IMSE311 LEC WEEK 2 1

- how body components respond and interact;

History and Introduction to Immunity - the desirable and undesirable consequences of immune
SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES IN IMMUNOLOGY interactions;
- and the ways in which the immune system can be advantageously
manipulated to protect against or treat disease
Role of the Immune System
- defending the body against infections
1. Recognition
2. Elimination
- recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
- defending the body against the development of tumors
IMMUNITY
• the condition of being resistant to infection
• the recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production to
these substances
• can be classi ed as either innate or acquired
Types of Immunity:
1. NATURAL or INNATE IMMUNITY
- ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally
present body functions
- provides the early line of defense against microbes.
- innate/ non-adaptive/ non-speci c
- present at birth
- rst line of defense
2. ACQUIRED or ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- is a type of resistance that is characterized by speci city for
each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to
remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased
response upon repeated exposure.
- adaptive immunity/ speci c
- resulting from innovation of foreign substances
- speci city - memory cells - remember a prior exposure
2 Types of Acquired Immunity:
A. Active - the body is involve in the production of antibodies.
a) Natural Active - natural infection
b) Arti cial Active - vaccination (Antigen)
eg. HBsAg Vaccine
B. Passive - the antibodies are coming from external sources
a.) Natural Passive - mother to baby
eg. breastfeeding
b.) Arti cial Passive - vaccination (Antibodies)
HALLMARK FEATURES:

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TWO TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

