Addis Ababa Science & Technology University

College Of Engineering
Department of Environmental Engineering
Transport Phenomena For Environmental Engineering (EnEg 3107)
Chapter 3: Heat transport
Lecture 1
By
Mr. Solomon Tibebu

(2016E.C / 2023G.C)
Lecture 1 Content
• Introduction to heat transport
• Modes of heat transport
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

• Exercises (Class Works)

• Home Work

Mr. Solomon Tibebu (Environmental Engineering) 2

Introduction to heat transport
• Heat transfer or energy transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a
spatial temperature difference.

• Even though the 2 concepts are linked, temperature is different from heat.

• Temperature is the measure of internal energy of the system, while heat is

a measure of how energy is transferred from one system to another.

• Whenever there is a temperature difference in a medium or between

media, heat transfer must occur.

• Generally, the driving force of heat transfer is temperature gradient.

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Introduction to heat transport cont.
• When a temperature gradient exists in a stationary
medium, which may be solid or fluid, we use the term
conduction to refer to the heat transfer that will occur
across the medium.

• Convective heat transfer occurs between surface & moving

fluid when they are at different temperature.

• Thermal radiation is the transfer of heat due to

electromagnetic waves in the absence of an intervening
medium.
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Modes of heat transfer
A. Conduction
• In the presence of temperature gradient, energy transfer by
conduction occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature.
• It is possible to quantify the heat transfer process interms of rate
equation.
• This equation may be used to compute the amount of energy being
transferred per unit time.
• The rate equation that we use to solve problems related with
conduction is “Fourier law”.
• Conduction is the transfer of vibration energy from one molecule
(which have high energy) to another molecule (which have low
energy) by direct contact.

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 Modes of heat transfer
A. Conduction cont. T
q
q”=
A
T1
q dt
q’’=
= -K q
A dx
T2
q = -KA (T2 – T1)
L
q=rate of heat transfer (w)
2
L X
q”=heat transfer flux (w/m )
2
K=thermal conductivity constant (w/mk) and for heat flux (w/m k)
L=thickness (m)
2
A=area of the cross section (m )
T1=outer temperature (k)
T2=inner temperature (k)

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Modes of heat transfer
A. Conduction cont.
Exercise 6. (Class work)
The wall of a waste to energy plant furnace is constructed from
0.15m thick fire clay brick having a thermal conductivity of 1.7
w/mk. Measurements made during a steady state operation revel
temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surface
respectively. what is the rate of heat loss through the wall that is
0.5 m by 1.2 m on a side.
Assume
• Steady state condition 0.5 m

• 1D conduction through the wall 0.15 m

• Constant thermal conductivity 1.2 m

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Modes of heat transfer
A. Conduction cont.
• Thermal conductivity:-heat conduction in solid and liquid works by
transferring energy through bonds between atoms or molecules.
2
Material Thermal conductivity constant (w/m k)
Diamond 2650
Copper 401
Aluminum 226
Steel 43
Rock 3
Glass 2.2
Ice 2.2
Liquid water 0.58
Wood 0.11
Wool fabric 0.038
Fiber glass insulation 0.038
Styrofoam 0.025
Air 0.026

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Modes of heat transfer
B. Convection
• Convection is the transfer of heat by motion of liquid and gas.

• Convection in a gas occurs because gas expands when heated.

• Convection currents flow when hot gas rises and cool gas sinks.

• Convection in liquids occurs because of differences in density.

• Generally, convection is the transfer of heat by the actual motion

of a fluid (liquid or gas) in the form of current.
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 Modes of heat transfer
B. Convection cont.
• When the flow of gas or liquid comes from differences in density and
temperature, it is called free convection.

• When the flow of gas or liquid is circulated by pumps or fans, it is

called forced convection.

• Convection depends on surface area. If the surface contacting fluid is

increased, the rate of heat transfer also increases.

• Convection also depends on speed. Motion increases heat transfer rate

by convection.

• Both free and forced convection help to heat houses and cool car
engines.
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 Modes of heat transfer
B. Convection cont.
q
q” = = h(Ts-Tsur)
A

q=hA(Ts-Tsur)

q=rate of heat transfer (w)

2
q”=heat transfer flux (w/m )
2
h=convective heat transfer constant (w/mk) and for heat flux (w/m k)
2
A=area of the contacting fluid (m )
Ts=surface temperature (k)
Tsur=surrounding temperature (k)

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Modes of heat transfer
B. Convection cont.
• The following table shows the typical values for convective heat
transfer constant.
2
Process Convective heat transfer constant (w/m k)

Free convection

Gases 2-25
Liquid 50-1000
Forced convection
Gases 25-250
Liquid 100-20,000
Convection with phase change

Boiling or condensation 2500-100,000

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Modes of heat transfer
B. Convection cont.
Exercise 7. (Class work)
You will experience convection cooling if you ever extended your
hand out of the window of a moving car or in 0to a flowing water
stream with the surface of your hand at 30 C, determine the
convective heat flux for
0
A) A car speed of 35 km/hr in air at -5 C with convective
2
coefficient of 40w/m K and
0
B) Velocity of 0.2 m/s in a water stream at 10 C with a convective
2
coefficient of 900 w/m K.

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Modes of heat transfer
C. Radiation
• The energy of the radiation field is transported by electromagnetic
waves.
• The transfer of energy by conduction or convection requires the
presence of material or medium, radiation does not.
• In fact, radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
• Thermal radiation is electromagnetic wave produced by objects
because of their temperature.
• The higher the temperature of an object, the more thermal
radiation it gives off.
• Electromagnetic radiation from the sun heats the earth.

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Modes of heat transfer
C. Radiation cont.
q 4 4
q” = = εδ(Ts - Tsur)
A

4 4
q = ε δA(Ts - Tsur)

q=rate of heat transfer (w)

2
q”=heat transfer flux (w/m ) -8
2 4
δ=Stefan bultzman constant (5.67*10 w/m k )
ε=emissivity constant (0 < ε < 1)
2
A=area (m )
Ts=surface temperature (k)
Tsur=surrounding temperature (k)
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Modes of heat transfer
C. Radiation cont.
Exercise 8. (Class work)
-4 2
A computer cheap have an area of 2.25*10 m. The cheap has an
emissivity, ε of 0 0.6. The cheap maximum allowable surface
temperature is 85 C. The surrounding temperature is maintained at
0 -8 2 4
25 C. The stefan bultzman constant is 5.67*10 w/m k . What is the
rate of heat loose by radiation through the cheap?

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Modes of heat transfer cont.
Homework 5
A glass windows of width 1m and height 2m is 5mm thick and has
a thermal conductivity of K=1.4 w/mk.
A) If
0
the inner and outer surface temperature of the glass are 15 &
-20 C respectively, what is the rate of heat loose through the glass?
B) To reduce heat loose through windows, it is customary to use a
double window glass in which the two window glasses are separated
by an air space. If the spacing is 10 mm and the glass surface in
contact
0
with the air have an inner and outer temperature of 10 &
-15 C, what is the rate of heat loose from the window given that
the thermal conductivity K is 0.024 w/mk?

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Modes of heat transfer cont.
Homework 5 cont.

A B

2m

1m

10 mm
5 mm

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Thank You

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