Aa¨vq 2.

1 cÖvYxi cwiwPwZ t nvBWªv

 Avwe®‹viKt A¨vw›Uwb fb wjD‡qb ûK (MvRx

AvRgj), Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j (AvtAvjxg)  চ ।
 bvgKiYt K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm চ

 me©cÖ_g cybyiærcwË eY©bv K‡ibt Aveªvngv †Uª¤^‡j|    

 Agi cÖvYx wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`bt eªv‡qb Hydra Viridis/ Hydra fusca Hydra Hydra
 c~e© bvgt ... Hydra viridissima/ / H.oligactis gangetica Vulgaris
o Giv gy³Rxex Chorohydra
o mve©Rbxb wgVvcwbi cÖvYx viridissima
o nvBWªv‡K ¯^v`ycvwbi cwjc ejv nq|
o gvsmvkx 4-8 6 6 6-10
o e¨vcb cÖwµqvq k¦mb I †iPb m¤úbœ K‡i| / / /
o cybiærcwË ÿgZv cÖPÛ| /
-

 nvBWª eY©t
 Hydra vulgaris eY©nxb ev ¯^”Q (MvRx AvRgj), Kgjv jvj (Avt Avjxg)
 Pelmatohydra oligactis ev`vgx e‡Y©i
 Chlorohydra viridissima meyR e‡Y©i
 Hydra gangetica mv`v/ †Mv‡jvcx e‡Y©i

 ‡kÖwYZvwË¡K Ae¯’vbt
Kingdom : Animalia.
Phylum: Cnidaria.
Class : Hydrozoa
Order : Hydroida.
Family : Hydridae.
Genus : Hydra.
Species : Hydra Vugaris.

 nvBWªv msµšÍ weÁvbxt wjbvi Uª¨v‡c nvBWªv&

wjbvi Uª¨v‡c
nvBWªv
‡Uª¤^‡j cybiærcwË

 ewnM©Vb
 nvBWªvi †`n bjvKvi I Aixq cÖwZmg|
 ‰` 10-30 wg. wg. ev 1-3 . I cÖ¯’ cÖvq 1 wg.wg.|
 GKwU cwiYZ nvBWªvi †`n‡K 3wU cÖavb As‡k fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

nvB‡cv‡÷vg

বহির্ঠন
গ ‡`nKvÛ

cv` PvKwZ ev c`Zj

1|Page
1| nvB‡cv‡÷vg:
 ‡gvPeK…wZ I ms‡KvPb-cÖmviYÿg
 Gi P‚ovq gyLwQ`ª we`¨gvb
 gyLwQ`ªc‡_ Lv`¨ M„nxZ অcvP¨ Ask ewR©Z nq|

2| †`nKvÛ t †`nKv‡Û wb¤œewYZ k¸‡jv cvIqv hvqÑ

 Kwl©Kt
 nvB‡cv‡mUv‡gi †Mvovi PZzw`©K wN‡i 6-10 wU Kwl©Kv _v‡K (Hydra vulgaris)
কামিজ
 Kwl©Kv †`n A‡cÿv 2-3 ¸Y ¤^v কমষকাি
 ewnt cÖvPx‡i AmsL¨ †bgv‡Uv ÷ e¨vUvwi _v‡K| দেহকান্ড মুকুল
 gyKzj (Bud)t জননাঙ্গ
 MÖx®§Kv‡j hL ch©ß Avnvi cIqv hvq ZLb gyKzj m„wó nq|
 Rbbv½ (ïµkq I wW¤^vkq)t
 kir, †ng I kxZKv‡j m„wó nq|
 ïµvkq †`nKv‡Ûi Dc‡ii I wW¤^vkq wb‡Pi Aa©vs‡k m„wó nq| 
 G¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK msL¨K n‡Z cv‡i|
 ïµvkq †KvYvKvi ev †gvPvK„wZi I wW¤^vkq †MvjvKvi|

