Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773

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Thermal transmission characteristics of plastic optical fibre embedded

light transmitting concrete
Adithya Shenoy, Gopinatha Nayak ⇑, Adithya Tantri, Kiran Kumar Shetty
Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Innovations among the Civil Engineering fraternity have focused mainly on alternate materials and envi-
Available online 18 May 2022 ronmentally friendly materials in the recent past. Light transmitting concrete has been developed to
reduce the energy demand of illumination. Achieving transmission is done by embedding glass or plastic
Keywords: optic fibres in concrete. The applicability of plastic optic fibres and their transmission behaviour with
Light transmitting concrete temperature change is critical to understanding the implementation of the material in various tempera-
Self-compacting concrete ture regions, mainly due to its low melting point. The insulation properties will dictate the safety and
Thermal characteristics
comfort of the inhabitants. If any, the thermal deterioration of fibres can affect the transmittance and
Transmittance
seriously limit the efficiency and applicability of the material. The study aims to quantify the thermal
transmittance to understand the safe application, efficiency and behaviour under prolonged exposure
to elevated temperature. To achieve this, light transmitting concrete cubes were subject to a light box test
with an infrared light source, and the optical and thermal transmittance were measured. Samples con-
tained between 1 and 7 optical fibres of either 0.5 mm or 1 mm diameter spaced at 12 mm or 15 mm.
The material was exposed to elevated temperatures for up to 4 h as the temperatures stabilised beyond
this. Regression analysis of the obtained data was also undertaken to validate the obtained results and the
inferences. The findings broadly indicate a direct relationship between time, number of fibres and tem-
perature. The distance of placement of the sample from the source, on the other hand, shows an inverse
relationship to thermal transmission.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

1. Introduction for its sensitivity and sensing capabilities to determine the struc-
tural health and curing characteristics of concrete [7,8].
Construction is one of the largest industries worldwide and is
undergoing rapid changes. Understanding climate change, conser-
2. Research scenario
vation, and sustainability have brought a new material develop-
ment direction. The ecological impact and energy demand of a
Preliminary attempts to produce translucent concrete were by
structure are considered design criteria. This has brought in new
embedding glass plates into blocks. Since then, there have been
materials and techniques, one of which is Light Transmitting Con-
attempts to use glass as the transmitting media in concrete.
crete. Initially developed in 2005 by Aron Losonczi [1], an Architect
Research reported by Spiesz et. al. (2016) aimed to embed waste
in Hungary, with the purpose of aesthetic appeal, the material is
glass in concrete through the normal mixing process and then slice
now being studied as a means to reduce the energy demand and
the cast sample into thin panels such that there is translucence [9].
increase the utilisation of natural light or even diffused artificial
Another study by Pagliolico et. al. (2015) attempted to bind waste
light [2–6]. Embedding of optical fibres has been done in concrete
glass with an acrylic medium to make translucent panels that were
then placed in concrete [10]. The material was successful in trans-
mitting light and the results indicate cost-effective transmittance.
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Henriques et. al. (2018) determined the effect of various vol-
Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India- umes of plastic optic fibres in cementitious materials on the phys-
576104 ical and optical properties. The research indicated the deterioration

