency. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980
South Kalimantan province: Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; into Central Kalimantan province. Users: 20,000 (
Sumatra, Riau province: west archipelago and Daratan east coast; into Jambi province: northeast coast; Riau Province, Ben
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency, northeast and west of Muarainu town; East Kalimantan province: Kuta
Papua province: south of Van Daalen river; Dagai river (Eastern Duvle), Fedide and Wedi rivers (Western Duvle). Users: 930
Central Kalimantan province: South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns. Users: 5,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency, Nanga Tayap and Hulu Sungai. Users: 7,500 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Papua province: Eastern highlands, Eipo river area. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eip
Papua province: Deiya, Dogiyai, Intan Jaya, north Mimika, south Nabire, and Paniai regencies in west central highlands and
West Kalimantan province: northeast Kapuas Hulu regency, upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Kalis, Lauh, Leboyan, Nyabau, an
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emplawas village, south Babar island. Users: 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nea
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
Large cities in Java; other industrial areas. Users: 34,000 in Indonesia (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Une
Bengkulu province: Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 small nearby islands. Users: 870 (2010 census), decreasing. E
Papua province: Keerom and Pegunungan Bintang regencies, border area south of Jayapura city. Users: 2,000 (2005 SIL). S
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu and Mamberamo Tengah sub-districts, Erai, Haya, and Kustera villages;
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on Berau bay. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austr
Papua province: Nabire regency, border area west of Lake Jamur; West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bomberai penin
Papua province: Kliki river area; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. Users: 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Al
Papua province: Jayapura and Mamberamo Raya regencies, Kecamatan sub-district, 1 village; Mamberamo basin region on
Users: 5,800 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, I
Maluku province: southeast, 30 villages; north archipelago on Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru islands; northwest, Yamdena
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Baru town and inland on northwest coast. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Iliwaki village on Wetar island. Users: 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b
Aceh province: Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies; Sumatra highland region near Mount Se
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Bisa island, Koto Wonto area; Obi island: Laiwai and Sesepe area, and
West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency. Users: 2,000 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gema, Tem
North Maluku province: Gag, Gebe, and Yoi’umiya islands, 4 villages; Special Region of West Papua province: Halmahera is
Maluku province: Seram island southeast. Users: 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gesa, Geser,
Papua province: Nabire regency, lower Kwatisore bay; West Papua province: south Teluk Wondama regency, Wandamen p
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency, Bobane and Igo villages; Pulau Morotai regency, Pilowo and Waringin v
Gorontalo province: widespread along both coasts; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Utara regency, northea
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bring, Hawa, Ibub, Klaysu, Sunna, Tabangkwari, and Yansu villages. Users: 2,500 (1987 S
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, south peninsula. Users: 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alter
West Papua province: Manokwari regency. Users: 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Atam, B
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Banten, Central Java, East Java, West Java, South Kalimantan: Banjarmasin city; West Kalima
Papua province: central highlands area, Baliem gorge. Users: 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names
East Nusa Tenggara province: Semau island; Timor island west tip, and Kupang city. Users: 14,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Ethn
Maluku Province: Maluku Tengah regency, Piru bay, Ambon island, north coast: Seit and Kaitetu villages. Users: 10,200 (19
Users: 94,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European,
South Sumatera province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency, 2 areas on Sumatra. Users: 17,500 (2000 census). Very few
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Moru town area, 2 villages in east Kalabahi bay. Users: 900. Status: 6b (Threaten
East Kalimantan province: border area northeast near Sarawak; West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency. Users: 1,
Maluku province: Haruku island, Lease islands. Users: 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian
Maluku province: east Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL).
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Wakal villages on Ambon island, Piru Sea coast
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 10 villages on north Seram island, Salemen bay, south end near Opin town. Use
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Hulung village on west Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last kno
Maluku province: Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts on northwest Buru island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, Ende area; Raijua and Sawu islands, 3 enclaves; Sumba island, Waingapu and M
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Nanga Katungau north to Sarawak border on middle Kapuas river, east o
North Maluku province: Halmahera Barat regency, Gamlamo and Gamici villages on north Halmahera island, Iboe river mo
West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Fak Fak Selantan area on Bomberai peninsula south coast. Users: No known L1 spe
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts on west Bomberai peninsula. Users: 5,500
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, north Lomblem island, Ile Ape peninsula and inland. Users: 15,000 (2008 c
Maluku province: Erai, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Istutun, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, and Telemar villages southwest; Lirang island; W
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emroing village; Babar island southwest. Users: 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Sh
Widespread. Users: 198,000,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 42,800,000 (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total
Scattered: Java and Bali, especially Jakarta. Users: 810,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 550,000–1,100,000 deaf signe
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cenderawasih bay, Yamur lake area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency. Users
West Papua province: Fakfak, north Kaimana, and Teluk Bintani regencies on east Bomberai peninsula, Arguni bay north to
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bahomia, Coa, Inari, Koi, Tanggaromi, Ubia-Seramuku, Waho, Wamesa, and Wam
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Masi-Masi island off north coast. Users: 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b
North Kalimantan province: Atap, Malinau, Mensalong, Nunukan, Pembeliangan, Tarakan, and Tideng Pale towns. Users: 2
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast on upper Biri river. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b
Papua province: Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur east to Ok Denom. Dewok (Dinamne dialect); Aurarin hamlet (Uppe
Maluku province: Makulu Tengah regency, south central Seram island coastal area. Users: 1,700 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Sta
Papua province: Mappi regency, south coast along Obaa river north to Gandaimu area. Users: 10,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b
Papua province: Nabire regency, west Cenderawasih bay, Manggua point south to Wororomi. Users: 350 (1978 SIL). Status
Banten, Central Java, and East Java provinces; Special Region of Yogyakarta; Sumatra island: Lampung province; resettleme
Bengkulu province: small area south of Lake Dipatipan; Jambi province: widespread; Riau province: Indragiri Hulu and Indr
West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Bintuni sub-district; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Srum village (Bromnya dialect); Pantai Timur sub-district, Biridua villag
Papua province: Merauke regency, 6 villages in south coast area, along Maro river. Users: 1,280 (Evans et al 2018). Status:
Papua province: Merauke regency, Bibikem, Dodalim, Wanam, and Woboyo villages; South coast, east Muli strait. Users: 4
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area, Kiba, Wembi, and Yeti villages. Users: 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL)
East Nusa Tenggara province: Abangiwang, Bibit Gomi, Matgomi/Weniwa, Padangsul, Pantar, and Tamalabang villages on
Maluku province: Tannembar islands, east coast Yamdena island, south to north tip of Selaru island, 35 villages; southwest
Users: 14,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic
Central Java province: south. Users: No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 spea
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency; north Halmahera island on Kao bay area near Kao river mouth. Users: 4
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Kaptiau village. Users: 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate
Papua province: Keerom regency, 13 villages on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 300 in Indonesia (de Sousa 2006). 240 D
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya, Tomer, and Yanggandur villages south along Papua New Guinea border. User
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island south coast. Users: 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
Papua province: Pacific coast east, north of Tor river mouth. Users: 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names
Maluku province: about 207 villages on 10 islands southeast; Besar, Kecil, and surrounding islands, Kei island group, and Ku
East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Bird’s Head west coast, Bianci, Menyefun, Salio, and Selepele villages; Batangp
South Sumatera province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur, Ogan Komering Ulu, and Ogan Ilir regen
Papua province: south coast; Mukamuga river into West Papua province: Etna bay area. Users: 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a
West Papua province: Sorong regency, Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts, about 20 villages; north coast, interio
West Papua province: Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas island. Users: 240 (1983 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Na
West Papua province: Asses, Pef, Siakwa, and Sunopi villages; central Bird’s Head Kamundan river headwaters area. Users:
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, east Buton island on Lawelu bay. Users: 2,330 (2010 census), decreasing. Eth
Southeast Sulawesi province: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Kaledupa, Maluku, Mongole, Runduma, Seram, Sulabesi, Taliabu, and W
Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya village; south coast border area. Users: 5 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 8b (Nearly
Papua province: southeast inland area between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. Users: 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolin
Papua province: Nabire regency, Sareba bay, Wapoga river in the foothills. Users: 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened).
Papua province: Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets on upper Idenburg river north bank. Users: 200 (2006 SIL). Stat
Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island interior. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Nam
Papua province: west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence, south of Jayapura city. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status:
Papua province: Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages, west of Tariku and Kliki rivers’ confluence. Users: 250 (1982 SIL). Status:
Papua province: Jayapura regency, west of Lake Sentani. Users: 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Na
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Sinjai regencies; southeast peninsula on Salayer strait. Users: 167,000
Maluku province: south, over 20 villages; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; Roma and Wetar islands, Ama
South Sulawesi province: Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Sinjai regencies, south peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang are
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages; Kurudu islands. Users: 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Stat
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8
Papua province: eastern highlands. Users: 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethni
East Java province: sea coast; Kangean islands. Users: 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bĕ
Central Kalimantan province: Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages in central and north Seruyan river area. Users: 8,000
South Sulawesi province; West Sulawesi province: southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang sub-district, Karama river headw
Central Sulawesi province: Lindu sub-district, Anca, Langko, and Tomado villages near Lake Lindu. Users: 3,640 (2010 censu
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Selayar islands; east Kalao island. Users: 22 (2010 census). Status: 7 (
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Alor island, Bird’s Head area. Users: 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Aib, Aimbe, Braso, Mamda, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, S
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, Teminabuan sub-district, Konda village; lower Waromge river in southwest
Central Kalimantan province; West Kalimantan province: Gelalak, Nangaella, Nangapinoh, and Nangasayan town areas, an
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang, Kota Singkawang, Kuba Raya, Landak, Sambas, and Sanggau regencies; northwest
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba. Users: 20,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kudi Classification: Au
Users: 22,800 in Indonesia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classifica
Maluku province: southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands in mouth of Barakai strait. Users
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; east side of Cendrawasih bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Statu
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district in eastern highlands, on Erok river upper reaches. Users: 8,000 (19
West Papua province: Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan sub-district, half of Sawiat sub-district, about 31 villages in sou
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, southwest enclave. Users: 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,0
East Kalimantan province: Sabah border area in northwest. Users: 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sota village; south, bordering Papua New Guinea. Users: 100 (1996 M. Donohue). Statu
East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Lembata island. Users: 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 8,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataut, Kati-Nin
Papua province: south coast, north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. Users: 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
Papua province: foothills on east Digul river. Users: 900 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kitum, Wam
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Ansudu village. Users: 500 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Timur regency, 2 areas in central Flores island highlands. Users: 6,000 (2010). Sta
Maluku province: west Kei Kecil district in Kur and surrounding islands southeast. Users: 3,180 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threate
Sumatra, Jambi province: Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Riau province: Indrigir
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency. Lerabaing and Buraga villages on Alor island (Kui dialect); Kapebang and Sibera
East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Barat regency, Komodo island. Users: 1,730 (2015 F. Hurd). Status: 6b (Threatene
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru islands; Kobror island central and east coast, 18 villages; southeast Wokam
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Kompane village on Kongan island. Users: 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened
Sumatra, Jambi province: Kerinci regency, Sungaipenuh area in western mountains; West Sumatra province: Solok Selatan
Maluku province: 22 villages in north Aru islands on Kola and adjacent islands. Users: 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Pietoko, Pureman, and 2 enclaves on central north, east, and southeast coasts. U
Papua province: upper Digul river west side. Users: 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotogut, Ko
Papua province: Apiaweti, Aurime, Munukania, Tatsewalem, and Wamariri villages in Apauwer river headwaters. Users: 2,
West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Adijaya, Kayumerah, Keroi, and Namatota villages; Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau b
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Kwer village; lowlands area at Sirac river headwaters. Users: 100
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Arare, Holmhaven, Mafenter, and Omte villages in Pacific coast area. Users: 2,000 (1987 SI
Papua province: Kondo, Rawa Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yanggandur villages, south point bordering Papua New Guinea. U
Maluku province: Tarangan island southeast coast, Karey valley in Aru Islands. Users: 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threaten
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, Halerman, Manatang, Margera, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages. User
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, southwest coast from Arafura sea inland. Users: 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasin
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu sub-district, Hatusua, Kaibobo, Kamarian, Seruawan, Tihulale, and W
North Maluku province: Kepulauan Sula regency in Sula Islands, Molucca sea coast, Tjapaplulu strait area; Taliabu island, 2
Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces: Banawa, Dolo, Marawola, Palolo, and Sigi-Biromaru sub-districts. Users: 62
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, 2 remote mountain enclaves, on Sarawak border. Users: 640 in Indonesia (20
Maluku province: Buru regency, northeast Buru island, Kayeli bay area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Lelia
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river: 8 villages. Users: 700 (1993
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondo Utara regency, Kaidipang and Bolangitang towns; north coast. Users: 6,660 (
Papua province: Kota Jayapura city and island in Jayapura harbor. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethni
Papua province: Sungai river west bank headwaters. Users: 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-N
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, southwest Seram island inland from Ceram strait, Haruku, and Sapura islan
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head, Kalabra river inland. Users: 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
North Maluku province: south Loloda district, 4 villages; Halmahera island northwest interior. Users: 2,000 (1991 SIL). Statu
Central Sulawesi province: Donggala and Parigi Moutong regencies, Ampibabo, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, and Tom
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka, North Kolaka, Konawe, North Konawe, and South Konawe regencies, Mekongga distr
Central Kalimantan province: North, East, and South Barito regencies; East Kalimantan province: Karau river area; South Ka
West Papua province: Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island, Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages in northwest main bay and s
Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Jambuair, Lola, and Warabal villages in Aru island group on Barakan, Lola, and P
Riau province; Riau Islands province; Bangka Belitung Islands province: Bangka Barat, Banka Tenga, and Bangka Selatan reg
North Sumatera province: Mandailing Natal regency, Kotanopan district. Users: 2,000 (2021). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Altern
Maluku province: Buru island; Wae and Apo river valleys, and west on north Seram Sea coast; some in Ambon. Users: 11,9
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Luhu village on northwest and south coast of Seram island, Boano and Man
Maluku province: 5 villages on west and north Seram island. Users: 1,830 (1982). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Nam
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Pantar island. Users: 10,800 (Holton 2014). Ethnic population: 10,800. Status: 6a* (Vigo
Central Sulawesi province: south Donggala, Morowali, south Parigi Moutong, Poso, Sigi, and Tojo Una-Una regencies, Kota
Maluku province: Wetan island, and across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. Users: 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monoling
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages, in middle Rongko river area; scattered in Sabban
North Kalimantan province: Long Layu’, Long Padi. Users: 900 (2022 R. Saupia). Lengilu speakers are ethnically Lundayeh [l
Maluku province: Laha and other villages on Ambon island south central coast. Users: 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorou
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, Liki and Nirumoar islands. Users: 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic popu
Bengkulu and South Sumatra provinces: Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north; small group east of Be
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bungi district, Bau-Bau sub-district; south Buton island Waliabuku village area north of Bau-B
Central Sulawesi province: border area southwest of Lake Poso; South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Rampi distr
South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Barang-Barang, Laiyolo, Lowa, and other villages on Selayar island so
East Nusa Tenggara province: east central Flores island. Users: 105,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Na
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency; Lampung province: Lampung Barat and Tanggamus regencies in Semangko bay area; Wa
East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Rote island, Ba’a town and north to south coast; north and central region (Nort
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Lasalima town, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages facing La
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak sub-district, Lolak, Mongkoinit, Mongkoinit Barat, Tombolan
East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, south Lembata island, Atadei district. Users: 8,000 (Krausse 2016). Status:
