L3 Here are multiple-choice exam questions based on the provided information:

1. What was the historical name for the region that is now known as Al-Ahsa?

a) Al-Boanian countries

b) Al-Zamel Al-Jabry countries

c) Al-Bahrain countries

d) Al-Moghamis territories

Answer: c) Al-Bahrain countries

2. Which tribe ruled Al-Ahsa after the Al-Ayoniyon and before the Al-Zamel Al-Jabry?

a) Al-Boanian

b) Al-Moghamis

c) Al-Zubara

d) Al-Mosalam

Answer: b) Al-Moghamis

3. When did the Ottoman Turks expel the Portuguese from Al-Ahsa?

a) 16th century

b) 17th century

c) 18th century

d) 19th century

Answer: a) 16th century

4. Why couldn't the Ottoman Turks establish a strong naval base in Basra initially?

a) Unsuitable geographical conditions

b) Lack of funds

c) Hostility from the local tribes

 d) Safavid interference

Answer: a) Unsuitable geographical conditions

5. Which tribe resisted the Ottoman rule in Al-Ahsa for nearly 80 years?

a) Al-Ayoniyon

b) Al-Zamel Al-Jabry

c) Al-Moghamis

d) Bani Khalid

Answer: d) Bani Khalid

6. What event led to the downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818?

a) An invasion by the Safavids

b) Attacks by the Ottomans

c) A revolt by the Qatari tribes

d) A campaign led by Mohammed Ali Pasha

Answer: d) A campaign led by Mohammed Ali Pasha

7. Who established the first Saudi state and annexed Al-Ahsa in 1793?

a) Faisal bin Turki

b) Mohammed bin Soud

c) Mohammed bin Abd Al-wahab

d) Rahma Bin Jabir Al-Jalahma

Answer: b) Mohammed bin Soud

8. What led to the strained relationship between Al-Khalifa and the Qatari tribes in the
1830s?

a) The expansion of Bahrain's authority in Qatar

b) The rise of Rahma Bin Jabir Al-Jalahma

 c) The British bombardment of Doha

d) The withdrawal of Al-Buainain tribe to Abu Dhabi

Answer: a) The expansion of Bahrain's authority in Qatar

9. What was the outcome of the British bombardment of Al-Bada in 1821?

a) Qatar became a British protectorate

b) The destruction of Al-Bada

c) The defeat of Rahma Bin Jabir Al-Jalahma

d) Qatar gained independence from Bahrain

Answer: b) The destruction of Al-Bada

10. Why did the British shell Doha in 1841?

a) To support Al-Khalifa's rule in Qatar

b) To stop attacks on ships in the Gulf

c) To punish the Qatari tribes for a revolt

d) To establish Qatar as a British protectorate

Answer: b) To stop attacks on ships in the Gulf

Here are long-answer exam questions based on the provided information along with their
answers:

Question 1: Describe the historical name and capital of the Al-Ahsa region. What tribes ruled
over Al-Ahsa before the Portuguese and Ottoman occupations?

Answer: The Al-Ahsa region was historically known as the "Al-Bahrain countries," meaning the
"countries of two seas." The region's capital was originally "Hajr" until it was destroyed by the
Qarmatians, who then established a new capital, Al-Ahsa. Al-Ahsa was ruled by different tribes
over time. First, it was ruled by the Al-Ayoniyon tribe (currently called Al-Boanian). Second, it
was under the rule of Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and third, it was ruled by Al-Moghamis. The
Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 and continued to control it until the arrival of the Ottoman
Turks, who expelled the Portuguese in the mid-sixteenth century.

Question 2: Explain the Ottoman presence in the Al-Ahsa region. What challenges did the
Ottomans face when establishing control in the Arabian Gulf?
Answer: The Ottoman presence in the Al-Ahsa region began in the 16th century. Initially, the
Ottomans struggled to establish effective control over the Arabian Gulf for several reasons.
Firstly, Basra, the city nearest to the Gulf, was not suitable for building a strong naval base at the
time. Secondly, they faced resistance from Bedouin tribes in the area who were not welcoming
of Ottoman rule. Thirdly, the Ottomans had to contend with the Safavids in Iran, who also sought
influence in the region. Due to these challenges, effective Ottoman control in the Arabian Gulf
did not occur until the last third of the 19th century.

