JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 100, NO.

B9, PAGES 17,741-17,751, SEPTEMBER 10, 1995

Laboratory measurements of a complete set of poroelastic

moduli for Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone

David J. Hart and Herbert F. Wang

Department
of GeologyandGeophysics,
Universityof Wisconsin-Madison

Abstract. Measurements havebeencompletedfor eightdifferentporoelastic moduliof water-

saturatedBereasandstoneandIndianalimestone asa function
of confining
pressure andpore
pressure.The poroelasticmodulifor Indianalimestone aregenerallyconsistent
to _+10%,which
wasverifiedby a formalinversion procedure for independent
modulifromtheeightmeasurements.
For Indianalimestone,bestfit valueswere drainedbulk modulus,21.2 GPa; the undrainedbulk
modulus,31.7GPa;drainedPoisson's ratio,0.26;undrainedPoisson's
ratio,0.33;andpore
pressure
buildupcoefficient,0.47 at 20-35 MPa effectivestress.Theporoelastic
modulifor Berea
sandstone
aregenerally
consistent
to + 20%. Thegreater
inconsistency
ismostlikelycaused
by
the nonlinearvariationof the moduli at different strains. For Berea sandstone,bestfit valueswere
drainedbulk modulus,6.6 GPa; undrainedbulk modulus,15.8 GPa; drainedPoisson'sratio, 0.17;
undminedPoisson's ratio,0.34; andporepressure buildupcoefficient,0.75 at 10 MPa effective
stress.

Introduction that measurements of completesetsof the poroelasticmoduli

will result in better models of poroelasticphenomena. A
For an isotropic linear elastic material only two
comparisonof the best fit values to the measuredvalues will
independenttoodull are neededto characterizethe stress-strain
also enable the experimenter to test the applicability of
behaviorof an elastic medium. For an isotropicfluid-filled
poroelastictheory to the medium being tested.
porous material, poroelastic theory relates strain to both
stress and pore pressure. The constitutive equations
describingthis coupling require four poroelasticmoduli [Biot,
Poroelastic Theory
1941; Brown and Korringa, 1975; Rice and Cleary, 1976;
Detournayand Cheng,1993]. It is the introductionof the pore The constitutiveequationsfor poroelasticitycan be written
fluid which makes necessary the two additional moduli. [Rice and Cleary, 1976] as
Poroelastic theory has been used to explain increased
seismicityin an oil field [Segall, 1989], water table response 2Geij
=cYij
-«(1-•)CYkkSij
+2•(•,- •)PfSij (1)
to Earthtidesandbarometricpressure[Van der Kampand Gale,
and
1983], reservoir seismicity [Roelofts, 1988], water table
responseto earthquakes [Bredehoeft, 1992; Carrigan et al.,
1991], compactionof sedimentarybasins[Bethkeand Corbet,
1988], and hydraulic fracturing [Haimson and Fairhurst,
Vf__Vfo
=(.•.•-
1•l'O'ta
1969].
Few measurements of undrained moduli have been made
These two equations relate two state variables, the stress
[Dropek et al., 1978; Green and Wang, 1986; Berge et al., components (o'ij) andporepressure (pj,)to two otherstate
1993]. Unjacketed and drained moduli have been measured variables,
the strain components (E//) anda change in Biot's
[Huang, 1989]. Also, several different bulk and pore
fluid content (vj,-v•,o) with the sign convention that
expansionand tensilestressare positive. The changein the
compressibilities have been measured for sandstones
fluid content is related to the volumetric pore fluid mass
[Zimmerman et al., 1986] and limestones [Laurent et al.,
1993]. One sourceof poroelasticmoduli values is given by change(Am/,)by Ami,=po(vi,-v/o
), wheretheporefluid
density, P0, is assumedconstantwith pressure. The four
Rice and Cleary [1976]. Their moduli are calculated from moduli used here to relate the four state Variables are the shear
measured Poisson's ratios and shear moduli and assumed values
modulus(!3), thedrainedbulkmodulus(K), theunjacketed bulk
for the fluid bulk modulus and the grain bulk modulus. A
modulus(K s), and the pore pressurebuildupcoefficient(B).
completeset of moduli was not measuredfor thesefrequently
cited values.
Thesefourtoodullform a completeset.
Relationships betweenmodulican be madeby applyingthe
The purposeof this paperis to give a methodfor measuring
definition and boundary conditions of a modulus to the
an overdeterminedset of eight poroelasticmoduli for Berea
constitutiveequations. For example, a relationshipbetween
sandstone and for Indianalimestoneand usingthat set to find a the pore pressure buildup coefficient, the drained bulk
best fit completeset of four poroelasticmoduli. It is hoped modulus,the unjacketedbulk modulusand the undrainedbulk
moduluscan be found. The undrainedbulk modulus,K,, is
Copyright1995by theAmericanGeophysical
Union. defined as