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Lembata island. Users: 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: L
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Lembata island, several villages between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewoeleng [lwe] language a
East Nusa Tenggara province: 3 or more villages on Lembata island south coast. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vi
East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island southwest coast. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alte
North Kalimantan province: mountainous Sesayap river area. Users: 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all count
North Maluku province: North Halmahera regency on northwest coast, nearby islands. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bak
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balingara town east to Mount Balantak area; Lamala bay southwest along Pele
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, north central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers sur
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Teiraplu, Yefta, and Aboy districts, west of Sungai Sobger. Users: 530 (1991
West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang regency, Pejampi and 2 other villages; Sanggau regency border area; upper Lundu
Maluku Province: Aru islands group, Koba island on northwest coast. Users: 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classifica
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency, Larantuka city area, and southwest Flores Strait towards Lewotobi tow
Maluku province: Southwest Maluku regency, Leti island sub-district. Users: 7,710 (2017 R. Saupia). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alt
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Latu village; west Seram island, southwest Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. Users:
East Nusa Tenggara province: Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso on northwest Sumba island. Users: 10,000 (Grimes et
East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Lembata island. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate N
East Nusa Tenggara province: central eastern Lembata island; north coastal plains villages are from recent government-ind
East Nusa Tenggara province: southeastern Flores island in Lewotobi volcano area. Users: 6,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Al
East Java province: Java island coast south and west of Surabaja city, Bawean, Kangean, and Sapudi islands; South Kaliman
South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan, and Takalar regencies; southwe
North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Damar, northwest Jaronga, and south Halmahera islands. Users: 1,00
South Sulawesi province: Pangkajene Islands regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas; West Sulawesi pro
West Papua province: Bird’s Head northeast coast. Users: 14,800 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arfak,
Bangka Belitung Islands province: widespread, Bangka island. Users: 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom
South Sulawesi province: Makassar port area. Users: 1,880,950, all users. L1 users: 950 (2010 census). L2 users: 1,880,000
Papua province: Merauke regency, Welbuti village; south coast area. Users: 120. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti, and Mawes Wres villages on Buri river wes
Bali province: widespread on Bali and Nusa islands. Users: 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: C
Maluku province: Buru island except northeast corner, 70 villages; some on Ambon island in Jakarta. Users: 45,000 (Grime
Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan and Barito Timur regencies, Awang, Dusun Hilir, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Tengah
West Papua province: Nabire regency, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay; coastal area northeast of Ruwianui point. User
Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency, Pulau Banyak and Singkil districts; Simeulue regency, Sinabang; South Aceh regency; S
East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Kupang city and Semau island; all on west Timor island. Users: 350,000, all
North Maluku province: Kota Tidore Kepaluan regency; Bacan, Halmahera west coast, Kayoa, south Mori, and Obi islands.
South Sulawesi province: Pinrang regency, Patampanua sub-district, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages; north Sad
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Samboka village on lowland hills at headwaters of Brazza and Einladen rivers. Users: 2
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Kendari city; Central Buton, Muna, West-Muna, and South Buton regencies. U
Papua province: Nabire regency; West Papua province: Kaimana and Teluk Wondama regencies on central Bird’s Head, he
West Papua province: about 50 villages in Bird’s Head area, southeast from Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cende
Papua province: central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. Users: 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, and Bolaang Mongondow Timur regencies;
Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Only a handful of Marori speakers left in 2012 (Ev
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on northwest Bomberai peninsula, Berau bay inland. Users: 30 (2012 H. Hammarströ
West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Mapia islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 199
North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Wasilei area on southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay. Users: 6,620 (2
North Maluku province: Sula islands on Mangole island south coast, south to Sula Besi island south tip. Users: 7,280 (2000)
Papua province: west Asmat regency into Yahukimo regency; lowlands south of main ranges. Users: 2,000 (Wurm 2000). S
East Kalimantan province: Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river and central Mahakam river basi
Maluku province: 1 village southeast on Mairi island in Aru island group. Users: 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Altern
South Sulawesi province: north Pare-Pare area; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river. Users: 89,1
Southeast Sulawesi province: Bombana regency, Bombana district, Wita Ea village; Rumbia mountains on southeast mainla
North Maluku province: Kao river headwaters on north Halmahera island. Users: 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened
Maluku province: Central Maluku regency, 4 villages on Manipa island, west of Seram island. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and
Papua province: Sarmi regency, 2 areas on upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. Users: 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nea
North Maluku province: Halmahera southwest coast, Kayoa, west Makian islands. Users: 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 19
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong, Kalukku, and Mamuju sub-districts; Point Rangas north along M
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, western third. Users: 900,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austrones
Papua province: Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Abepura, Arso, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi sub-districts, Lake Sentani area
Papua province: Sarmi regency on north coast, Walckenaer bay area. Users: 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribun
Papua province: Merauke regency south coast area; also, enclave in extreme south Papua. Users: 7,000 (1987 SIL). Status:
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Kendate, Maribu, Sabron Dosay, and Waibrong villages. Users: 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status:
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head inland, Mata to Worbo area. Users: 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Cla
Papua province: 9 villages 100 km south of Jayapura city. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kemelom, Kemelom
Maluku province: 5 villages on Masela island west tip. Users: 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: West Ma
West Kalimantan province: Belitang, Belitang Hilir, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau sub-districts along Ayak and Belitang rivers.
Papua province: Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon areas in east Weip and Yay valleys. Users: 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing. St
Papua province: Yapen island north coast, 1 village. Users: 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nata
West Papua province: southeast Bird’s Head, west Bituni Bay; Sebjor river basin. Users: 8,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (Develo
South Sumatera province: widespread in northern 2 thirds of province from Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountain
East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Sumba island, coastal Memboro town. Users: 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorou
South Sulawesi province: north Enrekang regency; Makassar city and other communities. Users: 123,000 (2010 census). St
Papua province: 5 villages on east Yapen island, Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Class
Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast; also west of Sarmi near Apauwer river. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic popula
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, northwest valley east to Simalumung. Users: 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b
West Papua province: Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
West Sumatera province: Sumatra island; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. Users: 62,300 (2010 census). Ethnic p
East Kalimantan province: 5 enclaves on upper reaches of Belayan, Kelinjau, Mahakam, and Segah rivers. Users: 15,300 (W
West Papua province: 9 villages on west Bird’s Head; Salawati island, Sorong city east and southeast. Users: 4,600 (1993 R.
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages in Ilbutung area on Marsela island. Users: 510 (1980 N. de Jonge).
Central Sulawesi province: Kulawi sub-district, Kulawi and Toro town areas. Users: 9,940 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Develop
Central Sulawesi province: Lembo, Mori Atas, and Petasia sub-districts, 25 villages on southeast peninsula neck; South Sula
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, Namla village. Users: 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classi
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Taniwel village on Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known
Bali, Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra provinces: scattered. Users: 766,000 in Indonesia (2015). Status: 8a (Moribund). Altern
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency, 16 villages in southwest Bomberai peninsula. Users: 500 (1982 SIL). Status: 7
Papua province: middle Hablifoeri river north of Wamena. Users: 4,400 (2005). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Nggem
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Tiom in central highlands, and scattered. Users: 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Status: 5* (D
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores, Desa Rowa, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Boawae, Kecamatan Golewa
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Pantar island in Banda sea. Users: 1,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head along Maccluer bay. Users: 500 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Th
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote Ndao regency, Ndao island off western tip of Rote island; scattered settlements on Rote
North Sumatera province: Batu, Nias and Mursala islands. Alasa, Sirombu and Mandrehe (Northwest dialect); Gomo, and s
Central Kalimantan province: Gunung Mas, Kapuas, Katingan, Kota Palangkaraya, Kotawaringin Timur, and Pulang Pisau reg
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 6 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted
Papua province: Jayapura regency, about 26 villages west of Lake Sentani. Users: 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500
Papua province: east Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. Users: 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Name
Papua province: east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil nort
Papua province: Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma sub-district. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to
Papua province: east highlands north slopes. Users: 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hm
Users: 17,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European,
Papua province: central highlands, Holuwon, Lolat, and Ninia villages. Users: 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developin
Maluku province: 2 villages on Seram island, central north coast and inland, and Saleman bay. Users: 500 (1990 SIL). Status
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district west of Hmanggona. Users: 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Th
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 10 villages in Tomini bay. Users: 6,240 (2010 census), incr
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolop
Bengkulu province: Kaur regency, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru, and Tanjung Betuah villages in Nasal river area on Suma
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Lease islands and Nusa Laut island in Titawai village. Users: No known L1 speak
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Flores island, west slopes of Ebu Lobo volcano. Users: 50,000 (Forth 1993). Status: 5*
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 60,000 (1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: B
Maluku province: Amahai district, 6 villages on Seram island inland from south coast. Users: 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b* (Threatened).
Papua province: Jayapura area, Nafri village on southeast Yotafa bay. Users: 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classi
Maluku province: southeast Maluku Barat Daya regency; Kisar island, Oirata village; some in Ambon city. Users: 1,220 (198
West Papua province: Fakfak regency on north Bomberai peninsula in Berau bay south coast west to Wetin point, then sou
West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Maruntiri area on Onin peninsula and inland highlands. Users: No known L1 speake
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Burungmakok and Siradala villages in lowlands; headwaters area,
Papua province: Jayapura regency north coast, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Sh
East Java province: Banyuwangi regency area on far east Java island facing Bali strait. Users: 300,000 (2000 census). Status
Central Kalimantan province: upper south Kapuas river, 7 villages; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kal
Papua province: Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river. Users: 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Lake
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, coastline and island off north coast of Biri river area. Users: 280 (2005
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Malili, Mangkutana, and Nuha sub-districts, 9 villages inland between Lake
Central Java, East Java, West Java, and Yogyakarta provinces scattered on north coast. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong regency, Ampibabo and Parigi Tengah sub-districts in Tomini bay. Users: 370 (2
South Sumatera and Bengkulu provinces: northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to Argamakmur area south. Users: 30,0
Jakarta Special Capital Region. Users: There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Nam
North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency on lower Kao river and west to interior foothills. Users: 3,310 (2000). St
Central Kalimantan province: East Barito regency, Paku district, Bantei Napu, Kalamus, Tampa, and Tarinsing villages. Users
East Nusa Tenggara province: Palu’e island; Flores mainland, Nangahure village northwest of Maumere. Users: 10,000 (Gri
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Kecamatan and Amahai villages on Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore. Use
Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Bungku Tengah, Bungku Utara, Lage, Mori Atas, Pam
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Mias Endi, Pom, and Serewen villages on Yapen island, from Pon bay west to W
Widespread in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces. Users: 1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 20
West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 24,400 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Thre
Central Kalimantan province: border areas; East Kalimantan province: Sarawak border area, upper reaches of Barito, Kapu
Southeast Sulawesi province: central Buton island, east and west coasts. Users: 9,460 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous).
North Sulawesi province: Belang town area. Users: No known L1 speakers. 3 or 4 semi-speakers (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 9 (D
Central Sulawesi province: Sigi regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro sub-districts, 32 villages on Lariang river and tributaries
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Papuma village on Yapen island south coast. Users: 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency on southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, and inl
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies; inland from Pirimapun. Users: 6,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alt
Bengkulu province: central Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung province; South S
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency northwest; West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko
North Maluku province: 9 villages on Halmahera island along the west coast. Users: 10,600 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous).
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang and Pinrang regencies, Enrekang town area, west toward Mandar bay head; West Sula
West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Maloso and Mapilli rivers watershed; into Majene and Mam
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on upper Malinau river. Users: 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Thre
North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency south of Kayan river. Users: 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threat
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency on Mahakam river. Users: 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threate
East Kalimantan province: Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status
North Kalimantan province: Malinau and Nunukan regencies, Bangalan, Longberang, and Mensalong towns in Mentarang r
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 2 villages on Cenderawasih bay east coast at Rombak rive
Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: K
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka Utara regency, Pakue sub-district on upper Bone bay west coast, Batunong and north
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island. Users: 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classificatio
Bengkulu province: Arga Makmur, Curup, Kapahiang, and Muara Aman town areas in southwest highlands; South Sumatra
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, south Pura and south Ternate (Alor) islands. Users: 800. Status: 6b (Threatened
East Nusa Tenggara province: East Rote island, Landu, Oe Pao, and Rikou areas. Users: 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous)
Users: 1,000 in Indonesia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-Europ
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu sub-district, Landak river area. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hatt
East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Riung. Users: 14,000 (Wurm an
East Nusa Tenggara province: Central Flores island near Mount Watuweri, 2 areas. Users: 6,000 (2010). Status: 6a* (Vigoro
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, Milki and Mot villages. Users: 290 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a
Maluku province: Jerusu village on Roma island. Users: 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Roma
West Papua province: Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and North Luwu regencies; northwest coast; Bone bay; Bastem sub-district, Rongkong river
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 4,000 (2005 W. Arka). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification
East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale areas. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigor
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on northeast peninsula and Tomini bay. Users: 1,340 (2010 census), decreasin
North Maluku province: Jailolo town area on north Halmahera island. Users: 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in T
Papua Province: southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puara
West Nusa Tenggara province: Lombok island. Users: 2,100,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 3,170,000 (2011 census). Status
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency on Saleman bay, north central Seram island, 3 areas. Users: 4,800 (1989 SIL). Sta
Papua Province: Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ay
West Papua province: west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. Users: 1,200 (198
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, Sembakung river mouth. Users: 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b* (Threa
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, near Sepik river entrance to Papua New Guinea. Users:
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Sea
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency along Kapuas river. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigo
South Sulawesi province: Luwu and Tana Toraja regencies; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency; possibly Makassar c
West Kalimantan province: Sanggau and Sintang regencies; Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Users: -. Status: 6a* (Vig
West Kalimantan province: Ketapang regency in Kualan and Semandang river areas. Users: 100,000 (2019 D. Berglund). 40
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, south Pasangkayu sub-district, 1 area near Lariang river mouth, another s
Papua province: Lake Sentani area, about 30 scattered villages; scattered in other parts of Indonesia. Users: 30,000 (1996 S
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Serui town area on Yapen island south coast; west past Panduan point; Sareba
East Kalimantan province: Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). St
Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Gunung village on Seram island northeast coast. Users: 50 (1989 SIL). Statu
East Kalimantan province: Berau and Bulungan regencies. Users: 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). A
Aceh province: central Simeulue island. Users: 19,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,700 (2010 census). Status: 6b (T
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Flores island. Users: 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
South Sulawesi province: west Limbong sub-district along Betue river. Users: 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987). Statu
Papua province: Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai, and Sko-Yambe villages, north coast border area at Tami river mouth. Users: 700 (199
Central Sulawesi province: Palolo valley; South Sulawesi province: North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong sub-district. Us
