Information

&
Communications Technology

Prepared by Mr. Kasitu H.G. For PTD-A & D - 2023

ICT – L1

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

What is ICT?

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the use of digital technology to store, retrieve,
transmit and manipulate data. It includes hardware, software, networks and services used to create,
store, exchange and use information in its various forms including text, images, audio and video. ICT is
used in a variety of ways, from everyday activities such as shopping and banking to more complex
activities such as medical diagnosis and space exploration.

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Explain why a teacher should be trained in ICT?

A teacher should be trained in ICT because it is essential for them to be able to effectively use
technology in the classroom. Technology is becoming increasingly important in education, and teachers
need to be able to use it to its full potential in order to engage students and help them learn. Training in
ICT will also help teachers to keep up with the latest developments in technology and ensure that they
are able to use the most up-to-date tools and resources in their teaching.

List the types of gadgets used in Information and Communications Technology.

1. Computers

2. Smartphones

3. Tablets

4. Wearable Technology

5. Networking Equipment

6. Printers

7. Storage Devices

8. Audio/Video Equipment

9. Digital Cameras

10. Surveillance Systems

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In times of covid19, list 20 examples on how ICT has been an integral part of the education
system.

1. Online Learning Platforms: Online learning platforms such as Zoom, Google Classroom, and
Microsoft Teams have enabled students to access course materials, participate in lectures, and complete
assignments remotely.

2. Virtual Classrooms: Virtual classrooms allow students to attend classes from anywhere in the world.

3. Video Conferencing: Video conferencing tools such as Skype and Google Hangouts enable students
to interact with their peers and teachers in real-time.

4. Online Exams: Online exams allow students to take tests from the comfort of their own homes.

5. Digital Textbooks: Digital textbooks are available on various platforms, allowing students to access
course materials without having to carry physical textbooks.

6. Online Collaboration: Online collaboration tools such as Google Docs and Slack enable students to
work together on projects and assignments.

7. Online Tutoring: Online tutoring services such as Tutor.com provide students with personalized
instruction and support.

8. Digital Whiteboards: Digital whiteboards allow teachers to share their lesson plans and presentations
with students in real-time.

9. Online Portfolios: Online portfolios enable students to showcase their work and achievements to
potential employers.

10. Learning Management Systems: Learning management systems such as Blackboard and Moodle
enable teachers to track student progress and provide feedback.

11. Mobile Learning: Mobile learning apps such as Khan Academy and Duolingo allow students to
learn on the go.

12. Adaptive Learning: Adaptive learning systems use artificial intelligence to customize learning
experiences for each student.

13. Gamification: Gamification encourages students to engage with course material by turning it into a
game.

14. Augmented Reality: Augmented reality allows students to explore virtual worlds and engage with
3D objects.

15. Virtual Reality: Virtual reality enables students to experience immersive simulations and simulations
of real-world scenarios.

16. Social Media: Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook enable students to connect with
their peers and teachers.

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17. Online Discussion Boards: Online discussion boards allow students to discuss course material and
ask questions.

18. Online Libraries: Online libraries provide students with access to millions of books, journals, and
other resources.

19. Online Tutoring Tools: Online tutoring tools such as Khan Academy and Coursera provide students
with personalized instruction and support.

20. Video Streaming: Video streaming services such as YouTube and Netflix allow students to watch
educational videos and documentaries.

ACTIVITY 1

- Briefly explain how the following gadgets can be used in education;

i. TV
ii. Radio
iii. Projector
iv. Computer
v. Smart Phone

- Identify a topic in any subject of your interest and prepare a lesson plan. In your lesson
planning, identify one ICT gadget you are going to use as a tool to aid your lesson and
clearly detail how you are going to use it in the lesson.

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ICT – L2
Data and Information

What is data?

Data are raw facts, they refer to information in a structured or unstructured form that can be processed,
analyzed, and interpreted to derive insights and knowledge. Data can take many forms, including text,
numbers, images, audio, and video, and can be collected from a wide variety of sources, such as sensors,
surveys, social media, and transactions.