Paper number95JB01242. v
0148-0227/95/95JB-01242505.00

17,741
17,742 HART AND WANG: COMP• SET OF POROELASTICMODULI

When the boundaryconditionsfor K, are applied to the Sample Description

consfitutiveequations,the result is
Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone were used as the rock
samples. These two rock types were chosenbecausethey had
.o-k). (4) been previouslyused to measurea poroelasticmodulusother
7) than a drainedelasticmodulusby Berge et al. [1993], Green
and Wang [1986], andHuang [1989]. Also propertiessuchas
porosity, grain size, and type and percentageof mineral
Relationshipsbetween the moduli can then be used to recast constituents are known for Berea sandstone and Indiana
the constitutive equations in terms of more convenient limestone.
moduli. In this way, Rice and Cleary [1976] recast Biot's
Berea sandstoneis a medium-grained,Mississippianage
original formulation of the constitutive equations for
graywacke. It is composedof quartz(-80%), feldspar(~5%),
poroelasticity. The inversion of the measuredmoduli to a
clay, predominantlykaolinitc (-8%), and calcite (-6%). Its
best-fit set of moduli usestheserelationshipsas the inversion
model.
grainsare well sorted(-155 mm) and subangular with quartz
overgrowths[Bruhn, 1972; Winkler, 1983]. It has a porosity
of 19%.
Poroelastic Moduli
Indiana limestone, also known as Salem limestone, is of
In this experiment,eight poroelasticmoduli were measured Mississippianage. It is composedof calcium carbonate
(Table 1). The eight poroelasticmoduli can be divided into (~98.21%), magnesiumcarbonate(-0.075%), and ferric oxide
three groupsaccordingto the pore fluid boundarycondition (-0.21%). The rest of the constituents (-0.83%) are
applied during the test. The three conditions are drained, insoluble. Some grains are actual o61ites, while others are
undrained,and unjacketed. merely coated with calcium carbonate. The grains are
The first group of moduli was found under drained cementedby calcium carbonate. Indiana limestone has a
conditions. In a drained condition, there is no pore pressure porosityof 13% [Loganet al., 1922].
response
to external
stresses
(APi=0). Thisboundary
condition is the same one usually assumed when finding ExperimentalProcedure
elastic moduli. The moduli measured under drained conditions
are the bulk modulus(K), Young'smodulus(E), and Poisson's A total of five Berea sandstonesamples(T4, T7, T8, T9, and
ratio (v). T10) andtwo Indianalimestonesamples(InL1 andInL2) were
The second group of moduli was found under undrained tested. The T originally denoted"thesis." SampleT4 was
conditions. Under undrainedconditions,there is no changein cored with its axis parallel to the beddingplane. The other
thevolumetric porefluid mass(Am/,=0). Therecanbe a Berea sandstone samples were cored with their axes
changein the pore pressuredue to the external stress. The perpendicularto the bedding plane. The Indiana limestone
moduli measured under undrained conditions are the undrained samples were cored with their axes perpendicularto the
bulk modulus(K u), the undrainedYoung'smodulus (Eu), the beddingplane.
undrainedPoisson'sratio (u,,), and the pore pressurebuildup Two straingages(1.27 cmx 0.64 cm) were aligned180ø
coefficient (B). apartand gluedparallelto the sampleaxis to measurethe axial
The last modulusis measuredunder unjacketedconditions. strain. Two additionalstrain gageswere aligned 180ø apart
Here the pore pressurechange is made exactly equal to the and glued perpendicularto the sample axis to measurethe
external stress change(API = APc). Themodulus measured is circumferentialstrain. RTV Silicone gel was then applied to
the unjacketed solid frame modulus (K,), which is often the entire sideof the sample,but not the ends,and two Tygon
interpretedto be the grain bulk modulusbut is only equal to sleeveswere fitted and clampedover the endsof the sample.
the bulk grain moduluswhen there is only one kind of solid This arrangementprevented leakage around the strain gage
grain present. leadsand enabledremovalof the endcapsafter a drainedrun so
As can be seenfrom the def'mitionsof the moduli given in that the samplecouldbe saturatedfor an undrainedran.
Table 1, the slopes of various stress versus strain or pore A solid steel endcapwas insertedinto the top Tygon sleeve
pressurecurveswill give the poroelasticmodulusof interest. and clampedinto place. The lower endcapcontaineda Kulite
For example, Young'smodulusis the slope of an axial stress (HKM-375) pressuretransducer,which was rated to 135 MPa.
versus an axial strain curve. The transduceris slightly recessedinto the endcapto prevent

Table 1. Definitions of the Poroelastic Moduli

PoreFluidBondary BulkModulus Young'sModulus Poisson's

Ratio PorePressure
Buildup
Condition Coefficient

Drained OVaef=0 E=
all
Idp,,=0,e2:=o•a=0
E11 1)
=-E22
IdPf=0,
E11 O22=a33=
0
Undrained
K.---V I E.=O'11
I 1)u
=--E22
I
E11
Idm/=O,022=033=
0 E11
ldmi=0,022=033=0
v•Pc[
Unjacketed
K•,.
=- "•-[dP/=dPc
 HART AND WANG: COMPLEFESET OF POROELASTICMODULI 17,743