West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas area on northwest Bomberai peninsula coast; Ogar island. Users: 450 (Voegel
East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency on upper Sembakung river. Users: 640 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all co
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency; also Solor island; possibly north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, and surr
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Tanimbar island group; at least 6 villages on Nuswotar, Selaru, and Yam
South Sulawesi province: Selayar island. Users: 103,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Sala
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago on east Bantanta, central Salawati islands, and Misool island. Users: 4,000 (
Aceh province: east and west Simeulue island; Babi and Banyak islands. Users: 40,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44
West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa and Moyo islands. Users: 300,000 (1989). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Name
West Kalimantan: Bengkayang regency, Jagoi Babang sub-district. Users: -. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau-
Papua province: Senggi village in border area south of Jayapura. Users: 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 8a (Morib
North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency. Users: 850 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: M
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, north coast area, Bagaiserwar, Sarmi, and Sawar villages. Users: 1,000 (
Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area. Users: 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alte
Maluku province: Sepa village on Seram island, and several areas on southwest coast. Users: 2,600 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b*
Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known
Maluku province: Hualoy, Iha, Kairatu, Kulur, Latu, Siri-Sori, Tomalehu villages; Saparua and Seram islands. Users: 10,200 (1
West Kalimantan province: near Sanggau-Ledo. Users: 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: R
Papua province: Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi regency: Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero
Papua province: Waropen regency, Sauri-Sirami village on east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threa
Maluku province: south central Seram island, 4 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted
East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada. Users: 10,000 (1994). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alterna
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah and Seram Bagian regencies, Tehoru, Timur Bula, and Werinama districts, 8 villages from
Banten and West Java provinces: western third of Java; Central Java province: Cilacap regency. Users: 32,400,000 (2015 UN
Maluku province: Babar island group, Papilewan town on northeast Marsela island. Users: 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status:
Papua Province: Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Yapen island, an island south of Yapen island ne
Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Batu Putih, Makatian, Marantutu, and Wermatang villages in Tanimbar
East Nusa Tenggara Province: southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. Users: 3,000 (G
Gorontalo province: Bone Bolango regency, Bone river valley. Users: 7,590 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (20
North Sulawesi province: Great Sangir island east peninsula. Users: 110,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Total u
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency, Barito river north along tributary. Users: 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 19
Papua province: Ok Bon, Ok Sibil, and Ok Tsop valleys. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18
North Maluku province: Sula islands; Sula Besi (Sanana) island, widespread; Mangole island scattered on east, west and no
West Papua province: south Bird’s Head, 15 villages along Maccluer bay. Users: 800 (de Vries 2004). Status: 6b* (Threaten
North Maluku province: Halmahera Tengah and Halmahera Selatan regencies, Gane Timur and Weda districts;13 villages. H
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies, 3 areas on Rouffaer river. Users: 650 (2022 S. Kim). Status: 6a
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Users: 300 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
North Maluku province: West Halmahera regency, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba sub-districts. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (D
Papua province: south coast area. Users: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wago
West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency on north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Bapai and Gondu river areas. Users
Papua province: Kaiy and Kokou villages in Lakes plain area, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 220 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Th
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah sub-district, Sakita village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 100 (2010 census). Stat
Central Sulawesi province: Ampibabo, Sindue, and Tinombo sub-districts, 21 villages on Tomini bay west coast. Users: 6,10
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on north peninsula, Lake Tondano area. Users: 9,560 (2010 census), decreasin
Papua province: Toli-Dou village southwest of Taiyeve town. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Dorio
East Java province: south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. Users: 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alte
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Timor island. Users: 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Status: 5* (Developing). De facto la
Maluku province: Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. Users: 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate N
Papua province: Demba and Tefaro villages in east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alter
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate regency, Hiri and Ternate islands; Halmahera Selatan regency, islands between Baca
Users: 86,000 in Indonesia (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, M
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district on Mamberamo river east bank. Users: 300 (1999 SIL)
Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency border area; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanega
Papua province: Kawemaot village. Users: 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Aw
North Maluku province: Kao, Jailolo, and Tubelo districts on north Halmahera island; Maba and Wasile districts on central
North Sulawesi province: Talaud islands. Users: 53,100 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talaur, Tala
Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, most of Namla, Tofanma Dua, and Tofanma Satu villages in south Jay
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton Utara regency; Kapontori and Wakorumba sub-districts, Maligano and Wakalambe vill
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Bonehau sub-district, Bonehau village area. Users: 320 (2010 census), decreasin
Maluku province: south Seram island, Teluti bay area. Users: 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: S
Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Ambon island, Liang, Tulehu, Tengah-tengah, and Tial villages. Users: 10,000 (M
North Maluku province: Sula island group; Taliabu island northwest coast; some on Mangole island. Users: 4,520 (2000). 5
North Maluku province: Kota Ternate city on Ternate island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died sometime in
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Sarmi regencies, Karfasia, Maseb, Samarkena, and Tamaya villages on north coast,
Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, Epem, Tamnim, Wowi, and Zinak villages; Senggo town area. Users: 290 (199
West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency; upper Kapuas river. Users: 30,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alte
Papua province: Puncak Jaya regency, Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages between Rouffaer and Van Daalen rivers. Users: 1
Papua province: Nabire regency, Bird’s Head neck area south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river; possibly Papua B
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bukia, Depapre, and Wari towns, and 13 villages on north coast. Users: 3,750 (1990 UB
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Selatan regency on Amurang bay inland; Minahasa and Minahasa Tenggara regencies,
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Tenggara regency; north area near Ronoketang town. Users: 21,000 (2010 census), de
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency, Kota Tomohon city. Users: 19,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shiftin
West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong sub-district, inland along Budong-Budong river. Users: 440 (201
Papua province: Jayapura regency, Demta sub-district, Tarfia village on north coast. Users: 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Mori
East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northeast coast, Kiralela, Koilela, Maukuru, Peisaka, and Takala villages; also east
Maluku province: 12 villages in south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor). Users: 6,1
Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cendrawasih bay, Nabire town northeast past Ruwiami point. Users: 500 (1993 R. D
North Kalimantan province: scattered coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. Users: 12,0
Papua province: Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam, and Tobati villages on Jayapura bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2007). St
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Towe Hitam village. Users: 120 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, 4 villages on Tolo bay west coast. Users: 2,240 (
Papua province: Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages in Lakes plain area. Users: 2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja). Status: 5 (Developin
North Maluku province: East Halmahera regency, Maba district, Miaf, Bebsili, and Marasipno villages; Wasile district, pass
Maluku province: 4 villages on central and south central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers com
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Masbuar and Tela villages on southwest Babar island. Users: 1,050 (2007 SIL
North Maluku province: Tidore, Mare, and Moti islands; Halmahera island west coast areas. Users: 46,000, all users. L1 use
Central Sulawesi province: Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa
East Nusa Tenggara province: 6 villages on central Pantar island. Users: 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a* (Vigor
East Nusa Tenggara province: 2 villages on Tereweng island; 1 village on Pantar island. Users: 800 (Grimes et al 1997). Stat
East Nusa Tenggara province: Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Talae, and Termanu areas on central Rote island. Users: 30,000 (2002 U
Central Kalimantan province: Palori town area; East Kalimantan province: southeast border area. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and
Central Sulawesi province: Toli-Toli regency, Baolan, Dampal Selatan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub
Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong and Toli-Toli regencies; Gorontalo province: Pohuwato regency, east to Mautan
Maluku province: south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. Users: 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Stat
East Nusa Tenggara province: southwest Rote island. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:
North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Utara regency, Kota Bitung and Kota Manado cities. Users: 670 (2010 census), decreas
Papua province: Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak sub-district, 19 villages on south coast. Users: 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Status
Papua province: Asmat regency, between upper Wideman and Digul rivers. Users: 4,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatene
Maluku province: southwest in Arwala, Ilpokil, Ilway, Kahailin, Mahuan, Masapun, and Tomliapat villages; southeast Wetar
Maluku province: Kepulauan-Aru regency; northwest Aru islands on Udjir and Wokam islands. Users: 1,030 (2011 SIL). Stat
Southeast Sulawesi province: north Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa sub-districts, east central Buton island. Users
Papua province: central highlands, Paniai regency, Beoga and Ilaga sub-districts; Asmat, Deiya, Mimika, and Puncak regenc
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan and Teluk Bintuni regencies, Inanwatan and Merdei sub-districts; south Bird’s Head a
Papua province: Keerom regency, Usku village west of Sobger river. Users: 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from
West Sulawesi province: Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies, mostly interior. Users: 31,600 (2010 census). S
North Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, small area; Malinau regency, Batu Kajang, Pimping, Long Belua, Long Setula
Central Sulawesi province: Balaesang sub-district, Sibayu, Walandano, and other villages; scattered north to Dampal Utara
Central Sulawesi province: Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli sub-districts; Palu bay west to Makassar strait; West Sulawesi provin
West Papua province: Fak-Fak regency, Faur and Tuburuasa islands; southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland; possibly Kar
Papua province: Jayapura and Sarmi regencies, Bonggo, Lereh, and Unurum-Guay sub-districts, Taja, Wamho, and Witi villa
Maluku province: Ahanari, Analutur, Kokwari, Kroing, Letwurung, Manuweri, Tutuwawan, and Wakpapai villages; southeas
Bengkulu province: south; South Sumatra province: northwest from Danay Panay; all on Sumatra island. Users: 40,000 (20
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Buton regency, Bonegunu, Kulisusu Barat, Kulisusu Induk, and Kulisusu Utara sub-distr
Southeast Sulawesi province: North Kolaka regency, Lasusua sub-district, 4 villages in upper Bone bay, east coast. Users: 1,
East Kalimantan province: Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Sa
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages from Welulora to Latalola Besar on east central Marsela island we
Maluku province: east Buru island near Kayeli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct)
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Takar village inland. Users: 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Altern
West Papua province: Manokwari, Wasior, Wandamen bay to Bintuni bay east end. Users: 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6
Maluku province: Watubela islands east central area. Users: 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esir
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Maweswares village on Biri river headwaters south side. Users: 200 (1993 R. Doriot). Statu
Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, 6 villages on Yapen island, north and south coast. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Statu
Papua province: Tolikara regency; Taiyeve area south of Idenburg, Mamberama, and Rouffaer rivers’ confluence. Users: 15
Papua province: west Yapen island, Wooi and Wainap villages. Users: 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alte
Maluku province: at least 14 villages on Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; also southwest Seram
Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Moning and Uhak villages on Wetar island northeast coast. Users: 280 (Hint
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island interior. Users: 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: V
Papua province: Keerom regency, Warlef village. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Nam
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Waigeo Selatan sub-district, Go, Kabare, Kabilol, Nyandesawai, Selegop, Waifo
Maluku province: 30 villages on north Seram island mountain area; south along Teluti bay. Users: 7,000 (1989 SIL). Status:
East Kalimantan province: Berau regency, Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Kampung Baru, Muara Pedohon, Tabang Lama, Uma’ Be
East Kalimantan province: Kutai Timur regency, Telen river north tributary. Users: 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; Wakde island, and north coastal area. Users: 550 (2005 SIL). Stat
East Nusa Tenggara: Belu regency, Asumanu, Baudaok, Bauho, Raiulun, Sarabau, Silawan, Tohe, and Tulakadi. Users: 1,500
North Maluku province: northwest Halmahera island coast from Sasu town inland to highland interior. Users: 3,000 (Voorh
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Bau-Bau city on Buton island southwest coast. Users: 65,000 in Indonesia (20
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Asologoima, Biri, Bolakme, Bugi, Koragi, Ngguma (Tagima), Pyramid, Silo Karno, Wolo
South Sulawesi province: Enrekang, Polewali Mandar and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies; Boya river area. Users: 31,500 (20
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Ambatkwi sub-district. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classificati
Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, upper Digul river area. Users: 1,180 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate
East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vi
Papua province: Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies in central highlands area; Van Daalen river to upper Rouffaer river. Use
Papua province: west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers area northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel
East Nusa Tenggara province: central Alor island. Users: 6,000 (Schapper 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:
Maluku province: Aru islands, Manombai strait to Wakua island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Ben
Papua province: Waropen regency, Botawa village; Sanoringga river mouth to interior, and northeast. Users: 5 (2000 R. Do
Southeast Sulawesi province: Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. Users: 27,600 (2010 census), decreasing. 19,5
Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; south Waropen bay area (Ambumi dialect), and southwest to
Papua province: Keerom regency, Waris sub-district. Users: 500 in Indonesia (2008 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Southeast Sulawesi province: Konawe Utara regency, Asera sub-district interior, Mopute village. Users: 350 (Mead 1999). S
East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island, 2 separate areas between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] lan
Papua province: Maberamo Raya regency, Bonoi, Poiwai, Tamakuri, and Warembori villages, Mamberamo river mouth we
South Sulawesi province: Luwu Timur regency, Wotu sub-district, Bawalipu and Lampenai villages in north Bone bay; coast
Papua province: central highlands, Amo and Kiniage valleys. Users: 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Devel
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Wauyai village on southeast coast. Users: 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifti
Papua province: middle Mamberamo river, north bank. Users: 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabe
East Kalimantan province: Malinau and West Kutai regencies; Muller Mountains from south border north almost to Malays
East Nusa Tenggara province: east Sumba island. Users: 240,000 (2009). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Su
Widely dispersed; Central Kalimantan province: Katingan, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur, Lamandau, and Sukamara rege
West Kalimantan province: Balaikarangan and Kembayan to Sarawak border area. Users: 11,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vi
West Kalimantan province: along Mendalam river. Users: 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kalimantan prov
East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Batu Kajang, Long Belua, Long Setulang, Long Uli, and Pimping villages; D
East Kalimantan province: Kayan river headwaters south, and downstream. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status:
Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Unsongi village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 9
Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages on southeast Buto
Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8a (Morib
East Kalimantan province: Malinau regency, Long Jelet Mesahan, Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect), and Long Pujungan villag
Gorontalo and North Sulawesi provinces. Users: 3,320,000, all users. L1 users: 1,820,000 (2010 census), increasing. L2 user
West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago in Misool and Segaf islands. Users: 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threa
West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, northwest Salawati island. Users: Unknown number. Total population of the vi
Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah, Lembo, and Petasia sub-districts, 24 villages; South Sulawesi province: Mahalo
West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency in Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer gulf. Users: 3,700 (1991 SIL). Sta
Papua province: middle south coast, between Agats and Kokonao. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Altern
Papua province: Papua New Guinea border area, east highland slopes, scattered. Users: 9,970 (2000). Status: 5* (Developi
Papua province: Edifalen, Kwerba, and Marinafalen villages on Mamberamo river east bank and into highlands. Users: 300
East Nusa Tenggara province: 4 villages on south central Flores island. Users: 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,
West Nusa Tenggara province: central Sumbawa. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the 1815 eruption of
Papua province: central highlands, Jayawijaya, Kurima, and Kurulu regencies. Users: 5,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous
Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users
Papua province: Merauke district; Digul river west side. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Name
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mantarbori village northeast of Rombebai lake, east of Mamberamo river. Users: 200 (199
Papua province: central highlands area. Users: 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Angguru
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, coastal area and Nirumoar island. Users: 560 (2005 SIL). Status: 8
Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austrones
Jakarta Special Capital Region, Kalimantan, and North Sumatra: scattered. Users: 182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc). Sta
Papua province: central Yapen island, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages. Users: 10,000 (2
Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Batui sub-district, Balantang, Batui, Sisipan, and Tolando villages; eastern pen
Southeast Sulawesi province: Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages on Siompu island, southwest Buton island, Kambe-kambero v
Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Central Kalimantan, Jambi, North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, South Kalimantan, West Kalim
Papua province; West Papua province: Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea, southeast from Arguni ba
 70,000 (2011 Unit Bahasa dan Budaya - Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (UBB-GMIT)). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Timor Am

onesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,6

y, south coast enclave. Users: 2,840,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,370,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). De facto

on: 614,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anakola, Angkola Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal

olynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Ya
, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi

, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

ym: Uab Meto Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab M

sian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat
t-Kamoro, Sabakor
Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu

Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

anic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

-Dumut, Awyu

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese
 Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balinese Autonym: Basa Bali Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sum

6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Toba Batak Autonym: Batta Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-B

7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al 2007), and several thousa
rai, West Bomberai Proper
n, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan

pulation: 6,800,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Betawi, Batavi, Batavian, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Ja

th Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti

nggai, Eastern
asih Bay, Raja Ampat
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
areas. Users: 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatob
Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper
Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Biak, Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch,
s), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobada’ Autonym: Bádá’ Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele
th and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait. Users: 3,650,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all cou
e Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor
North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang
ntury under Dutch colonial rule. Used in daily communication. Alternate Names: Bara-Jida Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynes
ast of Lake Poso. Users: 22,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Tamboeko, Tambuku,
ang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow,
ayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

Alternate Names: Balanta, Kosian Autonym: Wurung Balantak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan

hilippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

armi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

ntral-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

nguage Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

an, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western
aki, Eastern, East Coast
ak Dairi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern

st Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern

layo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan
tak, kalak Karo Autonym: cakap Karo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, North
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot
arrier Islands, Batak, Northern
Bone bay east coast; West Sulawesi province: More, Pasangkayu on Mandar bay; possibly in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra
Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan
sian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

eloping). Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri Autonym: Bauzi Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi
Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut

, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western

ng Autonym: Cia-Cia Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buto

tened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat

Tariku, Central

n: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North

n, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern

uclear Timor, Rote

olitoli, Tomini, Northern

almahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic

ulation all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Total users in all countries: 15,600. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desin Dola

Mana, Tapiro Autonym: Me Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes

h, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic

ssification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East

guage towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar Au

nesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

ncy, Rau and Morotai islands. Users: 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5* (Devel

yo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar

nym: Hulontalo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic
Halmahera, East Makian-Gane

a province. Users: 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

usaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu

layic, Malay

h, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon

u, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti
aluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Hukumina
u, Sawunese Autonym: Lii Hawu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, H
lternate Names: Sea Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic
nct). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu

lynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

n, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim
olynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera
nea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor
Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
o-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung

an, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers

ea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur

tus: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa Autonym: Jawa Class
Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bahasa Melayu Jambi, Bahaso Daerah, Bahaso Dusun, Baso Jambi, Batin, Djambi, Jambi Classifi

rin Autonym: Tanempar, Tanempar Liriny Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southe
 New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi
uar Autonym: Dla Classification: Senagi
ad-Upper Maro, Tonda

ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata

esian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
tion: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung

layo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate

a Meher Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-R
uth Sulawesi, Makassar
Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

n: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern

o-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan

sian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic

n). Became dominant in the 19th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade, agriculture, fishing, hunting, and church. Alternate N

ation: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head

9). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Dalam, Orang Hutan, Orang Rimba Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
e Names: Lerabaing, Masin-Lak Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor

tatus: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aru, Doibel, Kobro’or, Kobroor, Sersifar Tannin Autonym: Dobel Classification: Austronesian, M

ayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

reater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear

wai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East
astern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo
esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli

er Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

astern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay

wan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern

6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, To’olaki, Tokia, Tololaki Autonym: Tolaki Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesi
fication: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North
alayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Orang Sawang, Sawang, Seka, Sekah Classification: Austro

ian, Central Maluku, Buru

aluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram
rthwest Seram

ed in the northern part of Central Sulawesi in the 18th century under Dutch colonial era. Used in trade and government work. Alternat
 ynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang
aebunta, Lemolang, Lemolango, Limolang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang

Straits, Ambon
estern Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

uclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

eboni Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern
ebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao

omering Ulu Selatan, and Ogan Komering Ulu Timur regencies, near Kanan river headwaters. Users: 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (
e Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote
Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton
nct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

Autonym: Buri’ Lun Bawang, Buri’ Lun Dayeh Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, K

ana sub-districts, 136 villages. Users: 51,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Coastal Saluan, Loinang, Loindan
u, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun

assification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’

m Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua

Bima-Lembata

oping). Alternate Names: Madhura, Madurese Autonym: Basa Mathura Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese
assa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena Autonym: Basa Mangkasara’ Classification: Austr
medium of communication, trade language. Alternate Names: Melayu Maluku Utara, North Maluku Malay, Ternate Malay Autonym: B
00 (2010 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used for trading purposes and other inter-group communication by 5 other langu

g Pandang Indonesian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

and Tawahan. Users: 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak Classification: Austrones
an, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor
ce. Sumatra island, Indian Ocean coast, Padang is central area. Users: 4,880,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,480,000 (2010 cen
munication in the region and in mixed marriages. Alternate Names: Basa Kupang Autonym: Kupang Classification: Creole, Malay based
 Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halm

ar Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

Head, Mantion

population: 230,000 (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolang-Mogondo, Minahassa, M

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic
h Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast

onolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene Autonym: Moronene Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesia

sification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju

wasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

ntries: 3,116,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Became a lingua franca in South Sumatra in the 20th century. Seven people group

, Yapen, Central-Western

inea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic

atra-Barrier Islands

ela-South Babar
stronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior

usaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao

utonym: Li Nias Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias
Used in trade, church, and education. Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito Autonym
west Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

a, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain

o-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuha

sian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai

Bay, Jayapura Bay

layo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North

Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior
Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua
and north Wotu sub-districts. 193 villages. Users: 77,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bare’e, Baree, Pos
ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western
ury. Now LWC throughout Papua and West Papua, used for trade and daily communication. Alternate Names: Bahasa Tanah, Logat Pa

orth Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

west bank area. Users: 18,800 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro Autonym: Bas
Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

n Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
esian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan

ayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu

olynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu

ayic, Kelabitic

-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast

Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

nea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

g, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, Toala’, Toraja, Toraja Timur, Toware Autonym: Tae’ Classification: Austronesian, Malay

yo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

m, Sawai-Nuaulu
sification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi
’, Taeq, Toradja, Toraja Autonym: Basa Tora’a Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’da

an, Land Dayak, Southern

amona, Southern

stern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

Seram, Manusela-Seti

s: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in the 19th century during European colonial expansion. Used in textiles, literature, trade, a
Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern

ayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

olynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

st, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua

a Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa

west Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua

ahlakim Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-S
e Autonym: Basa Sunda Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese

onesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern

o-Mongondow, Gorontalic
 yo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula

eda-Sawai, Were Autonym: Sawai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo

Minahasan, North, Northeast

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore

es: Tunjung Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam

ng). Autonym: Tobelo Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda

esian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu

Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon

Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast

Plain, Tariku, Central

rn Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia

o-Polynesian, Minahasan, North

h New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

ntar, Tanglapui
al-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

he beginning of the 15th century. Tausug people now the dominant group in the Sulu archipelago. Used in all domains by all generatio
ayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay
 0 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tobelo Boeng, Togutil Autonym: O Totobeloho Classification: West Papuan, Nort
r-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Teun

ronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili

an, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote

ater Barito, East, North
bic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli
omini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern

-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar

Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western

gme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal

South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu

nesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan
Tomini, Southern
, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili

pok, Warpu Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya

n, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu

n, West Coast
ggarong Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
ar, South, Masela-South Babar

n, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

era-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

uinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

n, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale
 u Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-W

ened). Alternate Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, K

orth New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor

o-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru

mes: Lower Pyramid, Wodo Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper
South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu

ea, West, Dani, Wano

tronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

gku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast

lynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen

an, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio

wasih Bay, Raja Ampat

esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba

g, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja town areas (Kayung and Delang dialects); Sintang to Putus Sibau town areas (Semitau, Suh

wakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’