3. cv` PKwZ ev c`Zjt

চ ভামগ
cv`PvKwZ wbtm„Z AvVv‡jv i‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb Z‡ji mv‡_ _v‡K|
চ ভামগ
GwU ey`ey` m„wó K‡i fvwm‡q ivL‡Z mvnh¨ K‡i|
ÿYc` MVbKvix †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ MøvBwWs ev A¨vwg ‡qW চ m¤úbœ K‡i|   
চ দলগগ থাকা ভামিগে রাখা
 nvBWªvi †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask‡K 2wU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| -
 1| ¯’vqx t ৫wUt K. cv`PvKwZ L. †`nKvÛ M. nvB‡cv‡÷vg N. gyখwQ`ª O. Kwl©Kv
 2| A¯’vqx Askt K. gyKzj (GKev GKvwaK) L. ïµvkq (1-8wU) M. wW¤^vkq (1wU ev 2wU)

AšÍM©Vb
 ‡`n cÖvPxi I ‡K›`ªxq wm‡j‡›UiY ev M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹zjvi MnŸi wb‡q MwVZ|
 ‡`n cÖvPxi 2 fv‡M wef³ - GwcWvwg©m I G‡ÛvWvwg©m ev M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m|
 GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi gv‡S †g‡mvwMøhv ev †g‡mvj¨vwgjv we`¨vgb|
 GwcWvwg©m G‡ÛvWvwg©m A‡cÿv Kg cyiæ|
 ‡`ncÖvPx‡i cyiæ‡Z¡i 1-3 Ask GwcWvwg©m I 2-3 Ask G‡ÛvWvwg©m
 M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi †Kvl¸‡jv GwcWvwg©‡mi †Kv‡li wظY j¤^v|

 wb‡WvmvB‡Ui Askt
1| AveiYxt cÖwZwU †Kvl `yB ¯Íi wewkó Avei‡Y Ave„Z| ¯Íi`ywUi gvSLv‡b `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcøvRg I †Kv‡li †Mvovi w`‡K GKwU wbDwK¬q vm _v‡K|
2| †bgv‡Uvwm÷t
 G‡K wbWv (Cnida) I e‡j|  cÖvPxi KvBwUb wbwg©Z|
 c¨uvPv‡bv myÎK hy³, GwU duvcv I myiæ|  wnc‡bvUw•b ( †cÖvwUb+‡dbj) bvgK welv³ Zij _v‡K|
 m~·K †Mvov‡K evU/k¨vdU e‡j|  evU I _v‡Kt eve©- eo 3wU KuvUv
 evwe©Dj- wZbmvwi‡Z mvwc©jfv‡e web¨v¯Í †QvU †QvU KuvUv|

3| AcviKzjvg (XvKbv)|
4| wb‡Wvwmjt wUªMvi |
5| †ckxZšÍÍy I j¨v‡mv|
2|Page
 ‡bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i cÖKvi‡f`t
 weÁvbx fvY©vi (Werner) wbWvwiqv RvZxq cÖvYx‡`i †`n †_‡K 23 ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ kbv³ K‡i‡Qb|
 nvBWªv‡Z cvIqv hv wb‡Pi 4wU|
‡bgv‡Uvwm÷ KvR
i. w÷‡bvwUj ev †cwbUªv›U-(e„nËg †bgv‡Uvwm÷) wnc‡bvUw•b bvgK we ³ Zij c`v_© _v‡K Ges wkKv‡ii †`‡n we× K‡i AÁvb Ges
Aek K‡i †d‡j|
ii. fj‡f›U ev †Wm‡gvwbg । চ । GwU wkKvi wKsev †Kvb eš`‡K
AvK‡o a‡i ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
iii. ‡÷ªc‡Uvwjb MøywUb¨v›U/ n‡jvUªvBKvm AvB‡mvivBRvm AvVv‡jv im ÿiY K‡i Pj‡b Ges wkKvi AvUKv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
iv. ‡÷wiIwjb MøywUb¨v›U/ A¨vUªvBKvm AvB‡mvivBRvm-ÿz`ªZg AvVv‡jv im ÿiY K‡i Pj‡b Ges wkKvi AvUKv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