In general, data can be classified into two main types: quantitative data and qualitative data.
Quantitative data is numeric and can be measured objectively, while qualitative data is descriptive and
subjective in nature.

Data is typically stored and managed in databases or data warehouses, and can be manipulated and
analyzed using various tools and techniques, including statistical analysis, machine learning, and data
visualization. The insights and knowledge gained from analyzing data can be used to inform decision-
making, improve processes, and drive innovation in a variety of fields, such as business, healthcare, and
scientific research.

What is information?

Information is a processed and organized form of data that has meaning and context. While data refers
to raw facts and figures, information involves the interpretation and analysis of that data to provide
meaning and insights.

In other words, information is the output of data processing that has been transformed into a meaningful
and useful form. For example, if we collect data on the number of products sold by a company in a
particular month, this data alone may not provide much insight. However, if we process and analyze the
data, we can derive information such as the best-selling products, the performance of different sales
channels, and trends over time.

Information can be communicated and shared through various mediums, such as reports, dashboards,
visualizations, and presentations. It is an essential resource for decision-making and problem-solving in
many fields, including business, science, government, and education.

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ICT – L3
Explain how a computer works?

Computers are electronic devices that process data and perform operations based on instructions
provided by software programs. The basic steps involved in how a computer works are:

1. Input: The computer receives data or information from an input device such as a keyboard,
mouse, microphone, or scanner.
2. Processing: The computer processes the input data using the central processing unit (CPU),
which is the brain of the computer. The CPU performs arithmetic and logic operations, reads and
writes data to memory, and retrieves instructions from software programs.
3. Storage: The computer stores data and instructions in various types of memory, such as random
access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and hard disk drives (HDDs). RAM is
temporary storage used by the CPU to hold data and instructions during processing, while ROM
is permanent storage that contains pre-loaded software and firmware. HDDs are permanent
storage devices that store data and files for long-term use.
4. Output: The computer produces output data or information using an output device such as a
monitor, printer, or speaker. Output data can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video.
5. Communication: The computer can communicate with other devices and computers over
networks such as the internet or local area networks (LANs). This allows users to share data and
resources, and access remote services and information.

The above steps represent a simplified view of how a computer works. In reality, there are many
complex processes and components involved in the operation of a computer, such as buses, caches,
operating systems, and device drivers. Nevertheless, the basic principles of input, processing, storage,
output, and communication are at the core of all computer systems.

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ICT – L4

Peripheral devices, also known as input/output devices, are external devices that connect to a computer
and expand its capabilities. They allow users to input data, receive output, and interact with the
computer system. Some common examples of peripheral devices include:

1. Input devices: These devices are used to input data into the computer system. Examples include
keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, and microphones.
2. Output devices: These devices are used to display or output data from the computer system.
Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.
3. Storage devices: These devices are used to store data and information for later use. Examples
include external hard drives, USB flash drives, memory cards, and optical disks (CDs, DVDs,
and Blu-ray discs).
4. Networking devices: These devices are used to connect computers and other devices to each
other or to the internet. Examples include routers, modems, switches, and wireless access points.
5. Other devices: There are many other types of peripheral devices that perform specialized
functions, such as game controllers, graphics tablets, barcode scanners, and touchscreens.

Peripheral devices are an important part of the computer system, as they allow users to interact with the
computer and perform a wide range of tasks. They are usually connected to the computer through ports
such as USB, HDMI, Ethernet, and audio jacks, and are often plug-and-play, meaning they can be easily
added or removed from the system.

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ICT – L5

What is the Role of ICT in Education?

