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198. What is the odds ratio for the following? 207. In a double blind clinical drug trial:
(a) ad/bc (a) Each patient receives a placebo
(b) ab/cd (b) Each patient receives both (double) treatments
(c) ac/bd (c) The patients do not know which treatment they are
(d) bc/ad receiving
199. What will be the Odds ratio if the diseased with risk (d) The patients do not know that they are in a drug trial
factor =a; diseased without risk factor=b; not diseased 208. All the following are true in a randomized control trial
but with risk factor=b; a not diseased as well as not (RCT) except –
with risk factor=d? (a) Baseline characteristics of intervention are similar in
(a) ad/bc both arms
(b) ab/cd (b) Investigator’s bias is minimized by double blinding
(c) ac/bd (c) The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
(d) bc/ad (d) The dropouts from the trial should be excluded
from the analysis
200. Incidence is measured by:
(a) Case control study 209. What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental
(b) Cohort study study?
(c) Cross sectional study (a) Its permits an ethical alternative for patients who do
(d) All of these not wish to be subjected to an experimental
treatment
201. True about case control study all except: (b) It allows larger numbers of patients to be used, thus
(a) Quick increasing the power of the statistical techniques
(b) Incidence used
(c) Proceeds from effect to cause (c) It helps to eliminate alternative explanations for the
(d) None of these results of the study
(d) It reduces the likelihood of making a type II error in
202. Incidence of a disease is measured by: hypothesis testing
(a) Case control study
(b) Cohort study 210. What is the purpose of randomization in a clinical
(c) Cross sectional study trial?
(d) None of these (a) To equalize the effects of extraneous
variables, thus guarding against bias
203. Attributable risk is measured by: (b) To allow inferential statistics to be used
(a) Cohort study (c) To guard against placebo effects
(b) Case control study (d) To guard against ethical problems in the
(c) Cross sectional study allocation of patients to experimental and
(d) None control groups
204. Cohort study is: 211. A pharmaceutical company develops a new anti-
(a) Needs few patients hypertensive drug. Samples of 24 hypertensive
(b) Incidence can be calculated patients, randomly selected from a large population
(c) Proceeds from effect to cause of hypertensive people, are randomly divided into 2
(d) Odd ratio can be calculated groups of 12. One group is given the new drug over a
205. Odd’s ratio is indirect estimate of: period of 1 month; the other group is given a placebo
(a) Relative risk according to the same schedule. Neither the patients
(b) Prevalence rate nor the treating physicians are aware of which patients
(c) Attributable risk are in which group. At the end of the month,
(d) Incidence rate measurements are made of the patient’s blood
pressures. This study:
206. Study of alcohol intake for 10 year and occurring of (a) Is a randomized controlled clinical trial
hepatic disease type of study is: (b) Uses a crossover design
(a) Cohort (c) Is a single blind experiment
(d) Is a prospective study
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245. HIV cases are reported from all over the world. This is
254. Disease imported in a country, which was not otherwise
called as
present?
(a) Endemic
(a) Epornithic disease
(b) Epidemic
(b) Zoonotic disease
(c) Pandemic
(c) Exotic disease
(d) Sporadic
(d) Epizootic disease
246. Following is part of “Sentinel Surveillance” EXCEPT
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
(a) Method for identifying the missing cases
(b) Supplementing the notified cases
255. Soil is an important reservoir for all except:
(c) To estimate the disease prevalence in total popu-
lation (a) Brucellosis
(b) Coccidiomycosis
(d) To estimate the fatality of the disease
(c) Anthrax
247. The ability of an infectious agent to invade and (d) Tetanus
multiply in a host is called
256. The time taken for 50% of patients to develop the
(a) Pathogenicity
disease following exposure to the disease is known as:
(b) Infectivity
(c) Virulence
(a) Incubation period
(d) Communicability
(b) Median incubation period
248. Pandemics are caused by: (c) Generation time
(a) Hepatitis B (d) Secondary Attack rate
(b) Influenza – A
257. In a 6-membered family, there are two parents and
(c) Influenza – B
four children all aged between 2-6 years. One of the
(d) Influenza – C
children (3 yr old) is completely immunized for his
249. Post exposure vaccination is given in: age, whereas other 3 siblings are totally unimmunised.
(a) Typhoid On 12 August 2006, one of the latter got measles. 2
(b) Rabies other siblings also got measles by 18 August 2006.
