Research III Chapter 1 2 AutoRecovered

NAVOTAS NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL 0
ENHANCING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF WATER-BASED WALL PAINT
THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF CHICKEN FEATHER FIBER (CFF)
AS A FLAME-RETARDANT ADDITIVE
Proponents:
AMIRA U. ATUN
AIRA NICOLE G. DACLES
UMI KYLE A. ESCAT
KARL ERNIELL D. ARAMBULO
Research Adviser
2024
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Fire incidents are a problem that takes the lives and property of many.
The need for fire retardant materials is rising. Although some materials, such
as halogen compounds, are used as fire-resistant materials, they are highly
dangerous. Thus, renewable alternatives are sought. An example of this is
chicken feather fiber, which the researchers will be using as an additive to wall
paint. This will increase the fire resistance of the paint. This ensures safety
amongst various homes and facilities.
Introduction
In the span of 2023, there have been 15,900 cases of fire incidents in
the Philippines, 21.1% more than 2022’s total of 13,133 (BFP, 2024). Fire
incidents cause property losses, injuries, death, and a negative impact on the
economy. Most cases happen inside homes due to faulty electrical wiring. On
the other hand, chicken feathers, a poultry waste, have shown fire-resistant
properties. Due to their keratinous fibers, they are naturally flame inhibitors.
They could be added as composites to certain materials to increase fire-
resistance, such as paint.

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Dwellings in the Philippines are usually very near each other, some are
even connected to one another (ISPRS Archives, 2021). Houses among these
areas are built on light materials. When one house catches on fire, it could
easily spread onto the others. The number one cause of these fires is faulty
electrical wiring. To prevent incidents like this from happening, the researchers
thought of utilizing fire-retardant paint to walls in which the wiring is on. This
way, there is a lesser chance that the walls will catch on fire and spread onto
the rest of the house.
Halogen compounds were used in textiles to improve fire
retardancy, but were highly toxic despite their effectiveness (University of
Auckland, 2019). Alternatives were then seeked for by researchers,
discovering fibers with keratin. An example of these were chicken feather
fibers, which was cheaper than the others and is considered as a poultry
waste. The chicken feathers were chemically modified and converted into
flame-retardant powder that can be mixed with polymeric materials. Navotas
has experienced quite a few fire incidents in 2023, which motivated the
researchers to find a creative solution. And thought of adding the fiber from
chicken feathers to wall paint, a polymeric material.
The proposed solution involves adding chicken feather fiber to
wall paint to strengthen its fire resistance. The researchers chose the fiber
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due to its outstanding properties, such as being lightweight, having high
thermal insulation, acoustic properties, non-abrasive behavior and
hydrophobic properties (ScienceDirect, 2021). It offers an environmentally
friendly solution to waste management as they are cheap, renewable, and
abundantly available. The goal is to evaluate the potential of chicken feather
fiber as a reinforcing agent to wall paint.
A study in using chicken feathers as an additive to wall paint hasn't
been conducted by other researchers (ScienceDirect, 2019). Chicken feather
fibers have the potential to be a great additive due to their thermal and
mechanical qualities, as well as their sustainability. This could contribute in
reducing fire accidents, prevent the loss and property of lives, and help in
reinforcing building materials.
Background of the Study
Navotas has experienced quite a few fire incidents in the past year.
Whenever fire incidents were announced, the researchers, along with other
students, felt worry and fear. Worried about the conditions of their family and
afraid about what might happen. Other than their own homes, the researchers
are also concerned about fire incidents happening in their own school,
Navotas National Science High School. This is what pushed the researchers
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to conduct this study. A study that aims to prevent and lessen these fire
incidents.
In the University of Auckland, New Zealand, a study has been
conducted on application of chicken feathers to enhance the fire resistance of
polymeric composites (University of Auckland, 2020). Here, they discussed
the side effects of different chemicals used in increasing the flame retardancy
of polymer composites. They are toxic to humans and can affect the
mechanical properties of the composites themselves. This led them to a
sustainable alternative, chicken feathers. They have self-extinguishing
properties and great compatibility with polymeric materials.
There has been a study conducted in De La Salle University, utilizing
green mussel shells as an additive to water-based paint to increase its flame-
retardant property (Animo Repository, 2022). Here, they indicated another
flame-retardant material, green mussel shells. They baked and then
pulverized the green mussel shells. Next, the shells are added to the water-
based paint. After, they tested the paint’s fire retardancy and identified that the
factor that affects the fire performance is the amount of coating. This led the
researchers to question whether or not this could work with other fire-
retardant materials, such as chicken feather fibers.

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The localized data, the utilization of mussel shells as an additive to
water-based paint is different from the international study, wherein they
studied the potential of chicken feather fibers to be added to polymeric
composites. Firstly, the sources used for the flame-retardant property in these
studies differ. In the local study, mussel shells are used. While in the
international study utilized chicken feathers. Although, they are used for the
same reason, as a flame-resistant material. Both sources are pulverized in
some way, but the international study involved adding chemicals to improve its
performance.
For this study, the researchers will adapt the methodologies from the
local study (Animo Repository, 2022). Before anything else, the materials are
collected first, this includes the chicken feathers, wall paint, and plywood.
Firstly, the feathers are cleaned and air-dried. They are to be baked in 3
batches having 250C with different baking times of 2, 3, and 4 hours. Next,
they are ground using a blender and a miller. Then, they will go through a
mesh screen filtration to separate the particle sizes of the powder. These
mesh screens have sieve numbers of 60, 100, 200 in order to separate the
chicken feathers into ranges 0-75, 75-150, and 150-250 microns. They are
then added to the wall paint in varied concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%.
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After, it is painted onto the pieces of plywood with different numbers of
coating, 1, 2, and 3 layers.
Upon researching the topic, there has yet to be a study utilizing chicken
feathers as an additive to wall paint. Considering its excellent properties, both
thermal and mechanical, as well as its sustainability, chicken feather fibers
have a great potential to be added to other materials. This could be of help in
reinforcing building materials, lessening fire incidents, and preventing the loss
of property and lives.
Statement of the Problem
The primary objective of this study is to Enhance the Fire Resistance of
Water-Based Wall Paint through the Utilization of Chicken Feather Fiber
(CFF) as a Flame-Retardant Additive at Navotas National Science High
School at the time range of 2024 to 2025.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following:
1. Is the fire-resistant wall paint effective with the following amounts of
chicken feathers?
1.1. 500 ml/10 g

