Chapter 4

Three Phase Transformer

" Introduction

The combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and the
secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on the transformers use.
When transformers are used to provide three or more phases they are generally referred to as a
Polyphase Transformer.

Phase R Phase Y Phase B

Three Phase
Winding l

Three Phase
Winding 2

List parts of 3 phase transformer and state its function

I. 3limbed core: facilitates placement of respectivephase windings (primary and secondary),

path of low reluctance for the magnetizing flux.
2. 3phase windings: facilitates production of emf duetocommon flux linking the windings
for transferring electrical energy from primary to secondary circuit.
3. HT/LT Bushings: provide insulated support and connection means for the respective phase
terminals
4. Buchholz Relay: gives the alarm signals in case of incipient faults and trip signal in case
of severe explosive winding faults.
5. Conservator: provides through breather scope for expansion and contraction of insulating
oil in the transformer tank due to heating/cooling, thus preventing the buildup of high
pressure in the tank.
6. Cooling Tubes: provide interface or path for the hot oil to cool by natural or forced
circulation.
7. Breather: absorbs the moisture in the air being drawn inside the conservator tank at the oil
surface when the oil level falls due to cooling of the oil. Thus the oil remains above
acceptable levels of purity for a longer time.
Advantages of three phase transformer:

Lecturer :- Mr. Survase S.S.

 Advantages of three phase transformer over bank of single phase transformers:
i)Saving in copper conductor.
ii) Saving in electromagnetic core material.
ii) Compactarrangement (Lower space required)
iv) Saving in dielectric material such as insulating oil.
v) Saving in overall cost.
vi) Higher efficiency.
Disadvantages of three phase transformer:
If even one phase is disabled, the whole transformer is required to be removed for repairs.

Comparison of the Transformer Bank and the Three phase Transformer:

S.No Parameters Three single phase Three phase transformer

transformers
Number of cores Tlree One
2 Space occupied More Less
3 Weight More Less
If one phase is Service will be continued by The old transfornmer is
inoperative making open delta connectionrequired to repair

Types of transformer cooling:

Methods of cooling of transformer:
Air Natural (A.N):
This type of cooling is used for small dry type transformers.
The air in the surrounding vicinity of the transformer is used for cooling.
This type is suitable for transformers up to a rating of 25KVA.
ii) Air Forced (A.F):
This type of cooling is suitable for dry type transformersof slightly higher ratings.
The air is forced upon the bank surface to increase the rate of heat dissipation.
iii) Oil Natural Air Natural (0.N.A.N):
This type of cooling is used for transformer up to rating of 30MVA The
basic structure of transformer is immersed completely in the oil kept in transformer tank.
When transformer gets loaded, the windings & core gets heated, the generated heat
absorbed by the oil as per the principle of convection.
The heated oil is being cooled by the natural air. Effective cooling of oil is made by
providing cooling tubes to transformer tank.
iv) Oil NaturalAir Forced (0.N.A.F):
In this method the transfer of heat from the various parts of
transformer takes place
naturally like 0.N.A.N, however the cooling fans are used which are mounted below or
near the transformer, the forced airs from these fans are directed to the cooling tubes of
transformer tanks. These improve the rate of cooling.
v) OilForced Air Forced (0.F.A.F):

Lectureri- Mr. Survase S.S.

 This type of cooling is used for the transformers of ratings above 60MVA. A separate
cooler is mounted away from the transformer tank which is connected through pipes at
the bottom & topThe oil is circulated from transformer to the cooler with the help of an
oil pump. This oil is then subjected to forced air cooling with the help of fans installed
inside the cooler.It is used for transformers having high rating used in substation & power
station.

vi) Oil Forced Water Forced Cooling(0.F. W.F):

This type of cooling is used for the large transformers and cooling needs a heat
exchanger.Inside heat exchanger the heat from the oil is transferred to the cooling
water.The cooling water is taken away &cooled in separate coolers. The oil is forced to
circulate through the heat exchanger by using a pump.It is used for transformers having
higher rating used which is in MVA .(e,.g. in Generating station)

" Three Phase Transformer Connection:

1. Star-Star Connection
2. Delta-delta Connection
3. Delta-star connection
4. Star- delta connection
5. Open delta connection
6. Scott Connection

1. Star-Star Connection
Connection Diagram:
IR Ir

VR Vph
VL VL

Y Iy.
N

Phasor Diagram:

Lecturer :- Mr. Survase S.S.

 Advantages:
1. Due toavailability of neutral, it is possible to use it for 3 phase 4 wire system.
2. The phase shift between primary and secondary is zero.

Disadvantages
1. With an unbalanced load on the secondary, the neutral point gets shifted.

2. Delta-delta Connection

Connection Diagram:
IR
Ro

Iy
Yo
-ay
Bo IB
Primary side Secondary side

Phasor Diagram:

Vbr

120
Vry

(a) Primary (delta) (b) Seeondary(deta)

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

 Advantages:
1. This type of connection is suitable only for large low
2. Neutral point is absent so this type of
voltages transformer.
connection is not suitable for 3 phase 4 wire
system.

