ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Pakistan Studies)

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1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING
THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD
OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM
OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN
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Course: Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Pakistan (545)
Level: M.Sc. Semester: Autumn,2023

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd,
MA/MSc, MEd) (ODL Mode).
1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the
marks are distributed according to its requirements.
2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the
questions.
3. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide
or allied material.
4. Handwritten scanned assignments are not acceptable.
5. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.
6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.
7. Late assignments can’t be uploaded at LMS.
8. The students who attempt their assignments in Urdu/Arabic may upload a scanned
copy of their handwritten assignments (in PDF format) on University LMS. The
size of the file should not exceed 5MP.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 40

ASSIGNMENT No. 1
(Units 1-4)
Q.1 Why political party is consider as a basic components of democracy? Identify the
differences between the traditional parties and mass parties. Elaborate the
organizational structure of political party. (20)

Q.2 Critically evaluate the role of different interest groups in civil society of Pakistan.
(20)
Q.3 Discuss the making and breaking of alliance among political parties of MRD. (20)

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Q.4 Identify the source of public opinion. Describe the role of political parties in
development of public opinion. +(20)

Q.5 Critically evaluate the role of bureaucratic elite in Pakistani politics. (20)

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 40

ASSIGNMENT No. 2
(Units 5-9)
Q.1 Define the performance of political parties in Pakistan during 1947-1958. (20)

Q.2 Why ANP could not enhance its status as national political party and been limited
to some regions of Pakistan? Explain in detail. (20)

Q.3 Describe the role of political parties in development of democracy in Pakistan

during 1988-1999. (20)

Q.4 Critically examine the politics of reconciliation between PPP and PML (N) during
2002-2008 (20)

Q.5 Discuss the role of religious parties in Pakistan during 2008-2018. (20)

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 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
Department of Pakistan Studies

Course Title POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS IN

PAKISTAN
Course code 545
Level M-Sc/ BS Pakistan Studies
Introduction of Course! Course Description
The course entitled 'Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Pakistan comprising
on nine units. Political parties are the basic components of election in democratic
system as well as pressure groups are the part of opposition in government system.
There is a considerable confusion about the nature and functioning of political
parties and pressure groups particularly in Pakistan and generally in third world
countries. This course will aim to clarify confusion with regards to political
parties. The effort will be to provide a theoretical and conceptual basis of political
parties as well as pressures groups.
This course will be divided into two parts. The first part will focus on providing
theoretical and conceptual foundations of a political party and pressure groups.
Once we have laid down the foundations of theoretical perspective. We will
concentrate on explaining the evolution, growth, development, and the decay of
political parties in Pakistan. Theoretical literature on political parties is enormous.
Political parties have been defined by the scholars in various ways. For example,
according to leading American political Scientist, a political party can be defined as
a relatively stable, organized, label providing group.
During the various phases of nationalist movements in the third world countries,
political parties have played significant movements in the creation of new nation-
states. These parties were agents of mobilization and changes were able to integrate
diverse interest groups during the phase of national movements, while explaining
the evolution and development of political parties. However, parties of
representation are well financed by those whose interest they represent. In such
parties' party machine plays an important role thereby making these political parties
relatively better organized and stable. In addition to political parties we will focus
on the evolution, development, and decay of political parties in Pakistan. Mostly
literature, i.e. appearing on political parties in Pakistan is either historical or
descriptive in nature. In this literature most of the writing it is argued that political
parties have- failed in Pakistan because either the leadership was faction ridden or
the political parties were unable to organize themselves and disciplines their
members.
Pressure groups form an important component of a political party. More than one
pressure group may operate and exist in a political party. The basic function of
these groups would be to promote the interest of those who form the group.
Different kinds of pressure groups include in different organizations as Employer's
association in business and industry form organization of salaried workers etc.
These groups influence role in development of public
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opinion and propaganda. This course focused on the formation of pressure groups, public
opinion, and propaganda.
The second part of this course will focus on the evolution, development, and decay
of political parties in Pakistan. Mostly writers argued that political parties have
failed in Pakistan because either the leadership was faction ridden or the political
parties were unable to organize themselves and disciplines their members.
Consequently, political parties failed to develop a competitive party system. The
failure of political parties facilitated praetorians i.e. intervention of military into
politics. This course will elaborate the role of different political parties of Pakistan
in political system of country.