[N.B. ÿz`ªZg †bgv‡Uvwm÷ -‡÷wiIwjb MøywUb¨v›U (AvgRj), †÷ªc‡Uvwjb MøywUb¨v›U (Avt Avjxg)]

 চ

১।
:৭ । ২।
: !! গ । ৩।
গ ৪।
      ৫।
- ৬।
৭।

১।
অ :৫ ২।
গ । ৩।
৪।
  ৫।
-

‡Kvl ‰ewkó¨ KvR

i. GwcWvwg©‡mi mgMÖ Ask Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| i. ‡`nveiY K‡i|
ii. gv‡qvwbg bvgK bgbxq, ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj Zš` ii. ‡cwki g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
‡ckx AveiYx †Kvl we`¨vgvb| iii. ‡bgv‡Uvwm÷ enb K‡i|
iii. ‡KvYvKvq/ KwbK¨vj iv. Pjb I wkKv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i|
v. wgDKvm `vbv wKDwUKj ÿiY K‡i, ‡`n wcw”Qj iv‡L|
i. ‡MvjKvi/ wZb‡Kvbv/wW¤^vKvi/PZz‡¯‹zvY| i. cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv †h †Kvb †Kv‡l cwiYZ nq
B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvm ii. ‡g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡l Ae¯’vb K‡i& ii. cybiærcwË, e„w×, gyKz‡jv`Mg (gyKz ˆZwi) Ges Rbb½ (ïµkq I
iii. G‡`i‡K nvBWªvi †`‡ni msiwÿZ †Kvl ejv nq| wW¤^vkh) ‰Zwi‡Z fzwgKv cvjb K‡i&

i. ‡cwkx AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K, duv‡K, mg‡Kv‡Y i. cwi‡e‡k †_‡K DÏxcbv (Av‡jv,Zvc) MÖnY K‡i ¯œqy‡Kv‡l mieivn
wewÿß fv‡e Qov‡bv _v‡K| K‡i|
ms‡e`x †Kvl ii. Kwl©Kv, nvB‡cv‡÷vg I c`Z‡j Pvi w`‡K †ewk
†`Lv hvq|
iii. Gi gy&³ cÖvšÍ †L‡Z m~² ms‡e`x †ivg †e‡ivq
¯œvqy †Kvl i. ¯œvqy MVb K‡i| i. ms‡e`x †Kv‡l msM„nxZ DÏxcbv †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k mieivn K‡i|

3|Page
 i. gyLwQ‡`ªi Pviw`‡K I c`Z‡j G‡`i cÖPzi i. ‡Kvb e¯`i mv‡_ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
MÖwš’ †Kvl cwigv‡Y †`Lv hvq| ii. M a:KiY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
iii. ÿYc` m„wó K‡i Pj‡b mvnvq¨ K‡i|
Rbb †Kvl i. Gme †Kvl Rbbv‡½ Ae¯’vb K‡i| i. ‡hŠY Rb‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
wb‡WvmvBU i. c`Zj Qvov ewntZ¡‡Ki me©Î we‡kl K‡i Kvwl©Kv i. wb‡WvmvB‡Ui †bgv‡Uvwm÷ A½vby cÖYxi Lv`¨ MÖnY Pjb, ও
†cwk-AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i| AvZ¥iÿvq e¨eüZ nq|
ii. G‡ÛvWvwg©‡m _v‡K bv|

 UwUc‡U›U ÿgZvt Brein Gi g‡Z cÖwZ 45 w`b AšÍi AšÍi nBWªvi †`‡ni mKj †Kvl B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| †Kv‡li GB ˆewkó¨‡K UwU‡cv‡U›U
e‡j| [ ]