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1.2. 500 ml/15 g
1.3. 500 ml/20 g
2. How does the concentration or amount of chicken feather fiber
contribute to the fire resistance of a wall when added to wall paint?
3. What materials are suitable for the application of the fire-resistant
paint?
Hypotheses
The hypothesis of the study will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:
H01: The use of chicken feather fiber as an additive to wall paint is not
effective to increase its fire resistance.
Scopes and Delimitations of the Study
The central focus of the study is to make use of chicken feather waste
for fire safety. Fire retardant properties are important in a material. This
ensures the durability of the material as well as the safety of the people. Many
fire-retardant materials used today are hazardous to humans. Chicken
feathers have an outstanding potential as a fire-retardant additive. This study

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aims for the output to be used in various homes and other facilities to
enhance safety from future fire incidents.
In studying the effectiveness of chicken feather fiber as an additive to
wall paints to increase fire resistance, several variables must be considered
such as; the type of chicken feather the researchers must use whether
processed or unprocessed, and the right amount and concentration the
researchers must add to the wall paint (Science Direct, 2020). According to
the study, 0.5% of processed and unprocessed chicken feather fiber can
increase the density and higher stability.
For the study’s research design, the researchers will be using different
methods, such as baking, pulverizing, and filtering to achieve their goal. The
chicken feathers will be prepared and cleansed. They will then be baked in
250℃ and pulverized. After, they are filtered into specific sizes. Next, they are
added to the wall paint in varied concentrations. The paint is then coated into
the plywood in different amounts of coating.
The study is to be conducted at Navotas National Science High School.
The location is accessible to the researchers during school hours or when
permitted by the school’s principal. Although, the flame retardancy test will be
run at an open area near the school. The study will be conducted between the
time range of 2024 to 2025.

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This study focuses on lowering the fire incidents in Philippines’s
communities through making wall paint fire retardant. When applied to homes
made of lightweight materials, the probability of catching fire lessens. The tool
used to make these paints are chicken feathers, which are considered as
poultry waste and have great potential due to their excellent thermal qualities.
Chicken feathers are baked, pulverized, and filtered to different particle sizes
of powder, then mixed with the paint. This is then tested on a plywood, testing
its flame retardancy.
Significance of the Study
In the study's conduct, the researcher hopes to gather significant data
that could be used to enhance the fire resistance of water-based wall paint
through the utilization of chicken feather fiber.
Community. The implementation of the study will make the houses in
the neighborhood lower their chance to catch on fire. This way, the fire is less
likely to spread throughout the neighborhood. This will decrease the amount
of life and worth of damages taken away due to fire disasters. (Tuengr, 2022)
The reduction in the cases of fire incidents, makes the community and the
people’s lives more secured and safer.

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Firefighters. The study can help ease the jobs of firefighters. They
often have a hard time going into the affected buildings because of tight
spaces and traffic on the streets (MJBAS, 2022). This causes delays leading
to the fire spreading even more before they arrive. This study is an instrument
for this problem since, when the fire-retardant paint is applied, it will be harder
for the fire to spread. Giving more time for the firefighters to arrive before the
fire could spread.
People affected by poverty. This study will benefit people
experiencing poverty to assure that their houses are safe. Due to poverty,
their houses are made of light materials that can easily catch on fire. Add how
their houses are connected to each other and its density in the urban part of
the community (ISPR Archives, 2021). Fire incidents make the poor poorer
because these make them lose their possessions. This study aims to prevent
this from happening, utilizing flame retardant paint to assure the safety of their
houses.
Researchers. Being a part of the community, their houses will be safer
from fire catching on fire. There will be less fire incidents in their
neighborhoods that could potentially risk their lives.

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Future researchers. The benefits that can be gained here are getting
ideas for new topics from this research. This could serve as a reference, and
information for their research project as a Related Review Literature.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
In this chapter, an exploration of prior research pertaining to the fire
incidents in the Philippines, fire-resistant materials, fire-resistant natural fibers,
and chicken feather is provided. This sets the foundation for the theoretical
and conceptual framework of the current study. Furthermore, this chapter
furnishes precise definitions of the terms employed within the research.
The first theme of this study presents the fire incident in the Philippines.
The study by Korata et al. (2023) focuses on determining factors affecting
perceived effectiveness among Filipinos for fire prevention preparedness in
the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the study, the
Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to man-made

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fire disasters in urban areas. Based on the information that the study has
given; the country loses a considerable amount of damage a year just
focusing on urban areas. Whereas the total number of fire casualties recorded
in 2018 ranged from 326, 14,364 cases to 16,408 cases from January to
October 2019. The study added that there was even another fire incident that
happened on January 1st, 2021, in San Pedro City, Laguna, that destroyed 62
houses and caused 150 families to lose their homes. The study stated that the
number of fire incidents in the NCR, Philippines, has decreased to 14,000, but
it is still very high.
As claimed by the study of De Leon and Miranda (2022), fire has been
an unending problem across the country of the Philippines due to the weather
and combustible materials used in residential and industrial structures. The
study stated that in a year, the average fire incident reported in the Philippines
is about 15 thousand. In the years 2013–2018, the recorded average of fire
incidents was 15,733, with 855 fire-related injuries and 253 fire-related
deaths. The study showed a result from a prior study that fire incidents
occurred in Manila, Tondo, and Sampaloc areas from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. had the
highest fire incidents. The Philippine Bureau of Fire Protection implements fire
prevention programs to raise awareness among people that will lessen the
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frequency of fire incidents. The given information from the study was used by
the Bureau to make more strategic plans to prevent fire.
The study by Lagata et al. (2022) focuses on the challenges
encountered and the insights of Bureau of Fire Protection personnel towards
responding to fire incidents. Fire departments play an important role whenever
there are fire incidents, they have saved lots of lives and valued materials
from fire. According to the study, these challenges have become a factor in
the fire's escalation, resulting in more pain, deaths, waste of time, waste of
money, and waste of valued materials. The challenges mentioned in the study
are the delay in receiving information about the fire from the community and
the lack of public awareness about giving priority to fire engines. Whereas
when encountered by the fire department personnel, it delays their response
and time arriving at the place where the fire incident is happening. Arrival
delays can be critical when responding to fire incidents, as this can potentially
risk the lives of people and the community.
As stated in the study by Asiddao and Bongolan (2021), the National
Capital Region of the Philippines, are home to the world’s most densely
populated cities. 13 out of the top 50 most densely populated cities in the
world are located in the Philippines. Furthermore, the study shows that these
cities are also no strangers to fire incidents, they presented a report from the
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Commission on Audit. The report shows that the region has experienced an
average of 4500 incidents on a yearly basis since 2013–2018, a huge rate of
12 incidents per day. According to the study, a total of 31 billion dollars has
been lost in property damage from fire incidents from 2011–2017, and 17
billion of it was from the NCR. The increasing population of the region
contributes to the fact that the cities in the region are denser, making these
cities prone to fire incidents.
As stated in the study by Asiddao and Bongolan (2021), the National
Capital Region of the Philippines, are home to the world’s most densely
populated cities. 13 out of the top 50 most densely populated cities in the
world are located in the Philippines. Furthermore, the study shows that these
cities are also no strangers to fire incidents, they presented a report from the
Commission on Audit. The report shows that the region has experienced an
average of 4500 incidents on a yearly basis since 2013–2018, a huge rate of
12 incidents per day. According to the study, a total of 31 billion dollars has
been lost in property damage from fire incidents from 2011–2017, and 17
billion of it was from the NCR. The increasing population of the region
contributes to the fact that the cities in the region are denser, making these
cities prone to fire incidents.