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a significant role in transforming
education by providing new opportunities for learning and teaching. Here are some of the key roles of
ICT in education:

1. Access to information: ICT has made it easier for students and teachers to access information
and resources from anywhere in the world. Online libraries, educational websites, and digital
textbooks provide access to a vast amount of information and knowledge.
2. Enhancing teaching and learning: ICT has provided new opportunities for teaching and learning
by enabling interactive and multimedia-based teaching methods. Teachers can use digital
resources, such as videos, animations, and simulations, to make learning more engaging and
effective.
3. Collaboration and communication: ICT has enabled collaboration and communication between
teachers and students, as well as among students themselves. Tools like email, video
conferencing, and online discussion forums have made it easier to connect and collaborate,
regardless of distance or location.
4. Personalized learning: ICT has made it possible to tailor learning to individual students' needs,
interests, and abilities. Learning management systems (LMS) and adaptive learning technologies
use data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to provide personalized learning experiences.
5. Assessment and evaluation: ICT has enabled more efficient and accurate assessment and
evaluation of student learning outcomes. Online quizzes, tests, and surveys, as well as automated
grading systems, make it easier to measure and track student progress.

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 6. Digital learning tools: ICT provides a wide range of digital learning tools such as educational
software, simulations, virtual labs, and online courses. These tools can enhance student
engagement, provide personalized learning experiences, and promote active learning.
7. Assessment and feedback: ICT provide tools for assessment and feedback such as online
quizzes, tests, and grading systems. This allows teachers to provide timely feedback to students
and track their progress over time.
8. Efficiency and productivity: ICT can streamline administrative tasks such as grading, attendance,
and record-keeping, allowing teachers to focus more on teaching and learning. It can also
provide access to professional development opportunities and resources, helping teachers to
improve their skills and knowledge.

Overall, ICT has transformed education by providing new tools and methods for teaching, learning, and
assessment. It has increased access to information and knowledge, enhanced collaboration and
communication, and personalized learning experiences.

I CT – L6

What is the role of ICT in general?

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an integral part of modern society, and
its role is pervasive across many aspects of life. Some of the key roles of ICT in general include:

1. Communication: ICT provides a wide range of communication tools such as email, instant
messaging, video conferencing, and social media. This allows people to connect and
communicate regardless of location, enhancing social and professional relationships.

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 2. Access to information: ICT provides access to a vast amount of information through the internet,
digital libraries, and online resources. This allows people to learn and access information at their
own pace and in their own time.
3. Entertainment: ICT provides a range of entertainment options such as video games, streaming
services, and social media platforms. These options offer people a way to relax, unwind, and
connect with others.
4. Business and commerce: ICT has transformed the way businesses operate, allowing for online
transactions, digital marketing, and remote work. This has increased efficiency, productivity, and
access to new markets.
5. Education and training: As mentioned earlier, ICT plays a vital role in education and training,
providing access to digital learning tools, collaboration and communication tools, and
assessment and feedback tools.
6. Innovation and creativity: ICT has driven innovation and creativity across many fields such as
science, engineering, and design. It has opened up new opportunities for research,
experimentation, and problem-solving.
7. Automation: ICT has automated many tasks and processes, increasing efficiency and
productivity in various fields. For example, automation in manufacturing has led to increased
production rates and reduced costs, while automation in finance has led to faster and more
accurate transactions.
8. Innovation: ICT has facilitated innovation in various fields such as healthcare, education, and
entertainment. For example, advances in medical technology have led to new treatments and
improved patient care, while online learning platforms have made education more accessible to
people around the world.
9. Economic growth: ICT has become an important driver of economic growth and job creation. It
has created new industries and markets, and has made it possible for businesses to reach global
audiences and compete on a level playing field.
10.

Overall, ICT plays a critical role in modern society, enhancing communication, providing access to
information, and driving innovation and creativity. Its role will continue to expand and evolve as
technology advances and society's needs change.