damage from contact with the sample. This transducer were again measured,but this time with a radial stressof
measuredthe pore pressurewithout significantly increasing 13.8 MPa and an initial axial load of 22.0 MPa. The axial
the pore spaceof a sample[Green and Wang, 1986]. This stresswas incrementedin stepsof 0.88 MPa until it reacheda
endcap was inserted into the lower sleeve and clamped. value of 39.5 MPa. The midpoint mean stresswas also about
Figure 1 showsthe sampleassembly. 20 MPa.
The samplewas thenplacedin a triaxial vessel. It was run A last measurementof the bulk modulus was made starting
through a seasoning cycle before any measurementswere with a hydrostaticstressof 27.6 MPa, incrementingby 0.69
made. This was done to minimize nonlineareffects causedby MPa until endingwith a stressof 41.4 MPa. The bulk modulus
microcracks. The seasoningcycle consistedof raising the was calculatedfor a midpoint conf'mingpressureof 30 MPa.
confiningstressfrom 0 Pa to 35 MPa and back in a 5 rain Finally, measurementsof Young'smodulusand Poisson'sratio
period. The samplewas thenput throughthreemore cyclesof were made. The radial stress was set to 27.6 MPa with an
about 1 rain each. initial axial stress of 30.7 MPa. The axial stress was
incremented in steps of 0.88 MPa until an axial load of
Drained Conditions 43.9 MPa was reached.The midpoint mean stresswas also
about 30 MPa.
At thispoint the samplewasreadyto be testedunderdrained
conditions
(AP!= 0). Eventhough
air waspresent
asa pore Undralned Conditions
fluid, air is so compressiblethat there was virtually no pore
fluid responseto the external stress. SamplesT4, T7, T8, When measurements necessaryfor calculationof the drained
InL1, and InL2 were testeddry. SamplesT9 and T10 were moduli were completed, the sample was removed from the
testedwet using a hollow endcapwith an air-filled volumeto vessel and the endcapswere removed.The sample was then
give drainedconditionswith a wet sample. This was doneto placedunder a vacuumfor at least 1 hour. While still under a
see if there was any differencebetweena drained wet sample vacuum, deionized water was let into the vacuum chamber so
anda draineddry sample. thatthe samplewasimmersedin the water.The samplewasleft
To measure the drained bulk modulus (K), the confining in the deionizedwater for at least 30 min. The endcapswere
pressure(P,:) was initially 0 MPa. The confiningpressure replacedand clamped.The samplewas replacedin the triaxial
was raised in increments of 0.69 MPa, and measurements of vessel and was ready for testing under undrainedconditions.
the strain were recorded. When the contimingstressreached The externalstressesappliedduringthe undrainedtestwere the
13.8 MPa, the test was ended. The slopeswere obtainedat a same as those applied during the drained test. The pore
midpointvalue of 10 MPa for Pc. The Young'smodulusand pressureincreasedby an amountgovernedby the pore pressure
Poisson'sratio were measurednext. The eonf'mingpressure buildupcoefficientof the sample.
wasloweredto 6.9 MPa andthe axial stress(ry,•) wasraisedto
11.0 MPa. The circumferentialstrain (co0) and axial strain Unjacketed Conditions
(e,,) weremeasured.The axial stress(o',•) was incremented
in stepsof 0.55 MPa while the radial stress(o',,) was held After completingthe undrainedmeasurements, samplesT4,
constant at 6.9 MPa. When the axial stress reached 22.0 MPa, T7, and T10 were evacuatedand then saturatedwith hydraulic
oil in the cases of T4 and T7 or deionized water in the case of
the testwas ended. The midpointmeanstresswas also 10 MPa
for these measurements. sampleT10. Using both deionizedwater and hydraulicoil as
The bulk modulus was measurednext at a midpoint mean the pore fluid testedwhetheror not chemicaleffectsof water
stressof about 20 MPa. Starting at Pc =13.8 MPa, the interactingwith clays affected the results.The sample was
hydrostaticstresswas incrementedin stepsof 0.69 MPa until onceagainplacedin the triaxial vesseland measurements of
it reached 27.6 MPa. Young's modulus and Poisson'sratio the unjacketedbulk moduluswere made.The stresses for this
moduluswere appliedin the samemanneras for the undrained
bulk modulus.

Top Endcap Experimental Results

Examplesof curvesusedto f'md the valuesof moduli are
shownin Figures2 and3. The valuesgivenfor the moduliin
Tables 2 and 3 are tangentsto curvesat the midpoint mean
al StrainGage externalstressesgiven in the tables. However, the effective
1• Circumferential stressesare different in Tables 2 and 3, because the pore
pressure
buildsup for theundrained
measurements.
The error
in a slope measurementis -10%. This is the sum of given
instrumenterror and the differencein slopesat +5 MPa from
the midpoint mean stress.
•-• tostraingage

BottomEndcap
with Pressure
• indicator Effective Stress Laws

In linear poroelasticity, both the pore pressure and the

Transducer external stresswill producestrains. It is possibleto vary the
pore pressureand external stressin a linear combinationso
that the effects of the pore pressure and the external stress
Figure 1. Sample assembly. canceland no strain is produced. This linear combinationof
17,744 HART AND WANG: COMP• SLaTOF POROELASTIC MODULI

Drained Bulk Modulus Undrained Bulk Modulus

20 = 3O

•1o

0 ß - 10
o ,'o ' '
Volume
Strain(104-AV/V) Volume
Strain(10'4 -AV/V)
Drnlned Young's Modulus Undrainod Young's Modulus

- 32 i - , - , - , -
8 9 10 11 12 13.14 1S 12 14 16 18 20
Axial Strain (104-A!/I) Axhi Strain(104-AI/!)
Drained Polsson's Ratio Undrained Polsson's Ratio
6.0 _= ?

•4.S
4.0 ..... . .,. ......
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12 14 16 18 20
Axial
Strain
(10*4*Ai/i)
UnjacketedBulk Modulus PoFePFessuFe
Buildup Coefficient
•.22
2O

16
14

• 28

' ; ' o 10 20 30
VMu• S• (10•-AV• Stress(MPa)

Figure 2. Data for determiningporoelasticconstantsfor Berea sandstone

sampleT4 at 10 MPA
effective stress.

pore pressure and external stress that leaves the strain and the second set of stress conditions correspondsto an
unchangedis calledan effectivestress. undrained measurement, then drained and undrained bulk
For strains caused by hydrostatic stresses,the effective moduli are measuredat the samestrainand canbe compared.
stresslaw is commonly
writtenas P, =Pc-tzP! [Biot and The effective stress law for a triaxial load where
Willis, 1957; Nur and Byerlee, 1971], where P, is the 0'11> 0'22= 0'33is similar:
effectivestress,Pc is the hydrostaticstress,tz is the Biot-
Williscoefficient,
andP! is theporepressure.
Thislawis (7)
derived by applying a hydrostatic stress to the medium.
Summingthe normal straincomponentsfrom (1) gives
wherec• =trij+a.PfSij. Again(7) doesnot makeany
assumptionabout the fluid boundarycondition. It specifies
the linear combinationof axial stressand pore pressurethat
where producesthe same axial strain.
The aboveargumentassumesthe mediumbehavesin a linear
fashion,i.e., K, G, and {z do not changewith applied stress.
However, Figure 4 showsthat the volumetric strainfor Indiana
limestone behaves in a more linear fashion than for Berea
anda=l-•.. (6)
sandstoneas a functionof confiningpressure.
Equation(5) statesthat there exist specificcombinationsof The methodfor comparingmoduli in this experimentused
pore pressuresand hydrostaticstresseswhich will all produce the strainsdirectly insteadof calculatingthe effective stresses
the same strain. For example, a hydrostatic stress of from (5) and (7). The strains at 10 MPa mean external stress
Pc= 10MPa and P/= 0 MPa MPa will producethe same were found for the drained bulk modulus,drained Young's
strainas Pc= 19MPa andP! = 12MPa for a = 0.75. If the modulus, and drained Poisson'sratio. The mean external stress
first stresscondition correspondsto a drained measurement is equalto theeffectivestresswhentheporepressure
is zero.
 HART AND WANG: COMPLETE SET OF POROEI•STIC MODULI 17,745

Drained Bulk Modulus Undrained Bulk Modulus

3O SO

J
10 - - I - ! - ! - - -

6 8 10 12 4
Volume
Strain(lO -•V/V) Volume
Strain
(1O4-AV/V)
DrainedYoung'sModulus Undrained
Young'sModulus

20 30 ....

