DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH IN ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC

REVIEW

Hafizul Fahri Hanafi1

1
Faculty of Computer Science and Meta-Technology, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
hafizul@meta.upsi.edu.my

Keywords: digital, technology, organic, chemistry, education

Abstract:
1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

2.1 Identification

In choosing several appropriate papers for this report, the systematic review process consists of
three main phases. The first step is keyword recognition and the quest for linked, similar terms
based on the thesaurus, dictionaries, encyclopedia, and previous studies. Accordingly, after all
the relevant keywords were decided, search strings on Scopus and PubMed (see Table 2)
database have been created. In the first step of the systematic review process, the present
research work successfully retrieved 74 papers from both databases.

TABLE 2

The search string.

TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( teacher OR lecturer OR

Scopus tutor ) AND e-learning AND malaysia ) AND
( LIMIT-TO ( PUBSTAGE , "final" ) ) AND
( LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2022 ) OR LIMIT-TO
( PUBYEAR , 2021 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR
, 2020 ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) )
AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) )
AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) )
Date of Access: 29 October 2022
Dimensio islamic AND banking AND malaysia
n ai.
PubMed ((breast[Title/Abstract]) AND
(cancer[Title/Abstract])) AND
(detection[Title/Abstract])
ERIC https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%28+teacher++OR+
+lecturer++OR++tutor+%29++AND++e-learning+
+AND++malaysia

2.1 Screening
 -duplicate

2.3 Eligibility
For the third step, known as eligibility, a total of 34 articles have been prepared. All articles’
titles and key content were thoroughly reviewed at this stage to ensure that the inclusion
requirements were fulfilled and fit into the present study with the current research aims.
Therefore, two reports were omitted because they were not pure science articles based on
empirical evidence. Finally, 32 articles are available for review (see Table 3).

TABLE 3

The selection criterion is searching

Criterion Inclusion Exclusion

Language English Non-English

Time line 2021 – 2022 < 2020

Literature type Journal (Article) Conference, Book, Review

Publication Stage Final In Press

2.4 Data Abstraction and Analysis

Record identify through

Record identify through Record identify through
Identification

WorldofScience
Scopus searching eric searching
searching
(n =163 ) (n =2)
(n =3)

Records after screened Records excluded

Scopus (n=27), eric (n=2), WoS (n=1) Follow the criterion;
(Total =30) removed Non-English, <
Screening

2021, book chapter,

conference proceeding,In
Press.
Duplicate record removed
(n = 144)
(n = 3)

Full text excluded

Eligibility

Article access for eligibility Due to the out of field (n= 2)

(n = 27) Title not significantly (n=1)
Abstract not related on the
objective of the study (n=2)
No full text ( Cannot access)
(n=4)
(n= 9)
Studies included in qualitative
Included

analysis

(n =18)

FIGURE 2. Flow diagram of the proposed searching study (Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, 2009)
3. Result and Finding
Cancer is one of Malaysia’s most significant health issues. As public health concerns the growth
and success of this region, the disease has become increasingly significant. Based on the
searching technique, 32 articles were extracted and analysed.

All articles were categorised based on three main themes, which are knowledge and awareness
(10 articles), screening and vaccination program (11 articles), and challenge and problem (11
articles) (Refer Table 4).
 TABLE 4

The research article finding based on the proposed searching criterion

Authors Title Year Source title

Pei R., Fan L., Zhao F., Xiao J., 3D-Printed metal-organic frameworks within 2020 Journal of Hazardous
Yang Y., Lai A., Zhou S.-F., biocompatible polymers as excellent adsorbents Materials
Zhan G. for organic dyes removal

Zhou T., Geng Y., Chen J., Pan High-resolution digital mapping of soil organic 2020 Science of the Total
J., Haase D., Lausch A. carbon and soil total nitrogen using DEM Environment
derivatives, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data based
on machine learning algorithms

Meng C., Tian D., Zeng H., Li Z., Global meta-analysis on the responses of soil 2020 Science of the Total
Chen H.Y.H., Niu S. extracellular enzyme activities to warming Environment

Sailapu S.K., Macchia E., Standalone operation of an EGOFET for ultra- 2020 Biosensors and
Merino-Jimenez I., Esquivel J.P., sensitive detection of HIV Bioelectronics
Sarcina L., Scamarcio G.,
Minteer S.D., Torsi L., Sabaté N.