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As claimed by the study of Buenaventura et al. (2020), destruction and
human loss from fire happen often in highly overpopulated cities. The
Philippines can relate to such events as being fire-prone due to
overpopulation and highly dense informal settlements in urban parts of the
country. The study stated that over 3,943 out of 14,316 fires reported in 2018
occurred in the Philippines capital metropolitan center, Metro Manila. The
study pointed out that the density of settlements in urban places in the
Philippines adds up as a factor in having more fire incidents. In densely
compacted communities, fire safety, fire prevention, and mitigation are difficult
to implement in these areas. The study determines the pattern in which the
fire would spread to make plans to prevent the fire from spreading, like using
fire-resistant materials.
The second theme of this study presents flame retardant materials.
According to the study of Feng et al. (2023), the demand for fire safety
equipment is currently increasing in which both industry and scientific
community aims to make sustainable fire retardants. A wide range of
industries utilizes flame retardant materials to diminish fire hazards and save
lives and properties. In addition, a sustainable fire-retardant material is made
up of renewable raw materials which makes them cost-effective and safer for
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the use of society. In 2016, the estimated global consumption of flame-
retardant materials was 2.3 million metric tons.
The same study also states that there are 3 major types of flame-
retardant chemicals which have the largest market share (Online library,
2023). These are aluminum hydroxide flame retardants, organophosphorus
flame retardants, and brominated flame retardants. However, some flame
retardants pose a threat to the health of consumers due to their biotoxicity
such as halogenated flame retardants but there are counterparts and more
environmentally friendly alternatives like the organophosphorus flame
retardant.
As stated by the study of Liu, Wang, and Zhao (2021), most organic
polymeric materials had caused immeasurable damages to the lives and
properties of many individuals because of its high flammability. The
requirements for flame retardant materials are high flame-retardant efficiency,
great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gasses, and most of
all it must not enhance the properties of polymeric materials. In the past
years, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed based
on “all-in-one” intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic
char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, and more, to solve the
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issues on conventional flame-retardant methods and to come up with possible
solutions.
According to the study done by Yang et al. (2020), one of the most
promising next-generation flame retardants are bio-based flame retardants for
their sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to
current non-bio-based counterparts. Lignin, an organic polymer with a unique
aromatic structure and high charring capability has the potential for a great
flame retardant. The study focuses on studying the effects of pristine lignin
and a chemically modified lignin with the elements phosphorus and/or
nitrogen, as well as its effect with existing flame-retardant additives.
According to Grunlan, Kolibaba, and Lazar (2020), bulk flame
retardants have been proven to be effective in mitigating the threat of fire from
flammable materials. But in recent years, there is an increase in the use of
surface treatments to localize flame retardant chemistry to preserve beneficial
properties and to lessen the use of additives. The study focuses on
developing more effective and non-intrusive flame retardants for future use
and the chemistries and mechanisms used are also discussed.
The study of Zhao et al. (2020) states that, one of the most widely used
thermal insulation of building materials which are expandable polystyrene
foam, is highly flammable and its traditional flame-retardant coating has been
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restricted for its low efficiency and for using toxic formaldehyde adhesive. In
order to solve these issues, this study demonstrates a formaldehyde-free,
phosphorus-containing, polysiloxane coating that can be utilized both as an
adhesive and a flame retardant for expandable polystyrene foam. This new
design provides a more environmentally friendly coating which can give
thermal insulations a higher fire safety performance.
The third theme of the study is regarding the use of natural fibers as a
fire-resistant material. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites are getting
more and more attention through the years (Wiley Interscience, 2008). The
factor often limiting the use of them is their fire performance which is yet to be
explored. Natural fibers include flax, cotton, hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf,
pineapple, ramie, bamboo, banana, and wood. Plant fibers contain
lignocellulose of which are applicable to diverse applications in the production
of composites. According to the review of Kozlowski and Władyka-Przybylak,
natural fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, and sisal contain excellent mechanical
properties and can compete with glass fiber in strength and modulus.
Moreover, they display a higher elongation to break and a low thermal
conductivity.
Furthermore, natural fibers are made of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,
hemicellulose, and extraneous materials. They have cells that consist of

