Dr.Firas Baheej Consultant Otolaryngologist Medical City Teaching Complex OBJECTIVES: to through a light on: 1- Pure tone audiogram
2- Tympanogram Pure tone audiogram (PTA)
Is the cornerstone of clinical auditory
assessment Used to determine the hearing threshold (the minimum sound level at which a spesific response can be obtained The decible (dB)
Bel is the log to the base 10 of the ratio of the
sound intensity being measured to a reference intensity which is constant, and is measured in W/m2. Decibel (dB) is 10 times this ratio. Sound intensity(Ix) in dB=10 log10 Ix/Io where Io= 10 -12 w/m2 Method
The patient is seated in a soundproofed room
The procedure is explained to the patient Earphones are used for air conduction The patient is asked to signal by pressing a hand-held button as soon as the tone is heared Pure tones are produced by a calibrated audiometer and are first presented to better ear Tones are first presented at an intensity above the suspected threshold of the patient The intensity is reduced in 10 dB steps until no sound is heard The signal is then increased in 5 dB steps until half of the tones are heard This continues in the following order: 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 500 and 250 Hz The timing and duration of signal presentation should be varied and no visual clues should be offered Soundproofed room Headphone Bone-conducting transducer The second ear is then tested in identical fashion Then the procedure is repeated to test bone conduction by using bone conductor Audiogram Audiogram results 1-Sensorinueral hearing impairment: both air and bone conduction thresholds are increased to the same level 2-Conductive hearing impairment: bone threshold remains normal but air conduction threshold increased 3-Mixed hearing impairment: both air and bone conduction threshold increases but the increment in air conduction threshold is more than the bone conduction threshold Degrees of deafness Audiogram results Normal audiogram Conductive deafness Tympanometry)objective test(
The test probe consists of a sound producer, a
sound receiver and a device for altering the pressure within the external auditory meatus(EAM) The probe has a soft plastic tip to allow an air- tight seal in the EAM A test tone is made (220Hz, 65 dB) into the EDM, of which some will be absorbed(admitted) by middle ear system(drum and ossicles) and some reflected The reflected sound energy is measured by the probe microphon The compliance ( the amount of sound absorbed by the middle-ear system ) can be determined either by measuring the reflected sound level in the ear canal or more commonly by measuring the amount of energy required to keep the sound level constant at varying canal pressures The compliance will be maximal when the ear canal pressure is = to middle ear pressure The compliance is measured continuously while the pressure in the EAM is automatically varied from +200 to – 400 mmH2O Graphical result of tympanometry is classified into 5 types 1- type A (normal)
Maximal compliance occurs when the
pressure in the EAM is between +50_ -100 mm H2O A normal maximal compliance value is between 2 and 4 ml 2- Type As (shallow)
The same as type A but the maximal
compliance value is less than 2 mm H2O Indicates stiffness of middl-ear system as in tympanosclerosis and otosclerosis 3- Type Ad (dislocation)
The same as type A but the maximal
compliance is more than 4 mmH2O (high or unrecordable peak of compliance Indicates excess mobility of the middle-ear system as in ossicular discontinuity 4- Type B ( flat)
Horizontal compliance (no peak) implying
persistently low compliance Indicates middle ear fluid, also occur in tympanic membrane perforation and adhesive otitis media 5- Type C
The peak compliance occurs when the
pressure in the EAM is less than – 100 mm H2O Indicates a significant low pressure in the middle-ear system Occurs in eustachian tube dysfunction Dicided into C1 when the peak is between -100 and -199 mm H2O, and C2 when the beak occurs at less than -200 mm H2O