NATURAL IMMUNITY
Components:
1. EXTERNAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents
IMMUNOLOGY
from entering the body.
• can be de ned as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign A. Structural/ Physical Barriers - rst line of defense
substances are introduced into the body. a. Intact skin
• resistance to disease b. Mucous membranes of respiratory and Gl intact
• the study of the molecules, cells,organs, and systems responsible for the c. Ciliated Epithelium
recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material; d. Lacrimal apparatus
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IMSE311 LEC WEEK 2 2
e. Sweat and sebaceous glands - it is the principal copper-transporting protein in human
B. Mechanical Barriers plasma, binding 90 to 95 percent of the copper found
a. Peristaltic movement of intestine in plasma
b. Shedding of cells H. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
c. Coughing and sneezing - binds lidocaine and progesterone
d. Flushing action of urine PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
C. Chemical Barriers • encoded by the host’s genomic DNA and act as sensors for
a. Acid pH extracellular infection
b. Lysozyme - attacks the cell wall of the microorganisms • neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and mast cells, T cells, and
c. Lactoferrin epithelial cells - 2nd line of defense
2. INTERNAL DEFENSE MECHANISM • Once these receptors bind to a pathogen, phagocytic cells become
- designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious activated and are better able to engulf and eliminate any
organisms. microorganism
Physiologic Factors • Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) - only found
a. Body Temperature in microorganisms
b. Oxygen Tension • Peptidoglycan (g+), lipoproteins(g-), zymosan-yeast, agellin.
c. Hormonal Balance RECEPTORS THAT ACTIVATE IMMUNE RESPONSES:
Basic poly peptides Toll-like Receptors
a. Spermin - inhibits the growth of gram positive bacteria - Toll is a protein originally discovered in the fruit y Drosophila,
b. Defensin - neutrophil- kill microbes by interacting with where it plays an important role in antifungal immunity in the
microbial membrane adult y
Interferons - limit the spread of viral infections - The highest concentration of these receptors occurs on
Types: monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
a. Alpha IFN - They play an important role in enhancing natural immunity.
b. Beta IFN - discovered by Charles Janeway
c. Gamma IFN - Toll: protein; derived from fruitfully Drosophila
Complement - can be found in monocytes, microphages and neutrophils
- principal soluble mediator of in ammatory response
- lyse the cell
A. Acute-Phase Reactants- normal serum constituents that increase
rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to
the tissues.- liver
A. C Reactive Protein (CRP) - marker of acute in ammation
(serology)
- most widely used indicator of acute in ammation
- trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an
antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci C-type lectin receptor (CLR)
- Elevated levels: bacterial in sections, rheumatic fever, - can be found in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells,
viral infections, malignant diseases, tuberculosis, and neutrophils, B cells, and T cells
after a heart attack - Bind to mannan and Beta-glucans (can be found in fungal cell
B. Serum Amyloid A - removal of cholesterol, chemotaxis walls) able to produce cytokines and chemokine to eliminate
(movement of the cell toward the site of in ammation) and microbes
positions of phagocytes, bind lysosomal enzymes Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)
- removes cholesterol from cholesterol- lled - RNA from RNA viruses
macrophages at the site of tissue injury Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD)
- has been found to increase signi cantly more in - Bind to peptidoglycan
bacterial infections than in viral infections B. Cellular Defense Mechanisms
C. Mannose-Binding Protein / Mannose Binding Lectin A. Neutrophils
- trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium- - polymorphonuclear neutrophilic (PMN) leukocyte, represents
dependent approximately 50 to 70 percent of the total peripheral white
- widely distributed on mucosal surfaces throughout the
blood cells
body - Primary granules contain enzymes such as myeloperoxidase;
- lack of MBP has been associated with recurrent yeast
elastase; proteinase 3; lysozyme; cathepsin G; and defensins
infections - Secondary granules: collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme,
- involved in complement activation
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
D. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (NADPH) oxidase
- a general plasma inhibitor of proteases released from - Tertiary granules contain gelatinase and plasminogen
leukocytes, especially elastase - primary granule of activator
neutrophil - First responder to infection. Phagocytosis
E. Haptoglobin - Segmented neutrophils or “segs”
- Its primary function is to bind irreversibly to free - color purple in the microscope
hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis B. Eosinophils
- plays an important role in the kidney from damage and - approximately 12 to 15 μm in diameter, 1 and 3 percent of the
in preventing the loss of iron by urinary excretion circulating white blood cells
- Increased levels: in ammation, stress, or tissue - increases in an allergic reaction or in response to many
necrosis parasitic infections.
F. Fibrinogen - The nucleus is usually bilobed or ellipsoidal and is often
- most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma,
eccentrically located
and it forms the brin clot - Primary granules contain acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase
G. Ceruloplasmin - Eosinophil-speci c granules contain several di erent proteins:
major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil
peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.
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IMSE311 LEC WEEK 2 3
- Kill parasites, neutralize basophil and mast cell products and
regulate mast cells.
- regulation of the immune response
- color orange in the microscope
C. Basophils
- less than 1 percent of all circulating white blood cells
- granules are histamine, a small amount of heparin, and
eosinophil chemotactic factor-A, all of which have an
important function in inducing and maintaining immediate
hypersensitivity reactions.
- Stimulate production of IgE, induce and maintain allergic
reactions INFLAMMATION - The overall reaction of the body to injury or
- Histamine - contracts smooth muscle invasion by an infectious agent
- Heparin - anticoagulant Cardinal Signs:
D. Mast Cells 1. Rubor - redness
- Tissue mast cells resemble basophils, but they are connective 2. Calor - heat
tissue cells of mesenchymal origin 3. Tumor - swelling
- The enzyme content of the granules helps to distinguish them 4. Dolor - pain
from basophils, as they contain acid phosphatase, alkaline 5. Functio Laesa - loss of function
phosphatase, and protease. Major events associated with the process of in ammation are:
- found in the skin, connective tissue, mucosal epithelium 1. increased blood supply to the infected area - Dilation of BV:
- Antigen presentation to T and B cells histamine - redness and heat
- both enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response 2. increased capillary permeability caused by retraction of endothelial
E. Monocytes cells lining the vessels - swelling and pain
- largest cells in the peripheral blood, with a diameter that can 3. migration of white blood cells, mainly neutrophils, from the capillaries
vary from 12 to 22 μm; they have an average size of 18 μm to the surrounding tissue
- has an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that • Diapedesis- movement of WBC towards the site of in ammation
occupies almost one-half of the entire cell’s volume • Chemotaxis - movement of WBC towards the site of in ammation
- Granules are actually of two types, one of which contains 4. migration of macrophages to the injured area
peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase; this
indicates that these granules are similar to the lysosomes of
neutrophils.
- The other type of granule may contain β-glucuronidase,
lysozyme, and lipase, but no alkaline phosphatase.
- Phagocytosis- migrates to tissues: macrophages
- after 30 hours it migrates to tissue then turn it as
macrophages
F. Tissue Macrophages
- larger version of monocytes on tissues
- Unlike monocytes, macrophages contain no peroxidase
- Their functions include microbial killing, tumoricidal activity,
intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of
cell mediators, and antigen presentation.
- Lungs - alveolar macrophages
- Liver - Kup er cells PATHWAYS OF KILLING PATHOGENS BY PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Brain - microglial cells 1. OXYGEN DEPENDENT
- Connective Tissue - histiocytes - Respiratory or Oxidative Burst- occurs within the cell as the
- Major rules as; Microbial killing, Anti-tumor activity, pseudopodia enclose the particle within a vacuole
intracellular parasites eradication, phagocytosis and secretion
of mediators 2. OXYGEN INDEPENDENT
G. Dendritic Cells - Production of Nitric Oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO
- Main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to synthase which is produced by IFN-gamma activated cells
helper T lymphocytes.
- most potent phagocytic cell; most e ective at antigen
presentation
C. PHAGOCYTOSIS
• engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocytes,
macrophage and other cells
Types of Phagocytosis:
A. Indirect
- Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG,
CRP and C3b bound to microorganism
B. Direct
- Via Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize lipid and
carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
The process of phagocytosis consists of four main steps:
1. physical contact between the white cell and the foreign particle
2. formation of a phagosome
3. fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a phagolysosome
4. digestion and release of debris to the outside/exocytosis
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