WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Fire-Retardant Composite Coating made of Powdered Eggshells

Casabuena, Christian Van M.

Deslate, Ylycha Andrea T.

Franco, John Sember B.

Jurilla, John Carl M.

Tillo, Marie Steffany F.

Department of Engineering, Western Institute of Technology

CE 433: CE Project 1

Engr. Joyce P. Jardeleza – Estilo

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Chapter 1

Introduction to the Study

Background of the Study

In the course of construction, building, and design of infrastructures are planned

thoroughly by Architects and Engineers as to ensure and verify the project’s safety and

completion. As such, loads, stresses, and possible problems that may arise on later dates are

analyzed; roof loads are computed, beams and columns are designed, and firewalls are

introduced. Inevitable disasters are taken into account to minimize impending dangers and

reduce damages.

Contrary to floods and earthquakes, buildings and houses being caught on fire is much

more “human-caused” and thus, poses greater threats in terms of immediate damages and

recoveries as they spread and destruct on a faster pace. From a single stick of lit cigarette or

loose electrical connection, a widespread fire can occur within and from the household to

compounds in a matter of seconds. No matter how sturdy and safe the structure might be, it

wouldn’t be able to fend and withstand flames, as woods are easily conductive to fire, steels bend

and distort on a certain degree of heat, and high temperatures causes concrete spalling.

Based on the data which was released by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), it was

recorded that ranging from January 01, 2023 to April 17, 2023, there had been a total of 3,991

fire occurrence, in which, led to 834 percent year-on-year property damage, 124 death toll, and

402 fire-related injuries. In an average of 30 seconds or half a minute, a small flame can

exponentially turn into a large-scale fire and spread within the building or vicinity.

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Hence, this is where the researchers aim to introduce a means to lengthen the timeframe

for even just a tiny fraction as to save as much lives, resources, properties, and possession as

possible. In a circumstance where every minute matters, a mere second counts. This is the

initiative of the researchers to give people ample time for such case of unanticipated disaster

where people could never really be prepared of.

In response to this event, the researchers came up with the study which aims to give an

immediate, practical, and accessible solution through the method of using powdered eggshells as

organic paints. As eggshells are easily available and affordable materials containing calcium

carbonate which are known to be non-combustible and heat resistant, the researchers decided to

test its effectiveness as a fire-retardant matter. The product developed is in the form of an

organic paint mixture which will be used as fire-resistant surfaces on furniture, buildings,

houses; and infrastructures.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Fire-Retardant Composite Coating

made of Powdered Eggshells on Surfaces.

Specific questions that the researchers sought to answer are the following:

1. How effective is the paint with eggshells as its primary component against fire when

applied on surfaces?

2. Does adding another layer of paint on surfaces affect the effectiveness of the product?

A. 1 layer of organic paint with eggshell powder on the surface

B. 2 layers of organic paint with eggshell powder on the surface

C. 3 layers of organic paint with eggshell powder on the surface

D. 4 layers of organic paint with eggshell powder on the surface

E. 5 layers of organic paint with eggshell powder on the surface

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Theoretical Framework

The research study titled “Fire-Retardant Composite Coating Made of Powdered

Eggshells" aims to investigate the potential of utilizing powdered eggshells as a key ingredient in

the development of fire-retardant organic paint. The goal is to explore a sustainable and eco-

friendly solution to enhance fire safety in various applications, such as furniture, buildings,

structures, and materials. The theoretical framework of this study will encompass three main

components: the chemical composition of eggshells, the fire-retardant properties of the proposed

organic paint, and its application on different surfaces.

The chemical study of eggshells is the first portion of the framework. In which it contains

fire-retardant minerals such as calcium carbonate, phosphorous, nitrous, potassium, and zinc,

will focus on calcium carbonate as the primary constituent. Calcium carbonate is the most

common raw material, which is known to be environmentally friendly and highly efficient as a

gas-phase flame retardant with no reported environmental hazards, and no adverse effect on the

biggest causes of death and injury in fire – namely, smoke and toxicity (The Royal Society of

Chemistry, 2021).

The framework then examines the organic paint derived from powdered eggshells' fire-

retardant qualities. In this section of the investigation, experiments and fire tests are carried out

to determine how well the paint can survive high temperatures and prevent the spread of flames.

To gauge the paint's fire-resistance potential, data on its performance under controlled fire

circumstances will be acquired and assessed.

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Finally, the third part of the theoretical framework will investigate the application of the

organic paint on different surfaces, such as wood, concrete, and metal. Each material poses

unique challenges regarding paint adhesion and fire resistance. This section will discuss surface

preparation techniques, compatibility, and the overall performance of the paint when applied to

these materials. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the potential advantages and

limitations of using powdered eggshell-based organic paint as a fire-resistant surface coating,

paving the way for safer and more environmentally friendly fire protection solutions.

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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. Effectiveness of composite paint with

eggshells as primary component

against fire when applied on surfaces.

2. Number of paint coatings to be applied on

surfaces

a. 1 layer of organic paint with eggshell

Effectiveness of Fire-Retardant
powder on surface Composite Paint on Surfaces

b. 2 layers of organic paint with eggshell

powder on surface

c. 3 layers of organic paint with eggshell

powder on surface

d. 4 layers of organic paint with eggshell

powder on surface

e. 5 layers of organic paint with eggshell

powder on surface

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

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The research paradigm of the study shows the relationship between the independent

variable and dependent variable. The independent variable is the effectiveness of composite paint

with eggshells as primary component against fire when applied on surfaces, and the five (5)

coatings: A.) First layer of organic paint with powder eggshell B.) Second layers of organic paint

with powder eggshell C.) Third layers of organic paint with powder eggshell D.) Fourth layers of

organic paint with powder eggshells E.) Fifth layers of organic paint with powder eggshell. The

dependent variable refers to how organic paint with powder eggshell layers withstand fire and

prevent or delay spread of flame

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Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study entitled “Fire-Retardant Composite Coating Made of Powered Eggshells"

focuses only on the effectiveness of organic paint mixed with powdered eggshells in preventing

the spread of the fire or putting a stop to it. This study will be conducted at the Western Institute

of Technology RTS Campus during the School Year 2023-2024.

The researchers will be collecting the eggshells. This research will determine the amount

of calcium carbonate needed from the eggshell that we collected for it to be effective as a fire-

retardant. The eggshell will be pulverized until it becomes powder. The powdered eggshell will

be mixed with organic paint, once it is mixed well, we will be using it as a coating for walls of

houses and buildings.

Even though the researcher's objective were met, there are certain necessary restrictions.

There are two major limitations in this study that could be addressed in the future. First is the

method/instruments/technique used to collect. Second is the lack of previous research studies on

the topic. In addition, the researchers are not experts in the subject matter. In light of this, the

researchers must rely on the other educational resources used as a foundation or guidance for the

study.

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Significance of the Study

Engineers. Engineers play a crucial role in implementing innovative solutions for fire

safety within construction projects. Utilizing fire-retardant paint enables engineers to elevate the

fire resistance of diverse structures, thereby fostering elevated safety protocols in building design

and construction practices.