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crystalline cellulose regions, called microfibrils, which are interconnected
through lignin and hemicellulosic sections. Additionally, the more parallel to
the fiber axis microfibrils are organized, the stronger the fiber. From the same
study, it stated that the fibers start degrading at approximately 230℃ and
results show that the bast fibers’ thermal degradation is a one-stage process,
while the leaf fibers have two stages: ranges 230-280℃ and 280-300℃.
Attempts have been made to coat or graft the fibers with monomers to
improve this property and are mostly aimed at covering and separating the
fibers or lignocellulosic particles. On the contrary, fire retardant additives being
used today are chemical compounds, although they are highly toxic.
Normally, these fire retardants are in powder form, their particle size greatly
affects the efficiency and the amount to be added, especially for the fire
retardation of polymers.
As mentioned in “Green Composites Based on Animal Fiber and Their
Applications for a Sustainable Future” by Mann et al. (2023), animal fibers,
including silk, wool, fur, and feathers follow plant fibers for the most important
natural fiber source for the reinforcement of composites. This is on account of
their abundance, non-toxic nature, biodegradability, and eco-friendliness.
Various samples of animal fibers include wool, cashmere, mohair and camel,
llama, alpaca, vicuna, and rabbit hair, due to their composition of complex
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proteins. The protein of these fibers is built up by distinct amino acids, such as
keratins, which are a group of cysteine-rich fibrous proteins found in wool,
hair, chicken feathers, and nails. Keratin has been the focus of extensive
research rooting from its regeneration and their ability to easily be converted
into biomaterials. This is a result of their widespread accessibility, light weight,
low cost, environmentally-friendly nature, and insolubility in organic solvents.
Half of chicken feathers are fiber and half are quills, both consist of
hydrophobic keratin, a protein with a tenacity equal to nylon and a diameter
smaller than wood fiber, the fiber is also thicker than the quill and has a higher
volume fraction.
In a review conducted by Njoku et al. (2019), most of the articles on
natural fibers focus on the natural fibers among plants and less on animals,
despite that, animal fibers have an advantage since they are not seasonal,
unlike plants. Animal fibers consist of protein and contain a specific protein
called keratin; keratin contains sulfur that determines the strength of the fiber.
Among the animal fibers, there exist fiber from feathers, they have elaborate
keratin structures found in vertebrates, these feathers consist of different
parts: quill or rachis, barbs, barbules, and hooklets. From a study they
reviewed, the barbs of the chicken feather were utilized to reinforce the
polyester matrix using hand lay-up process, results showed that enhanced
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mechanical properties were obtained for up to 2wt% of the feather fibers.
While studying the mechanical properties, the strain at break had a Gaussian
(normal) distribution with mean value of 6.93%, tensile modulus of 3.59±1.09
GPa and average tensile strength of 203±74 MPa, demonstrating the
suitability of chicken feather fibers for composite application. Following a
study they considered, composites from chicken feather fiber enhanced the
thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) composites.
From a study conducted by Galaska, Horrocks, and Morgan (2016),
different natural fibers from both plants and animals are tested for heat
release. Between plants and animals, they have two different sources for
flame retardancy. For plants, they have cellulosic fibers, which decompose
and produce char once exposed to pyrolysis temperatures. On the other
hand, animal fibers have silk fibroin and keratin, fibroin from larvae and
keratin commonly found in wool as well as birds. Furthermore, they differ in
amino acid composition, fibroin contains glycine, alanine, and serine, while
keratin contains methionine and cystine. Silk fibroin shrinks and softens when
heated at 175℃, before starting to decompose producing volatiles and char.
Keratin contains sulfur and can create disulfide bonds that reduce the onset of
decomposition temperature to 250℃, making a significant difference between
the two.
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In a review conducted by Muvillo et al. (2023), they assessed the use
of different animal fibers to their compatibility with composite matrices,
chicken feathers for one was included. The different matrices were the
cementitious, gypsum, and soil matrix. Firstly, the cementitious matrix
workability considerably increased as the ratio of CFFs increased from 5% to
20%, boards containing 5% to 10% of CFFs displayed comparable strength
and dimensional stability to commercial wood fiber-cement composites of
similar thickness and density. The stiffness, flexural strength, and dimensional
stability of the feather-cement boards lowered at the increased ratio of CFFs
above 10%, higher proportions also showed significant reduction in modulus
of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Transitioning to the gypsum matrix, the
use of CFFs increases its hardness and absorption, however, the
compressive and flexural strength of the composite was reduced. CFFs have
low thermal conductivity, using only 5%, by weight of the gypsum matrix, of
these fibers reduces the composite’s thermal conductivity by 36%, revealing
its potential for exterior wall coating and roof ceilings of buildings in intense
cold and heat. For the soil matrix, the bulk density and water erosion
performance of adobe mixtures reduced and improved respectively as the
proportion of CFFs increased, the addition of CFFs also enhanced the
damage performance of adobe mixtures.

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The fourth theme of this study is relating to chicken feathers and their
fire-retardant property. As highlighted in the study of Jung, Kim, and
Bhattacharyya (2020), keratin found in chicken feather fibers (CFF) yield
exceptional fire-retardant properties due to the sulfur and nitrogen present in
their molecular structure. In their study, they utilized chemical treatment for the
purpose of maintaining the mechanical properties while improving the flame-
retardancy of CFFs. Chemicals such as phosphoric acid (PA),
ethylenediamine (EDA) and melamine have been used for intumescent flame
retardants. Results of heat release rate (HRR) exhibited that the addition of
CFF improved char durability and 30 wt% of CFF/polypropylene (PP) has
achieved enhanced tensile strength, 3%, and modulus, 54%, relative to those
of neat PP. Moreover, the consistent particle size attained by a grinding
process, followed by chemical modification, contributes to the strength of the
material.
In the research, “Effects of chicken feather keratin on smoke
suppression characteristics and flame retardancy of epoxy resin” authored by
Hu et al. (2020), chicken feather keratin (CK) is utilized together with 9,10‐
dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to increase the
flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin (EP). Findings from
the study suggests that when added to EP, CK displayed good flame-
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retardancy and superior smoke suppression than that of DOPO’s. Additionally,
CK reduced the carbon monoxide or CO produced by the smoke. In spite of
EP samples with DOPO demonstrating better flame-retardancy properties
than that of the samples with CK, they produced more smoke, containing
higher CO. Besides that, when CK and DOPO were added to EP together, the
samples’ flame-retardancy varied with the ratio of the two flame retardants. As
the samples burn, the noncombustible gases generated during the pyrolysis
of CK cause the char layer to expand and remove some of the heat. At the
end of the study, CK and DOPO collaboratively refined the flame retardancy of
EP.
As reported in the study of Wrześniewska-Tosik et al. (2014), chicken
feathers were employed as a flame-retardant to elastic polyurethane (EPUR)
foam, a material generally used for mattresses, pillows, and furniture
cushions. The findings indicate that the addition of keratin fibers influenced
the foaming process and the material’s structure. Flammability tests suggest
that EPUR foams accompanied with crumbled keratin fibers made the
materials safer in terms of inflammability. According to their study, the altered
EPUR foams display a quality of increased limiting oxygen index and a lower
maximum burning temperature reached in a shorter time, contributing to its

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low combustibility. However, the incorporation of keratin fibers lowered the
density of the EPUR foam.
The data from the study, “Waste chicken feathers integrated with phase
change materials as new inner insulation envelope for buildings” by
Abdulmunem et al. (2022) implies that the incorporation of waste chicken
feathers (WCF) in particular ratios with phase change materials (PCM)
enhances the thermal properties of the PCM as a new insulation material in
the field of construction. PCM are substances that store and release thermal
energy. Abdulmunem et al.’s study elaborated on PCM with different mass
fractions (25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) of WCF within polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
panels as building inner envelopes. Following this, as opposed to PVC panels
that are filled with PCM only, the integration of WCF at a ratio of 75 % with
PCM within PVC panels improved the acoustic insulation by 9 % and reduced
the cooling load by 20.3 %. Designating it as a new insulation material able to
meet thermal comfort requirements and ensure a sustainable environment
through the recycling of waste, such as chicken feathers.
It has been documented in the study, “Thermal performances and
environmental analysis of a new composite building material based on
gypsum plaster and chicken feathers waste” of Ouakarrouch et al. (2020) that
chicken feathers can be utilized as a composite to optimize the thermal