Question 3: Discuss the political system in Qatar during the reign of Bani Khalid. How did they
govern the region, and what level of authority did they maintain?

Answer: During the reign of Bani Khalid in Qatar, they did not have direct control over the
Qatari tribes but relied on their in-laws from the Al-Mosalam family, primarily based in Hawaila,
to oversee Qatar's affairs. Al-Ahsa's prince assigned Al-Mosalam to collect yearly taxes from
Qatar's tribes on behalf of Al-Ahsa. This allowed them to have some influence over Qatar's
residents. However, their control was partial, as local sheikhs still enjoyed a degree of self-
independence within Qatar.

Question 4: Describe the tribal migrations to Qatar, specifically the Al-Atube tribe's migration.
What factors led to these migrations, and how did they impact Qatar's history?

Answer: The Al-Atube tribe, along with other tribes, migrated to Qatar from the middle of the
Arabian Peninsula and Naged between the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These migrations
were primarily driven by severe drought and tribal disputes in their original regions. They sought
prosperity along the western coast of the Gulf.

The first migration of the Al-Atube tribe led them to settle in Qatar's coast at Al-Zubara under
the hospitality of various Qatari sheikhs, including Al-Mosalam Al-Sabah, Sheikh Suliman bin
Ahmed, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Mohammed of Al-Khalifa, and Sheikh Jaber bin Ataba of Al-
Jalahima.

However, conflicts and disputes eventually led the Al-Atube tribe to move to the Kuwaiti coast
for approximately fifty years. The Al Khalifa tribe, part of the Utub confederation, played a
significant role in these migrations.

Question 5: Explain the historical background of the Al Khalifa tribe's relationship with Qatar.
Why did the Al Khalifa tribe return to Zubarah, and what were their ambitions regarding
Bahrain?

Answer: The Al Khalifa tribe, a branch of the Utub confederation, initially helped establish the
rule of the Al Sabah tribe in Kuwait but left Kuwait due to disputes with the Al Sabah tribe. They
sailed to Bahrain, ruled by the Al Mathkour tribe, and sought refuge. However, they faced
resistance when trying to enter Bahrain and eventually returned to Zubarah in 1766.

Their return to Zubarah was driven by two main reasons. Firstly, their ambitions extended
beyond Zubarah, and they aimed to expand their influence further, which would have brought
them into conflict with the tribes of Qatar. Secondly, their relationship with Bahrain's rulers, the
Al Mathkour tribe, had soured, and they sought to establish their authority over Bahrain.

Question 6: Describe the downfall of Bani Khalid's rule in Al-Ahsa and the establishment of the
first Saudi state. What role did Mohammed bin Soud play in this historical transition?

Answer: Bani Khalid's rule in Al-Ahsa began to weaken in the middle of the 18th century. Their
authority crumbled when they could not withstand the military might of the first Saudi state, led
by Mohammed bin Soud. In 1793, Mohammed bin Soud annexed Al-Ahsa and effectively
dismantled Bani Khalid's rule. The Saudis used Al-Ahsa as a base to launch their military
campaigns across the Arabian Peninsula, including Oman, Al-Baremy, Qatar, Bahrain, and other
Gulf countries. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges in other regions, which
hindered its effective control of the Arabian Gulf.

Question 7: Explain the downfall of the first Saudi state by the Ottoman governor in Egypt in
1818. How did this event impact the relationship between Al Khalifa and the Qatari tribes?

Answer: The first Saudi state's downfall occurred in 1818 when the Ottoman Sultan sought the
assistance of his ruler in Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha, to weaken the authority of the Saudi
state. Mohammed Ali Pasha's forces, led by his son Ibrahim Pasha, advanced to end the Saudi
authority over Al-Ahsa and the Gulf region. Simultaneously, the Saudis faced challenges on their
western borders from the Sultan of Muscat, leading to the expulsion of Saudi garrisons from
Qatar and Bahrain. This event allowed Al Khalifa to regain control over Bahrain and continued
to collect taxes formerly sent to the Saudis.