Safanelli J.L., Chabrillat S., Ben- Multispectral models from bare soil composites 2020 Remote Sensing
Dor E., Demattê J.A.M. for mapping topsoil properties over Europe

Yu T.-F., Chen H.-Y., Liao M.- Solution-Processable Anion-doped Conjugated 2020 ACS Applied
Y., Tien H.-C., Chang T.-T., Polymer for Nonvolatile Organic Transistor Materials and
Chueh C.-C., Lee W.-Y. Memory with Synaptic Behaviors Interfaces

Jaramillo D.E., Jiang H.Z.H., Ambient-Temperature Hydrogen Storage via 2021 Journal of the
Evans H.A., Chakraborty R., Vanadium(II)-Dihydrogen Complexation in a American Chemical
Furukawa H., Brown C.M., Metal-Organic Framework
 Head-Gordon M., Long J.R. Society

Bi S., Sun S., Lao F., Liao X., Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 2020 Food Chemistry
Wu J. combined with multivariate data analysis as a tool
for differentiating between processed orange
juice samples on the basis of their volatile
markers

Duan H.-G., Tiwari V., Jha A., Photoinduced vibrations drive ultrafast structural 2020 Journal of the
Berdiyorov G.R., Akimov A., distortion in lead halide perovskite American Chemical
Vendrell O., Nayak P.K., Snaith Society
H.J., Thorwart M., Li Z., Madjet
M.E., Dwayne Miller R.J.

Jia H., Huo J., Fu Q., Duan Y.,
Lin Y., Jin X., Hu X., Cheng J.
Insights into chemical composition, abatement 2020 Environmental
mechanisms and regional transport of Pollution
atmospheric pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta
region, China during the COVID-19 outbreak
control period

Hammer, AJS; Leonov, AI; Bell, NL; Chemputation and the Standardization of Chemical
Cronin, L Informatics 2021 JACS AU
Hardwick, T; Ahmed, N Digitising chemical synthesis in automated and robotic
flow 2020 CHEMICAL SCIENCE
 Authors Title Yea Source title Methodology Advantages
r

Pei R., Fan L., 3D-Printed metal- 2020 Journal of Three-dimensional (3D) printing technique
Zhao F., Xiao J., organic frameworks Hazardous has received exceptional global attention as it
Yang Y., Lai A., within biocompatible Materials can create a myriad of high-resolution
Zhou S.-F., polymers as excellent architectures from digital models.
Zhan G. adsorbents for organic
dyes removal

Zhou T., Geng High-resolution digital 2020
Y., Chen J., Pan mapping of soil organic
J., Haase D., carbon and soil total
Lausch A. nitrogen using DEM
derivatives, Sentinel-1
and Sentinel-2 data
based on machine
learning algorithms
Science of the we applied machine learning techniques to
Total map both SOC and STN content in the
Environment southern part of Central Europe using digital
elevation model (DEM) derivatives, multi-
temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, and
evaluated the potential of different remote
sensing sensors (Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2) to
predict SOC and STN content. of SOC and
STN contents than individual sensors..