007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 52,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highlan

Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton

akan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

s: Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay Autonym: Bahasa Manado Classification: Creole, Malay based
est New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
other languages living in some of these villages (Arnold 2020). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maden, Palamul, Saparan, Sapran C
mori, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeaster
estern Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi

matra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000
ernate Names: Timor Amarasi, Uab Meto Autonym: Amarasi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-

sers in all countries: 1,650,900 (as L1: 250,900; as L2: 1,400,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Developed on the island of Ambon

b (Threatened). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. Alternate Names: Acehnese, Achehnese, Achinese, Atjehnese

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern

a, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

ar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto

ynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

n, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern

007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verheijen 1986). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bad

Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte, Orang Betawi Autonym: Betawi Classification: Creole, Malay bas

, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bo

h, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor Autonym: Wós Kovedi, Wós Vyak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Mal
Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic
ng. Total users in all countries: 3,655,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Spoken on the east coast of Kalimantan. Increased in the 1

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South

a, Tamboeko, Tambuku, Tobuco, “Nahina” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bung
orontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic

Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern

pen, Central-Western

er Islands, Batak, Northern

u, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. Users: 4,370,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 3,870,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. L

ton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Buton

nate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic

s, Tamanic

-Fordata, Vai Tnebar Autonym: Vaidida Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast

0 Sopi. Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Galelaka Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda

ndow, Gorontalic
nesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao

a, South Halmahera

wa Autonym: Jawa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese

n, Djambi, Jambi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

layo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena

Raja Ampat

thwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma

and church. Alternate Names: Badameà, Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Salako Autonym: Kendayan Classification: Austron
ian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

cation: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru

nesian, South Bomberai

Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian

nesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast

ah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

ernment work. Alternate Names: Kaili, Ledo, Paloesch, Palu Autonym: Kaili-Ledo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Cele
000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Po

orth Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Saluan, Loinang, Loindang, Madi, Mondono Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western

lynesian, Madurese
ara’ Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar
nate Malay Autonym: Bahasa Pasar Classification: Creole, Malay based
ication by 5 other language groups in the area (2020 S. Anonby). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar Classification: Austro

Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South

on: 6,480,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Minang, Padang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
on: Creole, Malay based
 ew Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane

Mogondo, Minahassa, Mongondou Autonym: Mongondow Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,

ceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Pohnpeic-Chuukic, Chuukic

esian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Southwest

ury. Seven people groups use Musi as L1. Used in farming, petroleum refineries, tourism, trade, and music. Alternate Names: Baso Pele
 thwest Barito Autonym: Ngaju Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South

m Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi

mes: Bare’e, Baree, Poso Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona

Bahasa Tanah, Logat Papua Autonym: Melayu Papua Classification: Creole, Malay based

, Pipikoro Autonym: Basa Uma, Uma Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern

c, Malayic, Malay

on: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan

 Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan

entral-Western

tiles, literature, trade, and fishing. Alternate Names: Solor, Solorese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern M

East, Seram, Manusela-Seti

ynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast

nderawasih Bay, Tandia

omains by all generations. Alternate Names: Bahasa Sūg, Joloano Sulu, Jolohano, Moro Joloano, Sinūg, Sinug Tausug, Sooloo, Sulu, Sulu
y, Jayapura Bay
tion: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda

en, Central-Western
ian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat

neo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah

ay, Waropen

wn areas (Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects); Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya town areas (Banana’ and

lternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawaka

amul, Saparan, Sapran Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesia
c, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast
g in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provinc
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto

on the island of Ambon in 16th century. First used as trade language. Used in market domain and media. Alternate Names: Ambon Ma

ese, Achinese, Atjehnese, Basa Acèh Autonym: Aceh, Bahsa Acèh Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Cha
d). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajau, Bajo, Bayo, Baʔong Sama, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’ne’ Class

ation: Creole, Malay based

a-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate

an, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderaw

antan. Increased in the 17th century under Dutch colonial rule. Used in trade, fishing, farming, plantations, transportation, and mining.

ern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast

10 census), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 4,398,800 (as L1: 3,898,800; as L2: 500,000). Status: 3 (Wider com
Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

o-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata

n Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic
Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili
ustronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung

aluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic

jar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar

sian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

eater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic

rnate Names: Baso Pelembang, Palembang, Palembang Malay, Palembangese, Sekayu Autonym: Baso Palembang Classification: Austro
esian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata
ausug, Sooloo, Sulu, Suluk, Taosug, Tausog, Taw Sug Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Centr
wn areas (Banana’ and Tapitn dialects); Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sandai, Sukamara, and Sukaraja town areas (Kayung and Delan

orneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah

stern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat
cto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. Alternate Names: Bahasa Daerah, Bahasa Melayu, Malayu Classification: Austronesian,
nate Names: Ambon Malay, Ambonese, Ambong, Bahasa Ambon, Bahasa Melaju Ambon, Bahasa Melayu Ambon, Malayu Ambon, Mo

an, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Acehnese

 Sama, Taurije’ne’ Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw

t New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic

sportation, and mining. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Jaku Banjar, Labuhan Autonym: Bahasa Banjar, ‫( بنجر‬
0). Status: 3 (Wider communication). In the 17th century Bugis was widespread under Dutch rule. Used in literature (especially oral), fo
ang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
entral Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug
reas (Kayung and Delang dialects). Users: 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 D
ification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay
on, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay Autonym: Malayu Ambong Classification: Creole, Malay based
Borneo Coast Bajaw

m: Bahasa Banjar, ‫( بنجر‬Banjar) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

ature (especially oral), folklore, and natural resources and agriculture development. Alternate Names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi
,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bama
esche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De’, Rappang Buginese, To Ugi Autonym: Basa Ugi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Alternate Names: Bamayo, Bumayoh, Malayik Dayak, Maleyik Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic,
an, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis
nesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic
 Languages 23rd Edition