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properties of building materials. The samples were tested of their thermal
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal effusivity. Conclusions
demonstrate that an increase in the mass fraction of chicken feathers brought
about a significant improvement in the reduction of the material’s thermal
properties. The said reduction is estimated at 36% for the thermal
conductivity, 13% for the thermal diffusivity, 23% for the thermal effusivity, and
16% for volumetric heat capacity. These findings were utilized to perform
dynamic thermal simulations in accordance with a typical residential building
through the Design Builder software. The integration of the composite material
with 5% of chicken feathers waste mass fraction in the external walls and the
roof of the designated building decreased the cooling consumption in summer
by 24.8% and the heating requirement in winter by 29.40%. Moreover, it is
important to mention that it contributed as well to the reduction of carbon
dioxide emissions by approximately 408 kg per unit area, thus helping the
environment.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literatures and Studies
The synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies presents a
multifaceted perspective on fire incidents in the Philippines, flame-retardants,
natural fibers, and chicken feather fiber as a fire-resistant material.

2
The study by De Leon and Miranda (2022) is learning out the most
common mistakes people make that lead to fire incidents. Fire has been one
of the contributors that take away the lives of living and non-living properties,
meaning these fire incidents are critical since we lose a lot from them that can
affect a community's economy and well-being. Through checking these
mistakes that have been made in the past fire incident record, the study will
be able to draw a conclusion and see a pattern in how fire incidents occur in
an area. This leads them to think about how they can improve the fire
prevention measures that they can teach the community to implement. Fire
prevention programs that the Bureau of Fire Protection can start to spread
awareness to the citizens of a community for their safety and the community's
safety. Similarly, to the study of Korata et al. (2023), this study’s priority is
finding out what the community’s knowledge is about fire prevention. It goes
differently this time, as they conducted a survey with the citizens about what
fire prevention methods they know and what works for them the most. The
study seeks the fire mitigation that works for Filipino citizens the most; they
use this to spread this kind of mitigation to other citizens, promote using this
mitigation, and create more mitigation similar to the kind that Filipino citizens
use. Both are in the same way, as both studies aim to look for information to
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find out how they can improve awareness about fire prevention, programs,
and practices to lessen the rate of fire incidents from happening.
The study of Lagata et al. (2022) also has something in common with
the study of De Leon and Miranda (2022) and Korata et al. (2023), these
studies still focus on improving the awareness of the community to prevent
fire. Although the study by Lagata et al. (2022) points out the citizens'
mistakes when a fire incident is happening, the study states that these
mistakes become one of the factors that make the job of firefighters hard and
can delay their time of arrival, causing the fire to escalate even more. We
cannot take chances of firefighters being delayed since they are the ones to
stop the fire and save people's lives. As for this not happening, this
information is used for what the Bureau of Fire Protection can focus teachers
on in their fire prevention programs. Another one of these factors is having a
dense community, like in the urban part of the country. This factor is the focus
of the study by Buenaventura et al. (2020). As well as the purpose of the
study by Lagata. (2022), the study identifies that having a dense community
can be a factor when it comes to fire incidents. Similar to the other factors
given earlier, having a dense community does help the fire spread more
easily, making the country prone and vulnerable to fire incidents. The study
made a simulation that shows the possible pattern of how the fire will spread.
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This is then used to plan how to prevent the fire from spreading, such as by
placing fire-resistant structures.
The study by Asiddao, and Bongolan (2021) and the study by
Buenaventura et al. (2020) are the most similar studies. Both studies’ priorities
indicate that having a dense community makes our country vulnerable to fire
incidents, as fire can spread from house to house easily. Also, both studies
made a model to emphasize how the fire could spread easily. Their aims are
also similar, which are to make dense communities in the Philippines safer
and less vulnerable to fire incidents. The studies differ in their solutions to this
problem. Buenaventura et al. (2020) solve the problem by using fire-retardant
structures to prevent fire from spreading. While the study by Asiddao and
Bongolan. (2021) solves the problem by improving the capability and
awareness of the citizens. These five studies mention factors that cause fire
incidents to occur a lot of the time. All five studies aim to figure out how they
can reduce fire incidents since the country suffers from them. Deaths, money,
time, and efforts are taken by these fire incidents, which could lead to a
decrease in the country's economy.
The study by Feng et al. states that flame-retardant materials play a
vital role in enhancing fire safety across industries to save lives and
properties, with emphasis on sustainability. This relates to the study of Yang et

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al. which states that one of the promising next-generation flame retardant
materials are bio-based flame retardants which are known for their
sustainability, environmental benefits, and efficiency. Researchers are driven
by the increasing demand for environmentally friendly options, and concerns
over the health impacts of certain chemicals which can be seen in the study of
Liu, Wang, and Zhao which states that some advanced methods in crafting
flame retardant materials have been developed to solve the issues on
traditional flame-retardant methods and to meet the requirements for flame
retardant materials.
Various innovative approaches are being explored to address the
challenges associated with flame retardant materials. The study of Yang et al.
introduces bio-based alternatives, such as lignin, that offer promising
prospects due to their sustainability and comparable efficiency to traditional
options. Additionally, the study of Grunlan, Kolibaba, and Lazar presents
advancements in surface treatments and coatings which aim to localize flame
retardant chemistry while preserving material properties and reducing the use
of additives.
By comparing these approaches from five different studies, it's evident
that researchers are actively innovating across various fronts to advance
flame retardant materials, balancing efficacy, safety, and sustainability