Meng C., Tian Global meta-analysis 2020 Science of the Soil enzymes play critical roles in the
D., Zeng H., Li on the responses of soil Total decomposition of organic matter and
Z., Chen extracellular enzyme Environment determine the availability of soil nutrients,
H.Y.H., Niu S. activities to warming however, there are significant uncertainties in
regard to how enzymatic responses to global
warming. To reveal the general response
patterns and controlling factors of various
extracellular enzyme activities (EEA), we
collected data from 78 peer-reviewed papers
to investigate the responses of extracellular
enzyme activities (EEA), including β-1,4-
glucosidase (BG), β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH),
β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), leucine amino
peptidase (LAP), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase
(NAG), urease (URE), phosphatase (PHO),
peroxidase (PER), phenol oxidase (POX), and
polyphenol oxidase (PPO), to experimental
warming. Our results showed that warming
 treatments increased soil temperature by 1.9
°C on average. The oxidative EEA, calculated
as the sum of PER, POX and PPO, was on
average stimulated by 9.4% under warming.
However, the responses of C acquisition EEA
(the sum of BG, CBH and XYL), N
acquisition EEA (the sum of LAP, NAG and
URE), and P acquisition EEA to warming had
large variations across studies. The warming
effects on C, N, P acquisition EEA and
oxidative EEA tended to increase with soil
warming magnitude and duration as well as
the mean annual temperature. The response of
C acquisition EEA to warming was positively
correlated with fungal biomass, while that of
P acquisition EEA had positive relationships
with fungi: bacteria ratios. The response of
oxidative EEA was negatively correlated with
the abundance of gram-positive bacterial
biomass. Our results suggested that warming
consistently stimulated oxidative EEA, but
had diverse effects on hydrolytic EEA, which
were dependent on the warming magnitude or
duration, or environmental factors. The
observed relationships between changes in
microbial traits and extracellular enzymes
suggested that microbial compositions drive
changes in enzyme decomposition under
warming. Thus, incorporation of microbial
modification in biogeochemistry models is
essential to better predict ecosystem carbon
and nutrient dynamics. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Sailapu S.K., Standalone operation of 2020 Biosensors A point-of-care (POC) device to enable de- powered via paper-based biofuel cell
Macchia E., an EGOFET for ultra- and centralized diagnostics can effectively reduce (BFC) that extracts the energy from the
Merino-Jimenez sensitive detection of Bioelectronics the time to treatment, especially in case of analysed sample itself. The self-powered
I., Esquivel J.P., HIV infectious diseases. platform is demonstrated to achieve
Sarcina L., detection of HIV-1 p24 antigens in fM
Scamarcio G., range, suitable for early diagnosis. From
Minteer S.D., these developments, a cost-effective digital
Torsi L., Sabaté POC device able to detect the transition
N. from “healthy” to “infected” state at single-
molecule precision, with no dependency on
 external

Safanelli J.L., Multispectral models 2020 Remote Reflectance of light across the visible, near-
Chabrillat S., from bare soil Sensing infrared and shortwave infrared (VIS-NIR-
Ben-Dor E., composites for SWIR, 0.4-2.5 μm) spectral region is very
Demattê J.A.M. mapping topsoil useful for investigating mineralogical,
properties over Europe physical and chemical properties of soils,
which can reduce the need for traditionalwet
chemistry analyses. Asmany collections of
multispectral satellite data are available for
environmental studies, a large extent with
medium resolution mapping could be
benefited from the spectral measurements
made from remote sensors. In this paper, we
explored the use of bare soil composites
generated from the large historical collections
of Landsat images for mapping cropland
topsoil attributes across the European extent.
For this task, we used the Geospatial Soil
Sensing System (GEOS3) for generating two
bare soil composites of 30 m resolution
(named synthetic soil images, SYSI), which
were employed to represent the median
topsoil reflectance of bare fields. The first
(framed SYSI) was made with multitemporal
images (2006-2012) framed to the survey
time of the Land-Use/Land-Cover Area
Frame Survey (LUCAS) soil dataset (2009),
seeking to be more compatible to the soil
condition upon the sampling campaign. The
second (full SYSI) was generated from the
full collection of Landsat images (1982-
2018), which although displaced to the field
survey, yields a higher proportion of bare
areas for soil mapping. For evaluating the two
SYSIs, we used the laboratory spectral data as
a reference of topsoil reflectance to calculate
the Spearman correlation coeffcient.
Furthermore, both SYSIs employed machine
learning for calibrating prediction models of
clay, sand, soil organic carbon (SOC),
calcium carbonates (CaCO3), cation exchange
capacity (CEC), and pH determined in water,
using the gradient boosting regression
 algorithm. The original LUCAS laboratory
spectra and a version of the data resampled to
the Landsat multispectral bands were also
used as reference of prediction performance
using VIS-NIR-SWIR multispectral data. Our
results suggest that generating a bare soil
composite displaced to the survey time of soil
observations did not improve the quality of
topsoil reflectance, and consequently, the
prediction performance of soil attributes.
Despite the lower spectral resolution and the
variability of soils in Europe, a SYSI
calculated from the full collection of Landsat
images can be employed for topsoil prediction
of clay and CaCO3 contents with a moderate
performance (testing R2, root mean square
error (RMSE) and ratio of performance to
interquartile range (RPIQ) of 0.44, 9.59, 1.77,
and 0.36, 13.99, 1.54, respectively). Thus, this
study shows that although there exist some
constraints due to the spatial and temporal
variation of soil exposures and among the
Landsat sensors, it is possible to use bare soil
composites for mapping key soil attributes of
croplands across the European extent. © 2020
by the authors.

