LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

Valenzuela Street, Capitol View Park Subdivision, Bulihan,

City of Malolos, Bulacan

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
Year Level: 1st year
Academic Year 2020-2021
2nd Long Examination

Preventive Medicine II

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

For numbers 1 to 11, choose the step or component of the epidemiologic method for conducting
a Community Diagnosis in which the following statements may be classified. Options may be
used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. Definition of the Problem
B. Appraisal of Existing Facts
C. Hypothesis Formulation
D. Practical Application

1. The alarming increase in the number of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection with the majority of new cases belonging to the younger age groups (20-35 years
old) may be due to this age groups’ risky behavior.
B:39% A:16%
possible explanations

2. Knowledge of risk factors, specifically the modifiable ones, provides us with different ways by
which to control or even prevent the disease.
D:42% A:13% C:5%

3. The decrease in the number of children availing of the free vaccines given in the National
Immunization Program (NIP) is due to the loss of confidence of parents in the vaccines
brought about by the Dengue vaccine scare.
A:21% D:16% B:16%
possible explanations

4. Unlike before when Dengue affected mostly children during the wet season, Dengue now
affects all ages and all year round.
A:21% C:16%

5. Feeding programs, such as the “soup kitchen,” organized by non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) aid in addressing the problem of childhood malnutrition in urban poor and rural
communities.
B:3% C:3%

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6. According to the Diabetes Prevalence Survey in 2017, majority (63%) of those found to have
diabetes in the United States were not aware that they had the disease.
B:53% C:11% D:3%
leading cause of morbidity and mortality

7. The transmission of the coronavirus which is higher in crowded and enclosed places lead
medical experts to believe that the transmission may be airborne.
C:71% D:5%
Factors that may have contributed to the occurrence of the problem

8. The increase in COVID-19 cases is due to the undisciplined and non-observance of the
prescribed protocols to prevent transmission.
B:24% A:21% D:8%
possible explanations

9. There is supporting evidence that there is community transmission of COVID-19.

A:21% C:8% D:5%
Present level of knowledge

10. The different communities of indigenous cultural people (ICP) have health concerns different
from urban poor and rural communities.
A:47%
Factors that may have contributed to the occurrence of the problem. Remember based on
Community’s health needs.

11. Complications from measles and other vaccine preventable diseases still claim the lives of
children in impoverished communities such as the community of Rosario.
B:29% C:21% D:3%
leading cause of morbidity and mortality

12. In assessing a community’s needs, which of the following should be taken into account?
A. The community’s internal problem-solving capacity
B. The community’s health and social statistics
C. The community’s social dynamics
D. All of the above
A:8% B:3%

13. What is/are the objective/s of conducting a Community Diagnosis?

A. To determine the health needs of a community
B. To evaluate the health programs in the community
C. To identify the healthcare providers in the community
D. All of the above
D:53%

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14. Which is considered a descriptive type of study?
A. Case Series
B. Case-Control
C. Cohort study
D. Community Trial
C:3% B:3%

15. Which of the following correctly describes a case report type of study?
A. Answers the question “How?”, “Where?”, “When?”
B. Explains relationships by formulation of hypothesis.
C. Presents several cases with temporal relationships.
D. Presents uncommon diseases including management.
B:18% A:5%
A case report presents something unique
16. Which of the following is NOT a use of a descriptive type of study?
A. Classification of the “cause-effect” between diseases
B. Delineation of syndromes of disease entities
C. Establishment of the natural history of the disease
D. Magnitude of occurrence and pattern of disease
B:18% C:5%
If you answered A, B, C, D you get one point.

17. This is a detailed presentation of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of
an individual patient.
A. Case-Control
B. Case Report
C. Case Series
C:3% A:3%

18. Which of the following diseases is best presented as a case report?

A. Common cold
B. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
C. Osgood-Schlatter Disease
D. Urinary Tract Infection
D:3% A:3% B:3%
Something unique.

19. A type of study that will be a candidate for a good case report will have the following focal
areas EXCEPT?
A. Anatomic variations in some cases
B. Novel therapeutic approaches
C. Unique or rare genetic disorders
D. Widespread medical phenomena
B:11% C:5%
Case reports to present something unique, novel, or anatomical variations out of the
ordinary. Widespread is very common which is NOT good as a case report.

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20. Which of the following is a major drawback in Case Series studies?
A. It relies on several case reports and previous research
B. It does not have case selection bias
C. It may lack statistical validity
D. Large samples are often selected which may be tedious
A:5% D:3% B:3%

21. Which of the following describes cross-sectional studies (descriptive type)?

A. It is commonly used in incidence reports in communities.
B. It may involve measurement of current and historic exposure.
C. Temporal relationships are frequently established.
A:24% C:5%
A prevalence NOT incidence
C This is the biggest disadvantage of a cross-sectional study.

22. What is the main use of Cross-Sectional studies in the field of public health, and government
statistics?
A. Disease duration
B. Disease incidence
C. Disease prevalence
D:3%

23. Cross-sectional studies are also known as:

A. Accountability studies
B. Incidence studies
C. Prevalence studies
100.0 %

24. Ten girls aged 8-10 from a day care center in Bulacan have been diagnosed with rotavirus
infection (from food/water). Some girls manifested vomiting and nausea, and some other only
manifested diarrhea and abdominal pain. Which study is more appropriate to use?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross Sectional
D. Cohort Study
D:26% C:26% A:3%

25. What is the observational study in which subjects are sampled based on the presence or
absence of a risk factor of interest and are followed over time for the development of a disease
outcome?
A. Case-control study
B. Cohort study
C. Cross-sectional study
D. Ecologic study
C:13% A:11%

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26. What kind of Epidemiologic study should be done to determine the cause of an unusual
infection?
A. Analytic study
B. Descriptive study
C. Experimental study
B:37% C:8%
You want to determine the cause. Descriptive studies will just describe.
A difference between analytic and experimental studies is in experimental studies, you
control the exposure, you cannot give an infection to a study group.