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ICT – L7

There are several undesirable practices in ICTs, including:

1. Cyberbullying: The use of technology to harass, intimidate or embarrass others is a growing

problem in the digital age.
2. Cyberstalking: The use of technology to stalk or harass others online is a serious problem that
can lead to physical harm.
3. Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or devices with malicious intent
can result in the theft of valuable information or the destruction of data.
4. Identity theft: Stealing someone's personal information, such as their name, address, or social
security number, can lead to financial fraud and other forms of criminal activity.
5. Phishing: A type of online scam where a fraudulent email, text message or website is used to
trick people into giving away personal or financial information.
6. Malware: Malicious software, such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, can be used to damage
or disrupt computer systems, steal information, or spy on users.
7. Online piracy: The unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material, such as music,
movies, or software, is a serious problem that can lead to legal consequences.
8. Spamming: The practice of sending unsolicited commercial messages, such as email or text
messages, to large numbers of people is annoying and can be used to spread malware or phishing
scams.
9. Misuse of personal information: The collection and use of personal information by companies
and governments without consent or for nefarious purposes can violate privacy rights and lead to
identity theft or other forms of harm.
10. Addiction to technology: Spending excessive amounts of time online or on devices can lead to
addiction, which can have negative effects on mental and physical health, as well as social
relationships.

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ICT – L8

Identify the role of ICTs in schools

ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) play a crucial role in schools, enhancing the
learning process and promoting student engagement, collaboration, and digital literacy. Here are some
specific roles of ICTs in schools:

1. Enhancing teaching and learning: ICTs provide teachers with tools to create and deliver
interactive lessons and materials, making learning more engaging and effective.
2. Facilitating research and information access: With the help of ICTs, students can access a vast
range of information from various sources and conduct research more efficiently.
3. Promoting collaboration: ICTs enable students to collaborate on projects and assignments, share
ideas, and communicate effectively with their peers, teachers, and experts.
4. Developing digital literacy skills: The use of ICTs in schools helps students develop skills like
digital literacy, critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity.
5. Providing personalized learning experiences: ICTs allow teachers to tailor learning experiences
to the needs and interests of individual students, making learning more personalized and
effective.
6. Improving administrative functions: ICTs facilitate administrative functions such as student
enrollment, tracking attendance, and managing academic records.

Overall, ICTs play a crucial role in enabling schools to provide quality education that meets the needs of
students in the digital age.

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ICT – L9

Identify the forms of ICTs in schools

ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) in schools take many forms, including:

1. Computers and laptops: Schools use desktop computers and laptops to create and deliver digital
lessons, allow students to access educational resources online, and facilitate collaboration.
2. Interactive whiteboards: Interactive whiteboards allow teachers to create and deliver interactive
lessons, collaborate with students, and share multimedia content.
3. Tablets and smartphones: These portable devices are used in schools for a variety of purposes,
including research, collaborative projects, and interactive learning activities.
4. E-books and digital libraries: E-books and digital libraries allow students to access a vast range
of educational resources online and enable teachers to create customized learning materials.
5. Learning management systems (LMS): These online platforms are used by teachers to manage
and deliver educational content, communicate with students, and track their progress.
6. Educational software and applications: Educational software and applications provide students
with interactive learning experiences that are tailored to their needs and interests.
7. Distance learning tools: Distance learning tools like video conferencing and online learning
platforms enable schools to provide education to students who are unable to attend physical
classes.

Overall, ICTs in schools take many different forms, and their integration into education is continuously
evolving as technology advances.

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ICT – L10
Demonstrate how to use ICT tools such as radio, tv, projector, computer and smart phone

Here are some step-by-step instructions for each tool:

1. Radio:

 Turn on the radio by pressing the power button.

 Tune the radio to the desired frequency or station by rotating the tuner dial or pressing the preset
buttons.
 Adjust the volume by turning the volume knob or pressing the volume buttons.
 Listen to the radio broadcast.

2. TV:

 Turn on the TV by pressing the power button on the remote or on the TV itself.
 Select the desired input source (such as cable, satellite, or streaming device) by using the input
button on the remote or the TV menu.
 Use the channel up/down or guide button to select the channel or program you want to watch.
 Adjust the volume by using the volume up/down button on the remote or the TV.

3. Projector:

 Connect the projector to a power source using the power cord.