No Language Name ISO 639

383 aaxMandobo Atas Mandobo Atas aax
12 aazAmarasi Amarasi aaz
330 ablLampung Nyo Lampung Nyo abl
16 absAmbonese Malay Ambonese Malay abs
2 abzAbui Abui abz
4 aceAceh Aceh ace
5 adnAdang Adang adn
6 adrAdonara Adonara adr
469 afzObokuitai Obokuitai afz
28 agfArguni Arguni agf
7 ahhAghu Aghu ahh
115 aipBurumakok Burumakok aip
8 airAiroran Airoran air
62 akbBatak Angkola Batak Angkola akb
433 akcMpur Mpur akc
18 akgAnakalangu Anakalangu akg
332 aloLarike-Wakasihu Larike-Wakasihu alo
10 alpAlune Alune alp
13 amkAmbai Ambai amk
11 amqAmahai Amahai amq
15 amvAmbelau Ambelau amv
22 andAnsus Ansus and
9 aolAlor Alor aol
596 aosTaikat Taikat aos
654 aozUab Meto Uab Meto aoz
17 apgAmpanang Ampanang apg
25 apxAputai Aputai apx
32 aqmAtohwaim Atohwaim aqm
122 ascCasuarina Coast Asmat Casuarina Coast Asmat asc
117 asiBuruwai Buruwai asi
30 aslAsilulu Asilulu asl
707 asyYaosakor Asmat Yaosakor Asmat asy
29 aszAs As asz
26 atqAralle-Tabulahan Aralle-Tabulahan atq
23 auqAnus Anus auq
33 auuAuye Auye auu
36 auwAwyi Awyi auw
34 awhAwbono Awbono awh
35 awrAwera Awera awr
576 awsSouth Awyu South Awyu aws
124 awuCentral Awyu Central Awyu awu
219 awvJair Awyu Jair Awyu awv
164 awyEdera Awyu Edera Awyu awy
367 ayzMai Brat Mai Brat ayz
39 bacBadui Badui bac
57 bajBarakai Barakai baj
 48 banBali Bali ban
70 bayBatuley Batuley bay
67 bbcBatak Toba Batak Toba bbc
464 bcdNorth Babar North Babar bcd
60 bdbBasap Basap bdb
214 bdlIndonesian Bajau Indonesian Bajau bdl
41 bdwBaham Baham bdw
101 bdxBudong-Budong Budong-Budong bdx
74 bedBedoanas Bedoanas bed
44 beiBakati’ Bakati’ bei
76 bepBehoa Behoa bep
93 beuBlagar Blagar beu
84 bewBetawi Betawi bew
83 bfeBetaf Betaf bfe
119 bfgBusang Kayan Busang Kayan bfg
109 bfnBunak Bunak bfn
96 bgbBobongko Bobongko bgb
682 bgvWarkay-Bipim Warkay-Bipim bgv
78 bgyBenggoi Benggoi bgy
53 bgzBanggai Banggai bgz
88 bhcBiga Biga bhc
90 bhpBima Bima bhp
650 bhqTukang Besi South Tukang Besi South bhq
42 bhvBahau Bahau bhv
85 bhwBiak Biak bhw
38 bhzBada Bada bhz
55 bjnBanjar Banjar bjn
82 bklBerik Berik bkl
106 bknBukitan Bukitan bkn
45 bkrBakumpai Bakumpai bkr
110 bkzBungku Bungku bkz
98 bldBolango Bolango bld
111 blfBuol Buol blf
108 bljBulungan Bulungan blj
46 blsBalaesang Balaesang bls
47 blzBalantak Balantak blz
99 bnaBonerate Bonerate bna
51 bndBanda Banda bnd
91 bneBintauna Bintauna bne
395 bnfMasiwang Masiwang bnf
56 bnqBantik Bantik bnq
79 bnuBentong Bentong bnu
77 bnvBeneraf Beneraf bnv
100 bpgBonggo Bonggo bpg
19 bpoAnasi Anasi bpo
253 bppKaure Kaure bpp
52 bpqBanda Malay Banda Malay bpq
86 bpvBian Marind Bian Marind bpv
89 bpzBilba Bilba bpz
40 bqbBagusa Bagusa bqb
92 bqqBiritai Biritai bqq
116 bqrBurusu Burusu bqr
251 bqyKata Kolok Kata Kolok bqy
58 brpBarapasi Barapasi brp
59 brsBaras Baras brs
1 bsaAbinomn Abinomn bsa
118 bsmBusami Busami bsm
43 bsuBahonsuai Bahonsuai bsu
63 btdBatak Dairi Batak Dairi btd
87 bthBiatah Bidayuh Biatah Bidayuh bth
112 btiBurate Burate bti
37 btjBacanese Malay Bacanese Malay btj
65 btmBatak Mandailing Batak Mandailing btm
66 btsBatak Simalungun Batak Simalungun bts
64 btxBatak Karo Batak Karo btx
97 btyBobot Bobot bty
61 btzBatak Alas-Kluet Batak Alas-Kluet btz
102 bugBugis Bugis bug
120 bupBusoa Busoa bup
81 bveBerau Malay Berau Malay bve
104 bvkBukat Bukat bvk
68 bvtBati Bati bvt
105 bvuBukit Malay Bukit Malay bvu
72 bvzBauzi Bauzi bvz
384 bwpMandobo Bawah Mandobo Bawah bwp
80 bydBenyadu’ Benyadu’ byd
73 bylBayono Bayono byl
20 bzbAndio Andio bzb
95 bzlBoano Boano bzl
94 bznBoano Boano bzn
267 bzpKemberano Kemberano bzp
107 bzqBuli Buli bzq
113 bzuBurmeso Burmeso bzu
127 ciaCia-Cia Cia-Cia cia
297 cmlKoneq-koneq Koneq-koneq cml
123 cnsCentral Asmat Central Asmat cns
136 dazDao Dao daz
131 dbeDabe Dabe dbe
165 dbfEdopi Edopi dbf
153 dbnDuriankere Duriankere dbn
137 ddwDawera-Daweloor Dawera-Daweloor ddw
141 deiDemisa Demisa dei
140 demDem Dem dem
132 dijDai Dai dij
146 diyDiuwe Diuwe diy
221 djoJangkang Jangkang djo
133 dkkDakka Dakka dkk
159 dmrEast Damar East Damar dmr
135 dmsDampelas Dampelas dms
613 dmuTebi Tebi dmu
583 dmySowari Sowari dmy
662 dnaUpper Grand Valley Dani Upper Grand Valley Dani dna
360 dniLower Grand Valley Dani Lower Grand Valley Dani dni
142 dnkDengka Dengka dnk
408 dntMid Grand Valley Dani Mid Grand Valley Dani dnt
697 dnwWestern Dani Western Dani dnw
149 dokDondo Dondo dok
692 drnWest Damar West Damar drn
154 dsnDusner Dusner dsn
155 dunDusun Deyah Dusun Deyah dun
151 dupDuano Duano dup
156 duqDusun Malang Dusun Malang duq
158 duvDuvle Duvle duv
157 duwDusun Witu Dusun Witu duw
75 ebcBeginci Beginci ebc
347 eipLik Lik eip
166 ekgEkari Ekari ekg
168 embEmbaloh Embaloh emb
170 emwEmplawas Emplawas emw
171 endEnde Ende end
172 enoEnggano Enggano eno
169 enrEmem Emem enr
174 ertEritai Eritai ert
175 erwErokwanas Erokwanas erw
556 etzSemimi Semimi etz
176 fauFayu Fayu fau
178 flhFoau Foau flh
179 frdFordata Fordata frd
182 gakGamkonora Gamkonora gak
181 galGalolen Galolen gal
184 gayGayo Gayo gay
180 gbiGalela Galela gbi
186 gefGerai Gerai gef
185 geiGebe Gebe gei
187 gesGeser-Gorom Geser-Gorom ges
715 gopYeretuar Yeretuar gop
188 goqGorap Gorap goq
189 gorGorontalo Gorontalo gor
190 grsGresi Gresi grs
183 gznGane Gane gzn
194 hadHatam Hatam had
204 hapHupla Hupla hap
196 hegHelong Helong heg
545 hikSeit-Kaitetu Seit-Kaitetu hik
191 hjiHaji Haji hji
192 hmuHamap Hamap hmu
200 hovHovongan Hovongan hov
193 hrkHaruku Haruku hrk
199 htiHoti Hoti hti
198 htuHitu Hitu htu
201 hudHuaulu Huaulu hud
203 hukHulung Hulung huk
202 huwHukumina Hukumina huw
195 hvnHawu Hawu hvn
206 ibaIban Iban iba
207 ibuIbu Ibu ibu
209 ihbIha Based Pidgin Iha Based Pidgin ihb
208 ihpIha Iha ihp
210 ilaIle Ape Ile Ape ila
211 iluIli’uun Ili’uun ilu
212 imrImroing Imroing imr
213 indIndonesian Indonesian ind
215 inlIndonesian Sign Language Indonesian Sign Language inl
714 ireYeresiam Yeresiam ire
216 irhIrarutu Irarutu irh
242 irxKamberau Kamberau irx
394 ismMasimasi Masimasi ism
581 itdSouthern Tidung Southern Tidung itd
218 itxItik Itik itx
430 iwoMorop Morop iwo
705 jalYalahatan Yalahatan jal
708 jaqYaqay Yaqay jaq
710 jauYaur Yaur jau
222 javJavanese Javanese jav
220 jaxJambi Malay Jambi Malay jax
27 jbjArandai Arandai jbj
224 jbrJofotek-Bromnya Jofotek-Bromnya jbr
712 jeiYei Yei jei
713 jelYelmek Yelmek jel
385 jetManem Manem jet
228 jkaKaera Kaera jka
706 jmdYamdena Yamdena jmd
223 jvdJavindo Javindo jvd
245 kaxKao Kao kax
247 kbiKaptiau Kaptiau kbi
147 kbvDla Dla kbv
454 kcdNgkâlmpw Kanum Ngkâlmpw Kanum kcd
298 kdwKoneraw Koneraw kdw
264 kdyKeijar Keijar kdy
263 keiKei Kei kei
266 kemKemak Kemak kem
255 kgbKawe Kawe kgb
292 kgeKomering Komering kge
243 kgqKamoro Kamoro kgq
3 kgrAbun Abun kgr
248 kgvKaras Karas kgv
250 kgwKaron Dori Karon Dori kgw
240 kgxKamaru Kamaru kgx
649 khcTukang Besi North Tukang Besi North khc
121 khdBädi Kanum Bädi Kanum khd
301 kheKorowai Korowai khe
262 khhKehu Kehu khh
246 khpKapauri Kapauri khp
278 kigKimaghima Kimaghima kig
303 kiqKosare Kosare kiq
281 kiyKirikiri Kirikiri kiy
410 kjaMlap Mlap kja
129 kjcCoastal Konjo Coastal Konjo kjc
282 kjeKisar Kisar kje
197 kjkHighland Konjo Highland Konjo kjk
315 kjrKurudu Kurudu kjr
319 kkbKwerisa Kwerisa kkb
304 kklKosarek Yale Kosarek Yale kkl
244 kkvKangean Kangean kkv
288 kkxKohin Kohin kkx
237 kliKalumpang Kalumpang kli
593 klwTado Tado klw
236 klyKalao Kalao kly
225 klzKabola Kabola klz
269 kmtKemtuik Kemtuik kmt
296 kndKonda Konda knd
271 knlKeninjal Keninjal knl
270 knxKendayan Kendayan knx
286 kodKodi Kodi kod
284 kpdKoba Koba kpd
287 kpiKofei Kofei kpi
302 kpqKorupun-Sela Korupun-Sela kpq
615 kpsTehit Tehit kps
229 kpuKafoa Kafoa kpu
471 kqvOkolod Okolod kqv
572 krzSota Kanum Sota Kanum krz
261 ksxKedang Kedang ksx
466 ktiNorth Muyu North Muyu kti
578 ktsSouth Muyu South Muyu kts
276 kttKetum Ketum ktt
321 kucKwinsu Kwinsu kuc
272 kukKepo’ Kepo’ kuk
313 kuvKur Kur kuv
307 kvbKubu Kubu kvb
308 kvdKui Kui kvd
293 kvhKomodo Komodo kvh
148 kvoDobel Dobel kvo
294 kvpKompane Kompane kvp
274 kvrKerinci Kerinci kvr
290 kvvKola Kola kvv
691 kvwWersing Wersing kvw
646 kvzTsaukambo Tsaukambo kvz
317 kweKwerba Kwerba kwe
306 kwhKowiai Kowiai kwh
316 kwrKwer Kwer kwr
320 kwtKwesten Kwesten kwt
570 kxqSmärky Kanum Smärky Kanum kxq
249 kydKarey Karey kyd
283 kyoKlon Klon kyo
256 kytKayagar Kayagar kyt
230 kzbKaibobo Kaibobo kzb
227 kzdKadai Kadai kzd
138 kzfDa’a Kaili Da’a Kaili kzf
265 kziKelabit Kelabit kzi
259 kzlKayeli Kayeli kzl
233 kzmKais Kais kzm
231 kzpKaidipang Kaidipang kzp
260 kzuKayupulau Kayupulau kzu
295 kzvKomyandaret Komyandaret kzv
239 kzxKamarian Kamarian kzx
235 kzzKalabra Kalabra kzz
322 lauLaba Laba lau
335 lawLauje Lauje law
632 lbwTolaki Tolaki lbw
336 lbxLawangan Lawangan lbx
338 lccLegenyem Legenyem lcc
353 lcdLola Lola lcd
546 lceSekak Sekak lce
362 lcfLubu Lubu lcf
351 lclLisela Lisela lcl
363 lcqLuhu Luhu lcq
350 lcsLisabata-Nuniali Lisabata-Nuniali lcs
698 levWestern Pantar Western Pantar lev
337 lewLedo Kaili Ledo Kaili lew
361 lexLuang Luang lex
349 leyLimola Limola ley
339 lgiLengilu Lengilu lgi
323 lhhLaha Laha lhh
348 lioLiki Liki lio
130 liwCol Col liw
345 lixLiabuku Liabuku lix
507 ljeRampi Rampi lje
324 ljiLaiyolo Laiyolo lji
352 ljlLi’o Li’o ljl
329 ljpLampung Api Lampung Api ljp
355 llgLole Lole llg
333 llmLasalimu Lasalimu llm
354 llqLolak Lolak llq
577 lmfSouth Lembata South Lembata lmf
693 lmjWest Lembata West Lembata lmj
327 lmqLamatuka Lamatuka lmq
326 lmrLamalera Lamalera lmr
328 lmyLamboya Lamboya lmy
364 lndLundayeh Lundayeh lnd
356 loaLoloda Loloda loa
526 loeSaluan Saluan loe
358 loxLoun Loun lox
340 lpeLepki Lepki lpe
508 lraRara Bakati’ Rara Bakati’ lra
357 lrnLorang Lorang lrn
331 lrtLarantuka Malay Larantuka Malay lrt
341 ltiLeti Leti lti
334 ltuLatu Latu ltu
359 lurLoura Loura lur
342 lvuLevuka Levuka lvu
343 lweLewoeleng Lewoeleng lwe
344 lwtLewotobi Lewotobi lwt