Carpenters. Carpenters assume a significant role in the practical execution of fire-

retardant paint applications within structures. Their meticulous installation and validation of

functionality contribute substantially to the overarching fire safety standards within construction

endeavors.

Construction Industries. Professionals within the industry have the opportunity to

employ this paint for the safeguarding of various edifices and infrastructure, thereby mitigating

the propagation of fires.

Paint Company. The paint manufacturing company stands to benefit from this research

as it gains insights into improving its existing product line and the potential to develop additional

paint variants. Enterprises that incorporate the findings of this study into their product offerings

can gain a competitive advantage over their industry rivals.

House Owner. One of the primary beneficiaries of this product is the homeowner, as the

approval and market introduction of this study could yield significant cost savings and a

reduction in potential risks within their residential environments.

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Market. The introduction of this new product to the market has the potential to expand

the consumer base and increase revenue. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to bring this

product to the global market, enabling international access for consumers from abroad.

Community. The community stands to reap significant advantages from this study, as

fires are highly destructive. Implementation of this research could lead to a reduction in fire-

related risks. The affordability and dual purpose of this product, offering both aesthetic appeal

and safety features, are likely to garner a favorable response from individuals seeking to

purchase it.

Future Researchers. The results of this product act as a valuable reference, providing a

foundation for further research endeavors aimed at enhancing resourcefulness and creativity.

This study has the potential to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge in the field of fire-retardant

paint.

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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarification, the important terms used in this study have been defined.

The terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for a better understanding of the

readers.

Fire-Retardant - It is a substance or material that prevents fire from spreading (Collins,

1979).

In this study, the paint can slow up or halt the spread of fire.

Organic Paint - It is a paint produced from organic compounds that do not contain

common chemical components (Riggins, 2009)

In this study, organic paint serves as a base where the powdered eggshell will be

mixed to produce fire-retardant paint. It is made using casein powder, borax powder, and water.

Powdered - It refers to the dry substance that consists of extremely small pieces, usually

made by breaking something up and crushing it ( Cambridge University Press, 2023).

In this study, it is the process of pulverizing or grinding the eggshells into tiny

particles resulting in a powdered form and mixed with the organic paint to produce fire-retardant

paint.

Eggshells - It is the hard porous protective outer layer of a bird's egg, consisting of

calcite and protein (Collins, 1979).

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In this study, eggshells are the main ingredient in making the fire-retardant paint.

It will be mixed with organic paint, and it contains fire-retardant mineral such as calcium

carbonate, phosphorous, nitrous, potassium and zinc.

Surfaces - It is the outer face, outside, or exterior boundary of a thing; outermost or

uppermost layer or area (Farlex, 2005).

In this study, surface is referring to the outside layer of walls or furniture. It is

where the fire-retardant paint will be applies.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

History of Paint Coatings

Paint has been a part of human dwellings for thousands of years, with its origins dating

back to cave dwellings around 30,000 years ago. Ancient paint was made from plant sap, blood,

berries, or other colored soils. Over 10,000 years ago, Egyptians created blue pigment by mixing

lime, silica, soda ash, alumina, and copper oxide. Other ancient civilizations developed more

sophisticated materials to produce paint, such as chalk, arsenic sulfide yellow, and malachite

green, combined with gum Arabic, lime, beeswax, and egg albumen. Around 500 BC, lead sheets

were reacted with vinegar to make white lead paint in Egypt. The Industrial Revolution

significantly changed the impact of paint on the national economy in America, with the first

recorded paint mill in Boston in 1700 and the first prepared paints patented in 1867. The

Industrial Revolution created new markets for paints and coatings, including Model T Ford and

televisions. Today, paints and coatings are available in an unlimited number of colors and

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finishes for various products, with a shipment value of approximately $30 billion (Bauman,

2021).

Fire-resistive Paint Coatings in the Philippines

One of the nation’s most susceptible to devastating man-made fire disasters in

metropolitan areas is the Philippines. Focusing on fires in metropolitan areas, the nation suffers

significant losses each year as a result of fire catastrophes, with a total of 326 fire fatalities

recorded in 2018, 14,364 fire incidents, and 16,408 verified instances from January to October

2019. (Kurata et al., 2023). In the Philippines, it's becoming more typical to apply paint coats

that are fire-resistant. In several types of buildings, such as high-rise structures and hospitals,

fire-retardant paint coatings are now required by law. These coatings are especially crucial in

residential buildings, but they are also essential in schools, office buildings, and other

commercial structures. Fire-retardant paint prevents the spread of fires, safeguards a building's

structural integrity, and ultimately saves lives when there are people inside who need precious

time to escape (Projector, 2022).

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Importance of Fire-retardant Paint Coatings

When a fire starts, every minute that the flames' progress slows down can greatly lessen

the site's overall damage. The goal of fire-retardant paint is to prevent or reduce the rate at which

fire or flames travel over a surface. The most popular fire-retardant paints emit a gas that

dampens flames when they become too hot. The Fire Service will have a smaller fire to deal with

if the spread of the fire is slowed down, giving site residents more time to safely go to the

designated fire assembly location. (Mulberry & Pier, 2021)

Type of Fire-Retardant Coatings

Intumescent Paints

One of the simplest and most effective ways to shield load-bearing components of

structures from fire is by using intumescent coating, often known as intumescent paint. By

insulating the structural components (columns, beams, floors, and roofs) that support the

building, intumescent coating helps reach the fire resistance requirements stated in terms of time

by delaying the collapse of the structure. As a result, it satisfies the greatest priority of passive

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fire protection, which is to keep the structure from collapsing, give people enough time to safely

leave, and make the area safer for the emergency services and rescue team (Promat, 2018).

Cementitious Coating

A substance is referred to as "cementitious" if it is recognized for having cement-like

qualities. One of the main components used to make concrete is cementitious material. Of

course, one of the most popular building materials is concrete. It is durable, affordable, and

doesn't corrode with time. Most notably, concrete is naturally fire-resistant due to its

cementitious qualities. An application of cementitious coating can shield steel components used

in a building's construction. This coating is made of cement or gypsum, which, when wet, creates

an extremely durable and fire-resistant surface. To preserve the subsurface material, cementitious

sprays are placed in several layers. When complete, it creates a barrier that slows the rate of heat

transmission in a fire (Gilbert, 2020).

Organic Coatings

Origin of Organic Paints

The paints and coatings industry invests considerable time and resources in the

development and management of raw materials and products. Traditionally, these products have

been formulated through a process of trial and error, relying on experimentation and accumulated

experience. However, there is a more efficient and systematic approach to coating formulation,

which involves the integration of computer-aided tools, carefully planned experiments, and the

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expertise of formulators. A method for designing organic coatings has been developed to

empower formulators in screening, modifying, or creating paint formulations tailored to specific

functional requirements. This method, known as computer-aided product design (CAPD), seeks

to advance the current landscape of computer-aided coating formulation by harnessing databases

and predictive models to estimate a wide range of physicochemical properties (Enekvist et al.,

2022).

A total of 170 organic pigments commonly utilized in the context of artists' paints

were systematically gathered from both historical art collections and contemporary pigment

manufacturers. This compilation encompasses multiple instances of the same pigment obtained

from various sources, encompassing a diverse array of 118 distinct Color Indices (C.I.).