 Hydra Gi †g‡mvwMøhv/ †g‡mvj¨vwgjvt

 0.1µ cyiæ  AvVv‡jv
 w¯’wZ¯’vcK  cvZjv
 eY©nxb  A‡Kvlxq
 ‡g‡mvwMøqvt
Ae¯’vbv nvBWªvi GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi ¯’vb
cyiæZ¡ cv`PvKwZ‡Z mev©waK cyiæ Ges Kwl©Kv‡Z me‡P‡q cvZjv|
0.1 gvB‡µvwgUvi cyiæ|
‡Rwji b¨vq AvVv‡jv, ¯^”Q, w¯’wZ¯’vcK
‰ewkó¨
‡cÖvwUb wbwg©Z avÎ ev g¨wUª• c`v_©|
A‡Kvlxq|
 G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWv‡g©i wfwË wSjøx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 ‡ckx cÖea©b¸‡jvi mshyw³ Zj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 mv‡cvU© I Bjvw÷K K¼vj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
KvR  ms‡KvPbkxj gv‡qvdvBweªj aviY K‡i|
 bgbxq K¼vj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 cÖwYi ‰`wnK KvVv‡gv wbg©vb K‡i|
 ।

M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m/G‡ÛvWvwg©m/AšÍtZ¡K
1| cywó †Kvl ev †ckx AveiYx †Kvlt
 ‡Kvl j¤^v I ¯Í¤¢vKvi
 GK cÖvšÍ †g‡mvwMøqvi mv‡_ hy³, AbªcÖvšÍ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b gy³|
 2 ai‡Yi h_vt K. d¨v‡Rjvhy³ cywó‡Kvl- (1-3) d¬¨v‡Rjv _v‡K, L. ÿYc`hy³ cwó‡Kvl- GK ev GKvwaK ÿc` _v‡K|
2| MÖwš’ †Kvlt
 g~j‡`n I nvB‡cv‡÷v‡g me©vwaK, c`Z‡j Aí, Kwl©Kv‡Z Abycw¯’Z|
 ÿy`ª wW¤^vK…wZ, 2/3 wU d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³, †cwkx cÖea©Ynxb|
 2 ai‡Yi h_vt K. wgDKvm wbt¯ªvex, L. GbRvBg wbtmvix
3| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvlt G‡ÛvWvwg©‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxq †h †Kv‡bv †Kvl MVb KivB Gi KvR|
4| ms‡e`x †Kvl t m¤¢eZ cÖvwYi mv‡_ wm‡j‡÷i‡Y Lv`¨ I Ab¨b¨ c`v‡_©i ¸bv¸b hvPvB K‡i ¯œqy‡Kv‡l †cÖiY K‡i Ges ¯œqy‡Kvl Dchy& cÖwZµqv e¨³ K‡i|
5| ¯œvqy‡Kvlt ms‡e`x ‡Kv‡l msM„nxZ ¯’vbvšÍi KivB Gi KvR|
nvBWªvi Lv`¨ I cwicvK
 Lv`¨ ZvwjKvt wewfbœ cZ‡½i , mvBK¬vcm, W¨vফwbqv, †PvU †QvU K…wg, LÛKvwqZ cÖvYx I gv‡Qi wWg|
 cÖavb Lv`¨t ÿ`ª µv÷vmxq mwÜc`x|
 nvBWªv †Ke †mme cÖvYx‡K wkKvi K‡i hv‡`i Kjvi‡m MøyUvw_Ib we`¨gvb _‡K| [Avt Avjxg]
 wkKv‡i †bgv‡Uvwm÷t , w÷‡bvwUj|