Yu T.-F., Chen Solution-Processable 2020 ACS Applied Brain-inspired synaptic transistors have been
H.-Y., Liao M.- Anion-doped Materials and considered as a promising device for next-
Y., Tien H.-C., Conjugated Polymer Interfaces generation electronics. To mimic the behavior
Chang T.-T., for Nonvolatile Organic of a biological synapse, both data processing
Chueh C.-C., Transistor Memory and nonvolatile memory capability are
Lee W.-Y. with Synaptic simultaneously required for a single electronic
Behaviors device. In this work, a simple approach to
realize a synaptic transistor with improved
memory characteristics is demonstrated by
doping an ionic additive, tetrabutylammonium
perchlorate (TBAP), into an active polymer
semiconductor without using any extra charge
storage layer. TBAP doping is first revealed
to improve the memory window of a derived
transistor memory device from 19 to 32 V
(∼68% enhancement) with an on/off current
ratio over 103 at VG =-10 V. Through
 morphological analysis and theoretical
calculations, it is revealed that the association
of anion with polymers enhances the charge
retention capability of the polymer and
facilitates the interchain interactions to result
in improved memory characteristics. More
critically, the doped device is shown to
successfully mimic the synaptic behaviors,
such as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF),
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic
currents, and spike-rate dependent plasticity.
Notably, the TBAP-doped device is shown to
deliver a PPF index of up to 204% in contrast
to the negligible value of an undoped device.
This study describes a novel approach to
prepare a synaptic transistor by doping
conjugated polymers, which can promote the
future development of artificial neuromorphic
systems. Copyright © 2020 American
Chemical Society.

Jaramillo D.E., Ambient-Temperature 2021 Journal of the The widespread implementation of H2 as a

Jiang H.Z.H., Hydrogen Storage via American fuel is currently hindered by the high
Evans H.A., Vanadium(II)- Chemical pressures or cryogenic temperatures required
Chakraborty R., Dihydrogen Society to achieve reasonable storage densities. In
Furukawa H., Complexation in a contrast, the realization of materials that
Brown C.M., Metal-Organic strongly and reversibly adsorb hydrogen at
Head-Gordon Framework ambient temperatures and moderate pressures
M., Long J.R. could transform the transportation sector and
expand adoption of fuel cells in other
applications. To date, however, no adsorbent
has been identified that exhibits a binding
enthalpy within the optimal range of-15 to-25
kJ/mol for ambient-temperature hydrogen
storage. Here, we report the hydrogen
adsorption properties of the metal-organic
framework (MOF) V2Cl2.8(btdd) (H2btdd,
bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4′,5′-
i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin), which features
exposed vanadium(II) sites capable of
backbonding with weak πacids. Significantly,
gas adsorption data reveal that this material
binds H2 with an enthalpy of-21 kJ/mol. This
binding energy enables usable hydrogen

Bi S., Sun S., Gas chromatography– 2020
Lao F., Liao X., mass spectrometry
Wu J. combined with
multivariate data
analysis as a tool for
differentiating between
processed orange juice
samples on the basis of
their volatile markers
capacities that exceed that of compressed
storage under the same operating conditions.
The Kubas-type vanadium(II)-dihydrogen
complexation is characterized by a
combination of techniques. From powder
neutron diffraction data, a V-D2(centroid)
distance of 1.966(8) Å is obtained, the
shortest yet reported for a MOF. Using in situ
infrared spectroscopy, the H-H stretch was
identified, and it displays a red shift of 242
cm-1. Electronic structure calculations show
that a main contribution to bonding stems
from the interaction between the vanadium dπ
and H2 σ∗ orbital. Ultimately, the pursuit of
MOFs containing high densities of weakly π-
basic metal sites may enable storage
capacities under ambient conditions that far
surpass those accessible with compressed gas
storage. © 2021 American Chemical Society.
Food The contents of volatile aroma compounds in
Chemistry orange juice vary after high hydrostatic
pressure (HHP) processing and pasteurization,
and hence gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry has potential for discriminating
between orange juice samples according to
the processing method. Effects of HHP
processing and pasteurization on orange juice
were investigated immediately after
processing and after storage for 28 days at 4
°C. Processing decreased the contents of most
terpenes and esters and increased those of
alcohols and aldehydes. Volatile compounds
that could serve as discriminant indicators of
HHP processing and pasteurization were
heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-nonenal, and
d-carvone and β-terpineol, p-mentha-1,5-dien-
8-ol, carveol, and β-copaene, respectively.
The discrimination abilities of pH, ascorbic
acid, total soluble solids, and color were
compared with those of volatile compounds,
which were found to be lower. The
compounds d-carvone and β-terpineol could
be used as discriminant indicators of HHP-
 treated and pasteurized orange juice,
respectively, throughout the storage period. ©
2019 Elsevier Ltd