366 madMadura Madura mad
371 makMakasar Makasar mak
465 maxNorth Moluccan Malay North Moluccan Malay max
381 mdrMandar Mandar mdr
407 mejMeyah Meyah mej
54 mfbBangka Bangka mfb
372 mfpMakassar Indonesian Makassar Indonesian mfp
373 mgfMaklew Maklew mgf
399 mgkMawes Mawes mgk
49 mhpBalinese Malay Balinese Malay mhp
114 mhsBuru Buru mhs
400 mhyMa’anyan Ma’anyan mhy
424 mhzMor Mor mhz
409 minMinangkabau Minangkabau min
312 mknKupang Malay Kupang Malay mkn
160 mkyEast Makian East Makian mky
376 mliMalimpung Malimpung mli
420 mmbMomina Momina mmb
435 mnbMuna Muna mnb
406 mnuMer Mer mnu
575 mnxSougb Sougb mnx
423 mnzMoni Moni mnz
422 mogMongondow Mongondow mog
431 mokMorori Morori mok
425 moqMor Mor moq
390 mpyMapia Mapia mpy
365 mqaMaba Maba mqa
387 mqcMangole Mangole mqc
421 mqfMomuna Momuna mqf
305 mqgKota Bangun Kutai Malay Kota Bangun Kutai Malay mqg
393 mqiMariri Mariri mqi
377 mqjMamasa Mamasa mqj
429 mqnMoronene Moronene mqn
413 mqoModole Modole mqo
388 mqpManipa Manipa mqp
382 mqrMander Mander mqr
694 mqsWest Makian West Makian mqs
379 mqxMamuju Mamuju mqx
386 mqyManggarai Manggarai mqy
167 mrfElseng Elseng mrf
145 mrxDineor Dineor mrx
392 mrzMarind Marind mrz
402 msfMekwei Mekwei msf
426 msgMoraid Moraid msg
417 mslMolof Molof msl
419 msoMombum Mombum mso
695 mssWest Masela West Masela mss
434 mtdMualang Mualang mtd
660 mtgUna Una mtg
436 mthMunggui Munggui mth
432 mtjMoskona Moskona mtj
438 muiMusi Musi mui
378 mvdMamboru Mamboru mvd
152 mvpDuri Duri mvp
391 mvrMarau Marau mvr
396 mvsMassep Massep mvs
595 mvvTagal Murut Tagal Murut mvv
405 mvxMeoswar Meoswar mvx
404 mwvMentawai Mentawai mwv
412 mxdModang Modang mxd
414 mxnMoi Kelim Moi Kelim mxn
126 mxzCentral Masela Central Masela mxz
418 mylMoma Moma myl
427 mzqMori Atas Mori Atas mzq
444 naaNamla Namla naa
442 naeNaka’ela Naka’ela nae
314 nbnKuri Kuri nbn
453 nbqNggem Nggem nbq
448 ndxNduga Nduga ndx
163 neaEastern Ngad’a Eastern Ngad’a nea
449 necNedebang Nedebang nec
704 nerYahadian Yahadian ner
143 nfaDhao Dhao nfa
455 niaNias Nias nia
451 nijNgaju Ngaju nij
456 nilNila Nila nil
457 nirNimboran Nimboran nir
461 njsNisa Nisa njs
441 nkjNakai Nakai nkj
462 nksNorth Asmat North Asmat nks
443 nlcNalca Nalca nlc
459 nlkNinia Yali Ninia Yali nlk
467 nniNorth Nuaulu North Nuaulu nni
460 npsNipsan Nipsan nps
445 npyNapu Napu npy
447 nqmNdom Ndom nqm
446 nsyNasal Nasal nsy
468 nulNusa Laut Nusa Laut nul
440 nxeNage Nage nxe
450 nxgNgad’a Ngad’a nxg
579 nxlSouth Nuaulu South Nuaulu nxl
458 nxrNinggerum Ninggerum nxr
439 nxxNafri Nafri nxx
470 oiaOirata Oirata oia
472 oniOnin Onin oni
473 onxOnin Based Pidgin Onin Based Pidgin onx
299 opkKopkaka Kopkaka opk
474 orzOrmu Ormu orz
476 osiOsing Osing osi
477 otdOt Danum Ot Danum otd
486 pasPapasena Papasena pas
177 pdnFedan Fedan pdn
478 pdoPadoe Padoe pdo
495 peaPeranakan Indonesian Peranakan Indonesian pea
597 peeTaje Taje pee
492 pelPekal Pekal pel
496 peyPetjo Petjo pey
479 pguPagu Pagu pgu
480 pkuPaku Paku pku
481 plePalu’e Palu’e ple
491 plhPaulohi Paulohi plh
482 pmfPamona Pamona pmf
497 pmoPom Pom pmo
487 pmyPapuan Malay Papuan Malay pmy
485 pncPannei Pannei pnc
24 pniAoheng Aoheng pni
484 pnpPancana Pancana pnp
498 pnsPonosakan Ponosakan pns
657 ppkUma Uma ppk
488 ppmPapuma Papuma ppm
503 pruPuragi Puragi pru
31 psaAsue Awyu Asue Awyu psa
125 pseCentral Malay Central Malay pse
483 psnPanasuan Panasuan psn
490 ptnPatani Patani ptn
173 pttEnrekang Enrekang ptt
50 ptuBambam Bambam ptu
501 pucPunan Merap Punan Merap puc
499 pudPunan Aput Punan Aput pud
500 pufPunan Merah Punan Merah puf
502 pujPunan Tubu Punan Tubu puj
504 putPutoh Putoh put
509 racRasawa Rasawa rac
514 ranRiantana Riantana ran
505 razRahambuu Rahambuu raz
512 rebRembong Rembong reb
511 rejRejang Rejang rej
513 retReta Reta ret
516 rguRikou Rikou rgu
515 rirRibun Ribun rir
517 riuRiung Riung riu
506 rjgRajong Rajong rjg
437 rmhMurkim Murkim rmh
518 rmmRoma Roma rmm
520 rnnRoon Roon rnn
594 robTae’ Tae’ rob
519 rorRongga Rongga ror
139 rowDela-Oenale Dela-Oenale row
510 rthRatahan Ratahan rth
521 sajSahu Sahu saj
536 saoSause Sause sao
534 sasSasak Sasak sas
525 sauSaleman Saleman sau
539 sawSawi Sawi saw
415 sbgMoi Lemas Moi Lemas sbg
555 sbrSembakung Murut Sembakung Murut sbr
279 sbtKimki Kimki sbt
542 sbxSeberuang Seberuang sbx
528 scgSanggau Sanggau scg
642 sdaToraja-Sa’dan Toraja-Sa’dan sda
103 sdoBukar-Sadong Bidayuh Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh sdo
554 sdqSemandang Semandang sdq
533 sduSarudu Sarudu sdu
558 setSentani Sentani set
562 seuSerui-Laut Serui-Laut seu
544 sgeSegai Segai sge
523 sguSalas Salas sgu
522 sjbSajau Basap Sajau Basap sjb
566 skhSikule Sikule skh
564 skiSika Sika ski
549 skoSeko Tengah Seko Tengah sko
569 skvSkou Skou skv
548 skxSeko Padang Seko Padang skx
547 skzSekar Sekar skz
552 slgSelungai Murut Selungai Murut slg
325 slpLamaholot Lamaholot slp
550 sluSelaru Selaru slu
551 slySelayar Selayar sly
401 slzMa’ya Ma’ya slz
568 smrSimeulue Simeulue smr
587 smwSumbawa Sumbawa smw
71 sneBau Bidayuh Bau Bidayuh sne
665 snuViid Viid snu
541 snvSa’ban Sa’ban snv
571 sobSobei Sobei sob
582 sowSowanda Sowanda sow
559 spbSepa Sepa spb
531 spiSaponi Saponi spi
530 sprSaparua Saparua spr
532 sreSara Bakati’ Sara Bakati’ sre
217 srlIsirawa Isirawa srl
535 srtSauri Sauri srt
561 srwSerua Serua srw
584 ssqSo’a So’a ssq
346 steLiana-Seti Liana-Seti ste
588 sunSunda Sunda sun
560 sveSerili Serili sve
538 swrSaweru Saweru swr
553 swsSeluwasan Seluwasan sws
540 swtSawila Sawila swt
590 swuSuwawa Suwawa swu
529 sxnSangir Sangir sxn
563 syaSiang Siang sya
452 szbNgalum Ngalum szb
586 sznSula Sula szn
585 szpSuabo Suabo szp
537 szwSawai Sawai szw
611 tadTause Tause tad
144 tbpDiebroud Diebroud tbp
591 tbyTabaru Tabaru tby
603 tcgTamagario Tamagario tcg
607 tcmTanahmerah Tanahmerah tcm
234 tcqKaiy Kaiy tcq
633 tdiTomadino Tomadino tdi
598 tdjTajio Tajio tdj
637 tdnTondano Tondano tdn
150 tdsDoutai Doutai tds
619 tesTengger Tengger tes
625 tetTetun Tetun tet
620 tevTeor Teor tev
614 tfoTefaro Tefaro tfo
623 tftTernate Ternate tft
645 tipTrimuris Trimuris tip
653 tjgTunjung Tunjung tjg
609 tkxTangko Tangko tkx
630 tlbTobelo Tobelo tlb
599 tldTalaud Talaud tld
631 tlgTofanma Tofanma tlg
601 tlkTaloki Taloki tlk
602 tlnTalondo’ Talondo’ tln
573 tltSou Nama Sou Nama tlt
651 tluTulehu Tulehu tlu
600 tlvTaliabu Taliabu tlv
624 tmgTernateño Ternateño tmg
527 tmjSamarokena Samarokena tmj
606 tmlTamnim Citak Tamnim Citak tml
604 tmnTaman Taman tmn
205 tmuIau Iau tmu
608 tniTandia Tandia tni
592 tnmTabla Tabla tnm
640 tntTontemboan Tontemboan tnt
638 tnwTonsawang Tonsawang tnw
635 tomTombulu Tombulu tom
641 toyTopoiyo Topoiyo toy
610 tpfTarpia Tarpia tpf
309 tpgKula Kula tpg
162 treEast Tarangan East Tarangan tre
652 trtTunggare Tunggare trt
629 ttiTobati Tobati tti
644 ttnTowei Towei ttn
634 ttpTombelala Tombelala ttp
565 ttySikaritai Sikaritai tty
648 tujTugutil Tugutil tuj
626 tveTe’un Te’un tve
617 tvmTela-Masbuar Tela-Masbuar tvm
627 tvoTidore Tidore tvo
543 tvwSedoa Sedoa tvw
616 tweTeiwa Teiwa twe
621 twgTereweng Tereweng twg
622 twuTermanu Termanu twu
612 twyTawoyan Tawoyan twy
643 txeTotoli Totoli txe
636 txmTomini Tomini txm
696 txnWest Tarangan West Tarangan txn
628 txqTii Tii txq
639 txsTonsea Tonsea txs
128 txtCitak Citak txt
291 tynKombai Kombai tyn
647 tznTugun Tugun tzn
655 udjUjir Ujir udj
280 uesKioko Kioko ues
134 uhnDamal Damal uhn
226 ukaKaburi Kaburi uka
664 ulfUsku Usku ulf
656 ulmUlumanda’ Ulumanda’ ulm
659 uluUma’ Lung Uma’ Lung ulu
493 umsPendau Pendau ums
661 unzUnde Kaili Unde Kaili unz
663 urnUruangnirin Uruangnirin urn
475 uryOrya Orya ury
580 vbbSoutheast Babar Southeast Babar vbb
252 vkkKaur Kaur vkk
310 vklKulisusu Kulisusu vkl
285 vkoKodeoha Kodeoha vko
618 vktTenggarong Kutai Malay Tenggarong Kutai Malay vkt
161 vmeEast Masela East Masela vme
416 vmsMoksela Moksela vms
666 vtoVitou Vitou vto
674 wadWamesa Wamesa wad
685 wahWatubela Watubela wah
679 waiWares Wares wai
667 wbbWabo Wabo wbb
681 wbeWaritai Waritai wbe
699 wbwWoi Woi wbw
690 weoWemale Wemale weo
494 wetPerai Perai wet
688 wewWejewa Wejewa wew
718 wfgZorop Zorop wfg
14 wgoAmbel Ambel wgo
574 whaSou Upaa Sou Upaa wha
670 whkWahau Kenyah Wahau Kenyah whk
669 whuWahau Kayan Wahau Kayan whu
411 wkdMo Mo wkd
689 wlhWelaun Welaun wlh
671 wliWaioli Waioli wli
701 wloWolio Wolio wlo
672 wlwWalak Walak wlw
370 wmmMaiwa Maiwa wmm
673 wmsWambon Wambon wms
675 wngWanggom Wanggom wng
677 wnkWanukaka Wanukaka wnk
676 wnoWano Wano wno
700 wodWolani Wolani wod
238 woiKamang Kamang woi
389 wooManombai Manombai woo
702 worWoria Woria wor
687 wowWawonii Wawonii wow
683 wrpWaropen Waropen wrp
680 wrsWaris Waris wrs
684 wruWaru Waru wru
668 wrxWae Rana Wae Rana wrx
678 wsaWarembori Warembori wsa
703 wtwWotu Wotu wtw
567 wulSilimo Silimo wul
686 wuyWauyai Wauyai wuy
254 xauKauwera Kauwera xau
257 xayKayan Mahakam Kayan Mahakam xay
241 xbrKambera Kambera xbr
375 xdyMalayic Dayak Malayic Dayak xdy
398 xemMateq Mateq xem
403 xkdMendalam Kayan Mendalam Kayan xkd
273 xkeKereho Kereho xke
368 xklMainstream Kenyah Mainstream Kenyah xkl
258 xknKayan River Kayan Kayan River Kayan xkn
300 xkqKoroni Koroni xkq
311 xksKumbewaha Kumbewaha xks
268 xkwKembra Kembra xkw
658 xkyUma’ Lasan Uma’ Lasan xky
380 xmmManado Malay Manado Malay xmm
397 xmtMatbat Matbat xmt
524 xmxSalawati Salawati xmx
428 xmzMori Bawah Mori Bawah xmz
289 xodKokoda Kokoda xod
557 xseSempan Sempan xse
275 xteKetengban Ketengban xte
318 xwrKwerba Mamberamo Kwerba Mamberamo xwr
277 xxkKe’o Ke’o xxk
605 xxtTambora Tambora xxt
489 yacPass Valley Yali Pass Valley Yali yac
716 yetYetfa Yetfa yet
463 yirNorth Awyu North Awyu yir
717 ykiYoke Yoke yki
21 yliAngguruk Yali Angguruk Yali yli
589 ymnSunum Sunum ymn
709 yrsYarsun Yarsun yrs
711 yvaYawa Yawa yva
69 zbtBatui Batui zbt
232 zkaKaimbulawa Kaimbulawa zka
374 zlmMalay Malay zlm