2
considerations. This pursuit of safer alternatives reflects a commitment to
mitigating fire hazards while minimizing environmental and health risks.
Kozlowski and Władyka-Przybylak (2008) studied the application of
plant fibers in the production of composites. Plant fibers including flax, hemp,
jute, and sisal, contain cellulose that makes them suitable for composites.
Comparably, the review of Mann et al. (2023) stated that the protein contained
in animal fibers that make them compatible as composites is keratin.
Returning to plant fibers, they have cells containing crystalline cellulose
regions, called microfibrils, which are interconnected through lignin and
hemicellulosic sections, the more parallel to the fiber axis microfibrils are
organized, the stronger the fiber. On the other hand, animal fibers are built up
by distinct amino acids, such as keratins, which are a group of cysteine-rich
fibrous proteins found in wool, hair, chicken feathers, and nails. Keratin can
regenerate in animal fibers in which they contain and they have an ability to
easily be converted into biomaterials. Cellulose is a polysaccharide and
keratin is a protein, both of which contribute to the mechanical and thermal
properties of plant and animal fibers.
The review of Njoku et al. (2019) stated that feathers have elaborate
keratin structures in vertebrates, these feathers consist of different parts: quill
or rachis, barbs, barbules, and hooklets. From the studies they reviewed,
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results showed that chicken feathers enhanced the mechanical and thermal
properties of those materials they were used for as composites. Likewise, the
study of Galaska, Horrocks, and Morgan (2016) showed that animal fibers
have silk fibroin and keratin. Fibroin is from larvae and keratin is found in wool
as well as birds. Besides that, they differ in amino acid composition, fibroin
composed of glycine, alanine, and serine, keratin contains methionine and
cystine. Results depict that silk fibroin shrinks and softens when heated at
175℃, whereas keratin starts to decompose at the temperature of 250℃,
forming a vital difference between the two.
The review conducted by Muvillo et al. (2023) mentioned that the
increased ratio of CFFs directly affected the cementitious matrix workability
from 5% to 20%, boards containing 5% to 10% of CFFs exhibited comparable
strength and dimensional stability to commercial wood fiber-cement
composites. The stiffness, flexural strength, and dimensional stability of the
feather-cement boards lowered at the increased ratio of CFFs above 10%,
higher proportions revealed significant reduction in modulus of elasticity and
modulus of rupture. The use of CFFs in gypsum matrix increases its hardness
and absorption, nonetheless, the compressive and flexural strength of the
composite was reduced. Using only 5% of CFFs, by weight of the gypsum
matrix, these fibers reduce the composite’s thermal conductivity by 36%,

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showcasing its potential for exterior wall coating and roof ceilings of buildings
in intense cold and heat. The bulk density and water erosion performance of
adobe mixtures reduced and improved respectively as the proportion of CFFs
increased, the addition of CFFs also enhanced the damage performance of
adobe mixtures. Correspondingly, the review of Njoku et al. (2019)
demonstrated the results of a study they reviewed, strain at break with a
mean value of 6.93%, tensile modulus of 3.59±1.09 GPa and average tensile
strength of 203±74 MPa, and enhanced thermal stability on another study
among poly(lactic acid) composites.
The investigation of Jung, Kim, and Bhattacharyya (2020) applied
chicken feather fiber as a fire-retardant material for polypropylene in
combination with chemical treatment. The study incorporated the use of
phosphoric acid (PA), ethylenediamine (EDA) and melamine. Chemical
treatment was carried out for the purpose of maintaining the mechanical
properties while improving the flame-retardancy of CFFs. This research
shares similarities with the study of Hu et al. (2020), wherein they utilized
chicken feathers along with the chemical compound 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐
phosphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO). DOPO is also a common chemical
used as a flame-retardant, comparable to phosphoric acid (PA),
ethylenediamine (EDA) and melamine. In both investigations, results

2
demonstrated that the addition of chicken feathers, in combination with the
given chemicals, refined the thermal and mechanical properties of each
material.
Polyurethane and Polyvinyl chloride are polymers used in the studies
of Wrześniewska-Tosik et al. (2014) and Abdulmunem et al. (2022)
respectively. Besides that, Polypropylene is also a polymer employed in the
study of Jung, Kim, and Bhattacharyya (2020). Concluded from the study of
Wrześniewska-Tosik et al., the addition of keratin fibers influenced the
foaming process and structure of the polyurethane foam, they also made the
material safer in terms of inflammability. Nonetheless, keratin fibers lowered
the density of the polyurethane foam. Derived from the examination of
Abdulmunem et al., the integration of chicken feathers at a ratio of 75 % within
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) panels improved the acoustic insulation by 9 % and
reduced the cooling load by 20.3 %. Through the analysis of Jung, Kim, and
Bhattacharyya, it is concluded that the addition of CFF improved char
durability and 30 wt% of CFF/polypropylene (PP) has achieved enhanced
tensile strength, 3%, and modulus, 54%. This commonality among the studies
indicates the compatibility of chicken feather fiber with different polymers.
Evidence from the analysis of Abdulmunem et al. (2022) and
Ouakarrouch et al. (2020) indicates that chicken feather composites can be

2
utilized in the field of construction. Through the exploration of Abdulmunem et
al., it is evident that chicken feathers can enhance the thermal insulation of
PVC panels as building inner envelopes. The 75% ratio of chicken feathers
with phase change materials improved the acoustic insulation of PVC panels
by 9% and reduced the cooling load by 20.3 %. This designates it as an
insulation material in which thermal comfort requirements are met and
ensures a sustainable environment through waste recycling. Owing to the
examination of Ouakarrouch et al., the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity,
and thermal effusivity of chicken feathers were tested. Chicken feathers
reduced the material’s thermal conductivity by 36%, thermal diffusivity by
13%, thermal effusivity by 23%, and volumetric heat capacity by 16%.
Furthermore, 5% of chicken feathers waste mass fraction in the external walls
and the roof of the designated building decreased the cooling consumption in
summer by 24.8% and the heating requirement in winter by 29.40%.
Theoretical Framework
The study is anchored to protein structure. Chicken feathers are
composed of keratin, which has a complex protein structure. To begin with,
protein structure indicates the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a
protein molecule. These proteins are made of amino acids linked together in a
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particular sequence to form a chain. More so, the chain of amino acids folds
and twists determines the protein’s structure. The structure of the protein
ensures that it performs its function in the organism’s body. (ScienceDirect,
2016)
As mentioned, keratins are a complex structure of protein, chicken
feathers mainly consist of them. Keratins have an intricate structure giving the
feathers their strength, flexibility, and even flame-retardant properties. The
arrangement of keratin forms a tough, durable structure that helps birds, like
chicken, in their survival. Moreover, the delicate structure of keratins make
feathers sturdy yet lightweight. For birds, they help in their flight, repelling
water, and keeping warm. For humans, these feathers may be used to
reinforce materials by utilizing them as composites. The use of chicken
feathers is especially sustainable since they are considered as poultry waste
and there is an abundant supply of them.
Flame retardancy is a remarkable feature of the chicken feathers. This
is primarily as a result of the keratin in which they are made of. Cysteine,
which keratin has in its structure. It is an amino acid responsible for forming
disulfide bonds. Making the proteins less likely to denature in the presence of
heat. The composition of the fibers builds the thermal stability of the feathers.
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In addition, when exposed to heat, keratin becomes a charred residue that
insulates the underlying parts from further spreading of flames.
The concept of protein structure is utilized by the researchers as a
scientific basis for their study. This is attributable to the theory proving the
potential use of chicken feathers as a flame-retardant material. Given that, the
feathers consist of keratin, the main contributor to its fire-retardant property.
The researchers utilized this as their basis for it demonstrates how chicken
feathers have the suitable properties to add to certain materials as
reinforcement. This study intends to apply the protein structure of the chicken
feather and its flame-retardant properties to use. This is through applying
them as an additive to wall paint.