Comprehensive analytical examinations were conducted on all these pigments using Fourier-

Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Additionally, a subset of 125 pigments, constituting 93

unique C.I. numbers, which hold particular significance for artist's paints, were subjected to

rigorous characterization through Raman spectroscopy. These findings were reported in the study

authored by Scherrer et al. in 2019.

Types of Organic Paint Coatings

Epoxy Coating

Organic coatings are the predominant method employed for safeguarding

metals, serving as a physical shield separating the metal substrate from corrosive electrolytes.

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Nevertheless, the effectiveness of such coatings in countering electrolyte diffusion is influenced

by factors such as the number of pores, the ionic resistance of the coating against electrolyte

penetration, and the cross-linking density of the coating. Epoxy coatings are widely employed in

the protection of metal due to their commendable attributes, including strong adhesion, resistance

to acids, alkalis, and solvents, high mechanical properties, and a substantial cross-linking

density. Epoxy coatings achieve metal protection by releasing inhibitory substances from

pigments, thereby forming a robust passive or barrier layer that obstructs contact between the

corrosive medium and the metal substrate (Y. Hao et al., 2013).

Polyester Coating

Polyester coatings (referred to as Es) are commonly employed in the

protection of steel surfaces against corrosion due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of

application. Nevertheless, a significant issue persists in the form of inadequate adhesion of Es to

steel surfaces, leading to problems like delamination and coating deterioration, particularly in

challenging environmental conditions. To address this concern, researchers have turned their

attention to the utilization of conversion coatings as a means to enhance the corrosion-resistant

properties of polyester coatings. Conversion coatings have the potential to augment the strength

of interlayer adhesion between Es and the metal substrate by reducing the rate of metal

corrosion, enhancing surface roughness, and fostering robust chemical interactions between the

polyester coating and the underlying substrate. It is important to note that conversion coatings

are not without their structural imperfections, such as micro-cracks, and in light of this,

recommendations for mitigating this issue have been put forth (Ali Davarpanah et al., 2023).

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Alkyd Coating

Alkyd-based coatings are extensively employed as corrosion protection systems due to

their attributes as one-component curing paints, cost-effectiveness, and versatility in formulation

for both solvent-based and waterborne coatings. The effectiveness of alkyd coatings in corrosion

prevention has traditionally been augmented through the incorporation of inhibitors like

chromates, phosphates, and ion exchange pigments. Presently, zinc phosphate derivatives have

gained significant attention as they represent the most commonly studied alternatives,

particularly since conventional zinc phosphate emerged as the initial non-toxic substitute for

chromate-based corrosion inhibitors in paint formulations (MJ Gemino, 2016).

Polyurethane Coating

A theoretical framework for analyzing the phenomenon of rain-induced erosion of

coatings, specifically in the context of segregated polyurethanes, has been established. This

model posits a correlation between the structural and morphological attributes of segregated

polyurethanes, their damping characteristics, and their resistance to erosion over time. In wind

blade protective coating systems, polyurethane topcoats, tapes, and layers serve as fundamental

components. The distinctive properties of polyurethanes are attributable to their microphase-

separated composition. Segmented polyurethanes exhibit a composite-like structure

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characterized by the presence of both rigid and flexible blocks (Mishnaevsky and Sütterlin,

2019).

Application of Organic Paints

In a previous study conducted by Villar in 2022, it was stressed that artists generally

apply ultramodern maquillages to available substrates, frequently including concrete, slipup,

essence, or gravestone. Public commissions for similar art have become more common, although

independent artworks persist. out-of-door showpieces, exposed to colorful environmental agents

like solar radiation, water, atmospheric adulterants, and natural colonization, face significant

challenges in maintaining their continuity, indeed in the short term, due to constant exposure in

evolving civic settings. Admitting the innately deciduous nature of these artworks, there's a

growing motivation to save civic art or at least brake its deterioration. This commitment is

instanced by the European Union's interest in supporting civic art preservation through

enterprise like Erasmus CAPuS- Conservation of Art in Public Spaces. This design has

established the methodological foundations for conserving and restoring accoutrements used in

civic art grounded on laboratory and field exploration findings. likewise, it has introduced

innovative approaches for recording and establishing the conservation status of out-of-door

artworks, making them accessible to the public, thereby icing the recognition, appreciation, and

protection of this form of cultural expression. Artists frequently employ a variety of marketable

maquillages, similar as aerosols, labels, and encounter-applied maquillages, with numerous of

these maquillages being organic in nature. These organic maquillages correspond of organic

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bases made up of different polymers or resins, including alkyd, tempera, vinyl, polyurethane,

phenolic, polyester, epoxy resin, among others, as well as organic colors, specially the azo- type

chromophores, quinacridone- type chromophores, and phthalocyanine- type chromophores. fresh

organic substances, similar as extenders, detergents, and complements, contribute different

functionalities and parcels to the makeup. Civic artworks created using generally employed

ultramodern organic maquillages are prone to rapid-fire deterioration due to the perceptivity of

organic polymers to photodegradation convinced by exposure to solar radiation.

Photodegradation mechanisms include photooxidation, photoreduction, and photolysis, which

spark the emigration of unpredictable organic composites leading to chain breakage,cross-

linking, and the conformation of low molecular weight free revolutionaries. multitudinous

studies have explored the vulnerability of polymers to artificial daylight or ultraviolet( UV)

radiation. Feting the vulnerability of polymers to solar radiation, makeup manufacturers have

embarked on exploration and development trials to produce maquillages that are more resistant

to photodegradation while being environmentally friendly and minimally poisonous to humans.

An volition to ultramodern organic- grounded maquillages is silicate- grounded maquillages,

which correspond of colors and paddings suspended in a liquid potassium glass. These silicate

maquillages, though suitable for ornamental purposes, parade limited resistance to snap- thaw

cycles, performing in lowered adhesion to substrates. The posterior development of sol- silicate

maquillages involved the objectification of polysilicate results into silicate maquillages,

serving as film formers to enhance performance characteristics. Polysilicate results, composed

of colloidal silica in an waterless alkali essence silicate result, form an organic- inorganic

mongrel involving alkoxysilanes( Si( OR) 4) linked to organic groups. Hydrolysis and posterior

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condensation induce oligomers that form covalent bonds with substrate OH groups following

the loss of water during drying. colorful experimenters have formulated sol- silicate maquillages

from silicates using different polysilicate results, performing in coatings that parade exceptional

resistance, high wetting capabilities, and strong adhesion to cement- beach substrates indeed

after passing snap- thaw cycles. The activation energy for the declination process decreases

when the coating becomes wet.

Materials and Properties Used

In the process of formulating paints, the intended application of the product is

determined, marking the commencement of a comprehensive development phase to create a new

formulation or refine an existing one. An alternative approach to the conventional method

involves the utilization of an integrated experiment-modeling methodology. This method

employs available estimation techniques and models to predict the properties of ingredients. The

outcomes of these predictions are then employed to systematically screen and reduce the pool of

potential candidates. This culminates in a more manageable number of formulation options that

can subsequently undergo experimental validation. This approach offers the advantages of

enhanced innovation and efficiency by harnessing model-based tools, while concurrently

upholding the credibility of the formulations through experimental verification and necessary

adjustments, all achieved with minimal resource expenditure.