 Connect the video source (such as a computer or DVD player) to the projector using the
appropriate cable (such as HDMI or VGA).
 Turn on the projector by pressing the power button.
 Adjust the focus and image size using the focus and zoom controls on the projector.
 Adjust the brightness and contrast using the projector menu or remote.

4. Computer:

 Turn on the computer by pressing the power button.

 Log in to your user account using your username and password.
 Use the mouse or touchpad to navigate the desktop and open applications.
 Use the keyboard to type and enter text.
 Use the internet browser to access websites and search for information.

5. Smartphone:

 Press and hold the power button to turn on the smartphone.

 Swipe or enter your PIN to unlock the phone.
 Navigate the home screen and open applications by tapping on the icons.
 Use the touch screen to select options and enter text.
 Use the phone's camera to take photos or videos.

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ICT – L12
Describe the following types of computers; microcomputer, minicomputer, supercomputer and
embedded computers

Microcomputer: A microcomputer is a small and relatively inexpensive computer that is designed to be

used by an individual. They are also known as personal computers (PCs) and typically used for general-
purpose computing tasks like word processing, browsing the internet, playing games, and running
software applications. They are usually based on a microprocessor and have a small form factor, making
them ideal for personal use.

Minicomputer: A minicomputer is a mid-sized computer that is larger than a microcomputer but smaller
than a mainframe computer. They are typically used in small to medium-sized businesses and
organizations and are capable of performing more complex tasks than microcomputers. Minicomputers
are often used for scientific research, data processing, and industrial control applications.

Supercomputer: A supercomputer is a high-performance computing system that is designed to handle

complex and computationally intensive tasks, such as weather forecasting, molecular modeling, and
simulation. They are among the fastest and most powerful computers available, and can process massive
amounts of data in a short period of time. Supercomputers are typically used in scientific and
engineering research, as well as in military and government applications.

Embedded Computer: An embedded computer is a computer system that is designed to be integrated

into a larger device or system. They are often used in appliances, automobiles, medical devices, and
other embedded systems, and are designed to perform specific tasks. Embedded computers are typically
small in size and have low power consumption, making them ideal for use in battery-powered or
portable devices. They may also have specialized hardware or software tailored to their specific
application.

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ICT – L13
Explain the main parts of a desktop computer.

The main parts of a desktop computer are:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the brain of the computer and is responsible for carrying
out instructions and performing calculations. It is usually a small chip that is located on the
motherboard.
2. Motherboard: This is the main circuit board of the computer that connects all the components
together. It contains the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, and various other
connectors.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): This is the temporary memory that the computer uses to store
data and program instructions while they are being processed. The more RAM a computer has,
the more programs it can run simultaneously.
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD): This is where the computer stores all of its
data, including the operating system, programs, and files. An HDD uses spinning disks to read
and write data, while an SSD uses flash memory.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): This is responsible for providing power to all of the components in
the computer. It takes AC power from an outlet and converts it into DC power that the computer
can use.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): This is responsible for rendering images and video on the
computer screen. It is especially important for gaming and other graphically intensive
applications.
7. Input/Output (I/O) devices: These are the devices that allow you to interact with the computer,
such as the keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Other I/O devices include printers, scanners, and
speakers.
8. Cooling system: Desktop computers generate a lot of heat, so they need a cooling system to
prevent overheating. This may include fans, heat sinks, or liquid cooling systems.

These are the main components of a desktop computer, and each plays a vital role in its overall function.

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ICT – L14
Explain the parts of a mouse and how to use it on a desktop computer.

A mouse is a pointing device that allows you to move the cursor on the computer screen and interact
with graphical user interfaces. It typically has the following parts:

1. Buttons: The primary buttons on a mouse are the left and right buttons, which are used to
perform various functions depending on the software being used. Some mice also have
additional buttons that can be customized to perform specific tasks.
2. Scroll Wheel: The scroll wheel is used to scroll up and down on web pages, documents, and
other content. Some mice also have a side-scroll wheel that can be used to scroll horizontally.
3. Optical Sensor: The optical sensor tracks the movement of the mouse and communicates that
information to the computer.