2
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm of the study

2
Conceptual Framework
The proposed conceptual framework operates within the framework of
Input, Process, and Output (IPO) to enhance the fire resistance of water-
based wall paint through the utilization of chicken feather fiber. The input
phase begins with collecting and preparing the needed materials and
equipment. This includes the materials, chicken feathers, water-based wall
paint, and plywood. Besides that, the study also incorporates the use of
equipment, baking oven, blender, miller, and mesh screens. The chicken
feathers will be the additive to the water-based wall paint. We will make use of
the plywood by running the test on it. Plus, the baking oven shall be used to
bake the feathers in 250℃, the blender and miller for grounding them, and the
mesh screens for filtration. After the materials are gathered and prepared, the
process phase will begin next.
The process phase begins with cleaning and air-drying the chicken
feathers. Setting the baking oven at 250℃, the feathers are to be baked in 3
batches with varied baking times of 2, 3, and 4 hours. This procedure is done
to remove any moisture from the feathers and for them to be easier to ground.
Utilizing a blender and miller, the baked chicken feathers are ground. On top
of that, they will go through a mesh screen filter to segregate the particle sizes
of the powder. Mesh screens with sieve numbers of 600, 100, and 200 in
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order to divide them into three ranges: 0-75 microns, 75-100 microns, and
150-250 microns. Subsequently, they are mixed to the water-based wall paint
in varied ratios of 500 ml/10 g, 500 ml/ 15 g, and 500 ml/20 g. Soon after, the
mixture is painted onto the pieces of plywood with different coatings of 1, 2, 3
and layers. Once all the following procedures are complete, it is the time to
test the fire retardancy of the paint.
The output of the study is the fire-resistant water-based wall paint
through the chicken feathers as an additive. To further explain, the expected
outcome of the process is that the researchers will successfully produce a
fire-retardant wall paint by utilizing chicken feather fiber. The wall paint will be
then utilized by facilities and homes in order to lessen cases of fire incidents.
As equally important, the loss and damage caused by fire incidents will
decrease.
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Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm of the study

2
Definition of Terms
The terms presented below were defined operationally and technically
based on the conduct of the study.
Char Formation. Char formation is used in many other studies as an
effective way to increase the fire resistance of a material. Moreover, the
researchers used char formation for the same reasons helping the materials
used in this study to increase fire resistance. Where when keratin turns into a
charred residue, it protects the areas beneath the flames from spreading
farther.
Chicken feather fibers. The plumage of a bird, and is a soft, light thing
that covers the chicken’s body. It is composed of a long, thin, hollow, horny,
central part fringe with material like hair and vanes of barb. It consists of
keratin, which is an animal protein in all feathers or wool. In this study, it is
used as an additive for making a fire-retardant paint as it has great thermal
and mechanical qualities.
DOPO. 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphenanthrene-10-oxide or DOPO is
a flame-retardant compound used in various industries such as electronics,
textiles, and plastics. It has an ability to reduce the flammability of materials

2
by inhibiting or delaying the combustion process. This is done through the
compound releasing phosphorus-containing radicals that can interrupt the
chain reaction of combustion, slowing down the spread of fire. In one of the
reviewed studies, DOPO is utilized together with chicken feathers for this
purpose.
Fire retardant. It is to be able to slow the spread of destructive fire and
decrease the intensity of the fire. In this study, it is also used as a way to be
able to slow and weaken the chance of a material to catch on fire. It is used
as one of the solutions for the Philippines community to be less prone to fire.
Heat capacity. Heat capacity is the specific amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. Every
material has a different amount of heat energy required to change the
temperature of a given mass of a substance by a degree Celsius or Kelvin.
The heat capacity of feathers ranges from 0.024 W/(m K) to 0.034 W/(m K)
which makes feathers an effective thermal conductor.
Keratin. Keratin is a protein that helps form hair, nails, and the outer
layer of the skin (epidermis). It also helps in healing wounds. Keratin is also
abundant and easily harvested from both human and animal sources, in this
case, the keratin from chicken feather fiber is from an animal source. The
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keratin in chicken feathers contribute to the flame-retardant property of
chicken feathers that the researchers will utilize as an additive to wall paints.
Additionally, Chicken feathers contain about 91% of keratin proteins.
Limiting Oxygen Index. A measure of the minimum concentration of
oxygen in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen required to sustain the
combustion of a material. LOI indicates the flammability of a material by
measuring the amount of oxygen needed to support its combustion. Those
with a low Limiting Oxygen Index easily ignite and burn in the presence of
oxygen, while materials with a high Limiting Oxygen Index require a higher
concentration of oxygen to sustain combustion, indicating lower flammability.
In one of the reviewed studies, it is indicated that the addition of chicken
feathers increased the LOI of the material being studied.
Natural fibers. Natural fibers are hair-like raw materials that can be
obtained from geological processes and also animals and vegetables, which
can be converted into nonwoven fabrics. Natural fibers are used for textile
materials even before history is recorded. Natural fibers are easily available
and low-cost, which is why the researchers will utilize chicken feather fiber in
this study and also because of the fiber's chemical properties that can
enhance the fire-retardancy of wall paints.

2
Phase change materials. When PCMs changes from one phase to
another, they can absorb and/or release large amounts of thermal energy
which can help in maintaining a stable temperature in its surroundings. PCMs
are used to store thermal energy and can be applied in building insulations,
food storage, and more. PCMs can also be used to regulate temperature in
electronics. In this study, PCMs can also be added to enhance the flame
retardancy of chicken feather fibers in to wall paint.
Polymer. A chemical substance consisting of large molecules made by
bonding a series of building blocks. In this study, the researchers used
polymers as an example of fire-retardant material. As some polymers like
lignin has high charring capability that makes it a great potential being flame
retardant.
Polypropylene. A thermoplastic polymer generally used in a wide
range of applications for its versatility, strength, and resistance to heat and
chemicals. It is used in packaging, textiles, automotive, and medical, due to its
lightweight nature and durability. The polymer can be found in products like
food containers, ropes, carpets, automotive parts, and medical devices. From
a study that the researchers reviewed, chicken feather fiber was used to
strengthen the char durability of polypropylene.