Coating formulations typically encompass several categories of ingredients. First,

binders, which comprise nonvolatile compounds conducive to film formation, play a pivotal role

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in endowing coatings with essential functionalities. Binders must exhibit compatibility with both

the solvent mixture and other binders. Second, the solvent mixture, crucial in solvent-borne

coating formulations, provides a continuous liquid phase essential for the application of the

coating. Subsequently, the solvents should evaporate. The solvent mixture significantly

influences critical functions, such as film leveling, flow characteristics, drying time, safety

considerations, and the overall sustainability of the coating. Additionally, pigments and fillers, in

the form of solid particles, contribute color and specific functional properties to the paint,

thereby interacting with both the solvent and the binder. Finally, additives, typically incorporated

in small concentrations, play a vital role, with the selection of additives and property

specifications closely tailored to the characteristics of the specific coating system (Enekvist et

al., 2022).

Sustainability of Eggshell as Material for Organic Paints

Properties

The presence of various waste dumps in open fields poses significant environmental

pollution concerns and contributes to the dissemination of infectious diseases in our

surroundings. Eggshells, laden with organic matter, can become hazardous as they attract rats

and worms, thus presenting a public health hazard. Notably, a considerable portion of solid waste

comprises eggshell waste, originating from various sources such as factories, households, poultry

farms, egg-laying facilities, and bakeries.

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The composition of eggshells consists of 94% calcium carbonate

(CaCO3), 1% calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), 1% magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), and 4%

organic material, effectively replacing limestone. Blended cement, which integrates eggshell

powder (ESP), offers several noteworthy advantages encompassing environmental sustainability,

economic viability, and technological enhancements. The chemical composition of ESP closely

parallels that of limestone powder, a common filler employed in cement, concrete, and brick

production. Substituting cement with ESP accelerates the hydration process and imparts early

strengths to the material, thereby enhancing tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural

strength. Consequently, a practical alternative to conventional landfill disposal has been explored

through the reutilization of ESP in concrete.

While ESP has been utilized as a source of calcium in the synthesis of calcium

phosphates since 1999, research on its impact on concrete properties has been limited. A

comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to assess the feasibility of incorporating solid

waste, such as eggshells, into building materials. Given that the annual production of eggshell

waste amounts to a substantial 10,000 million units, the effective utilization of such waste not

only contributes to a sustainable environment but also fosters sustainability in the construction

industry (Paruthi et al., 2023).

Uses

Eggshells are a rich source of calcium and trace microelements, including magnesium,

boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulfur, silicon, and zinc, as noted by Bee in 2011.

Notably, eggshell-derived calcium is exceptionally bioavailable, with a rate of approximately

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90%, making it a superior natural calcium source compared to limestone or coral-based

alternatives. The process of obtaining eggshell powder involves boiling eggshells to eliminate

pathogens, followed by air-drying and grinding them into a fine powder. A single medium-sized

eggshell yields about one teaspoon of powder, providing approximately 750-800 milligrams of

elemental calcium.

The composition of eggshells closely resembles that of human bones and teeth. For

individuals with osteoporosis, a daily calcium supplement of 400-500 milligrams is

recommended in addition to dietary sources. Effective utilization of eggshell powder entails its

consumption alongside magnesium, zinc, vitamin D3, K1, K2, strontium, and boron. Schaafsma

et al. in 2002 reported the positive impact of eggshell calcium supplementation, enhanced with

magnesium and vitamin D, on Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This supplementation resulted in

measurable increases in hip bone density within a year, particularly in healthy late post-

menopausal women with adequate baseline calcium intake.

The formation of eggshells involves manganese and zinc, which influence enzymatic

activity and calcification at the uterine level. Organic forms of these elements are preferred in

laying hen nutrition, as they exhibit higher biological activity and bioavailability compared to

inorganic sources. Studies by Iara et al. in 2007 highlighted the benefits of an organic mineral

supplement called "Eggshell-49" for hybrid laying hens aged 49-69 weeks, emphasizing its role

in enhancing eggshell quality. Comparable findings have been documented by other researchers,

including Gomez in 1998 and Ceylan and Scheideler in 1999.

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Eggshell powder, combined with vitamin D3, has been studied in animals with

osteoporosis in Japan, demonstrating an ability to improve bone mineral density without

significantly elevating blood calcium levels. The type of eggshells used for such purposes can

encompass chicken, goose, or duck shells, with preference given to birds receiving a well-

balanced mineral diet.

Beyond nutritional applications, discarded eggshells serve various environmental and

artistic purposes. Ground eggshells are employed as an affordable and eco-friendly plant

fertilizer, enriching the soil with calcium to regulate pH levels and enhance plant growth. Studies

have indicated that red clover plants fertilized with eggshells exhibited notable growth

advantages. Additionally, sanitized eggshells can enhance compost mineral content and act as a

deterrent to slugs and snails when placed around plants. Furthermore, artists utilize eggshells for

mosaic creation and to create textured paint for three-dimensional artistic effects.

In a recent study on "Sustainable Cement Replacement using Waste Eggshells"

conducted by Paruthi et al. in 2023, it is noteworthy that the European Commission classifies

eggshells as a hazardous material. However, the utilization of eggshell powder as a substitute for

cement offers substantial waste reduction benefits and aligns with sustainability objectives.

Eggshell powder, rich in calcium, can replace cement in concrete production. Due to its

impermeable nature, eggshells aid in reducing concrete permeability. Moreover, eggshell powder

expedites cement hydration by forming monocarboaluminate during material mixing at the time

of casting. This study provides a comprehensive examination of eggshell powder production

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processes, the properties of eggshell powder concrete, and the interrelationships between various

properties (King'ori and Anthony, 2011).

Method of Production

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have given rise to uncontrolled chemical usage,

resulting in adverse effects on human health and the environment. This has led to a widespread

and significant pollution issue that impacts all living organisms. Among the harmful substances,

colored compounds, specifically dyes, have emerged as one of the most notorious pollutants in

existence. Various industries, including textiles, paints, tanneries, plastics, food, printing,

pharmaceuticals, rubber, cosmetics, and more, discharge dyes into the environment on a daily

basis. Considering these concerns, the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly, versatile,

easy-to-operate, straightforward to design, reusable, and efficient method for addressing this

pollution is through the adsorptive removal of pollutants. Chicken eggshells have been selected

as a promising material for this purpose due to their noteworthy properties (Mobarak et al.,

2023).

Eggshells consist predominantly of 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 5% protein

materials, including collagen and sulfated polysaccharides. The substantial CaCO3 content in

eggshell waste provides an alternative source of CaCO3, particularly valuable due to the high

demand for conventional CaCO3 sourced from limestone by the cement industry. Furthermore,

the potential use of eggshells as nanofillers in the fabrication of zinc-based anti-corrosion

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coatings, which rely on zinc for cathodic sacrificial protection, has not been extensively explored

(Mamudu et al., 2024).