To use a mouse on a desktop computer, follow these steps:

1. Connect the mouse to the computer using the USB or PS/2 port.
2. Turn on the computer and wait for it to boot up.
3. Move the mouse to test if the cursor is moving on the screen. If the cursor does not move, try
moving the mouse on a different surface or cleaning the optical sensor.
4. Click the left mouse button to select an object, and the right mouse button to bring up context
menus and other options.
5. Use the scroll wheel to navigate up and down on web pages, documents, and other content.
6. To drag and drop an object, click and hold the left mouse button, move the object to a new
location, and then release the button.
7. Customize the mouse settings, such as the cursor speed, button functions, and scrolling options,
using the mouse control panel in the operating system settings.

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ICT – L15
Discuss the types of keyboards and explain the parts of a qwerty keyboard.

Types of Keyboards:

1. QWERTY Keyboard: This is the most common type of keyboard and is used in most desktop
and laptop computers. It features the standard layout of letters, numbers, and symbols arranged
in a rectangular grid, and is named after the first six letters on the top row.
2. Ergonomic Keyboard: An ergonomic keyboard is designed to reduce the strain on the user's
hands and wrists. It typically features a curved or split design that conforms to the natural shape
of the hands and helps to prevent repetitive strain injuries.
3. Mechanical Keyboard: A mechanical keyboard uses individual mechanical switches for each
key, rather than the rubber domes used in most standard keyboards. This provides a tactile
feedback when typing and can lead to a more satisfying typing experience.
4. Virtual Keyboard: A virtual keyboard is a software-based keyboard that is displayed on the
computer screen. It is typically used on touchscreen devices or when a physical keyboard is not
available.

Parts of a QWERTY Keyboard:

1. Typing Area: This is the main section of the keyboard where the letters, numbers, and symbols
are located. It includes the QWERTY layout, as well as the numeric keypad on the right side.
2. Function Keys: The function keys are located at the top of the keyboard and are labeled F1
through F12. They can be used to perform various functions, depending on the software being
used.
3. Control Keys: The control keys are located on the bottom left of the keyboard and include the
Ctrl, Alt, and Windows keys. They are used in combination with other keys to perform various
functions, such as copying and pasting text.
4. Navigation Keys: The navigation keys are located in the upper right corner of the keyboard and
include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down keys. They are used to navigate
through documents and other content.
5. Modifier Keys: The modifier keys include Shift, Caps Lock, and Tab, and are used to modify the
function of other keys.
6. Numeric Keypad: The numeric keypad is located on the right side of the keyboard and is used to
enter numbers and perform calculations.
7. Enter Key: The Enter key is used to confirm a selection or execute a command.
8. Backspace Key: The Backspace key is used to delete the character to the left of the cursor.
9. Spacebar: The Spacebar is used to enter a space between words when typing.

These are the main parts of a QWERTY keyboard, and understanding their functions is essential for
efficient typing and computer use.

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How can you use a keyboard?

A keyboard is an essential input device that allows you to communicate with a computer. Here are some
basic steps to use a keyboard:

1. Connect the keyboard to the computer using a USB or PS/2 port.

2. Turn on the computer and wait for it to boot up.
3. Place your hands on the keyboard, with your left hand on the left side and your right hand on the
right side. Your fingers should rest on the home row keys (ASDF for the left hand, JKL; for the
right hand).
4. Press the keys to enter text or commands. Each key on the keyboard corresponds to a specific
character or function.
5. Use the Shift key to type capital letters or access symbols located on the top of each key.
6. Use the Caps Lock key to type in all capital letters without holding down the Shift key.
7. Use the Backspace key to delete the character to the left of the cursor.
8. Use the Delete key to delete the character to the right of the cursor.
9. Use the Arrow keys to move the cursor left, right, up, or down.
10. Use the Tab key to move to the next field or element on the screen.
11. Use the Enter key to confirm a selection or execute a command.
12. Customize the keyboard settings, such as the key repeat rate, language settings, and shortcut
keys, using the keyboard control panel in the operating system settings.