Duan H.-G., Photoinduced 2020 Journal of the The success of organic−inorganic perovskites
Tiwari V., Jha vibrations drive American in optoelectronics is dictated by the complex
A., Berdiyorov ultrafast structural Chemical interplay between various underlying
G.R., Akimov distortion in lead halide Society microscopic phenomena. The structural
A., Vendrell O., perovskite dynamics of organic cations and the inorganic
Nayak P.K., sublattice after photoexcitation are
Snaith H.J., hypothesized to have a direct effect on the
Thorwart M., Li material properties, thereby affecting the
Z., Madjet M.E., overall device performance. Here, we use
Dwayne Miller ultrafast heterodyne-detected two-
R.J. dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy to
reveal impulsively excited vibrational modes
of methylammonium (MA) lead iodide
perovskite, which drive the structural
distortion after photoexcitation. Vibrational
analysis of the measured data allows us to
monitor the time-evolved librational motion
of the MA cation along with the vibrational
coherences of the inorganic sublattice.
Wavelet analysis of the observed vibrational
coherences reveals the coherent generation of
the librational motion of the MA cation within
∼300 fs complemented with the coherent
evolution of the inorganic skeletal motion. To
rationalize this observation, we employed the
configuration interaction singles (CIS), which
support our experimental observations of the
coherent generation of librational motions in
the MA cation and highlight the importance
of the anharmonic interaction between the
MA cation and the inorganic sublattice.
Moreover, our advanced theoretical
calculations predict the transfer of the
photoinduced vibrational coherence from the
MA cation to the inorganic sublattice, leading
to reorganization of the lattice to form a
polaronic state with a long lifetime. Our study
uncovers the interplay of the organic cation
and inorganic sublattice during formation of
the polaron, which may lead to novel design

Jia H., Huo J., Insights into chemical 2020
Fu Q., Duan Y., composition, abatement
Lin Y., Jin X., mechanisms and
Hu X., Cheng J. regional transport of
atmospheric pollutants
in the Yangtze River
Delta region, China
during the COVID-19
outbreak control period
principles for the next generation of
perovskite solar cell materials. © 2020
American Chemical Society
Environmental To investigate chemical characteristics,
Pollution abatement mechanisms and regional transport
of atmospheric pollutants during the COVID-
19 outbreak control period in the Yangtze
River Delta (YRD) region, China, the
measurements of air pollutants including fine
particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) on non-control
period (NCP, 24 December 2019–23 January
2020) and control period (CP, 24 January–23
February 2020) were analyzed at the urban
Pudong Supersite (PD) and the regional
Dianshan Lake Supersite (DSL). Due to the
stricter outbreak control, the levels of PM2.5
and VOCs, and the occurrence frequencies of
haze-fog episodes decreased substantially
from NCP to CP, with average reduction rates
of 31.6%, 38.9% and 35.1% at PD, and
34.5%, 50.7% and 37.9% at DSL,
respectively. The major source for PM2.5 was
secondary sulfate &amp; nitrate in both
periods, and the emission control of primary
sources such as coal burning and vehicle
exhaust decreased the levels of precursors gas
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which
highly contributed to the abatement of PM2.5
from NCP to CP. The higher levels of ozone
at both PD and DSL on CP might be due to
the weak nitrogen monoxide titration, low
relative humidity and high visibility compared
with NCP. Vehicle exhaust and fugitive
emission from petrochemical industry were
the major contributors of ambient VOCs and
their decreasing activities mainly accounted
for VOCs abatement. Moreover, the high
frequency of haze-fog events was closely
impacted by medium-scale regional transport
within Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.
Therefore, the decreasing regional transported
air pollutants coincided with the emission
 control of local sources to cause the
abatement of haze-fog events in YRD region
on CP. This study could improve the
understanding of the change of atmospheric
pollutants during the outbreak control period,
and provide scientific base for haze-fog
pollution control in YRD region, China. ©
2020 Elsevier Ltd
Themes (30 article tu only)