The production process begins by collecting eggshells and finely pulverizing them. These

powdered eggshells are then combined with acrylic powder and casein powder. Using a muller,

the binder, casein powder, and eggshells are thoroughly mixed by creating a swirling motion on

a cutting board. This process continues until the eggshells are finely ground and thoroughly

integrated with the binder. Finally, the resulting paint is transferred into a sealable container

(Gerst, 2023).

History of Eggshell-based Paints

Before the popularization of Oil-based Paintings during the Renaissance period, both egg

whites and yolks were known to be of used for Tempera Paints or simply Egg Tempera. Tempera

method was prevalent during Europe's Medieval Painting which dates back from The Middle

Ages to The Early Renaissance period (Europe, c.1200-1500). Sandro Botticelli's famous 'Birth

of Venus' painting was an example of a Tempera-made painting (Visual Arts Encyclopedia,

2022). In a related history, as eggs are said to be a symbol of good luck in China, painted

eggshells serves as ornaments and decorations on desks. As such, the eggshell wastes were

regarded as canvas and flourished on China during the Qing Dynasty dated from 1644 to 1911. It

was then that "egg-painters" were widely recognized and was deemed as artisans from one of the

listed seventy-two (72) professions. Following that, in the 1970s, painted eggshells became one

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of China's exported Art Products (Deng, 2020). Through continuous advances, it was in the

course of early 1970s when eggshell paints were introduced as an alternative for flat paints

(Dykstra, 2022).

Eggshells, as material for organic paints, are made up of calcium carbonate which are

ground into fine powder and added into binder solutions to produce paint. On this account,

calcium carbonates are non-toxic mineral additive frequently used in pain industries. They are

known for their ability to improve various properties of paint formulas: opacity, sheen, wear

resistance. In addition to its color enhancement, it lowers the overall cost of the paint product

(Masuy, 2011). As of the recent date, these eco-friendly and low-cost eggshell-based paints are

used on wall finishes, interiors, as well as plasters and furniture.

Types of Eggshell-based Coatings

Latex Eggshell Paint

In cases of construction, wall colors and designs became one of the fundamental

aesthetic structures could have. Eggshell latex paints are one of the most sought-after and used

method for painting walls, notably, interior walls. Popularly, latex paints are used for their

sizable coverage. As they are usually purchased in large quantities, latex paints are intended for

painting large areas. They are mainly water-based and are safer to use since fewer fumes are

produced. Furthermore, latex is easy to apply on surfaces. It displays great workability through

its quick drying characteristic and trouble-free cleaning mechanism as compared to other types

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of paint. Essentially, this paint is more used for commercial structures and residential houses

(Clark, 2020). With water as its base, applicators drag less. Its ease of application stems from the

smooth and even spreading of paint on different surfaces such as drywall, concrete, bricks, wood,

etc. (Helling, 2023).

Acrylic Eggshell Paint

Acrylics are made by the combination of certain plastics and pigments as an

alternative to oil-based paints, which dry comparatively slowly. For the purpose of being a fast-

drying alternative, they can dry up in the course of only 20 minutes, depending on the amount

and surface used. Blending is hard, yet paint layering is fast and easy (Dilini, 2022). As a

chemical-based paint, acrylic is pervasively used as an art material. These pigmented and costly

paints that are sold in small batches are usually applied to art projects (What You Need to Know

About Eggshell Paint, 2022). Furthermore, due to their chemical composition, acrylic paints

require proper ventilation for dangerous fumes as well as thinner coat applications. Regardless,

acrylic paints are good for exterior coatings. Latex contains great elasticity, which effectively

responds to temperature changes. Cracking and flaking are significantly reduced through this

(Clark, 2020). After drying, acrylic paints dry into a permanent plastic film that becomes water-

resistant. Acrylic paints are versatile enough to be used externally without suffering any sunlight

or rain damage (Dilini, 2022).

Effect of Eggshell-based Organic Paint Coatings

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As a material for paint, eggshells are known to have low reflective characteristics. It

absorbs more light due to its soft luster and subtle sheen (Tonelli & Curkin, 2023). In a related

study, eggshell paints were described as being between the descriptions of matte or flat and satin

or semi-gloss. In a way, this paint reflects more light than matte yet produces lower luster or

shine than satin; as such, it brings out more color or pigment than flat paints and has ample shine

(Wallender, 2023). As paint "finishes", eggshells give the impression of being "flat, yet not really

flat". From a view point, it would seem to be flat when you looked at it straight ahead or directly.

Yet, when observed from an angle, it displays a little speck of sheen to it (Trauring, n.d.).

Relatively, levels of sheen can give dimension and color to a room. A high sheen can give life to

a room, while low sheens can hide room imperfections. While eggshell paints appear to be flat

enough to not be visible, they can hide flaws on the surfaces where they are being applied; they

have the capability to hide grooves, bumps, and pitting. As such, it can be highly used on walls,

furniture, and surfaces that may not be flat in nature. Furthermore, eggshell paint on walls is easy

to maintain and clean. Due to its properties, dirt, such as fingerprints and dust can be washed

clean without washing or rubbing off the wall paint. It hinders paint burnishing. Eggshell’s light

gloss is enough to prevent stains from soaking in and settling on the surface (What You Need to

Know About Eggshell Paint, 2022).

On a related study conducted to test the fire performance of coatings made up of eggshell

biofiller conducted by M.C. Yew, Sulong, M.K. Yew, Amalina, and Johan (2015), it was

concluded that Chicken Eggshell (CES) wastes, which were predominantly 95% calcium

carbonate, were able to exhibit a fire-suppressing behavior during the fire propagation test as

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incorporated with other formulas such as Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2, which are flame-resistive fillers,

showing good thermal stability as well as a reduced fire propagation index. Conclusively, the

addition of Chicken Eggshells (CES) as biofiller in this combination proved to be effective in

improving fire protection on surfaces, houses, and infrastructure. Consequently, it does not

appear harmful to the environment (Yew et al., 2015).

Fire-retardant Property

As a limiting factor to prevent quick fire spreading on infrastructures, fire-retardant

paints and coatings are experimented, manufactured, and tested through and through. Per say,

one of the most convenient ways of inhibiting fire propagation on buildings are the usage of fire-

resistive coatings on surfaces: walls, furnitures, etc. The flame-retardant property of paints

makes it less combustible. As such, they are able to prevent rapid and widespread fire

propagation on the affected areas. Notably, fire-retardant wall coatings should be taken at an

early stage to serve as countermeasure or precautionary measures for residential houses and

commercial facilities where both life and property is at stake. According to Mariappan (2017),

ideally, fire-retardant paints should have the following properties to suppress fire spreading: low

smoke and toxic gas release, wear resistance, easy application, and affordability. Its price should

be low enough that any and all homeowners can afford to buy it. Fundamentally, the chemical

composition of the substrate is not influenced by the fire-resistive coatings applied. As when

applied to the surface, its role is solely to prevent the thermal combustion or degradation of its

underlying layer and alter heat flux, relatively acting as nothing but a protective layer

(Mariappan, 2017).