27. What is the study design comparing the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection among government
and private hospitals?
A. Case series
B. Case-control
C. Cohort study
D. Cross-sectional
B:24% C:3% A:3%

28. What is the measure of association for a case-control study design?

A. Odds ratio
B. Prevalence odds ratio
C. Prevalence rate
D. Relative risk
C:8% D:8%

29. What is the measure of association for a cohort study design?

A. Odds ratio
B. Prevalence odds ratio
C. Prevalence rate
D. Relative risk
C:3%

30. An investigator reported three cases of carcinoma of the lungs among workers in a cement
plant. This type of study is best described by:
A. Case control
B. Case report
C. Case series
D. Cohort study
D:34% A:24% B:3%

31. A doctor was assigned in a geographically isolated and disadvantaged area (GIDA) in Luzon.
He noticed that most of the children suffered from conjunctivitis. To determine the amount of
medicine necessary for treatment, what would be the most appropriate research study design
to conduct?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study
B:24% D:21% A:11%
You are actually looking at the prevalence of conjunctivitis.

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32. Which statement is true regarding research designs?
A. Case series studies are interventional research designs.
B. Cross-sectional studies may either be observational or experimental.
C. Descriptive studies do not show association with disease and exposure.
B:29% A:24%

33. What is the study design where a well-defined group of people who have had a common
experience or exposure are evaluated for the incidence of new diseases or events?
A. Case-Control
B. Case Series
C. Cohort study
D. Cross-sectional
A:18% B:11% D:11%

34. A case-control study would be better than a cohort study under which of the following
circumstances?
A. Exposure to the suspected cause of the disease is rare.
B. The disease being studied is novel, rare or unique.
C. The etiology of the disease based on studies is known.
D. The suspected factor is probably not the cause of the disease.
A:37% C:16% D:3%
If disease is rare, case-control would be better. If the risk factor/exposure is rare, a
cohort study would be better.

35. Which design is the possibility of cause-effect relationship difficult to assess?

A. Case-control
B. Cohort
C. Cross-sectional
D. Experimental
B:18% D:13% A:13%
This is the biggest disadvantage of a cross-sectional study, cause-effect or temporal
relationship is difficult to assess.

36. The purpose of the conducting the study is to assess burden of disease in a population:
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study
D:24% B:11% A:5%
Burden of disease is also prevalence (no. of cases)

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For numbers 37 – 40, choose from the options the research design described or most
appropriate for the given scenarios. Options may be used more than once.
A. Case-Control study
B. Cohort study
C. Cross-Sectional Study

37. This study design can be used to study multiple diseases and multiple exposures / risk
factors, all at the same time.
B:63% A:8%
Cohort and Cross-sectional can study multiple exposures/risk factors at a time BUT an absolute
requirement of cohort studies is that the disease should NOT be present.

38. The objective is to determine prevalence and the relationship between factor and outcome.
B:16% A:8%
Prevalence study

39. Objective is to test hypothesis and the disease of interest is rare.

B:13% C:8%
Test hypothesis, so analytic. Disease of interest is rare, so case-control.

40. Objective is to test hypothesis and the exposure is rare.

A:58% C:8%
Test hypothesis, so analytic. Exposure is rare, so cohort.

41. Which statement is true of a case report?

A. Findings from this study can be generalized for the population.
B. This study explains the risk to a given outcome or disease.
C. This study predicts the probability of a disease and exposure.
D. Uses a single person and is a quantitative study design.
A:13% C:11% B:5%

42. A 42-year old male, who was treated with Allopurinol for hyperuricemia suddenly developed
fever and extensive rashes on the face, abdomen, and neck area. The patient was
diagnosed to have with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), overlapping with toxic epidermal
necrolysis (TEN), two serious dermatologic diseases not commonly occurring in a single
patient which were believed to be due to idiosyncratic drug interaction. what would be the
most appropriate research study design to conduct?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study
C:16% B:3%

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43. A group of patients who developed flu-like symptoms and later developed severe
pneumonia eventually leading to acute respiratory distress (ARDS) and death, alerted
physicians in the US. The influenza-associated pneumonia among these hospitalized
patients was considered unique in 2009. Subsequent investigations led to the identification
of a new strain of influenza virus (influenza AH1N1), which was isolated and recognized by
real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). what would be the most appropriate research
study design to conduct?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study
C:21% A:8%

For numbers 44 and 45, choose “A” if the statement is TRUE, choose “B” if the statement is
FALSE.

44. PRIMARY DATA are quantified health data obtained by the investigator from other sources
to aid in answering different objectives or purposes he/she has set for his/her study.
A:24%
obtained by the investigator personally to aid in answering different objectives or purposes
he/she has set for his/her study

45. The Total Economic Cost (TEC) for a given medical condition is the product of the number
of cases and sum of the amount of medication / drugs, hospitalization costs, and other
medical expenses.
A:47%
TEC = CoT + CoD + CoED + CoP

*****END OF EXAMINATION*****