3.1 Effect of digital of technology on chemistry - 30 article

3.2 Effect of Environmental Temperature
According to ali proposed The widespread implementation of H2 as a fuel is currently
hindered by the high pressures or cryogenic temperatures required to achieve reasonable
storage densities. In contrast, the realization of materials that strongly and reversibly adsorb
hydrogen at ambient temperatures and moderate pressures could transform the
transportation sector and expand adoption of fuel cells in other applications. To date,
however, no adsorbent has been identified that exhibits a binding enthalpy within the
optimal range of-15 to-25 kJ/mol for ambient-temperature hydrogen storage. Here, we
report the hydrogen adsorption properties of the metal-organic framework (MOF)
V2Cl2.8(btdd) (H2btdd, bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4′,5′-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin), which
features exposed vanadium(II) sites capable of backbonding with weak πacids.
Significantly, gas adsorption data reveal that this material binds H2 with an enthalpy of-21
kJ/mol. This binding energy enables usable hydrogen capacities that exceed that of
compressed storage under the same operating conditions. The Kubas-type vanadium(II)-
dihydrogen complexation is characterized by a combination of techniques. From powder
neutron diffraction data, a V-D2(centroid) distance of 1.966(8) Å is obtained, the shortest
yet reported for a MOF. Using in situ infrared spectroscopy, the H-H stretch was identified,
and it displays a red shift of 242 cm-1. Electronic structure calculations show that a main
contribution to bonding stems from the interaction between the vanadium dπ and H2 σ∗
orbital. Ultimately, the pursuit of MOFs containing high densities of weakly π-basic metal
sites may enable storage capacities under ambient conditions that far surpass those
accessible with compressed gas storage.

To investigate chemical characteristics, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of

atmospheric pollutants during the COVID-19 outbreak control period in the Yangtze River
Delta (YRD) region, China, the measurements of air pollutants including fine particulate
matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on non-control period (NCP, 24
December 2019–23 January 2020) and control period (CP, 24 January–23 February 2020)
were analyzed at the urban Pudong Supersite (PD) and the regional Dianshan Lake
Supersite (DSL). Due to the stricter outbreak control, the levels of PM2.5 and VOCs, and
the occurrence frequencies of haze-fog episodes decreased substantially from NCP to CP,
with average reduction rates of 31.6%, 38.9% and 35.1% at PD, and 34.5%, 50.7% and
37.9% at DSL, respectively. The major source for PM2.5 was secondary sulfate &amp;
nitrate in both periods, and the emission control of primary sources such as coal burning
and vehicle exhaust decreased the levels of precursors gas sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxide, which highly contributed to the abatement of PM2.5 from NCP to CP. The higher
levels of ozone at both PD and DSL on CP might be due to the weak nitrogen monoxide
titration, low relative humidity and high visibility compared with NCP. Vehicle exhaust
and fugitive emission from petrochemical industry were the major contributors of ambient
VOCs and their decreasing activities mainly accounted for VOCs abatement. Moreover, the
high frequency of haze-fog events was closely impacted by medium-scale regional
transport within Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. Therefore, the decreasing regional
transported air pollutants coincided with the emission control of local sources to cause the
abatement of haze-fog events in YRD region on CP. This study could improve the
understanding of the change of atmospheric pollutants during the outbreak control period,
and provide scientific base for haze-fog pollution control in YRD region.
.
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85095854084&doi=10.1039%2fd0nj03430d&partnerID=40&md5=b7feaebd7b0f82a2ae73
cc60d9f94009
ABSTRACT: Currently, the sustainable fabrication of supercapacitors with enhanced
properties is one of the significant research hotspots. Nevertheless, the performances of
energy storage devices critically depend on their electrode materials. Accordingly, herein,
we report the synthesis of a ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposite using organic compounds of E.
cognata, which was obtained via sol-gel synthesis. According to the synthesis strategy, the
precursor solution was treated with a plant organic complex, and the consequent
transformation to ZnO-Co3O4 was achieved via annealing a metal phyto-organic
framework-derived complex in air. Furthermore, we tailored the surface chemistry of ZnO-
Co3O4 using organic molecules of E. cognata. The present study successfully synthesized
ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposite with a particle size of 20 nm, which was subsequently
investigated as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Consequently, it was revealed that
the nano-features and phyto-organic functional groups provided abundant active sites for
charge storage with a specific capacitance of 165 F g-1, as calculated by the cyclic
voltammetry. The phyto-functionalized nanocomposite exhibited an energy density of 4.1
W h kg-1 and a power density of 7.5 kW kg-1, which were calculated using charge
discharge data. Therefore, all the findings effectively demonstrate the potential of the
functionalized ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposite as an effective electrode material for
application as a supercapacitor on a practical scale. © The Royal Society of Chemistry and
the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