AxtaiStra•-Oo 4ay0 AxialStr.•- Oo-•t•)

Drained Poisson's Ratio Undralned Poisson's Ratio

• '•o-I

4 S 6 ? 8 9 101
A.•i Stra•-Oo
Unjackoled Bulk Modulus Pore PressureBuildup Coefficient
2O ß•' 26

• 24

0 1 :• 3 20 30 40 SO
volume
strain(t0 •v/v) Stress(•Pa)

Figure 3. Data for determiningporoelastieconstantsfor Indiana limestonesampleInL1 at 20 MPA

effective stress.

Table 2. Drained Poroelastic Moduli

Sashple ..... K; E, v Midpoint
Mean
GPa GPa Extemal Stress,
MPa
Berea sandstone 7.6 19.8 0.23 10
sample
T4a 12.4 18.3 0.20 20
13.3 28.0 0.14 30
Berea sandstone 6.4 16.9 0.19 10
sampleT7 11.0 23.5 0.21 20
12.7 23.0 0.13 30
Berea sandstone 7.0 13.7 0.12 10
sampleT8 11.2 19.6 0.17 20
13.8 23.8 0.14 30
Berea sandstone 6.0 17.1 0.20 10
sample
T9b 11.5 24.0 0.2! 20
14.1 28.5 0.12 30
Berea sandstone 5.6 12.8 0.16 10
sample
T10b ...... 20
...... 30
Indiana limestone 22.4 31.7 0.23 10
sampleInL1 22.8 29.9 0.25 20
22.0 32.8 0.26 30
Indiana limestone 21.6 30.7 0.25 10
sampleInL2 21.9 30.8 0.26 20
22.5 29.1 0.22 30

aAxisisparalleltobedding.
AHothersamples
havetheiraxesperpendicular
to bedding
bThedrainedvalues weremeasured
wet
17,746 HART AND WANG: COMPI.,ETE SET OF POROELASTIC MODULI

Table 3. Undrained Poroelastic Moduli

Sample g., E., ua B Midpoint
Mean Pore
GPa GPa External Stress, Pressure,
MPa MPa
Berea sandstone 11.5 15.2 0.35 0.77 10 6.2
0.40 0.79 20 14.6
sample
T4a 14.8 19.7
15.6 17.5 0.36 0.68 30 23.1
Berea sandstone 8.9 14.1 0.40 0.89 10 9.0
sampleT7 9.9 10.1 0.38 0.86 20 17.5
--- 12.1 0.34 0.88 30 26.7
Berea sandstone 16.5 --- --- 0.95 10 9.5
sampleT8 13.2 --- --- 0.92 20 18.5
12.4 13.3 0.37 0.88 30 27.5
Berea sandstone ...... ...... 10 10
sampleT9 16.7 --- --- 0.91 20 19.0
14.8 13.5 0.29 0.84 30 27.7
Berea sandstone 14.2 --- --- 0.94 10 8.9
sampleT10 13.1 --- --- 0.90 20 18.4
12.8 11.9 0.26 0.83 30 26.7
Indiana limestone 29.0 --- --- 0.69 10 7.7
sampleInL 1 31.3 --- --- 0.58 20 14.0
30.9 30.0 0.36 0.53 30 19.5
Indiana limestone ......
sampleInL2 22.0 32.0 0.28 0.07 20 0.9
28.8 37.1 0.31 0.33 30 2.6

aAxisisparalleltobedding.
All othersamples
havetheiraxesperpendicular
tobedding

The undrained moduli values were then found at the same

Using equivalent strains to compare moduli is only an
strains as the drained moduli values. The tangentsto the approximation.In the caseof a two-componentmedium,such
slopesof the drainedstress-straincurvesand undrainedstress- as Berea sandstone,which containsboth quartz and clay, an
straincurveswere found at equal strains. This methodwasused equal average strain might be produced by different
so that the internal state of the rocks would be as similar as combinationsof pore pressureand externalstress,but the clay
possibleduring the drainedand undrainedmeasurements.The and quartz componentsmight have different individualstrains.
measuredvaluesusingthe abovemethodfor comparingmoduli To better measure a complete set of poroelastic toodull, it
are shown in Table 4. would be necessaryto have the pore pressuresand external
A comparisonof the Biot-Willis parametercalculatedfrom stressesin a drained measurementequal to both the pore
Pc and P/ at equalstrainsto the Biot-Willisparameter pressuresand externalstressesin an undrainedmeasurement.
calculatedfrom K and Ks can be made. This enablesus to In t_hisway the internalstructureof the mediumwould be the
check the applicability of approximatingthe effective stress same for both measurements.
using
Best fit Set of Poroelastic Moduli
=,% -,:w/ . {8)

If Pt is setto 10MPa,thenthevalues
of Pc andP/recorded
when the undrainedstrainequaledthe drainedstrainat 10 MPa
were used to calculate at. Then, for comparison, the
relationship,
derived earlier from the constitutiveequations(equstions.(1)
and (2)) is also used to calculate at.
at(Pc,P/)andat(K,Ks) is close(Table5). Thisshows
that
though the Berea sandstone is noticeably nonlinear, the
effectivestresslaw found from theory (equation(9)) will still
give a goodestimateof the effectivestressand thusthe strain
at that effective stress.
Not all of the moduliin Table 4 are independent.In general,
the calculated value of a modulus does not have the same value
as the modulus measured directly. As an example, pore
pressurebuildupcoefficient(B), calculatedusing(4) andvalues
of K, Ku, and Ks for Berea sandstone sampleT4, is B =0.61.
(9) This value is less than the directly measuredvalue, B =0.79,
and so the set of experimentallyfound moduli is not self-
consistent. An inversion using all eight experimentally
The match between measuredmoduli and poroelasticrelationshipsbetweenthem
minimizes the overall differences or residuals between
calculatedvalues of the moduli and experimentallyfound
values of the moduli and will give a self-consistentset. The
inversion procedureforces the drained and undrainedshear
moduli to be equal.