(c) Mumps Secondary attack rate is:
(d) Rubella (a) Zero
250. Disease(s) infectious before onset of symptoms is/are: (b) 33 %
(a) Measles (c) 66 %
(d) 100%
(b) Mumps
(c) Cholera 258. A village has 100 under five children. The coverage of
(d) Hepatitis B measles vaccine is 60%. Following a measles case 26
(e) Poliomyelitis children developed measles. The secondary attack rate
is:
Review Questions (a) 25%
(b) 40%
251. Hospital acquired infection of surgical wound is (c) 50%
mostly by: (d) 65%
(a) Doctor 259. Generation time in epidemiology is defined as:
(b) Patient (a) The interval between marriage and the birth of first
(c) Air borne child
(d) Instruments (b) The interval of time between the receipt of infection
by host and maximal infectivity of the host
252. Subclinical infection is not seen in:
(c) The interval of time between primary case and
(a) Rabies secondary cases
(b) AIDS (d) Interval of time between invasion by infectious
(c) Polio agent and appearance of first sign or symptom of
(d) Hepatitis A the disease/in question
253. Hospital Acquired infections are called as: 260. All of the following are used as proxy measures for
(a) Emporiatric infections incubation period in disease except:
(b) Nosocomial infections (a) Latent
(c) Iatrogenic infections (b) Period of communicability
(d) Epomithic infections (c) Serial interval 141
(d) Generation time
261. Soil act as reservoir of infection for all of the following 269. The transmission of filariasis is an example of
except: (a) Propagative transmission
(a) Tetanus (b) Cyclical transmission
(b) Anthrax (c) Cyclo-developmental transmission
(c) Coccidiomycosis (d) Cyclo-propagative transmission
(d) Dracunculiasis
270. The following diseases are communicable during later
262. A family consists of 2 parents & 6 children susceptible part of incubation period EXCEPT
to measles. There occurs a primary case of measles (a) Measles
and 3 secondary cases within a short period of time. (b) Whooping Cough
Secondary attack rate is: (c) Hepatitis A
(a) 60% (d) Typhoid
(b) 38%
271. Which of the following statement about “Reservoir” of
(c) 67%
an infection is NOT correct?
(d) 50%
(a) Reservoir can transmit infection to a susceptible
263. Denominator while calculating the secondary attack host
rate includes: (b) “Reservoir” and “Source” of infection are synony-
(a) All the people living in next fifty houses mous
(b) All the close contacts (c) Non-living thing can be Reservoir
(c) All susceptibles amongst close contact (d) Reservoir can be an animal
(d) All susceptibles in the whole village 272. The gap in time between the onset of the primary case
264. Serial interval is: and the secondary case is called
(a) Time gap between primary and secondary case (a) Serial interval
(b) Time gap between index and primary case (b) generation time
(c) Time taken for a person from receipt of (c) incubation period
infection to develop maximum infectivity (d) communicable period
(d) The time taken from infection till a person
273. Which of the following statement about “Incubation
infects another person
Period” (IP) is NOT correct?
265. Which of the following is not spread by fomites? (a) It is the time interval between invasion by an
(a) AIDS infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or
(b) Typhoid symptom
(c) Diarrhea (b) During IP, the infectious agent undergoes
(d) Hepatitis A multiplication in the host
(c) The factors such as infective dose of pathogens and
266. Serial interval means portal of entry determines IP
(a) Difference between primary and secondary cases (d) Infectious disease are not communicable during IP
(b) Longest incubation period
(c) Shortest incubation period 274. Which of the following does not have non human
(d) Time in which the parasite develops in the vector reservoirs
(a) Polio
267. Time interval between receipt of infection by a host (b) Pertussis (c) Salmonella Typhi
and maximum infectivity of that host is known as (d) Neisseria meningitidis (e) Cl. Teani
(a) Generation time
(b) Incubation period 275. Disease highly transmitted during incubation period is/
(c) Serial interval are:
(d) Secondary attack rate (a) Pertussis
(b) Cholera
268. Generation time in epidemiology is defined as (c) Measles
(a) The interval between marriage and the birth of first (d) Brucellosis
child The interval of (e) Chicken-pox
time between the receipt of infection by host and
maximal infectivity of the host 276. Incubatory carriers seen in:
(b) The interval of time between primary case and (a) Cholera
secondary cases (b) Bubonic plague
(c) Interval of time between invasion by infection agent (c) Mumps
and appearance of first sign or symptom of the (d) Measles
disease/ in question (e) Influenza
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