4|Page
 cwicvK cÖwµhvt 2 av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
1| ewnt‡Kvlxqt/
i. wm‡j‡›UiY MnŸ‡i N‡U|
ii. ‡cÖvwUb c ‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ nq| (GbRvBg- †ccwmb)
iii. wjwcW I kK©iv Lv`¨vs‡ki †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
iv. G Aeš’vq Lv`¨ ঘ my¨‡c cwibZ nq|
2| AšÍt‡Kvlxqt
i. d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uwmm †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek|
ii. ‡Kv q cwi‡ek A¤øxq †_‡K ÿvixq nq|
iii. cwj‡ccUvBW A¨vwg‡bv GwmW (GbRvBg-wUªcwmb)
iv. wcW  d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvib (GbRvBg-jvB‡cR)
v. kK©iv  Møy‡KvR ( GbRvBg- A¨vgvB‡jR)

 nvBWªvi GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t

Av‡jvP¨ welh GwcWvwg©m M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m
1| DrcwË I Ae¯’vb  åƒYxq G‡±vWvg© †_‡K Drcbœ †`‡ni evB‡i w`‡K  G‡ÛvWvg© †_‡K Drcbœ †`‡ni wfZ‡i w`‡K
Aew¯’Z| A_©r wm‡j‡›Uib‡K wN‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|

2| cywó †Kvl  ÿc`hy³ †Kvl I d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³ †Kvl †`Lv hvq bv&  ÿYc`hy³ I d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³ †Kvl cywói Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ|
3| wKDwUKj  ‡cwk- AveiYx †Kv‡li wbtm„Z i‡m m„wó nq|  Abycw¯’Z|
4| wb‡WvmvBU  Dcw¯’Z Ges cÖwZiÿv I AvZ¥iÿi Kv‡R e¨veüZ nq  Abycw&¯’Z|

5| Rbb A½ I gyKzj  ‡`L‡Z cvIqv hvq  ‡bB|

6| Kvh©KvwiZv  ‡`n‡K evB‡i AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges cwi‡ek †_‡K  g~jZ cywói Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ|
DÏwcbv MÖnY K‡i|

 AšÍt‡Kvlxq I ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicv‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t

cv_©‡K¨i welh AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK
1| msNUb ¯’vb  ‡Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i Lv`¨MnŸ‡ii g‡a¨  ‡Kv‡li evB‡i wm‡j‡›Uib, cvK¯’wj ev Av‡š¿i jy‡g‡b|

2| Lv`¨MnŸi  m„wó nq|  m„wó nq bv|

3| GbRvBg  AšÍ‡Kvlxq GbRvBg eªeüZ nq|  wewfbœ Dr‡mi GbRvBg nq|
4| ‡kvlY I cwienb  Lv`¨mvi †kvwlZ nh, †Kvb cwienb N‡U bv|  cwievwnZ nIqvi ci wewfbœ †Kvl KZ©„K †kvwlZ nh&
5| eR©¨ wb®‹vkb  Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ eR¨© wbwÿß nq|  Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ Ask wbw`©ó bvwj c‡_ wbwÿß nq|

 nvBWªvi Pjbt
Pjb cw×wZ ‰ewkó¨
1. jywcs ev nvgv¸wo  MøywUb¨v›U †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ wfwˇK AvU‡K a‡i&
 j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|
 ïu‡qv †cvKvi Mgb c×wZi ev K¨vUviwcivi jvf©vi b¨vq|
2. mgvimwës ev wWMevwR  GwU nvBWªvi `ªæZ I mvavib Pjb cÖwµqv|
 G cÖwµ i i Dci fi w`‡q `vovq|
3. MøvBwWs ev A¨vwge‡qW Pjb  gm„Y Z‡j cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ axi MwZ‡Z mvgvb¨ c_ AwÎKg K‡i|
 kvgyK‡i b¨vq Pjb|

5|Page
 4. fvmv (Floating)  cv`-PvKwZi ewn:Z¡Kxq †Kvl †_‡K M¨vmxq ey`ey` m„wó K‡i P‡j|
5. muvZvi (Swimming)  Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K D‡qi g‡Zv Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i&
6. ‡nuPov‡bv (Crawling)  nvBWªvi Av‡ivnb I Ae‡ivnb m¤úbœ nq|
7. bZgyLx Pjb (Tentacular)  ।
8. ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY  ‡`‡ni AvKvi `ªæZ Lv‡Uv I j¤^v K‡i P‡j|

 nvBWªvi Pjbt SSC First class with Low Grade.