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As a substance present abundantly on eggshells, calcium carbonate is known for its

excellent fire-resistive property. For instance, a similar study conducted by Tseghai, Berhe, and

Wakjira (2019), explored the flame resistance of chicken eggshells by grinding them into powder

and using them to coat cotton fabrics. Samples were then presented, in which, the results varied

depending on the thickness and fineness of the coating applied. Ultimately, the study concluded

that fabrics with more coating thickness and powder fineness have better fire resistance (Tseghai

et al., 2019). As such, these organic wastes are proven to be materials that are both useful and

highly recyclable. In a related study, Arwizar & Sobri (2023), conducted an experiment where

eggshells were crushed into fine powder and mixed into organic paints. Per say, these mixtures

with eggshell (calcium carbonate) formula were able to release a higher amount of carbon

dioxide density than the oxygen present in the air. Ultimately, the rate of combustion

significantly slows down as the oxygen gases are disrupted from spreading while the prevalent

amount of carbon dioxide coats the surface (Arwizar & Sobri, 2023).

Workability

As utilized in construction, eggshell-based paints are essentially used in painting

residential houses. They are notably good for coating and covering interior walls. Powdered

eggshells are mixed into organic paint formulas as an additive. As they are predominantly made

up of calcium carbonate, properties such as great resistance to wearing and burnishing, show

improved sheen and colors, as well as fire-retardant characteristics. As stated in a related article

about calcium carbonate in paint and coating applications, the calcium carbonate present on

eggshells can enhance product performance through its usage (Masuy, 2011).

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According to Masuy (2011), eggshell-based organic paints have improved colorization

through their additives. On that account, eggshell paints require about two layers of coating at a

lower cost. In addition to being less expensive, they are easy to work with. They can be applied

with ease, scrubbed off, and cleaned (What You Need to Know About Eggshell Paint, 2022).

Stains such as grease, crayons, and fingerprints on eggshell-painted walls are easy to clean with

just any damp sponge and soap or a baking soda mixture. Walls can be cleaned with gentle

scrubbing and drying, preventing any paint from coming off. On average, eggshell paints would

take about 4 to 6 hours to touch-dry and around 16 to 24 hours to be completely ready for their

second application. In some cases, drying time depends on the thickness of the paint as well as

the surface it is being applied to (Nelhams, 2016). In addition, any surface, whether rough or

smooth, can be painted with eggshell paint. As it displays low amount of sheen and reflectivity,

surface flaws and imperfections are easier to cover with this type of paint. It can be applied to

relatively old walls and bare wood with blemishes, bumps, cracks, and uneven finishes with just

any common tools like rollers, brushes, or sprays at hand (Gilbert, 2022).

Economic/Financial Aspects

Eggshells, which are regarded as industrial wastes, are easy to obtain materials

exponentially found it be indoors, in restaurants, bakeries, etc. Considerably, these wastes which

are rich in calcium carbonate display great potential in the construction industry (Sathiparan,

2021). Other materials also rich in calcium carbonate, particularly limestone (geologic calcium

carbonate), were used for steel manufacturing. The price ranged from about $200–350

USD/metric ton (Katsuyama et al., 2005, as cited in Ahmed et al., 2021). Naturally, our

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limestone reserves decrease on each passing year. Considering that countries such as Canada

pays about $0.5–1.6 million USD for eggshell disposal, eggshell waste could not only be a

partial alternative for limestone, ultimately mitigating the consumption of our limestone reserves,

but it could also lessen the amount of eggshell waste, naturally lessening the amount of money

used for disposals. As calcium carbonates found on limestones are expensive, whilst calcium

carbonate on eggshells are disposed and deemed as 'waste' and some countries pay money to

dispose of them, the production of eggshell-based organic paints on the market are both

economical and cost-friendly as compared to other paints due to their cheaper, accessibility, and

readily available materials (Ahmed et al., 2021).

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Related Studies

According to Yew et al. (2015), in the study entitled, "Eggshells: A Novel Bio-Fille for

Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings”, aimed to create flame-retardant coatings that utilize

chicken eggshell waste as an innovative eco-friendly bio-filler. Three flame-retardant additives,

namely ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol, and melamine, were mixed with

flame-retardant fillers and acrylic binders to synthesize intumescent coatings. The coatings were

assessed for fire performance in accordance with the test standards of BS 476: Part 6 for fire

propagation and BS 476: Part 7 for surface spread of flame. Upon fire exposure, 4 out of 5 of the

coated specimens (B, C, D, and E) did not exhibit surface spread of flame or afterglow

combustion. The addition of eggshell bio-filler into formulations B and E, respectively,

improved fire protection due to char formation, with better morphology, height, and structure of

the protecting shield. The coatings were found to be effective in fire protection, exhibiting good

qualities such as water resistance, thermal stability, and adhesion strength. The efficient

protection of plywood against fire has been demonstrated by coating E. (Yew et al., 2015)

In another study by Yew et al. (2018) entitled, "Influence of bio-filler on the fire-resistive

and mechanical properties of water-based intumescent coating, they aimed to use the new

eggshell nano-bio-filler to create an environmentally friendly intumescent coating. Then, the

samples were examined with a Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform

infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and a pull-off adhesion tester. The creation of char

thickness protecting the coated steel was greatly enhanced by coating D, which contained the

proper ratio of flame-retardant and binder materials. In the scanning electron microscopy image,

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this char layer revealed a denser and more consistent foam structure surface. This formulation

also showed a maximum adhesion strength of 2.13 MPa, demonstrating the efficiency of

interface attachment to the substrate. Thermal studies also revealed that the formulation's thermal

stability had improved. The results of the investigation therefore showed that using the right

amount of nano biofiller improved the intumescent coating's mechanical qualities and fire

protection effectiveness. (Yew et al., 2018)

Another study conducted by Tseghai et al. (2019) entitled “Producing Fire Retardant

Cotton Fabric Using Chicken Eggshell” aimed to develop an intumescent flame-retardant coating

that uses chicken eggshell waste as novel eco-friendly bio-fillers. The synthesis of intumescent

coatings was achieved by mixing ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine with

flame-retardant fillers and acrylic binder. Cotton has poor fire-retardant characteristics.

Consequently, in areas of fire risk, textile material is not recommended due to its high comfort

factor, which makes it more appropriate for use as a garment; consequently, cotton must be

treated with flame retardance. The aim of this research is to create fire-retardant cotton fabric by

using chicken eggshells to replace synthetic fire-retardant chemicals. Calcium carbonate,

phosphorous, nitrous, potassium, and zinc are among the fire-retardant minerals found in chicken

eggshells. Synthetic chemicals have many limitations when it comes to imparting fire retardance,

such as toxicity, environmental hazards, non-biodegradability, non-renewable sources, and cost.

The abundant availability of chicken eggshells in nature makes it a bio-product with no side

effects. The removal of the chicken eggshell after use or hatching causes significant

environmental pollution in appearance and odor. Converting these wastes into treasure has two

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advantages: preventing cotton from burning and using eggshell waste for valuable treatment

processes. The flammability of treated fabric using chicken eggshell was lower than that of

untreated fabric. Furthermore, the treated fabric produced both ash and char, while the untreated

fabric produced only ash and burned up completely. Inflammation was spread at a rate of 40 and

1.4 mm per second for untreated and treated fabrics, respectively (Tseghai et al., 2019).