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.798
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.
A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al.
of mechanical behaviour with the increase of fibres due to the fixed
orientation and smooth surface. The largest volume fraction for
manual casting was also set at 5%[11]. Li et. al. (2015) successfully
manufactured a light transmitting cementitious material with sul-
foaluminate cement and determined the effect the inclusion of
fibres had on the mechanical and optical characteristics. There
was a linear decrease in compressive strength with increasing fibre
dosage. Optical power measurements measured the transmittance,
and a reduction in transmittance with increasing distance was
observed. An increase in power with an increasing number of fibres
was also reported. Testing of optical characteristics after exposure
to 80° C exhibited a significant loss in transmittance, which was
speculated to be the result of fibre deterioration [6]. Li et. al.
(2015) conducted a similar study with ordinary Portland cement
and the characteristics of the mechanical and optical performance
exhibited similar trends [12]. Altlomate et. al. (2016) considered
the effect of volume fraction and the type of incident light on the
transmissibility and strength of light transmitting concrete and
reported insignificant changes in the compressive behaviour of
concrete. It was also reported through their experimental program
that beyond a limit, smaller spacing has no effect on the transmit-
tance and identifying this threshold will be instrumental in deter-
mining minimum spacing based on the diameter of the fibres for
optimal transmittance [13].
Mainini et. al. (2012) conducted a modelling and simulation
analysis to determine the transmittance of building facades, con-
sidering various conditions from sunny skies to overcast weather
and different incidence angles. The study exhibited the possibility
of implementing these façade panels as a light transmitting mate-
rial with the perspective of illuminance effects [14].
Ahuja et. al. (2017) undertook the modelling and simulation
study to determine the energy consumption savings with the use
of translucent concrete panels for the daylighting conditions of
Berkley, California. The outcomes of the study indicate the trans-
mission of heat through the optical fibres, significantly increasing
the need to adopt heating in winter and cooling in the summer.
The study also found that beyond this, an average of 18% of the
energy consumption can be reduced by eliminating the need for
illumination for the majority of the day. A dosage of 6% by volume
was deemed suitable for use in non-load bearing wall panels [3].
Parallel to the research on light transmitting cementitious
materials, various studies on the impact of temperature and bend-
ing of fibres on the transmittance of optical fibres as a material
have been studied. Jing et. al. (2016) determined that in the tem-
perature zones of 20 °C to 70 °C, bending losses reduced with
increasing temperature, attributed to the change in refractive
indices of the core and cladding hence increasing the numerical
aperture of the optical fibres [15]. Teng et. al. (2016) discovered
that generally, the temperature-dependent refractive index of the
optical fibre had a linear trend with an increase in temperature.
Effectively, the increase in the refractive index is an indication of
increased acceptance cone and increased transmission [16].
2.1. Need for research
Light transmitting concrete is achieved by embedding a trans-
mitting media in concrete in a closely spaced matrix. Various
media include glass fibres, plastic optical fibres, embedded glass
panes, piezoelectric materials, and photosensitive materials. The
limited research has focused on the different media and their effec-
tiveness in achieving transmission. An additional challenge posed
is the transmission of heat. There have been some studies on the
behaviour and thermal dependency of transmission of light
[2,8,17–19]–. Light transmitting materials allow the transmission
of the entire light spectrum, and hence the infrared rays in sunlight
are transmitted freely, increasing the temperature of the illumi-
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Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773
nated space. The behaviour of light transmitting concrete in ele-
vated temperatures and the rate of transmission of this heat has
not been characterised but cannot be ignored. The transmission
of heat directly impacts the cooling and air conditioning systems
of the space. Hence, reducing illumination costs at the cost of
increasing ambient temperature is not feasible. This research
explores this aspect of light transmitting concrete and attempts
to identify and quantify the factors impacting temperature trans-
mission and understand the impact each of these factors has on
the overall thermal behaviour of light transmitting concrete.
2.2. Working principle
Optical fibres essentially work on the principle of total internal
reflection. When light moves from one medium to another, refrac-
tion of light occurs and the angle of refraction depends on the
refractive index of the two media. Snell’s law of refraction, as given
in the equation below, best illustrates the relationship between
refractive index and angle of light.
 1 ¼ n2 sin Eß
n1 sin Eß  2
When the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, the light
is reflected back into the incident medium and this is the principle
of optic fibre design. The media are selected so as to ensure total
internal reflection at a minimum loss.
To make concrete transmit light, these fibres need to run along
the direction of light incidence. The ductility of optic fibres also
allows for the fibres to be oriented in any which way required
but the bending of fibre definitely results in slightly increased
losses [20]. The fascinating ability of the fibres is the capability
to transmit light information from the brighter to the darker side
with accuracy in colour.
3. Materials and methodology
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Cement
Since the study involved the implementation of SCC, there was
no necessity for speciality cement to be used. Additionally, with
usage and market availability in focus, the cement selected for
use in the study was OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112: 2013.
The physical properties of the cement are as given in Table 1.
3.1.2. Fly-ash
The rheological demands of SCC are achieved by increasing the
quantity of fine materials in the mix. Fly-ash, with its pozzolanic
capabilities, adds to the fresh and hardened properties of concrete
as both a filler and a pozzolan. For the current study, Class F Fly-ash
was procured from the JSW energy plant, Ratnagiri. The physical
and chemical properties of the material are detailed in Table 2.
The material conforms to the requirements enlisted by IS 3812-1 :
2003 [24].
Table 1
Physical properties of cement.
Test Obtained Manufacturer’s Standard
Result Result Reference
Standard Consistency 26% 30–35% IS 4031 [21,22]
Initial Setting Time 32 min 30 min
Specific Gravity 3.15 3.15
A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773

Table 2
Physical and chemical properties of fly-ash.