S S C First Class with Low Grade
       
Somersaulting Swimming Crawling Floating Contraction Walking Looping Gliding
& expansion

 চ ।

   
চ ,

ও চ
Zzjxq welq jywcs mgvimwës
1. Kwl©Kv `wKg~wLZv Kwl©Kv¸‡jv memgq MwZc‡_‡i w`‡K _v‡K| åYxq G‡ÛvWvg© †_‡K Drcbœ ‡`‡ni †fZ‡i w`‡K A_©vr
wm‡j‡›UiY‡K wN‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i
2. c`PvKwZ memgq wb‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K Pj‡bi GK ch©v‡q nvBWªv Kwl©Kvi Dci fi
`vuov‡j cv`PvKwZ Dc‡i w`‡K &Av‡m
3. jyc MVb GKevi Pjb m¤úbœ n‡Z GKevi jyc MwVZ nq GKevi Pj m¤úbœ n‡Z `yevi jyc MwVZ nq
4. AwZKµšÍ `~iZ¡ GKevi jyc MVb K‡i e‡j Kg `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i (†`‡ni `yevi MVb K‡i e‡j A‡cÿK…Z `~iZ¡ K‡i
ˆ`‡N©¨i A‡a©K) (‡`‡ni ˆ`‡N©¨i wظY)
5. Pjb MwZ A‡cÿK…Z gš’i A‡cÿvK…Z `ªæZ

nvBWªvi Rbb
 nvBWªvi Rbb c×wZ 2 cÖKvi| h_vt
1| A‡hŠb Rbbt K. gyKz‡jv`Mg|
L. fvRb|
i. Aby‰`N©¨ wefvRb.
ii. AbycÖ¯’ wefvRb

2| †hŠb Rbbt
 A‡hŠb R‡bbi 2wU c×wZ i‡h‡Q|
i. gyKz‡iv`Mg/ Kuywo m„wó
K. BbUviw÷wkqvj A‡hŠb Rb‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| L. GwU A‡hŠb Rb‡bi ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv M. MÖx‡®§ †ewk nq| ch©ß Lv‡`¨i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z nq|
ii. wefvRbt
K. GwU ¯^vfvweK Rbb cÖwµqv bq| L . ‰`evr msNwUZ nq|
 nvBWªvi †hŠb Rbbt
wb‡lK  RvB‡MvU  giæjv eøv÷zjv ( †Kvl¸‡jv‡K eøv‡÷vwgqvi e‡j| AveiY‡K ‡÷vWvg© e‡j| †K‡›`ªi duvKv RvqMv‡K eøv‡÷vwmj e‡j| ‡Kvl¸‡ivi
© wQ`ª‡K eøv‡÷v‡cvi e‡j|)
 M¨v‡÷ªyjv (GwU `yB ¯Íi wewkó| GKwU wb‡iU _v‡K ZvB †÷wiI ÷ªyjv e‡j| c‡i M¨v‡÷ªvwmj ev Avw` wm‡i‡›Uib ‰Zix nq| )
 nvBWªyjv (em‡šÍi ïiæ‡Z 僇Yi weKvk M‡U , AcZ¨ nvBWªv)  cyY©v½ nvBWªv&

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 †hŠb Rbbt
 wZbwU av‡c msNwUZ nq| h_v- A¯’vqx Rbb½ m„wó, wb‡lK, cwiõzUb|
 cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k cÖavbZ kirKv‡j N‡U|
 nvBWªv‡Z ¯^wb‡lK N‡U bv, ciwb‡lK N‡U|
 28-48 N›Uvi g‡a¨ wW¤^vYy‡K ³ Ki‡Z nbv ci‡j ïµby gviv hvq|
 gyKz‡jv`Mg bœ n‡Z mgq jv‡M 2-3 w`b|
 gyKzj m„wó gvZ… nvBWªv †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cÖvq 3 mßvn ev 21 w`b mgq jv‡M|
 GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Aÿzbœ _vK‡j me©wb¤œ 0.004mm e¨v‡mi UzKiv †_‡K nvBWªvi cyiærcwË nq|