Another study conducted by Xu et al. (2018) entitled, "Effect of chicken eggshell on the

flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy-based tradition APP-PER-MEL

system," aimed to use the new eggshell nano bio-filler to create an environmentally friendly

intumescent coating. Then, the samples were examined with a Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric

analysis, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and a pull-off adhesion

tester. The creation of char thickness protecting the coated steel was greatly enhanced by coating

D, which contained the proper ratio of flame-retardant and binder materials. In the scanning

electron microscopy image, this char layer revealed a denser and more consistent foam structure

surface. This formulation also showed a maximum adhesion strength of 2.13 MPa,

demonstrating the efficiency of interface attachment to the substrate. Thermal studies also

revealed that the formulation's thermal stability had improved. The results of the investigation

therefore showed that using the right amount of nano bio filler improves the intumescent

coating's mechanical qualities and fire protection effectiveness. By reusing chicken egg shells, an

environmentally friendly bioburden was created using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,

energy-dispersive X-ray and microscopy techniques, electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence,

and thermogravimetric analysis. Chicken eggshell was used to investigate the impact of chicken

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eggshell on the thermal stability, flame retardant, and smoke suppression properties of traditional

epoxy-based intumescent systems through limiting oxygen index, UL 94 testing, calorimetric

testing cone, as well as thermogravimetry. The combination of chicken eggshell and flame

retardant-3 with a fire retardant compound that was resistant to burning and had the highest limit

of oxygen index value suggested by the results Additionally, it improved the samples' oxygen

index value. The addition of chicken egg shells to the samples through cone calorimetry and

smoke density tests resulted in a significant reduction in heat loss and increased sample residual

weight, as well as improved thermal stability. Swollen carbon acts as a barrier against heat and

mass transfer when burned. The combination of eggshell and flame retardant properties can have

a significant impact on fire performance, but an abundance thereof will diminish this synergistic

effect. Through thermometry, the eggshell swelling system is shown to possess excellent thermal

stability and carbonization ability. In general, chicken eggshells can be bio-fillers that are eco-

friendly and have potential synergistic benefits for growing systems (Xu et al., 2018).

Another study conducted by Tizo et al. (2018) entitled, "Efficiency of carbon carbonate

from eggshells as an absorbent for cadmium removal in aqueous solution" aimed to study the

feasibility and efficiency of chicken eggshell waste as an adsorbent for eliminating cadmium

(Cd) in liquid water. The adsorbent properties of chicken eggshells have been demonstrated to

dissolve as much as 73% of Cd in an underlying nutrient solution. An optimal adsorption

capacity of 146 mg/g was obtained at an initial concentration of 150 mg/L, contact time of 75

min, adsorbent dose of 75 g, and pH 6 at ambient temperature. Isotherm studies using the

Freundlich model reveal that this process involves adsorption in both directions, with the latter

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having fewer errors and exhibiting sensitivity to temperature than the former. The study showed

that chicken eggshells, which are typically considered waste, can be an environmentally friendly

and economically viable option for removing carcinogenic cadmium from water bodies. (Tizo et

al., 2018)

In another study conducted by Mustapha et al. (2020) entitled, “Mechanical properties of

calcium carbonate/eggshell particle filled polypropylene Composites” The use of calcium

carbonate as a filler material in polymer matrix composites is prevalent, and research has

revealed that eggshells contain approximately 94 calcium carbonates. The study compared the

effects of calcium carbonate from eggshell particles in polypropylene and unreinforced

polyethylene. Calcium carbonate/eggshell particles that were produced in industrial settings were

utilized as fillers in polypropylene matrices with different weight fractions. To determine the

mechanical properties of indentation hardness and uniaxial tensile properties, we utilized both a

Rockwell hardness tester and subsequently analyzed them using corresponding universal

mechanics instruments. Different preparations were tested for their properties to determine how

they influenced their composition. Microstructural analysis of the composite surface and crack

surface was also performed using a scanning electron microscope to examine possible damage

modes. Measured against both the reinforcement effectiveness and conventional calcium

carbonate replacement criteria, the results were compared. The results indicate that

polypropylene reinforced with calcium carbonate exhibits the greatest tensile strength, elastic

modulus, rupture modulus, ductility, and elastic moderation along with hardness. Additionally,

the findings indicate that the mechanical properties of polypropylene can be greatly improved by

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using a granular eggshell, which is comparable to those of calcium carbonate minerals reinforced

polyethylene (Mustapha et al., 2020).

Summary of Related Studies

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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

Purpose of the Study

This study aims to lessen property damages and casualties from fire-related occurrences

in residential facilities in a practical, accessible, and environmentally friendly way. From the

positive result of this study, people would be able to recycle and use eggshell waste in making

organic paints that are able to prolong the combustion and spreading of fire.

Research Design

Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled

fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a

hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent

variable has on a dependent variable. paraphrase this in a formal way (S. Bell, 2009).

This study will be conducted through experiments and fieldwork by the use of

experimental design. Following the procedures set, an experimental application of the product,

organic paint made of eggshells, will be made and used by the researchers on multiple surfaces.

In the fieldwork, the research group will be conducting an interview or gathering data on the

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premises of the Western Institute of Technology. Researchers will be testing out both the final

product and the control product with the assessment of registered civil engineers within the

Western Institute of Technology and skilled painters within Iloilo City so as to provide

comparisons and gather data. Data on the field will be gathered through a series of surveys and

interviews on the site. This study will be a summary of the researchers’ data and an assessment

of the research outcome or end result.

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Sources of Data

The main components of this study are powdered eggshells and organic paint, which will

be put to use as fire retardants for buildings, houses, and infrastructure. To find out if organic

paint mixed with powdered eggshell is effective as a fire retardant, the researcher will conduct a

try-out experiment. Powdered eggshells will be gathered from different poultry vendors and wet

markets in Iloilo, while organic paint will be made by researchers.

The finished product of the study will be evaluated by ten (15) respondents categorized

into ten (10) registered civil engineer respondents from Western Institute of Technology, RTS

campus, Brgy. Bantud, La Paz, Iloilo five (5) paint experts within Iloilo City.

The sensory evaluation score sheet is based on a modified five-point hedonic rating scale.

This method will be used to gather the respondent’s evaluation of the acceptability of organic

paint mixed with powdered eggshell as a fire retardant made by the researchers. The responses of

the respondents will be the main source of data for this study.

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Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers will employ a Sensory Evaluation Score Sheet that utilizes a modified

version of the Five-Point Hedonic Rating Scale to collect the necessary data for this study. The

finished product will be evaluated with:

5 Very Good

4 Good

3 Fair

2 Poor

1 Very Poor

Ratings will be allocated to assess the final products in terms of ignition resistance and

flame spread when applied on various surfaces.