Properties Unit Test Result IS 3812:2003 ASTM C 618, BSEN 450

CEMGuard F-60 Part 1 [23] Class F [24] Category N [25]
Fineness (Retention on 45micron sieve) % 17.05 34 max 34 max 40 max
LOI % 1.67 5 max 6 max 7 max
Moisture % 0.25 2 max 3 max
Fineness specific surface by Blaine’s Permeability method m2/kg 377.2 320 min
Lime reactivity N/mm2 5.1 4.5 min
Autoclave Expansion % 0.04 0.8 max 0.8 max 0.8 max
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 % 88.88 70 min 70 min 70 min
Silica as SiO2 % 58.61 35 min
MgO % 1.8 5 max
Sulphate as SO3 % 0.16 3 max 4 3
Chloride as Cl % 0.016 0.05 max 0.1 max
Na2O % 0.16 1.5 max

For the current study, Class F Fly-ash was procured from the JSW energy plant, Ratnagiri. The physical and chemical properties of the material are detailed in table 2. The
material conforms to the requirements enlisted by IS 3812–1: 2003 [23].

3.1.3. Coarse Aggregates
Well graded granitic coarse aggregates were procured from a
locally available quarry. The close spacing of the fibres and the
passing ability requirements were considered and the aggregate
size was not exceeding 10 mm. The physical properties of the
aggregates are as given in Table 3. The aggregate grain size distri-
bution curve is also given in Fig. 1. The coarse aggregates con-
formed to the specifications of IS 383: 2016 [26].
3.1.4. Fine Aggregates
Locally available river sand was procured. The sand was well
graded, as indicated by Fig. 2. The physical properties of the river
sand are as enlisted in table 3 and the material is classified as zone
III of IS 383: 2016 [26].
3.1.5. Water
Potable water as prescribed by IS 456: 2000 [27] was used for
the purpose of the study.
3.1.6. Optic Fibres
Commercially available Plastic Optic Fibres of high acceptance
cone were selected for the purpose of the study as the source of
light was dispersed and transmittance had to be maximised. 0.5
and 1.0 mm diameter fibres were selected for the purpose of the
study.
3.2. Methodology
The spacing of optical fibres was selected based on the consid-
erations of minimum spacing as per IS 456:2000[27]. Due to the
tight spacing of fibres required to give a semi-monolithic appear-
ance and dispersion, achieving good passing and filling ability
was essential. Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is one of the most
widely used concrete today with plenty of research showcasing
the rheological, mechanical and durability characteristics of the
material. The advantages of using SCC is that the material is flexi-
ble and allows the inclusion of various fines and potential indus-
trial waste while still exhibiting enhanced strength and
durability properties. Fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag, Metakaolin, Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash, Sandstone, Glass
powder, Marble powder are a few of the fillers and pozzolanic
agents that have been added in SCC to impart rheological beha-
viour. The effect of these additives on the strength and durability
of the concrete have also been investigated exhaustively and satis-
factorily [28–45]. The use of SCC that was designed based on the
specifications as per IS10262:2000 [46] as well as the guidelines
as prescribed by EFNARC 2005 [47], with a maximum aggregate
size of 10 mm, achieved the rheological characteristics. The target
grade was M30 on the basis of minimum strength requirements for
slab design based on IS 456:2000[27]. The detailed mix proportions
and fresh properties of the control concrete are as given in Table 4
and Table 5 respectively.
3.3. Mix designations and grouping
Cube samples of size 100x100x100 mm were cast in 28 vari-
ants. The variants were based on 2 fibre diameters, 0.5 mm and
1 mm, with 2 different spacing criteria, 12 mm and 15 mm. Upto
7 fibres were bundled up and placed for all 4 variants. A detailed
mix designation and grouping is as shown in Table 6.

3.4. Test apparatus

Table 3
Properties of Aggregates.
A specific test apparatus was fabricated based on the reference
Parameter Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate of the illumination considerations as per IS 3646–1:1992[48]. The
Specific Gravity 2.733 2.713 distance from the source of light has an impact on the transmitted
Water Absorption 0.79% 1.19% light for visible spectrum, as reported in several previous research
Moisture Content 0.4% 1.0% [1,4,11,12]. Prolonged exposure to heat allows thermal conduction

Fig. 1. Working principle of optic fibres [20].

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A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773

Fig. 2. Grain size distribution of coarse and fine aggregates with upper limit (UL) and lower limit (LL) as per IS 383:2016 [26].

Table 4
Mix proportions of concrete mix.

OPC (kg) Fly Ash (kg) Fine Aggr. (kg) Coarse Aggr. (kg) SP (kg/m3) Water (litres) Compressive Strength (MPa)
420 180 780 700 2.514 180 34

Table 5
Fresh properties of SCC.