CONTENTS

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PARTIES

1.1 Definition of Political Party
1.2 Functioning of Political Party
1.3 Democracy within Political Party
1.4 Candidate and Leadership Selection
1.5 Organization of Political Party

UNIT-2 INTRODUCTION TO PRESSURE GROUPS/INTERESTS GROUPS

2.1 Definition and Types of Pressure Groups/Interest Groups
2.2 Role of Different Interest Groups in civil society of Pakistan
2.3 Major Pressure Groups/Interest Groups in Pakistan

UNIT-3 POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS: INTERACTION AND

INTERRELATION
3.1 Interaction and Interrelation between Political Parties and Pressure Groups
3.2 Impact of Political Parties in Political Development
3.3 Making and breaking of Alliances among Political Parties

UNIT-4 PUBLIC OPINION

4.1 Definition and elements of Public Opinion
4.2 Sources of Public Opinion
4.3 Role of Public Opinion in Democracy
4.4 Interest Aggregation and Articulation

UNIT-5 PARTY SYSTEM AND POLITICAL STABILITY

5.1 One Party System, Two Party System, None Party System, Multiple Party System
5.2 Role of Political Parties in Government
5.3 Role of Political Parties in Opposition
5.4 Role of Political Parties in Political Stability

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UNIT-6 PERFORMANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN PAKISTAN- I
6.1 Parties System in Pakistan 1947-1958
6.2 Parties System in Pakistan 1958-1962
6.3 Parties System in Pakistan 1962-1972
6.4 Parties System in Pakistan 1972-1977

UNIT-7 PERFORMANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN PAKISTAN- II

7.1 Parties System in Pakistan 1977-1988
7.2 Parties System in Pakistan 1988-1999
7.3 Parties System in Pakistan 1999-2008
7.4 Parties System in Pakistan 2008-2020

UNIT-8 MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES IN PAKISTAN

8.1 Pakistan Muslim League(N)
8.2 Pakistan People Party
8.3 Pakistan Tehreek-e- Insaf
8.4iamat-i- Islami
8.5 Jamiat-al-Ulama-IsIam (F)

UNIT-9 MAJOR REGIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES IN PAKISTAN

9.1 Awami League
9.2 Awami National Party
9.3 Muhajir Qaumi Movement
9.4 Baluchistan National Party
9.5 Pashtoonkhwa MilliAwami Party
Helping websites for download books

Suggested Readings
Book Title Website
Pakistan in the 20th Century b-ok.asia/book/5742085/257783
Pakistan's political Parties: Surviving b-ok.asia/book/5881070/111181
between Dictatorship and democracy
Party Politics in Pakistan 1947-1958 b-ok.asia/book/6050435/250e9c
Pakistan: A New History b-ok.asia/book/888077/02403
Constitutional and Political History https://bok.asia/book/5272917/cc2d18

Of Pakistan
Political Parties in Pakistan: A Long https://www.academia.edu/36348252/
Way Head

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Suggested Readings

• Rafique Afzal. Political Parties in Pakistan 1947-1958, (Islamabad:

National Commission on Historical Research).
• Political Parties in Pakistan 1958-1971, (Islamabad:
National Commission on Historical Research).
• Mazhar Aziz. Military Control: The Parallel State, (London: Routledge,
2008)
• Safdar Mehmood. Pakistan: Political Roots & Development 1947-1999,
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000).
• Philip E Jones. The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power, (Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 2003).
• Khalid bin Waleed. The Political System of Pakistan, (Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 2000).
• Shafqat Saeed. Civil Military Relation: From Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to Benazir
Bhutto, (Boulder, Co; Westview Press, 1997).
• Ian Talbot. Pakistan: A New History, (Karachi: Oxford University Press,
2012).