AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
The complex numbers
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form , where and are real
numbers ( ) and is the imaginary unit satisfying the equation: . In the expression
, the number is the real part of the complex number denoted as follows , but the
number is the imaginary part of the complex number ( ).
Definition 1. Let . The conjugate of is the number , and this is denoted as or .
Properties of conjugation
Let ( -set of complex numbers), hence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Algebraic operations on complex numbers
Let
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Example 1. The standard arithmetic operations of the complex numbers are shown below. Let
, hence
Definition 2. The modulus of the complex number ( ) is defined as follows
Trigonometric form (polar form) of a complex number
A complex number can be expressed as the point of the complex plane, figure below.
The number expressed in polar coordinates, where
:
The number is called absolute value or modulus, , the angle is called argument of the
complex number, if then the number is called main argument of the complex number
and denoted by .
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Example 2. Write the following complex number in the standard (trigonometric) form:
Multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar (trigonometric) form
Let
then
Proof
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Example 3. Calculate using the following formula:
Exponential form of a complex number
Using the Euler’s formula
we can express a complex number as follows :
and =
Example 3. In this example the number can be expressed: .
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
The exponential form and trigonometric form of the complex number is particularly useful at the
multiplication, the division and the involution of complex numbers. Let and complex numbers given
by formulas:
Then,
The last formula is called as the Moivre’s theorem, which can be written as follows:
Roots of a complex number
Theorem. The complex number , where and has exactly n
distinct roots. They are:
where .
Example 4. Find 3-th roots of - 4.
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Below is the graphical interpretation of all the roots of
Example 5. Find the solution of the following equation: .
Task 1. Compute:
a)
b)
c)
Task 2. Find the conjugate number of:
a)
b)
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
c)
d)
Task 3. The following numbers express in polar (trigonometric) and exponential form:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Task 4. Find roots of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution of d)
hence
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
verification of the equation for
it follows that:
In the same way you can check and
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Below is the graphical interpretation of all the roots of
Let and then the following formula is true:
Using above formula and having the 1-st root ( ) of (Task4 d))we can get the
next one ( ) as follows:
Similarly we can calculate :
In the same way we can get :
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
Task 5. Find the solutions of equations in the set of complex numbers:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Solution of c)
Solution of d)
Let , hence
hence
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
hence
finally the number isany real number ( ) while , hence the solution is: ,
where .
Solution of e)
Let than we have:
1-st case
Next we need to find the roots of
Let
Hence
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
2-nd case
Next we need to find the roots of
Let
Hence
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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki
The solutions of the equation ( are:
We are going to check the 1-st:
Similarly we can check other solutions.
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