V-funnel (sec) T 5 (sec) L-box Slump flow (mm) T 500 (sec)

Trial 1 12 20 0.85 595 4
Trial 2 15 22 0.92 560 4
Trial 3 19 26 0.87 580 5
Standard Values as per EFNARC 2005 9–25 >0.80 550–650 >2
(VF2) (PA2) (SF1) (VS2)

Table 6
Mix designations and test groups.

Fibre Diameter 0.5 mm 1 mm

Fibre Spacing 12 mm 15 mm 12 mm 15 mm
Number of fibres 1 M11 M12 M13 M14
2 M21 M22 M23 M24
3 M31 M32 M33 M34
4 M41 M42 M43 M44
5 M51 M52 M53 M54
6 M61 M62 M63 M64
7 M71 M72 M73 M74
Grouping M1 M2 M3 M4

Fig. 3. Test apparatus for transmissibility analysis.

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A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773

through the concrete and hence simulates the real-time scenario of

5 min
18.87
50.97

32.10
the material. The impact of these two factors on the transmission

M72

0.5
of Infrared radiation and hence heat were also studied.
The test rig consisted of an infrared lamp on one side of a closed
box. The concrete cube was placed at a fixed distance from the

5 min
17.63
32.79
50.42
M64

0.3
source of light in increments of 0.1 m up to a distance of 0.9 m.
When the distance increased beyond this, there was a negligible
change in the temperature and hence 0.9 m was considered as

21.18
50.21
29.03
M62

2 hr
the maximum distance to characterise the thermal behavior. Read-

0.9
ings were taken on the exposed surface and the surface directly
5 min
opposite to the surface to simulate conditions within and outside
29.58
50.17
20.59
M53

the room. A detailed representation of the testing apparatus is as

0.5

shown in Fig. 3.
Exposure duration of 5 min, 30 min, 1hr, 2hrs and 4hrs was
5 min
19.92
50.68

30.76

selected based on trial and error. Readings were taken upto 4hrs
M53

0.4

of exposure as further exposure did not cause any appreciable

increase in the temperature of concrete.
Thermal transmittance was calculated as a percentage of trans-
5 min
29.88
50.64
20.76
M43

mitted heat, as given by the formula.

0.3

Differencein Temperature
Thermal Transmittance ¼  100
5 min
29.87
50.45
20.58

Temperature of exposedsurface
M42

0.3

3.5. Data analysis

5 min
21.59
28.88
50.47
M41

0.6

Experimental data were analysed by means of surface fitting.

Surface fitting tools available in Origin 2022 were used and a Gaus-
5 min
18.19
32.57
50.76

sian model was found most suitable for the experimental data
M34

0.2

available. The results obtained were then further checked for

regression and fit.
5 min
21.58
29.25
50.83
M32

0.3

4. Results and discussions

5 min
31.77
50.82
19.05

4.1. Thermal testing

M24

0.2

The maximum exposed temperature was 98.55 °C for the M73

mix placed 0.1 m from the light source. The maximum internal
5 min
23.22
27.14
50.36
M23

temperature was 45.16 °C for the same. Considering atmospheric

0.4

conditions, the maximum external temperature in India is 51 °C,

recorded on 19th May 2016 [49]. There are 17 conditions where
50.91

20.41
30.50
M22

4 hr

temperatures were between 50 °C and 51 °C, as shown in Table 7.

0.8

It is clear to see that the temperature difference reduces as the

time increases, but all that being said, internal temperatures
50.87
30.47
20.40

reached a maximum of 30.50 °C for M22 ix at 4 h of exposure,

M22

2 hr
0.8

placed at 0.8 m from the source. All other specimens had lower
internal temperatures. A minimum temperature difference of
30 min

20.41 °C has been observed.

27.84
50.44
22.60
Thermal behavior in temperature ranges between 50 and 51 °C.

M22

0.8

4.2. Relationship between transmittance, distance and number of

fibres
5 min
28.94
50.94
22.00
M21

0.5

A plot of transmittance v/s distance v/s number of fibres is rep-

resented in Figs. 4-7 for groups M1, M2, M3 and M4 respectively. It
30 min

can be seen clearly that there is a correlation between transmit-

24.31
25.70
50.01
M12

0.9

tance and distance, and that as the distance increases, there is a

reduction in transmittance. Similarly, it can also be seen in all cases
that an increased fibre count increased the transmittance. The data
5 min
23.65
27.25
50.90
M11

was further validated by statistical surface fitting, which are as

0.3

represented. It can be observed that R2 values range from 0.81 to

0.93 indicating a definite dependence of the transmittance on
Exp Temp (°C)

Temp Diff (°C)

Int Temp (°C)

these two parameters. Only one of the 16 correlations, the 5-

minute testing data for M3 has shown an insignificant correlation
Dist (m)

of 0.66 which can be attributed to erratic early age results. The best
Time
Table 7

Mix

correlation was exhibited by group M3 at 1 h with an R2 value of

0.9346 and the least R2 value excluding the earlier case of 0.8129
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Fig. 4. Transmittance v/s distance v/s number of fibres and fitted surface plots for group M1.