BeFeaSandstoneStunpieTI0 hdhna LimesloneSumpie/aLl

1

-30

-40
0 10 20 0 10 20
coanah• Prem•re (MPa) Ceellnlag Ib'eme•e(MPa)

Figure 4. Volumestrainas functionof conf'ming

pressure.
 HART AND WANG: COMPI.,ErE SET OF POROELASTIC MODULI 17,747

Table4. Measured
Valuesof Poroelastic
Moduliat Equivalent
Strains
Effective
Sample K, E, v Ks., Es., v• B Kj,
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa Stress, MPa
Bcrea sandstone 7.6 19.8 0.23 14.6 17.5 0.36 0.79 35.6 10

sample
T4a
Bcrea sandstone 6.4 16.9 0.19 19.1 12.1 0.34 0.86 26.4 10
sampleT7
Berea sandstone 7.0 13.7 0.12 12.4 13.4 0.39 0.85 26.1 10
sampleT8
Berea sandstone 6.0 17.1 0.20 19.0 13.5 0.30 0.88 30.8 10

sample
T9b
Berea sandstone 5.6 12.8 0.16 13.1 11.9 0.26 0.79 29.6 10

sample
T10b
•ndiana limestone 22.8 29.9 0.25 29.7 27.3 0.40 0.50 71.0
sampleInL1
Indiana limestone 22.4 30.2 0.25 31.1 37.1 0.31 0.42 74.4 35
sample InL2
aAxisis paralleltobedding.
All othersamples
havetheiraxesperpendicular
tobedding
bThedrained valuesweremeasured wet

The inversionof the poroelasticmodulihas two purposes. The modelwhichactson the parameters,•, is
The first is a testof how well poroelasticity
canrepresentthe
medium,assumingthere is no systematicerror causedby K(p)
experimentaltechnique. If there is a consistentbias in the E(p)
moduli, then it would be very difficult to separateerror in
technique from a divergencefrom theory.If a mediuma•s
to behaveaccordingto poroelastictheory, then the inversion
can fulfill its secondpurpose,whichis to give a bestfit set of M(x) = (11)
moduli. v(K(P),E(p))
Becausethe relationshipsbetweenthe moduli are nonlinear, B(K½•')
,/C,,½•')
,K.(P))
a nonlinearinversionschemeoutlinedby Menke [1989] is
used. The eight measuredmoduli are taken as the data vector %(K½•
'),E(•'),K.O'),K?) )
(•), andK(P),E(P),Ks
(p) andKs
(p) are takenas the œ,,
(KO,
),œ0, ),K,,½•'
),K? ))
independentparametervector(•). The superscripts "e" and
"p" are used to designateexperimentalvalues and best fit where
parameters,respectively.
(12)

IEu
K(e)
B(K½•)
,/C?),K•½•))= (13)

(lO)
(p)

Vu(K(P)'Ku(P)
Ks(P))=
a-Z0-20)0-K
/< )
• (p) p) , (14)
B(e) and

Eu(K(p),Ku(p),Ks(•)) = 3Ku(p)(1- 2vu). (15)

Table 5. Comparisonof a From EquivalentStrainsand ExperimentalK and K.

Sample Pc,MPa P/,MPa
' a(Pc,Pf) K, GPa K•,GPa a(K,K,)
Berea sandstone 18.6 13.6 0.64 7.6 35.6 0.79
sampleT4
Berea sandstone 31.1 27.7 0.76 6.4 26.4 O.76
sampleT7
Berea sandstone 35.9 32.6 0.79 7.0 26.1 O.73
sampleT8
Berea sandstone 41.4 37.7 0.83 6.0 30.8 0.81
sampleT9
Berea sandstone 34.5 30.7 0.80 5.6 29.6 0.81
sample
T10
17,748 HART AND WANG: COMPLEI• SETOF POROELASTICMODULI

Table 6. Best Fit Poroelastic Moduli

Sample K, E, v K., E., v. B K,, Effective
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa Stress,
MPa
BereasandstOne 8.3 15.1 0.20 1'6.7 16.8 0.33 0.67 34.1 10
sampleT4
Berea sandstone 6.7 12.3 0.19 18.3 14.2 0.37 0.85 26.3 10
sampleT7
Berea sandstone 5.7 12.7 0.13 13.8 14.9 0.32 0.76 25.4 10
sampleT8
Berea sandstone 6.7 12.9 0.18 18.0 14.9 0.36 0.81 30.1 10
sampleT9
Berea sandstone 5.6 11.8 0.15 12.4 13.5 0.32 0.68 28.7 10
sampleT10
Indiana limestone 20.5 28.1 0.27 31.4 29.6 0.34 0.49 70.7 20
sampleInL1
Indiana limestone 22.0 32.7 0.25 31.1 34.4 0.32 0.42 74.4 35
sample
InL2