Overall, using a keyboard is a straightforward process, and with practice, you can become proficient in
typing and interacting with a computer.

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ICT – L16
Describe the types of storage devices

There are several types of storage devices available to store digital data, including:

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A hard disk drive is a mechanical storage device that uses magnetic
disks to store data. It is commonly used in desktop computers, laptops, and servers. HDDs can
store a large amount of data and are relatively inexpensive.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD): A solid-state drive is a type of storage device that uses NAND flash
memory to store data. It is faster than an HDD and has no moving parts, making it more reliable
and durable. SSDs are commonly used in laptops and desktops and are increasingly used in
servers.
3. USB Flash Drive: A USB flash drive is a small, portable storage device that can store data and is
connected to a computer using a USB port. It is commonly used to transfer files between
computers, backup important data, or to run portable software applications.
4. Memory Card: A memory card is a small storage device that is commonly used in digital
cameras, smartphones, and other portable devices to store photos, videos, and other data. There
are several types of memory cards, including SD, microSD, CompactFlash, and Memory Stick.
5. Optical Disk Drive: An optical disk drive is a storage device that uses a laser to read and write
data on optical disks, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks. It is commonly used to play media
files, install software, or backup data.
6. Network Attached Storage (NAS): A network-attached storage device is a storage device that is
connected to a network and provides file storage and sharing services to multiple devices. It is
commonly used in home and office networks to share files and backup data.

Overall, each type of storage device has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, capacity,
durability, and cost, and the choice of storage device depends on the specific use case and requirements.

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ICT – L17
What do you understand by computer software?

Computer software refers to a set of instructions or programs that control the functioning of a computer.
It is a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. The
software is typically stored on a computer's hard drive, although it can also be stored on other types of
media, such as CD-ROMs or USB drives.

Software can be categorized into two main types: system software and application software. System
software includes operating systems, device drivers, and other programs that help manage and control
the computer hardware. Application software, on the other hand, is designed for specific tasks, such as
word processing, graphics editing, or database management.

Computer software can be created by programmers using various programming languages, and it can be
customized and updated by users to suit their needs. Software is an essential component of modern
computing, enabling users to perform a wide range of tasks and applications, from basic word
processing to complex scientific simulations.

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ICT – L18
Discuss the types of computer software

There are two main types of computer software: system software and application software.

1. System Software: System software is the set of programs that manage and control the computer
hardware, as well as provide a platform for other software to run on. It includes the following
types of software:

 Operating systems: An operating system is a program that manages all other programs and
processes running on a computer. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
 Device drivers: Device drivers are software programs that allow the operating system to
communicate with hardware devices, such as printers, scanners, and cameras.
 Utility software: Utility software is designed to perform specific tasks that help maintain and
optimize the computer's performance. Examples include antivirus software, disk cleanup tools,
and backup software.

2. Application Software: Application software is the set of programs designed to perform specific
tasks or solve specific problems for users. It includes the following types of software:

 Productivity software: Productivity software is designed to help users create, edit, and manage
documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and other types of files. Examples include Microsoft
Office, Google Docs, and LibreOffice.
 Multimedia software: Multimedia software is designed for creating and editing digital media,
such as images, audio, and video. Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Audacity, and Windows
Movie Maker.
 Communication software: Communication software is designed to facilitate communication
between individuals or groups. Examples include email clients, instant messaging applications,
and video conferencing software.
 Entertainment software: Entertainment software is designed for leisure activities, such as
gaming, streaming video, and music playback. Examples include Steam, Netflix, and Spotify.
 Educational software: Educational software is designed to assist in learning and teaching, such as
language learning apps, online courses, and educational games. Examples include Duolingo,
Coursera, and Math Blaster.

In summary, system software manages and controls the computer hardware, while application software
performs specific tasks for users.