2
Polyurethane. A flexible, durable polymer with insulating qualities that
is frequently used in a range of applications. In this study, the researchers
have found that polyurethane foams have poor combustibility that can be
explained by their more limiting oxygen index and lower maximum burning
temperature achieved in a shorter period of time. And when combined with
crumbled keratin fibers, it makes a material safer in terms of inflammability.
Protein structure. Structure of a protein that is the key for its enzymes
function. The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids
linked together to form polymers chain. In this study, the protein structure was
used where the protein structure of a chicken feather contains keratin which
contributes making it fire retardant.
Smoke suppression. Smoke suppression is the process of reducing
or inhibiting the formation and releasing of smoke during a fire. Smoke
suppression has additives or technologies to minimize the amount of smoke
produced when they burn. It aims to reduce toxic gas emissions and enhance
the safety of materials or products during a fire emergency. It is helpful in
enclosed spaces where smoke inhalation can be hazardous. The product of
this study may work similarly to smoke suppression as the wall paint can also
enhance safety and reduce fire incidents.

2
Thermal conductivity. It is the ability of a substance to conduct heat, a
measure of a material’s performance in transferring heat from one point to
another. Those materials with high thermal conductivity can transfer heat
efficiently, and those with low thermal conductivity are poor conductors of
heat. Thermal conductivity is significant in many applications, such as in
building insulation, electronics, and engineering materials. Chicken feathers
have a low thermal conductivity, contributing to their flame-retardant property.
Thermal diffusivity. It describes how quickly heat can move through a
material. It tells how well a material can conduct heat relative to its ability to
store heat. High thermal diffusivity contributes to a material’s quickly
distribution of heat throughout their volume, while materials with low thermal
diffusivity take longer to distribute heat. Chicken feathers have a low thermal
diffusivity, which contributes to their insulation properties.
Thermal effusivity. A property that combines the thermal conductivity,
density, and specific heat capacity of a material into a single value. It
describes the proficiency of a material in exchanging thermal energy with its
surroundings. Materials with high thermal effusivity quickly responds to the
changes in temperature and materials with low thermal effusivity have a
slower response to temperature changes. Chicken feathers have a low
thermal effusivity, playing a role in their quality of retaining heat.

2
Thermal insulation. A material or a combination of materials used to
reduce the transfer of heat between objects or areas with different
temperatures. Thermal insulations maintain a consistent temperature by
minimizing the heat flow through walls, ceilings, floors, and other surfaces. It
is crucial in buildings, appliances, and industrial processes to improve energy
efficiency, reduce heat loss or gain, and create a comfortable environment.
Examples of thermal insulations include fiberglass, foam, cellulose, mineral
wool, as well as chicken feathers.

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Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter reveals the methods of research to be employed by the
researcher in conducting the study which includes the research design,
population of the study, sampling technique, research instrument, data
gathering procedures, and the appropriate statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
Write here your text. No space in between paragraphs. Just click enter
to write another paragraph. After the text, there is always a triple spacing
before the next subtitle.
Respondents of the Study

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Sampling Technique
Research Instrument
The study will use the following research instrument to gather data,
measure variables, and obtain the information needed to answer research
questions or test hypotheses.
Instrument. Write here your text. No space in between paragraphs.
Just click enter to write another paragraph. After the text, there is always a
triple spacing before the next subtitle.
Instrument. Write here your text. No space in between paragraphs.
Just click enter to write another paragraph. After the text, there is always a
triple spacing before the next subtitle.

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Data Gathering Procedures
Validation Procedures
Statistical Treatment of Data
To analyze and interpret the data, the researcher will use the following
statistical tools:
Statistical Tool. Write here your text. No space in between
paragraphs. Just click enter to write another paragraph. After the text, there is
always a triple spacing before the next subtitle.

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Statistical Tool. Write here your text. No space in between
paragraphs. Just click enter to write another paragraph. After the text, there is
always a triple spacing before the next subtitle.

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NAVOTAS NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL 0

ENHANCING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF WATER-BASED WALL PAINT

THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF CHICKEN FEATHER FIBER (CFF)

AIRA NICOLE G. DACLES

UMI KYLE A. ESCAT

KARL ERNIELL D. ARAMBULO

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

as halogen compounds, are used as fire-resistant materials, they are highly

dangerous. Thus, renewable alternatives are sought. An example of this is

amongst various homes and facilities.

They could be added as composites to certain materials to increase fire-

resistance, such as paint.

the rest of the house.

Halogen compounds were used in textiles to improve fire

retardancy, but were highly toxic despite their effectiveness (University of

Auckland, 2019). Alternatives were then seeked for by researchers,

discovering fibers with keratin. An example of these were chicken feather

flame-retardant powder that can be mixed with polymeric materials. Navotas

chicken feathers to wall paint, a polymeric material.

The proposed solution involves adding chicken feather fiber to

due to its outstanding properties, such as being lightweight, having high

thermal insulation, acoustic properties, non-abrasive behavior and

hydrophobic properties (ScienceDirect, 2021). It offers an environmentally

friendly solution to waste management as they are cheap, renewable, and

abundantly available. The goal is to evaluate the potential of chicken feather

fiber as a reinforcing agent to wall paint.

A study in using chicken feathers as an additive to wall paint hasn't

been conducted by other researchers (ScienceDirect, 2019). Chicken feather

mechanical qualities, as well as their sustainability. This could contribute in

reinforcing building materials.

Background of the Study

In the University of Auckland, New Zealand, a study has been

conducted on application of chicken feathers to enhance the fire resistance of

polymeric composites (University of Auckland, 2020). Here, they discussed

mechanical properties of the composites themselves. This led them to a

sustainable alternative, chicken feathers. They have self-extinguishing

properties and great compatibility with polymeric materials.

There has been a study conducted in De La Salle University, utilizing

green mussel shells as an additive to water-based paint to increase its flame-

retardant property (Animo Repository, 2022). Here, they indicated another

flame-retardant material, green mussel shells. They baked and then

retardant materials, such as chicken feather fibers.

The localized data, the utilization of mussel shells as an additive to

water-based paint is different from the international study, wherein they

studied the potential of chicken feather fibers to be added to polymeric

same reason, as a flame-resistant material. Both sources are pulverized in

After, it is painted onto the pieces of plywood with different numbers of

coating, 1, 2, and 3 layers.

feathers as an additive to wall paint. Considering its excellent properties, both

thermal and mechanical, as well as its sustainability, chicken feather fibers

have a great potential to be added to other materials. This could be of help in

of property and lives.

Statement of the Problem

The primary objective of this study is to Enhance the Fire Resistance of

Water-Based Wall Paint through the Utilization of Chicken Feather Fiber

(CFF) as a Flame-Retardant Additive at Navotas National Science High

School at the time range of 2024 to 2025.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following:

1. Is the fire-resistant wall paint effective with the following amounts of

1.1. 500 ml/10 g

1.2. 500 ml/15 g

1.3. 500 ml/20 g

2. How does the concentration or amount of chicken feather fiber