 : ।
 ch©vq mg~nt
K. giæjv
L. eøv÷zjv
M. M¨v÷ªyjv (gvZ…‡`‡ni mv‡_ mshy³ M¨v÷ªyiv‡K †÷ªwiIM¨v÷ªyjv e‡j)
N. nvBWªyjv


* খ ।
* – ।


→ → → → 4 →
অ
(2n) (2n) (2n) (n) (n)

→ → → → 1 →
(2n) (2n) (2n) (n) (n)
+
৩

¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm DI‡R‡bwmm
c~Y©v½ nvBWªv
ইন্টারমিমিোল দকাষ (2n)  B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (2n)
iƒcvšÍi (2n) wm÷ iƒcvšÍi
ïµvY„ gvZ…‡Kvl 
nvBWªyjv wW¤^vYy gvZ…‡Kvl
gvB‡Uvwmm  gvB‡Uvwmm
¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv M¨v÷zjv DI‡Mvwbqv
e„w×jvf 
e„w×jvf
eøv÷zjv
¯úvg©v‡UvmvBU (2n)  DImvBU (2n)
wg‡qvwmm giæjv wg‡qvwmm
¯úvg©vwUW(n) 
DIwUW (n)
RvB‡MvU (2n)
iƒcvšÍi  iƒcvšÍi
kyµvby (n) wb‡lK wW¤^vby(n)

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 nvBWªvi
hLb `ywU wfbœ cÖRvwZfz³ Rxe Nwbôfv‡e mnve¯’v‡b d‡j ci¯ú‡i KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq, ZLb Gai‡bi mvnPh©v‡K wg‡_vRxweZv e‡j| G Ae¯’vq Rxe`ywU‡K
wg‡_vRxex ejvnq|
D`vniYt
K. wjwMDg RvZxq Dw™¢‡`i g~‡j emevmKvix wg‡_vRxex ivB‡Rvweqvg e¨vK‡Uwiqv
L. Zvcmx KuvKov (Hermit Crab) I A¨vwb‡gv‡bi (Sea Anemone) g‡a¨ wg‡_vRxweZv|
M. nvBWªv (Chlorohydra Viridissima) Ges GK‡Kvlx meyR ˆevj (Zoochlorella) Gi g‡a¨|
 ‰kevj †hfv‡e DcK„Z nqt
 AvkÖqt ˆkevj nvBWªvi M¨v‡÷ªvWvg©j (AšÍt‡Kvlxq ) †cwk- AveiYx †Kv‡l AvkÖq cvqt
 mv‡jvKms‡kølYt nvBWªvi k¦m‡bi m„ó CO2†K mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i|
 Lv‡`¨vrc`vbt nvBWªvi wecvKxi Kv‡R D™¢‚Z bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR¨© c`v_©‡K Avwgl ˆZwii wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨venvi e‡i|
 nvBWªv DcK„Z nqt
 Lv`¨cÖvwßt mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv ˆkevj †h Lv`¨ cÖ¯`Z K‡i Zvi DØ„Z Ask MÖnY K‡i nvBWªv kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i Afve c~iY K‡i|
 k¦mbt mv‡jvKms‡kølYKv‡j ˆkevj †h O2 wbM©Z K‡i nvBWªv Zv k¦m‡bi e¨venvi K‡i।
 CO2 †kvlYt nvBWªv k¦m‡b m„ó CO2ˆkevj MÖnb K‡i cÖvYx‡K Sv‡gjvgy³ K‡i|
 eR©¨ wb®‹vkbt nvBWªvi wecv‡K m„wó bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ evj KZ…©K M„nxZ ও nvBWªv mn‡RB c`v_©gy³ nq|