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Data Gathering Procedure

This experimental study will be divided into four(4) phases: Phase 1- Preparation of

Materials, Tools and Equipment; Phase 2- Preparation of Organic Paint; Phase 3- Preparation of

Lumber and Plywood; Phase 4- Standardization of the Materials; Phase 5- Evaluation of the

Finished Products.

Phase 1 – Preparation of Components, Materials, Tools and Equipment

The researchers will gather and prepare all the components, tools, materials and

equipment. Shown below are the components, tools, materials and equipment that the researchers

will be using in this experimentation.

Table 1. Components/Materials to be used in this Study

Powdered Eggshells

Lumber/Plywood

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Casein Powder

Paint Binder

Blow Torch

Table 2. Tools, Materials and Their Uses

Tools/Materials Used to:

Stirring Sticks Stir the mixture

For controllable fire source

Container be the container where the components

will be mixed

Lumber Act as sample for paint surface

Safety gloves For hand protection during

experimentation

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Phase 2- Preparation of Organic Paint

The procedure for Preparation of Organic Paint will be divided into 4 phases.

Gathering of Paint Binder, casein powder and

eggshells

Making eggshells into Powdered eggshells

Combining the Powdered Eggshells and Casein

Powder

Add Water and paint binder to the Dry Mixture

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Figure 2. Flow Chart in Preparation of Composite Paint

Figure 2 shows the procedure in Preparation of Organic Paint. Organic Paint, casein

powder and eggshells were gathered from the hardware and stores in the locality of the

researchers. After gathering, the eggshells will be made into powdered eggshells using blender.

Then, powdered eggshells will be mix with paint binder and casein powder. Lastly, adding the

water and combining them until consistency is achieve.

Phase 3- Preparation of Lumber and Plywood coated with Organic Paint

The procedure for Preparation of Lumber and Plywood will be divided into three (3)

phases.

Gathering of Lumber

Painting the Lumber

Air Drying of Lumber

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Blow Torching the dried Lumber

Figure 3 - Phase 3-Flow Chart in Preparation of Lumber and Plywood Coated with

Organic Paint

Figure 3 shows the procedure in flow chart for the preparation of lumber and plywood.

Lumber and plywood were gathered from hardware in the locality of researchers. Coating the

lumber and plywood with organic paint. Then, air drying both of them at least 24 hours until it is

dry. Lastly, will proceed to blow torching of samples with the presence of civil engineers and

skilled painters.

Phase 4 – Standardization of the Materials

Mixture Lumber

Coating Powdered Casein Paint Water 2”x2”x12”

Eggshells Powder Binder

(No. of (cup) (piece)

Layers) (cup) (cup) (cup)

1 1/2 3/4 1/4 1 1/2 1

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LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

2 1/2 3/4 1/4 1 1/2 1

3 1/2 3/4 1/4 1 1/2 1

4 1/2 3/4 1/4 1 1/2 1

5 1/2 3/4 1/4 1 1/2 1

Procedure:

1. Prepare all the materials components and equipment.

2. Measure exactly all the components for every set-up.

3. Combine all mixtures and mix thoroughly until the desired consistency is achieve.

4. Coat the mixture to the samples and let it sit until it is dry.

Phase 5 - Evaluation of the Finished Products

The respondents of this study will be categorized into 2 groups comprising fifteen

Registered Civil Engineers and fifteen skilled painters. Their responses will be gathered, tallied,

computed, analyzed and interpreted.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Statistical Data Analysis

The data analysis showed different ways on how to collect and analyses data. It is the

process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate,

condense and recap, and evaluate data.

For descriptive data analysis, mean and standard deviation will be used.

Mean. Mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency. It is the average of all the

added values of the data divided by the number of observations in it. It aims to provide an accurate

analysis of the results of the entire data (Manikandan, 2011). The mean was utilized to assess the

effectiveness of the composite coating applied to the lumber, which comprised multiple layers, in

terms of its longevity when exposed to fire.

The computed mean will be analyzed and interpreted using the arbitrary scale:

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

4.21-5.0 Very Good

3.41-4.2 Good

2.61-3.4 Fair

1.81-2.6 Poor

1.00-1.8 Very Poor

Standard Deviation. Standard deviation is a statistic that tells you how tightly all the

various examples are clustered around the mean in a set of data (Niles, n.d.). It will be used to

determine the mean in a set of data for each treatment.

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LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

Descriptive Analysis

Table 1.0 presents the effectiveness of fire-retardant composite coating made of

powdered eggshells. The computed mean of 4.40 was interpreted as “Very Effective”. The

participants provided ratings indicating their perception of the effectiveness of the coatings as

per their analysis of the presented outputs. As shown in the Table 1.0, the use of composite

(organic and synthetic) coating with eggshells as its main material increases fire resistance on

surfaces with X=4.4, SD=0.56. Ordinary coatings without powdered eggshells were rated with

X=1.43 and SD=0.50 comparatively. This means that the respondents conferred the latter coating

as “Very Ineffective” in terms of its fire resistance. The result of this data set suggests that

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

eggshell-derived composite coatings are more resistive to fire than ordinary store-bought

coatings. This finding implies that incorporating eggshell powders into coatings improve fire

resistance on treated surfaces, potentially making it a viable alternative to traditional construction

coatings.

Item n mean SD Interpretation

Composite coating made of eggshell powder. 30 4.40 0.56 Very Effective

Organic paint with eggshell powder provides better fire 30 1.43 0.50 Ineffective

protection compared to ordinary store-bought coating.

Table 1. Effectiveness of Fire-Retardant Composite Coating

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LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Table 2. Effect of Adding Layers of Paint on Surfaces

Coating Interpretation

(No. of Layers) n mean SD

1 30 2.53 1.17 Ineffective

2 30 2.90 0.92 Ineffective

3 30 4.20 0.61 Effective

4 30 4.43 0.50 Very Effective

5 30 4.67 0.48 Very Effective

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Item N mean SD Interpretation

Engineers 15 3.47 0.74 Effective

Painters 15 4.10 0.46 Effective

Grand Mean 3.79 Effective

Table 3. Considering Composite Paint and Eggshell Powder for Fire Protection in Homes

and Workplaces.

Chapter 5

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

Findings, Recommendation, and Conclusions

Recommendation

Based on the result of the study, the following were recommended.

1. The future researcher may utilize an electric grinder to pulverize the eggshell in order to

enhance the texture of the coating.

2. Incorporating coloring substances to enhance the appearance and marketing value.

3. Assess the fire-retardant properties of powdered eggshell-based coatings through lab testing.

4. Investigate the environmental impact of using powdered eggshells in fire-retardant coatings.

5. Investigate the fire-retardant performance of powdered eggshell coatings on different types of

substrates, including wood, metal, and plastics.

6. Assess the feasibility of recycling or repurposing waste eggshells for use in fire-retardant coatings.

7. Examine the compatibility of powdered eggshells with different types of binding agents in composite
coatings.

8. Investigate the impact of exposure to environmental factors such as moisture and UV radiation on the
longevity of powdered eggshell coatings.

9. Explore the potential for collaboration with egg processing facilities to source powdered eggshells for
coating production.

10. Assess the mechanical properties of powdered eggshell composite coatings, including hardness,
flexibility, and impact resistance.

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