Note in (14) that the model value for vu is calculatedas a causedby the highclay contentin Bereasandstone.The value
composite function from the parameter set through t• of pore pressurebuildupcoefficient(B) given by Berge et al.
(equation(12)) andB (equation(13)). The sameappliesto the [1993] doesnot differ significantlyfrom the bestfit resultsfor
modelvalueof Eu. The value of v u usedto calculateEu was porepressurebuildupcoefficientgivenby this experiment.
calculated from the model parameter values and is not the Values of elastic moduli for Indiana limestoneare given by
experimentallyfound 19 u. Huang [1989] andMichalopoulosand Triandifilidis [1976].
MATLABTM wasusedto dothenumerical
calculations
for Thesevalues are shownin Table 8 with the averageof the best
theinversion.
Theinversions
converged
toa change
of 10'8 fit valuesfor Indiana limestonefound in this experiment.
in the root mean squarederror, normalizedby the experimental The best fit values from this experiment match the
values, within 10 iterations. The differentials in the Jacobian experimentalvalues from both Huang's [1989] and from
werechecked byMathematica TM. Theresults oftheinversionMichalopoulos and Triandifilidis [1976] within the given
are shown in Table 6. experimentalerror. Althoughthe valueof K is muchlowerfor
the averageof the best fit setsthan Huang's,his value is an
Comparison to Previous Work averageof four samplesandoneof thosesamplesgivesa value
of K of 21.3 GPa which is a difference of less than 1%. Also
Values for poroelasticmoduli for Berea sandstoneare given the value of Ks is lower in the bestfit set than for Huang's
by Rice and Cleary [1976]. A value of pore pressurebuildup average. Again one of the four samplesmeasuredby Huang
coefficientis also given by Berge et al. [1993]. These values gives a result of Ks = 73.4 GPa. There is not a significant
are shownin Table 7 with the averageof the best fit setsfor differencebetweenthe experimentalresults.
Berea sandstonefound in this experimentfor comparison.
The values calculated using the experimental data and
assumptions from Rice and Cleary [1976] matchwell with the Discussion
of K, = K, Assumption
resultsgiven here for the best fit set. It shouldbe noted that
the value of the fluid bulk modulus used in the original
There are significant differencesbetween the pore pressure
calculation
of theporoelastic
moduliis 3.3x109
Pa. This
buildupcoefficientfor both the Rice and Cleary [1976] set of
value was usedsinceit is midway betweenthe value of the bulk
modulusof water and a typicalvalue of the bulk modulusfor a moduliandHuang• [1989] setof moduliwhencompared to
the bestfit set of modulifoundin thispaper. Rice andCleary's
hydraulic oil. Recalculated values are given using a bulk
and Huang'svaluesof B were calculatedfrom a relationship
modulus
ofwater
equal
to2.3x109
Pa.
givenby Rice and Cleary [1976]:
The value of the bestfit unjacketedbulk modulus(Ks) is
smallerthanthe unjacketedbulk modulus(Ks) given by Rice
and Cleary [1976]. The Rice and Cleary [1976] valueof Ks is 1/K-1/K.
for pure quartz. The smallerbestfit resultfor Ks is likely B=1/r-l/K,+•(llff•-llr•) (16)

Table7. Comparison
of BestFit BereaSandstone
ValuestoPrevious
Work
Source K, E, v Ku, Eu, v, B
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa
Average of Berea 6.6 13.0 0.17 15.8 14.9 0.34 0.75 28.9
best fit set• at 10 MPa
OriginalRice 8.0a 14.4a 0.20 16.0a 16.0a 0.33 a 0.62a 36.0b
and Cleary set
Recalculated Rice 8.0c 14.4c 0.20 14.1c 15.8c 0.31 c 0.56 ½ 36.0b
and Cleary set
Berge et al. [1993] ............ 0.67
to 0.72

aThesevalueswerecalculated
fromanexperimentally
measured
shearmodulus
andPoissOn's
ratio,anassumed
valuefor the
grainbulkmodulus of K•,=3.3x109 Pa
anda fluidbulkmodulus
bThis
isthevalue
forthebulk
modulus
ofthesolid
phase
forpure
quartz
CThese
valueswerecalculated
in the samewayastheoriginalvaluesbutthevalueof thefluidbulkmoduluswassetequalto the
fluid
bulk
modulus
ofwater,
K•,=2.3x
109Pa
 HART AND WANG: COMP• SET OF POROELASTIC MODULI 17,749

Table8. Com,
parison
ofBestFitIndiana
Limestone
Values
tø Previous
Work
•ource K, E, v K,, E,, B K s,
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa
Average of Indiana 30•4 0.26 31.2 32.0 0.33 0.46 72.6
limestone best fit sets 21.2
at 20-35 MPa
Huang's(1989) set 26.1 33.7 0.25 28.4a 34.5a 0.30a 0.32a 82.1
at 30 MPa
Handbook Value from -- 31.7 0.27 ......
Michaloooulos and
Triandif•lidis,1976
aThese
values
were
calculated
using
theother
fourexperimentally
foundmoduli
andK! equal
to2.3x10
• Pa

whereK• is theunjacketed and • is the compressibilities, one of which has measurement errors
porebulkmodulus
porosity.
K•1isdefined
as between10 and 20%, which can accountfor the anomalously
high calculatedvalue.
•t•-,
•- (17)
Testing Goodnessof Fit
whereVt, is theporevolume.Sincevaluesof K• havenot
yet been directly measured,an assumptionis often made that Comparisonof the best fit moduli to the measuredmoduli
K• = K•. Equation
(16)canberearranged
sothatif values
of testshow well the poroelasticmodel fits the data.The percent
the other moduli are known, as is the case in Table 6, then a differences are shown in Table 10. For Berea sandstone,
valuefor K• canbe calculated. thecalculated consistent
Table9 shows deviations between best fit and measured moduli