 nvBWªvi I †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t

‡bgv‡Uvwm÷
1. ‡`nKvÛ I Kwl©Kvi GwcWvwg©‡mi †cwk- AveiYx ‡Kv‡li duvKv ev ১. ‡bgv‡UvmvB‡Ui ýxZ gva¨vs‡k ‡bgv‡Uvwm÷ Aew¯’Z
†fZ‡i Aew¯’Z|
2. ‡bgv‡UvmvBU AveiYx, AcviKzivg, wb‡Wvwmj, †bgv‡Uvwm÷, ২. ‡bvgv‡Uvwm÷ _wj I j¤^v m~ÎK wb‡q MwVZ
mvB‡UvcøvRg I †Kvlxq A½vby wb‡q MwVZ|
3. ‡bgv‡UvmvB‡Ui AveiYx mRxe cøvRgv‡jgv w`‡q MwVZ| ৩. ‡bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i AveiYx ARxe KvBwUb wbg©Z
4. ‡bgv‡UvmvBU †bgv‡Uvwm÷ aviY K‡i| ৪. ‡bgv‡Uvwm÷ wkKvi aiv, AvZ¥iÿv, Pjb I AuvK‡o ai‡Z mnqZv K‡i|

 nvBWªvi ciRxweZv I wg‡_vRxweZv g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t

cv_‡K©¨i welq ciRxweZv wg‡_vRxweZv
1. `yB Rx‡ei g‡a m¤úK©  GKwU cÖRvwZ †cvlK, Ab¨wU ciRxex|  Dfq cÖRvwZB ci¯ú‡ii wg‡_vRxex|
2. wbf©ikxjZv  ciRxex †cvl‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj|  wg‡_vRxexiv ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|
3. NwbôZv  ciRxex †cvl‡Ki mv‡_ memgq Nwbô m¤úwK©Z  wg‡_vRxexZvq GKwU m`m¨ me mgq Ab¨wU
bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Nwbô mvwbœ Av‡m|
4. DcKvwiZv  †cvl‡Ki ÿwZi wewbg‡q ciRxex AvkÖq, Lv`¨  Df‡q bvbv fv‡e DcK…Z nq|
I Rbb wel‡q DcK…Z nq|
5. Awf‡hvRb  Awf‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y ciRxex‡`i wewfbœ A‡½i  Awf‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y wg‡_vRxex‡`i †Kvb A‡½i
cwieZ©b N‡U| cwieZ©b N‡U bv|

 ও থ

১। য ফ ১। য ।
।

২। । ২। ।
৩। । ৩। ,খ য য ।
৪। অ য - ,য ,ফ ফ অ । ৪। অ অ ।
৫। । ৫। ।

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 GK‡Î me we‡kl bvgt
bvg we‡kl bvg/ Aci bvg
w÷‡bvwUj ‡cwbUª¨v›U
fj‡f›U †Wm‡gvwbwg
‡÷ªc‡Uvwjb MøywUb¨v›U n‡jvUªvBKvm AvB‡mvivBRvm
‡÷wiIwjb MøywUb¨v›U A¨vUªvBKvm AvB‡mvivBRvm
cywó‡Kvl ‡cwk-AveiYx †Kvl / Nutritive cell/ Musculo-epithelial cell
wb‡WvmvBU wb‡Wveøv÷/ †bd‡UvmvBU
‡g‡mvwMøqv †gv‡mvj¨vwgjv (mesolamella)
gyKz‡jv`Mg ‡Kvi‡Kv`Mg / Budding

 mKj weÁvbxi bvg GKmv‡_t

 nvBWªvi Avwe®‹vi  Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j
 nvBWªvi cybircwË  Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j (1744)
 nvBWªvi bvgKiY K¨v‡ivmvi wjwbqvm
 ‡bgv‡Uwmw÷i cÖKvi‡f`  fvb©vi (1965)
 B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kv‡li UwU‡cv‡UwÝ  weªBb (Brein)

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