The downfall of the first Saudi state also affected the relationship between Al Khalifa and the
Qatari tribes. With the Saudi influence receding from the Gulf, the Qatari tribes began to assert
their own power and independence. This led to conflicts and strained relations between Bahrain
(represented by Al Khalifa) and the Qatari tribes.

Question 8: Describe Britain's presence in the Gulf and its relationship with Qatar in the 19th
century. What led to the bombardment of Al-Bada in 1821, and how did Britain's actions impact
Qatar?

Answer: Britain's presence in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-
British Company. Their relations with the Gulf region intensified after Britain's conquest of the
Gulf. Britain justified its presence with the aim of abolishing piracy, regulating the arms and
slave trade, and ensuring navigation and public peace in the sea. To achieve these goals, Britain
imposed various agreements and treaties on the sheikhs of the Gulf, effectively influencing
regional politics.

Regarding Qatar, Britain did not have direct contact with the region until 1821. This contact
occurred due

1. What was the historical capital of the Al-Ahsa region before it was destroyed by the
Qarmatians, and what was its subsequent capital?
 Answer: The historical capital of Al-Ahsa was "Hajr" before it was destroyed by the
Qarmatians, and the subsequent capital was "Al-Ahsa."

2. Why did the Ottomans face difficulties in establishing a strong naval base in Basra
to control the Arabian Gulf, and what were the major obstacles they encountered in
the region during their attempts to control it?

Answer: The Ottomans faced difficulties in establishing a strong naval base in Basra due
to several reasons, including the unsuitability of Basra for building a strong naval base,
resistance from Bedouin tribes, and competition with the Safavids in Iran, who also
sought control of the region.

3. Who ruled Al-Ahsa after the Ottomans conquered it in the 16th century, and what
tribe resisted Ottoman rule for nearly 80 years?

Answer: After the Ottomans conquered Al-Ahsa, it was initially ruled by the tribe of
Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri. The Ottomans faced resistance from the Hamid tribe of Bani
Khalid, led by Brak ibn Arair, for nearly 80 years.

4. Why did the Al Khalifa tribe, led by Sheikh Ahmed bin Khalifa, decide to conquer
Bahrain, and what factors contributed to their expansion into Bahrain?

Answer: The Al Khalifa tribe decided to conquer Bahrain due to their ambitions, their
poor relations with Bahrain's rulers (Al Mathkour), and Al Khalifa's desire to extend their
influence beyond Al-Zubara.

5. What led to the downfall of the first Saudi state's authority in Al-Ahsa and the Gulf
region in the late 18th century, and how did this impact the relationship between Al
Khalifa and the Qatari tribes?

Answer: The downfall of the first Saudi state's authority in Al-Ahsa and the Gulf region
was primarily caused by the expansion of Mohammed bin Soud's Saudi state, which
posed a threat to the Ottomans. This event led to Qatar tribes resisting both Saudi and Al
Khalifa authority.

6. What were the significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa
in Bahrain during the early 19th century, and what events strained this
relationship?

Answer: The significant features of the relationship included Sheikh Abdullah bin
Ahmad Al Khalifa and his sons monitoring the movements in Qatar, Al Khalifa's attempt
to extend their power over Al Huwaila in Qatar, and disagreements with Issa bin Turayf.
This relationship was strained by the resistance of Qatari tribes to Al Khalifa's authority.
7. What measures did the British take to end attacks on ships in the Gulf by
immigrants from the Omani coast in the 1830s, and why did they accuse the people
of Qatar of sympathizing with these immigrants?

Answer: The British took measures such as sending a marine force to Qatar, including
Qatar in maritime truce agreements, and forcing Qatar's sheikhs to make pledges. They
accused the people of Qatar of sympathizing with immigrants from the Omani coast
because Qatar did not comply with the treaties and did not raise the treaty's flag on ships.