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Fig. 5. Transmittance v/s distance v/s number of fibres and fitted surface plots for group M2.

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Fig. 6. Transmittance v/s distance v/s number of fibres and fitted surface plots for group M3.

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Fig. 7. Transmittance v/s distance v/s number of fibres and fitted surface plots for group M4.

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A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al.
can be observed in group M1 at 5-minute testing. Additionally, a
linear relationship between these three parameters has been
observed and is indicated adjoining to the respective figures..
4.3. Relationship between transmittance, distance and exposure
duration
The variation of transmittance with respect to time and dis-
tance exhibits a parabolic behavior as the transmittance stabilises
beyond 2 h, as indicated by Figs 8–11. Transmittance is seen to
Fig. 8. Plot of Transmittance v/s time v/s distance with fitted parabola for group M1.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773
peak at half an hour of exposure time in most cases, reducing expo-
nentially until 2 h. This behavior may be because at early stages of
exposure (5 min), the concrete does not have sufficient time to
conduct the heat on the exposed surface.
For 30 min exposure condition, the external surface absorbs the
heat but the insulating behavior of concrete reduces the convection
of heat to the internal surface. When the concrete is exposed for a
longer period of time, the transfer of heat increases, thereby
increasing the internal temperature, but reducing the temperature
difference. The parabolic relationship is clearly seen in the fitted
A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 65 (2022) 1759–1773

Fig. 9. Plot of Transmittance v/s time v/s distance with fitted parabola for group M2.

planes and R2 values vary from 0.9417 for mix M11 to 0.7897 for
mix M53.
The results of the testing clearly indicate a correlation and a
relationship between the transmittance, distance of source, expo-
sure duration and number of fibres. The transmittance is
impacted directly by the number of fibres in the testing surface
and the exposure time. The inverse relationship between trans-
mittance and the distance from the source also comes to
prominence.

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Fig. 10. Plot of Transmittance v/s time v/s distance with fitted parabola for group M3.

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Fig. 11. Plot of Transmittance v/s time v/s distance with fitted parabola for group M4.

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A. Shenoy, G. Nayak, A. Tantri et al.
5. Conclusions
The thermal characterisation of light transmitting concrete is a
crucial parameter that has an impact on its applicability and inte-
gration with the modern construction practices. The detailed
experimental program and the results obtained are positive and
in the direction of ultimate incorporation of the material.
 The thermal characterisation indicates good insulation proper-
ties of light transmitting concrete under extreme exposure con-
ditions and a maximum internal temperature of 30.50 °C has
been observed for high external temperatures and 2 h exposure
conditions.
 There is a direct correlation between transmittance and the
number of fibres and an inverse relationship between transmit-
tance and distance from the source, which correlates to research
findings for visible spectrum[6,12]. R2 values ranging between
0.81 and 0.93 indicate good correlation between the linear
model and the obtained data, validating the results.
 The relationship between transmittance and exposure time is
parabolic in nature wherein prolonged exposure beyond 2 h
will not cause significant changes in transmittance of heat.
The thermal characteristics are independent of exposure time
beyond an initial period of 2 h. This can be attributed to the
testing temperature, limited to 100 °C. The R2 values between
0.71 and 0.98 further confirm the significant impact of time
and distance on thermal transmittance.
The current study focuses on the use of artificial light sources to
determine thermal characteristics. Similarly, a maximum testing
distance of 0.9 m was selected as suitable for the existing source
of heat. A study on other sources and their effect on the transmit-
tance of heat, especially solar energy has to be explored. Within the
limitations of the present study, all findings are encouraging and
indicate scope for the incorporation of the material provided the
optimization in terms of transmittance, mechanical properties,
durability characteristics and mechanized production are satisfied.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Adithya Shenoy: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation,
Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Visualiza-
tion. Gopinatha Nayak: Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Pro-
ject administration. Adithya Tantri: Methodology, Validation,
Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Kiran
Kumar Shetty: Supervision, Project administration.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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