ABSTRACT: Future climate change-driven alterations in precipitation patterns, increases

in temperature, and rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]atm) are
expected to alter agricultural productivity and environmental quality, while high latitude
countries like Canada are likely to face more challenges from global climate change.
However, potential climate change impact on GHG emissions from tile-drained fields is
poorly documented. Accordingly, climate change impacts on GHG emissions, N losses to
drainage and crop production in a subsurface-drained field in Southern Quebec, Canada
were assessed using calibrated and validated RZWQM2 model. The RZWQM2 model was
run for a historical period (1971–2000) and for a future period (2038 to 2070) using data
generated from 11 different GCM-RCMs (global climate models coupled with regional
climate models). Under the projected warmer and higher rainfall conditions mean drainage
flow was predicted to increase by 17%, and the N losses through subsurface drains increase
by 47%. Despite the negative effect of warming temperature on crop yield, soybean yield
was predicted to increase by 31% due to increased photosynthesis rates and improved crop
water use efficiency (WUE) under elevated [CO2]atm, while corn yield was reduced by 7%
even with elevated [CO2]atm because of a shorter life cycle from seedling to maturity
resulted from higher temperature. The N2O emissions would be enhanced by 21% due to
greater denitrification and mineralization, while CO2 emissions would increase by 16%
because of more crop biomass accumulation, higher crop residue decomposition, and
greater soil microbial activities. Soil organic carbon storage was predicted to decrease 22%
faster in the future, which would result in higher global warming potential in turn. This
study demonstrates the potential of exacerbating GHG emissions and water quality
problems and reduced corn yield under climate change impact in subsurface drained fields
in southern Quebec. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

.
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85081655219&doi=10.1002%2fjms.4505&partnerID=40&md5=0dd8b5e2e121f661e47ad8
25ae0942a8
ABSTRACT: Lactose-free dairy products undergo several chemical modifications during
shelf life because of the reactivity of glucose and galactose produced by the lactose
 enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS),
coupled with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer, was applied to get an insight on the
phenomena occurring during the shelf life of ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) lactose-free
milk (LFM). UHT LFMs produced by three different commercial lactase preparations were
evaluated during storage at 20°C over a 150 days period, sampling the milk every 30 days.
Production was repeated three times, on three consecutive weeks, in order to take milk
variability into consideration. Principal component analysis applied to the whole
“volatilome” data demonstrated the capability of PTR-TOF-MS in detecting the milk
batch-to-batch variability: Freshly produced milk samples were distinguished based on the
week of production at the beginning of shelf life. Additionally, a clear evolution of the
volatiles organic compounds (VOCs) profiling during storage was highlighted. Further
statistical analysis confirmed VOCs temporal evolution, mostly because of changes in
methyl ketones concentration. Differences caused by the commercial lactases did not
emerged, except for benzaldehyde. Altogether, data demonstrated PTR-TOF-MS analysis
as a valuable and rapid method for the detection of changes in the VOCs profiling of UHT
LFM. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

3.3 Advantages of digital technology – 15 article

3.4 Challenge and Problem digital technology on education – 8 article

4. Discussion and Conclusion

Paragraph issue 1
The findings argue that, in the modern era, internet technologies have increased
the flexibility of post secondary education in a variety of ways. Institutions
should make strategic use of these new flexibility, concentrating on chances to
engage students more deeply in learning that results in practical outcomes.

The results showed significant increases in collaboration and creativity in the

activities and assignments on Zoom. Critical thinking and communication skills did
not change significantly in the Zoom-based dance class. Students were generally
satisfied with the use of Zoom in dance class, but their self-reported self-
efficacy significantly decreased after Zoom was introduced. The findings are
discussed from both the students’ and the instructor's perspectives.

Game elements such as meaning, onboard tutorial, social pressure and guild/teams
are necessary for a gamified learning platform to motivate underachievers in
online lesson participation.

Funding Statement
This work was supported by funding by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

References