369 zrsMairasi Mairasi zrs
Nama 18th 23rd Nama TRUE/FALSE
Arabic, Levantine apc FALSE
Chinese, Hakka hak FALSE
Chinese, Mandarin cmn FALSE
Chinese, Min Dong cdo FALSE
Chinese, Min Nan nan FALSE
Chinese, Yue yue FALSE
Dutch nld FALSE
English eng FALSE
French fra FALSE
German, Standard deu FALSE
Hindi hin FALSE
Japanese jpn FALSE
Korean kor FALSE
Rohingya rhg FALSE
Tagalog tgl FALSE
Tausug tsg FALSE
aax aax TRUE
aaz aaz TRUE
abl abl TRUE
abs abs TRUE
abz abz TRUE
ace ace TRUE
adn adn TRUE
adr adr TRUE
afz afz TRUE
agf agf TRUE
ahh ahh TRUE
aip aip TRUE
air air TRUE
akb akb TRUE
akc akc TRUE
akg akg TRUE
alo alo TRUE
alp alp TRUE
amk amk TRUE
amq amq TRUE
amv amv TRUE
and and TRUE
aol aol TRUE
aos aos TRUE
aoz aoz TRUE
apg apg TRUE
apx apx TRUE
aqm aqm TRUE
asc asc TRUE
asi asi TRUE
asl asl TRUE
asy asy TRUE
asz asz TRUE
atq atq TRUE
auq auq TRUE
auu auu TRUE
auw auw TRUE
awh awh TRUE
awr awr TRUE
aws aws TRUE
awu awu TRUE
awv awv TRUE
awy awy TRUE
ayz ayz TRUE
bac bac TRUE
baj baj TRUE
ban ban TRUE
bay bay TRUE
bbc bbc TRUE
bcd bcd TRUE
bdb bdb TRUE
bdl bdl TRUE
bdw bdw TRUE
bdx bdx TRUE
bed bed TRUE
bei bei TRUE
bep bep TRUE
beu beu TRUE
bew bew TRUE
bfe bfe TRUE
bfg bfg TRUE
bfn bfn TRUE
bgb bgb TRUE
bgv bgv TRUE
bgy bgy TRUE
bgz bgz TRUE
bhc bhc TRUE
bhp bhp TRUE
bhq bhq TRUE
bhv bhv TRUE
bhw bhw TRUE
bhz bhz TRUE
bjn bjn TRUE
bkl bkl TRUE
bkn bkn TRUE
bkr bkr TRUE
bkz bkz TRUE
bld bld TRUE
blf blf TRUE
blj blj TRUE
bls bls TRUE
blz blz TRUE
bna bna TRUE
bnd bnd TRUE
bne bne TRUE
bnf bnf TRUE
bnq bnq TRUE
bnu bnu TRUE
bnv bnv TRUE
bpg bpg TRUE
bpo bpo TRUE
bpp bpp TRUE
bpq bpq TRUE
bpv bpv TRUE
bpz bpz TRUE
bqb bqb TRUE
bqq bqq TRUE
bqr bqr TRUE
bqy bqy TRUE
brp brp TRUE
brs brs TRUE
bsa bsa TRUE
bsm bsm TRUE
bsu bsu TRUE
btd btd TRUE
bth bth TRUE
bti bti TRUE
btj btj TRUE
btm btm TRUE
bts bts TRUE
btx btx TRUE
bty bty TRUE
btz btz TRUE
bug bug TRUE
bup bup TRUE
bve bve TRUE
bvk bvk TRUE
bvt bvt TRUE
bvu bvu TRUE
bvz bvz TRUE
bwp bwp TRUE
byd byd TRUE
byl byl TRUE
bzb bzb TRUE
bzl bzl TRUE
bzn bzn TRUE
bzp bzp TRUE
bzq bzq TRUE
bzu bzu TRUE
cia cia TRUE
cml cml TRUE
cns cns TRUE
daz daz TRUE
dbe dbe TRUE
dbf dbf TRUE
dbn dbn TRUE
ddw ddw TRUE
dei dei TRUE
dem dem TRUE
dij dij TRUE
diy diy TRUE
djo djo TRUE
dkk dkk TRUE
dmr dmr TRUE
dms dms TRUE
dmu dmu TRUE
dmy dmy TRUE
dna dna TRUE
dni dni TRUE
dnk dnk TRUE
dnt dnt TRUE
dnw dnw TRUE
dok dok TRUE
drn drn TRUE
dsn dsn TRUE
dun dun TRUE
dup dup TRUE
duq duq TRUE
duv duv TRUE
duw duw TRUE
ebc ebc TRUE
eip eip TRUE
ekg ekg TRUE
emb emb TRUE
emw emw TRUE
end end TRUE
eno eno TRUE
enr enr TRUE
ert ert TRUE
erw erw TRUE
etz etz TRUE
fau fau TRUE
flh flh TRUE
frd frd TRUE
gak gak TRUE
gal gal TRUE
gay gay TRUE
gbi gbi TRUE
gef gef TRUE
gei gei TRUE
ges ges TRUE
gop gop TRUE
goq goq TRUE
gor gor TRUE
grs grs TRUE
gzn gzn TRUE
had had TRUE
hap hap TRUE
heg heg TRUE
hik hik TRUE
hji hji TRUE
hmu hmu TRUE
hov hov TRUE
hrk hrk TRUE
hti hti TRUE
htu htu TRUE
hud hud TRUE
huk huk TRUE
huw huw TRUE
hvn hvn TRUE
iba iba TRUE
ibu ibu TRUE
ihb ihb TRUE
ihp ihp TRUE
ila ila TRUE
ilu ilu TRUE
imr imr TRUE
ind ind TRUE
inl inl TRUE
ire ire TRUE
irh irh TRUE
irx irx TRUE
ism ism TRUE
itd itd TRUE
itx itx TRUE
iwo iwo TRUE
jal jal TRUE
jaq jaq TRUE
jau jau TRUE
jav jav TRUE
jax jax TRUE
jbj jbj TRUE
jbr jbr TRUE
jei jei TRUE
jel jel TRUE
jet jet TRUE
jka jka TRUE
jmd jmd TRUE
jvd jvd TRUE
kax kax TRUE
kbi kbi TRUE
kbv kbv TRUE
kcd kcd TRUE
kdw kdw TRUE
kdy kdy TRUE
kei kei TRUE
kem kem TRUE
kgb kgb TRUE
kge kge TRUE
kgq kgq TRUE
kgr kgr TRUE
kgv kgv TRUE
kgw kgw TRUE
kgx kgx TRUE
khc khc TRUE
khd khd TRUE
khe khe TRUE
khh khh TRUE
khp khp TRUE
kig kig TRUE
kiq kiq TRUE
kiy kiy TRUE
kja kja TRUE
kjc kjc TRUE
kje kje TRUE
kjk kjk TRUE
kjr kjr TRUE
kkb kkb TRUE
kkl kkl TRUE
kkv kkv TRUE
kkx kkx TRUE
kli kli TRUE
klw klw TRUE
kly kly TRUE
klz klz TRUE
kmt kmt TRUE
knd knd TRUE
knl knl TRUE
knx knx TRUE
kod kod TRUE
kpd kpd TRUE
kpi kpi TRUE
kpq kpq TRUE
kps kps TRUE
kpu kpu TRUE
kqv kqv TRUE
krz krz TRUE
ksx ksx TRUE
kti kti TRUE
kts kts TRUE
ktt ktt TRUE
kuc kuc TRUE
kuk kuk TRUE
kuv kuv TRUE
kvb kvb TRUE
kvd kvd TRUE
kvh kvh TRUE
kvo kvo TRUE
kvp kvp TRUE
kvr kvr TRUE
kvv kvv TRUE
kvw kvw TRUE
kvz kvz TRUE
kwe kwe TRUE
kwh kwh TRUE
kwr kwr TRUE
kwt kwt TRUE
kxq kxq TRUE
kyd kyd TRUE
kyo kyo TRUE
kyt kyt TRUE
kzb kzb TRUE
kzd kzd TRUE
kzf kzf TRUE
kzi kzi TRUE
kzl kzl TRUE
kzm kzm TRUE
kzp kzp TRUE
kzu kzu TRUE
kzv kzv TRUE
kzx kzx TRUE
kzz kzz TRUE
lau lau TRUE
law law TRUE
lbw lbw TRUE
lbx lbx TRUE
lcc lcc TRUE
lcd lcd TRUE
lce lce TRUE
lcf lcf TRUE
lcl lcl TRUE
lcq lcq TRUE
lcs lcs TRUE
lev lev TRUE
lew lew TRUE
lex lex TRUE
ley ley TRUE
lgi lgi TRUE
lhh lhh TRUE
lio lio TRUE
liw liw TRUE
lix lix TRUE
lje lje TRUE
lji lji TRUE
ljl ljl TRUE
ljp ljp TRUE
llg llg TRUE
llm llm TRUE
llq llq TRUE
lmf lmf TRUE
lmj lmj TRUE
lmq lmq TRUE
lmr lmr TRUE
lmy lmy TRUE
lnd lnd TRUE
loa loa TRUE
loe loe TRUE
lox lox TRUE
lpe lpe TRUE
lra lra TRUE
lrn lrn TRUE
lrt lrt TRUE
lti lti TRUE
ltu ltu TRUE
lur lur TRUE
lvu lvu TRUE
lwe lwe TRUE
lwt lwt TRUE
mad mad TRUE
mak mak TRUE
max max TRUE
mdr mdr TRUE
mej mej TRUE
mfb mfb TRUE
mfp mfp TRUE
mgf mgf TRUE
mgk mgk TRUE
mhp mhp TRUE
mhs mhs TRUE
mhy mhy TRUE
mhz mhz TRUE
min min TRUE
mkn mkn TRUE
mky mky TRUE
mli mli TRUE
mmb mmb TRUE
mnb mnb TRUE
mnu mnu TRUE
mnx mnx TRUE
mnz mnz TRUE
mog mog TRUE
mok mok TRUE
moq moq TRUE
mpy mpy TRUE
mqa mqa TRUE
mqc mqc TRUE
mqf mqf TRUE
mqg mqg TRUE
mqi mqi TRUE
mqj mqj TRUE
mqn mqn TRUE
mqo mqo TRUE
mqp mqp TRUE
mqr mqr TRUE
mqs mqs TRUE
mqx mqx TRUE
mqy mqy TRUE
mrf mrf TRUE
mrx mrx TRUE
mrz mrz TRUE
msf msf TRUE
msg msg TRUE
msl msl TRUE
mso mso TRUE
mss mss TRUE
mtd mtd TRUE
mtg mtg TRUE
mth mth TRUE
mtj mtj TRUE
mui mui TRUE
mvd mvd TRUE
mvp mvp TRUE
mvr mvr TRUE
mvs mvs TRUE
mvv mvv TRUE
mvx mvx TRUE
mwv mwv TRUE
mxd mxd TRUE
mxn mxn TRUE
mxz mxz TRUE
myl myl TRUE
mzq mzq TRUE
naa naa TRUE
nae nae TRUE
nbn nbn TRUE
nbq nbq TRUE
ndx ndx TRUE
nea nea TRUE
nec nec TRUE
ner ner TRUE
nfa nfa TRUE
nia nia TRUE
nij nij TRUE
nil nil TRUE
nir nir TRUE
njs njs TRUE
nkj nkj TRUE
nks nks TRUE
nlc nlc TRUE
nlk nlk TRUE
nni nni TRUE
nps nps TRUE
npy npy TRUE
nqm nqm TRUE
nsy nsy TRUE
nul nul TRUE
nxe nxe TRUE
nxg nxg TRUE
nxl nxl TRUE
nxr nxr TRUE
nxx nxx TRUE
oia oia TRUE
oni oni TRUE
onx onx TRUE
opk opk TRUE
orz orz TRUE
osi osi TRUE
otd otd TRUE
pas pas TRUE
pdn pdn TRUE
pdo pdo TRUE
pea pea TRUE
pee pee TRUE
pel pel TRUE
pey pey TRUE
pgu pgu TRUE
pku pku TRUE
ple ple TRUE
plh plh TRUE
pmf pmf TRUE
pmo pmo TRUE
pmy pmy TRUE
pnc pnc TRUE
pni pni TRUE
pnp pnp TRUE
pns pns TRUE
ppk ppk TRUE
ppm ppm TRUE
pru pru TRUE
psa psa TRUE
pse pse TRUE
psn psn TRUE
ptn ptn TRUE
ptt ptt TRUE
ptu ptu TRUE
puc puc TRUE
pud pud TRUE
puf puf TRUE
puj puj TRUE
put put TRUE
rac rac TRUE
ran ran TRUE
raz raz TRUE
reb reb TRUE
rej rej TRUE
ret ret TRUE
rgu rgu TRUE
rir rir TRUE
riu riu TRUE
rjg rjg TRUE
rmh rmh TRUE
rmm rmm TRUE
rnn rnn TRUE
rob rob TRUE
ror ror TRUE
row row TRUE
rth rth TRUE
saj saj TRUE
sao sao TRUE
sas sas TRUE
sau sau TRUE
saw saw TRUE
sbg sbg TRUE
sbr sbr TRUE
sbt sbt TRUE
sbx sbx TRUE
scg scg TRUE
sda sda TRUE
sdo sdo TRUE
sdq sdq TRUE
sdu sdu TRUE
set set TRUE
seu seu TRUE
sge sge TRUE
sgu sgu TRUE
sjb sjb TRUE
skh skh TRUE
ski ski TRUE
sko sko TRUE
skv skv TRUE
skx skx TRUE
skz skz TRUE
slg slg TRUE
slp slp TRUE
slu slu TRUE
sly sly TRUE
slz slz TRUE
smr smr TRUE
smw smw TRUE
sne sne TRUE
snu snu TRUE
snv snv TRUE
sob sob TRUE
sow sow TRUE
spb spb TRUE
spi spi TRUE
spr spr TRUE
sre sre TRUE
srl srl TRUE
srt srt TRUE
srw srw TRUE
ssq ssq TRUE
ste ste TRUE
sun sun TRUE
sve sve TRUE
swr swr TRUE
sws sws TRUE
swt swt TRUE
swu swu TRUE
sxn sxn TRUE
sya sya TRUE
szb szb TRUE
szn szn TRUE
szp szp TRUE
szw szw TRUE
tad tad TRUE
tbp tbp TRUE
tby tby TRUE
tcg tcg TRUE
tcm tcm TRUE
tcq tcq TRUE
tdi tdi TRUE
tdj tdj TRUE
tdn tdn TRUE
tds tds TRUE
tes tes TRUE
tet tet TRUE
tev tev TRUE
tfo tfo TRUE
tft tft TRUE
tip tip TRUE
tjg tjg TRUE
tkx tkx TRUE
tlb tlb TRUE
tld tld TRUE
tlg tlg TRUE
tlk tlk TRUE
tln tln TRUE
tlt tlt TRUE
tlu tlu TRUE
tlv tlv TRUE
tmg tmg TRUE
tmj tmj TRUE
tml tml TRUE
tmn tmn TRUE
tmu tmu TRUE
tni tni TRUE
tnm tnm TRUE
tnt tnt TRUE
tnw tnw TRUE
tom tom TRUE
toy toy TRUE
tpf tpf TRUE
tpg tpg TRUE
tre tre TRUE
trt trt TRUE
tti tti TRUE
ttn ttn TRUE
ttp ttp TRUE
tty tty TRUE
tuj tuj TRUE
tve tve TRUE
tvm tvm TRUE
tvo tvo TRUE
tvw tvw TRUE
twe twe TRUE
twg twg TRUE
twu twu TRUE
twy twy TRUE
txe txe TRUE
txm txm TRUE
txn txn TRUE
txq txq TRUE
txs txs TRUE
txt txt TRUE
tyn tyn TRUE
tzn tzn TRUE
udj udj TRUE
ues ues TRUE
uhn uhn TRUE
uka uka TRUE
ulf ulf TRUE
ulm ulm TRUE
ulu ulu TRUE
ums ums TRUE
unz unz TRUE
urn urn TRUE
ury ury TRUE
vbb vbb TRUE
vkk vkk TRUE
vkl vkl TRUE
vko vko TRUE
vkt vkt TRUE
vme vme TRUE
vms vms TRUE
vto vto TRUE
wad wad TRUE
wah wah TRUE
wai wai TRUE
wbb wbb TRUE
wbe wbe TRUE
wbw wbw TRUE
weo weo TRUE
wet wet TRUE
wew wew TRUE
wfg wfg TRUE
wgo wgo TRUE
wha wha TRUE
whk whk TRUE
whu whu TRUE
wkd wkd TRUE
wlh wlh TRUE
wli wli TRUE
wlo wlo TRUE
wlw wlw TRUE
wmm wmm TRUE
wms wms TRUE
wng wng TRUE
wnk wnk TRUE
wno wno TRUE
wod wod TRUE
woi woi TRUE
woo woo TRUE
wor wor TRUE
wow wow TRUE
wrp wrp TRUE
wrs wrs TRUE
wru wru TRUE
wrx wrx TRUE
wsa wsa TRUE
wtw wtw TRUE
wul wul TRUE
wuy wuy TRUE
xau xau TRUE
xay xay TRUE
xbr xbr TRUE
xdy xdy TRUE
xem xem TRUE
xkd xkd TRUE
xke xke TRUE
xkl xkl TRUE
xkn xkn TRUE
xkq xkq TRUE
xks xks TRUE
xkw xkw TRUE
xky xky TRUE
xmm xmm TRUE
xmt xmt TRUE
xmx xmx TRUE
xmz xmz TRUE
xod xod TRUE
xse xse TRUE
xte xte TRUE
xwr xwr TRUE
xxk xxk TRUE
xxt xxt TRUE
yac yac TRUE
yet yet TRUE
yir yir TRUE
yki yki TRUE
yli yli TRUE
ymn ymn TRUE
yrs yrs TRUE
yva yva TRUE
zbt zbt TRUE
zka zka TRUE
zlm zlm TRUE
zrs zrs TRUE
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000
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