values
forK• using
K/ equal
2.3x109
Pa.Theresult
isthat values appearfor the drained Young'smodulus(E), the pore
Kf < K• << Ks, a resultfoundearlierby Greenand Wang pressurebuildup coefficient (B), and the unjacketed bulk
[1986] and Berge et al. [1993] for low effective stresses. modulus. For example,the measureddrainedYoung'smodulus
When no undrainedmeasurements are made, an assumptionfor is always greater than the best fit value. It is unlikely that
random error in the measurements would cause these results.
thevalueof K• mustbe madeto calculate B. Table9 shows
thata valuefor K• largerbutof thesameorderofmagnitude
as Anothermeasureof fit to the theoryis the root mean squared
the fluid bulk modulusis a better approximationthan the bulk error,
(rtr)l/2/N,where
r isthenormalized
residual
vector
and
grain modulusfor the unjacketedpore bulk modulus at low N is the number of measurements. The Berea sandstone
effective stresses. consistentlyshowsa greatererror than the Indiana limestone.
Thus Indiana limestone will behave according to linear
Table 9. CalculatedK, ValuesUsingtheBestFit SetValues poroelastictheorymore closelythan Berea sandstone.
Sample Porosity PoreBulk Modulus Three hypothesesto explain Berea sandstone'sdeviation
• K•,GPa from the poroelastic model have been tested. It was first
Average of Berea 0.19 4.4 postulated thattestingthe samplesdry duringa drainedrun
sandstone samples causedthe samplesto be stiffer, becausethe clay in the Berea
Indiana limestone 0.13 7.5
sandstonemight stiffen the sampleswhen dry but would not
sample InL1 stiffen them when wet. The drained moduli for Berea sandstone
samplesT4, T7, and T8 were found when the sampleswere dry.
Laurent et al. [1993] measured The drained moduli for Berea samplesT9 and T10 were tested
four different
compressibilities for the Vilhonneur limestone whose under wet and drained conditions. However, the presenceof
porosityof 13-15% is similar to that of the Indiana limestone. water during the drained tests did not eliminate or even
They obtainedvaluesof Ks of 41 GPa and56 GPa from two significantly reduce the bias observed. While this may
independent measurements, andtheyobtained a valueof K• contributeto error, it doesnot seemto be the primary causeof
between100 and 125 GPa. The K• value significantly the deviation.
exceeds74 GPa, the solid grainmodulusof calcite. Laurentet A second possible explanation for the deviation from
al.'s valueof 1/K• is obtainedas the differenceof two theory involves sampleanisotropy.Table 11 showsratios of

Table 10. Percent Difference Between Measured and Best Fit Moduli
sample AK AE Av AKu AEu
Ks, Error
Berea sandstone -9.2 23.7 13,0 -14.4 4.0 8.3 15.2 4.2 0.046
sampleT4
Berea sandstone -4.7 27.2 0.0 4.2 -17.4 -8.8 1.2 0.4 0.042
sampleT7
Berea sandstone 18.6 7.3 -8.3 - 11.3 -11.2 17.9 10.6 2.7 0.042
sampleT8
Berea sandstone -11.7 24.6 10.0 5.3 -10.4 -20.0 8.0 2.3 0.048
sampleT9
Berea sandstone 0.0 7.8 6.3 5.3 -13.4 -23.1 13.9 3.0 0.039
sampleT10
Indiana limestone 10.2 6.1 -10.8 -5.7 -8.5 14.7 1.0 0.4 0.030
sampleInL1
Indiana lhnestone 2.4 -8.4 -0.6 0.1 7.2 -2.4 0.2 0.1 0.014
sample
InL2
17,750 HART AND WANG: COMPLETE SET OF POROELASTICMODULI

Table 11. Anisotropy

Ratiosfor Hydrostatic
Testsat 10 MPaEffectiveStress
Sample AniSotropY
During
Drained'
Bulk Anisotropy
DuringUndrained
Bulk
Modulus
Test(e00/,ezz) , ModulusTest(e00/ezz)
BCrea sandstone 0.89 1.06
sampleT4
Bcrea sandstone 0.70 0.78
sampleT7
Berea sandstone 0.64 0.81
sampleT8
Berea sandstone 0.62 0.68
sampleT9
Berea sandstone 0.70 0.73
sample
T10

circumferential strain to axial strain for drained and undrained The one-dimensionalspecific storage (Ss) is rigorously
tests at an effective hydrostaticstressof 10 MPa. There is no definedby Green and Wang [1990] as
strict correlation between the anisotropy and the deviation
from theory. Sample T4 has anisotropy ratios significantly
(22)
different than the other samples but still shows the same Ss
=PgdPl
033=0,q•=e22=0
systematicdifferencesbetween measuredand best fit toodull.
A third possible cause of the deviation is liOlfiinearity of
The one-dimensional specific storage is related to the three-
the Berea sandstone, which makes it difficult to combine
drained and undrained measurements made at different
dimensionalspecific storageby [Wang, 1993]
confining pressuresand pore pressures. As mentionedearlier
Ss= S'(1- A'B) (23)
in the discussionof effective stress,the toodull are not being
compared with the samples in the same internal s•ain state. where
The high clay content of Berea sandstonewould contributeto
this nonlinearity. •,,_ 2a(1-2v)
3(1u ' (24)
Four Additional Moduli Calculated Using the
Best Fit Set If the bulk grain modulus (Ks) is assumedto be very large,
implying the grains are incompressible,the expressionfor
The best fit set of moduli were used to calculate values of the one-dimensionalspecific storagecan be written [Jacob,
four more poroelastic moduli: the vertical compressibility 1940]
(fly), the three-dimensionalspecific storage (S'), the one-
dimensionalspecific storage (Ss), and the loading efficiency
(y). Two of these moduli, the one-dimensionalspecific
Ss
=pg[/•v
+CP7•-/l
. (25)
storage and the loading efficiency, are of special interest to flv is the verticalcompressibility
discussed
above.
hydrogeologists. Table 12 shows calculated values for the vertical
The vertical compressibiliWis defined as compressibilities, the three-dimensional specific storage
coefficient (equation (20)), the one-dimensional specific
storage
coefficient
(equation
(22)), andfi•eapproximate
one-
•v--•O•ell=e22=0,•=
0 dimensional specific storage coefficient (equation (24)).
This can be calculatedfrom the best-fit set using K and v and Values used for the calculationswere • =0.19 for the Berea
the relationship sandstone and 0=0.13 for the Indiana limestone and
Kf=2.3x10
9Pa.
•- - • • •+•
(1- v) (•9) The fourth modulus calculated is called the loading
efficiency[Van der Kamp and Gale, 1983]:
The three-dimensionalspecific storageis defined as

