Ground water 30.

10%
surface water 0.30%
lanscape 68.70%

Brackish <30000
sea >30000

Osmotic pressure
1 mg of glucose in 1 kg of mixture
Conc. Of solutes (Osmolality) 1.00
Conc. Of water 999.999

osmolality INVERSE with Water Conc.

Osmosis: Movement from low conc. Water to high conc. Water

Reverse osmosis:

Pretreatment
Chlorination
disinfection
oxidation redcued Fe/Mn form
Filtiration
Pressure filter
Gravity Filter
Dechlorination
Adsorption / Activated carbon
SMBS
Antiscalant pevent caco3/MnCO3 crystalline form from p
Type depends on Sulphate and silica concent

Post RO treatment (Polish)

TDS removal - BWRO
boron removal
Deminiralization
ph adjustment (Acidic permeate)
mixed bed ( Cations/anions) power plants

Treatment

Distillation
Multi stage flash 22%
Multi effect distillation 22%
 mg/kg
g/Kg

o high conc. Water

xidation redcued Fe/Mn form

ressure filter
ravity Filter

dsorption / Activated carbon

event caco3/MnCO3 crystalline form from precipitating (Inccrease precipt. Threshold)/ keep them suspended
ype depends on Sulphate and silica concentration

Desalination 95%

Electric plants Ion exchange 5% RO 49%

Electroialys 1%
Electroioni 1%
Molality
Def amount of solute in a solution relative to a given mass of solvent.
Unit mol/kg

Rule
Example

mNaOH 200 g
MW NaOH 40 g/mole
5 moles
Molality 0.033333 moles/g
33.33333 moles/ Kg

Osmotic pressure

Van Hoft's Equation

∏=ICRT
∏ Osmotic Pressure
I Van Hoff's Factor : number of moles of particles formed in solution per mole of solute.
C Molar Conc. Of solute mole/l
R Universal Gas constant 8.31446 j/mol.k
0.082057 l.atom/k/mol
T Temp. k

Van Hoff's Factor number of moles of particles formed in solution per mole of solute.
value non-electrolyte (sugar, fats, glucose,/ 1
Electrolyte Calculate

Ex:

Sol
∏ 15.28 atm
T 298 k
i 1- bec non-dissociating

C 0.625 moles/l
M 0.312 moles
Molar mas 80.0 g/mole

Ex:
 Sol.
∏ 2.56 atm
T 300 k
i 3-

C 0.0347 moles/l
M 0.0270 moles
Molar mas 111.69 g/mole

Recovery 75%

Concentration Factor 4

permeate flow 12
No. of membranes
membranes surface area
Flux

Multi stage Inc recovery brine used again

Multi pass Inc quality permeate used again
 Molarity
Def amount of solute in a solution relative to a given Volume of solvent.
Unit Mol/m3

Rule
Example

m H2SO$ 15 g
MW NaSO4 142 g/mole
0.1056 moles
Molarity 0.00085 moles/ml
0.845 moles/l

lution per mole of solute.

e of solute.