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ICT – L19
Brief explanation of how a user can use a Windows computer and basic computer hardware:

1. Power on the computer by pressing the power button.

2. Once the computer is on, the user will see the Windows login screen. Enter the user account
credentials (username and password) to log in.
3. After logging in, the user will see the desktop, which is the main screen of the computer. The
desktop contains icons for various programs, folders, and files.
4. To open a program, double-click on its icon on the desktop or in the Start menu. Programs can
also be opened by searching for them in the search bar on the Start menu.
5. To access files and folders, open File Explorer by clicking on its icon on the taskbar or searching
for it in the search bar on the Start menu. File Explorer allows the user to navigate through the
computer's file system and access files and folders stored on the computer.
6. Basic computer hardware such as a mouse, keyboard, and monitor can be connected to the
computer via USB or other ports. To use the mouse, move it around on a flat surface to move the
cursor on the screen. To use the keyboard, type on the keys to input text into a program or
document. The monitor displays the visual interface of the computer and can be adjusted for
brightness and other settings.
7. To shut down the computer, click on the Start menu, then click on the power icon, and select
"Shut down" or "Restart".

These are some of the basic steps for using a Windows computer and basic computer hardware. Once
the user becomes familiar with the interface and the hardware, they can explore more advanced features
and functions.

Identify features of a windows computer.

Some features of a Windows computer:

1. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows has a user-friendly interface that allows users to
interact with the computer through icons, menus, and windows.
2. Start Menu: The Start menu provides access to all the programs, settings, and files on the
computer. Users can search for programs and files, and customize the Start menu to their liking.
3. Taskbar: The taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen and displays icons for running
programs and system notifications.
4. File Explorer: File Explorer is the default file manager in Windows. It allows users to browse
and manage files and folders on the computer.
5. Cortana: Cortana is Microsoft's virtual assistant that can help users with various tasks such as
setting reminders, searching the web, and opening applications.
6. Microsoft Edge: Microsoft Edge is the default web browser in Windows. It includes features
such as tabbed browsing, a reading mode, and integration with Cortana.
7. Windows Update: Windows Update is a feature that allows users to keep their Windows
operating system up-to-date with the latest security patches and software updates.

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 8. Microsoft Office: Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity applications that includes Word,
Excel, PowerPoint, and other programs. It is widely used for creating and editing documents,
spreadsheets, and presentations.
9. Device Manager: Device Manager is a tool that allows users to view and manage the hardware
devices installed on their computer.
10. Security Features: Windows includes built-in security features such as Windows Defender,
which provides protection against viruses and malware, and BitLocker, which can encrypt data
on the computer's hard drive.

These are just some of the features that are commonly found in Windows computers. There are many
other features and applications that can be added or customized based on the user's needs and
preferences.

ICT – L20
Navigate Microsoft word ribbon.

How to navigate the Microsoft Word ribbon:

1. Open Microsoft Word: Double-click on the Microsoft Word icon to launch the application.
2. Locate the ribbon: The ribbon is located at the top of the Word window and contains various
tabs, each of which contains groups of related commands.
3. Choose a tab: Click on one of the tabs to display its commands. For example, if you click on the
"Home" tab, you will see commands related to formatting text, such as font style, size, and color.
4. Navigate to a specific command: Within a tab, you can navigate to a specific command by
clicking on its button. Alternatively, you can hover over a button to see its name and a brief
description of its function.
5. Collapse the ribbon: To make more room on your screen, you can collapse the ribbon by clicking
on the arrow button in the top right corner of the window. To expand the ribbon again, click on
the arrow button once more.
6. Customize the ribbon: You can customize the ribbon by adding or removing tabs, groups, or
individual commands. To do this, click on the "Customize Quick Access Toolbar" button,
located to the right of the ribbon, and select "Customize Ribbon". From here, you can add or
remove tabs, groups, or individual commands, and also create your own custom tabs and groups.

By following these steps, you should be able to navigate the Microsoft Word ribbon and access the
commands and features you need to create and edit documents.

End of term 1 - 2023

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