(2O) E22= E33=0

It can be calculatedfrom undrainedPoisson's

ration (Vu) and
It can be calculatedfrom the best fit set using pore pressurebuildup coefficient (B) using the relationship

s'=pg , 7 = B(1
+v•)
3(1-u•) ' (27)
where a is the Biot-Willis parameter (equation (9)), and the The value of the loading efficiency was also experimentally
best fit values for K and B. measured for Indiana limestone sample InL1 and Berea

Table 12. Calculated Values for /5•, $• and S'

Samp• Vertical
Coml•ressibility,
Pa"
3-D Specific
Storage
1-D Specific
Storage
I-D Specific
Storage
(Equation(20)), (Equatior!_
(22)), (Equatio_n(24))
m-1 m-1 (m-1)
Average Berea 7.1x10-1! 1.5x10-o 1.1xlO-0 1.SxlO-0
sandstone
Indiana limestone 2.8x10-11 6.9x10-7 5.9x10-7 8.3x10-7
sample
InL1,
 HART AND WANG: COMPLETESETOF POROELASTICMODULI 17,7.51

Table 13. Experimentaland CalculatedValues for the Brown, R. J. S. and J. Korringa, On the dependenceof the elastic
Loadinl•Efficiency propertiesof a porousrock on the compressibilityof the porefluid,
Sample Experimental Equation(27) Geophysics,40, 608-616, 1975.
Bmhn,R. W., A studyof the effectsof pore pressureon the strength
Berea
sandstone 0•6 ' 0'•7 and deformability of Berea sandstonein triaxial compression,3rd
sampleT9 interim report, U.S. Army Corps of Engrs, Mo. River Div. Lab.
Indiana limestone 0.33 0.33
64/493, Omaha, 1972.
sample
InLl Carrigan, C., G. P. King, G. E. Barr,, and N. E. Bixler, Potentialfor
water table excursions induced by seismic events at Yucca
Mountain,Nevada,Geology,19, 1157-1160,1991.
Detoumay,E., and A. H.-D. Cheng,Fundamentals of poroelasticity,in
sandstonesample T9. These values are comparedin Table 13 Comprehensive Rock Engineering, vol. 2, edited by J. Hudson,
to calculatedvaluesusingthe bestfit valuesfor B arid uu. Chapter5, Pergamon, Tarrytown,N.Y. 1993.
Dropek,R. K., J. N. Johnson,and J. B. Walsh, The influenceof pore
pressureon the mechanicalpropertiesof Kayentasandstone,
J.
Conclusion Geophys.Res.,83, 2817-2824, 1978.
Green, D. H., and H. F. Wang, Fluid pressureresponseto undrained
In this investigation, eight poroelastic moduli were compression in saturatedsedimentaryrock,Geophysics,
51,948-956,
measured for two rock types, Berea sandstoneand Indiana 1986.
limestone. These moduli were measured at an effective stress Green, D. H. and H. F. Wang, Specific storage as a poroelastic
coefficient, Water Resour.Res.,26, 1631-1637, 1990.
of 10 MPa in the case of the Berea sandstone and 20-35 MPa in
Haimson, B.C., and C. Fairhurst, Hydraulic fracturing in porous-
the case of Indiana limestone. Since only four independent permeablematerials,J. Pet. Technol.,21, 811-817,1969.
moduli are needed to completely characterize a fluid-filled Huang,X., The effectof porepressureon hydraulicfracturing,M. S.
porous medium, these setsof eight moduli are overdetermined. thesis, Univ. of Wis.-Madison, 1989.
Jacob,C. E., On the flow of water in an elastic artesianaquifer, EOS
Nonlinear inversionsof the experimentalsets of eight moduli
Trans. AGU, 22,574-586, 1940.
were performedto find bestfit setsof moduli. Comparisonsof Laurent,J., M. J. Bout6ca.,J.-P. Sarda, and D. Bary, Pore-pressure
the best fit sets to the measured sets show that some
influencein the poroelastic
behaviorof rocks: Experimental studies
systematicbias exists in the case of Berea sandstone. If only and results,SPE Form. Eval., 00,117-122, 1993.
four or fewer moduli were measured, then this bias would not be Logan,W. N., S.S. Visher,E. R. Cumings,W. M. Tucker,C. A. Malott,
andJ. R. Reeves,Handbookof IndianaGeology,pp.772-773,
apparent. The bias in the Berea sandstonemeasurementsis W. B. Buford,Contractorfor StatePrintingandBuilding,Indianapolis,
likely caused by nonlinear behavior due to the high clay Indiana, 1922.
tontent. Indiana limestone, which behaved in a linear Menke,W., Geophysical Data Analysis:DiscreteInverseTheory, 289
fashion, showed no bias when comparingthe best fit set of pp., Academic,SanDiego,Calif., 1989.
moduli to the measuredset of moduli. Overdeterminingand Michalopoulos, A. P., and G. E. Triandafilidis,Influenceof wateron
hardness,strengthandcompressibility,Bull. Assoc.Eng.Geol.,13, 1-
invertingthe set of poroelasticmoduli providesa checkon the 12, 1976.
applicabilityof poroelastictheory to a medium and yields a Nur, A., and J. D. Byedee, An exact effective stresslaw for elastic
more reliable set of values. deformationof rocks with fluids, J. Geophys.Res., 76, 64 14-6419,
1971.
Rice, J. R., and M. R. Cleary, Some basicstress-diffusion
solutionsfor
Acknowledgments. The authorswish to thank Doug Green for his fluid-saturated elasticporousmediawith compressible constituents,
insightin the role of effectivestressin thesemeasurements.This work Rev.Geophys.,14, 227-241, 1976.
was supported by the Office of BasicEnergySciences,Deparmentof Roelofts, E., Fault stabilitychangesinducedbeneatha reservoirwith
EnergyundergrantDE-FG02-91ERI 4194. cyclic variationsin water level, J. Geophys.Res., 93, 2107-2124,
1988.
Segall,P., Earthquakes
triggeredby fluid-extraction,Geology,17, 942-
946, 1989.
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