Disadvantages:
1. Neutral point is absent so this type of connection is not suitable for three phase four
wire system.
3.Delta-star connection
Connection Diagram:

Ro

Pimary Gornocion Socondary connecion

Phasor Diagram:
Vbr
Vry

(a) Primary Side (Delta) yb

(b) Secondary Side (Star)

Advantages:
1. As primary is connected in delta, distortion due to third harmonic is
absent
2. Phaseshift of 30 degree elec. is present between the primary and secondary
currents linevoltages and line
3. Smallcross section wire can be used on primary side due to delta
connection.

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

4. Due to availability of neutralon the secondary side, it is possible to use it for threephase four
wire system.
Disadvantages:
1. It isnot possible to operate the delta star connection in parallel with the star- star or delta
-delta configuration.

Application
1. It is used for step up the voltages at the sending end of high tension transmission lines.
2. Used as distribution transformer
3. Due to star type secondary used for small as well as large loads.
4. As the neutral is available on secondary side it is used for three phase four wiresystemthat is
applicable for both single phase as well as three phase load.

4. Star delta connection

Connection Diagram:

Yo

Primary connections Secondary conrecions

Phasor Diagram:

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.5.

 VaR

120
VHY
120

(b) SecOndary (deita)

(a> PriHary (6i ar)

Advantages:
i) Due to secondary in delta, large unbalanced load can be properly handled.
i) Due to primary in Star less No. of turns are required to be wound. This reduces cost and size.
ii) It is possible to reduce the third harmonic distortion by connecting primary neutral point to
ground.
iv) Commonly used for step downtransformer at receiving end sub-stations.
Disadvantages:
1. Itis not possible tooperate the delta star connection in parallelwith the star- star or delta
-delta configuration.

5. Open delta connection (V- Connection)

Ro
0900

Yo

Bo

B,

-lf we remove any one transformer of a delta-delta configuration, and a 3 phase supply is
connected to the primary winding as shown in fig. then three equal 3 phase voltages are
available at the secondary terminal on no load

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

 -This connection is called as open delta or V-V connection and it is used to transform 3
phase power from primaryto secondary by means of only two transformer.

Advantages of open delta connection of 3-phase transformer:

1. When one of the phase in case of delta-delta bank is out of order by any reason, the service
willbe continued tillthe faulty phase is repaired or a new transformer is installed.

2. In case of future,increase in the load demand can be anticipated by using open delta
connection. The present load can be supplied by using open delta connection and the additional
demand in future (about 33%) will be supplied by converting open delta connection to delta-delta
connection.

6. Scott connection: (Three phase to two phase conversion)

-Used for three phase to two phase conversion when two phase loads such asfurnaces/ electric
traction of large ratings are to be used so that the large load gets distributed equally on the three
phases to have balanced load condition.
- can also be used for two phase to 3 phase transformation. Two transformers which
have turns rated as shown are used. TË=teaser transformer, T2= Main transformer

Teaser Transformer

Main Transformer

Lod

-Teaser transformer primary hasv3/2 times the turns of main

is same. primary. But volt /turn
-The secondary's have same turns.
-The main transformation ratio is N2/ NI and that of
- If the Load is balanced on one side , It is teaser is 1.15 N2/ NI
-under balanced load condition, balanced
Main transformer rating is 15 % greater than
teaser.
-The currents in either side of two halves of main
KI2M and 0.58 KI2T. primary are the vector sum of

Vector Group:

Lecturer :- Mr. Survase S.S.

 i) Dys i) Dd6

Dde
Dys

phase hif

Dd0 Delta-Delta configuration with 0 phase shift between HVside

phase voltage &LV side phase voltage.
Dy5 Delta-Star configuration with HV side phase voltage leading
LV side phase voltage by 150 (=5*30)
Yyó Star-Star configuration with HV side plhase voltage leading
LV side phase voltage by 180 (=6*30)
Yzll Star-Zigzag configuration with HV side plhase voltage lagging
LVside phase voltage by 30°.

Selection of Transformer as Per:10028 (part-)- 1985

transformer:
Selection Criteria for distribution

IS :2026 (Part l)-1977*, The no

i)Ratings - The kVA ratings should comply with transformers to be used in 415Vsystem. Voltage
load secondary voltage should be 433 volts for reasons when other
except for special
should be normally in accordance with IS: 585-19627
values may be used.
provided withoff-circuit taps on HV
ii)Taps -The transformers of these ratings are normally specified The standard range for off
are
side except in special cases when on-load tap, changers
of2.5 percent and f5.0 percent In case of
circuit taps which are provided on HV side should be
percent with 16 steps. The positive and
on-load tap changers,the taps may be in.steps of 1.25 which the transformer is to be
conditions in
negative taps shallbespecified tosuit the system
operated.
transformers should be preferably connected in
iii) Connection Symbol -The two winding exact connection symbol (Dyn 11
delta/star in accordance with lIS : 2026 ( Part 4)-1977s. The parallel operation.
requirements of
or Dyn 1) is to be specified depending upon
of impedance for the standard
iv)lmpedance - Consideration shall be given in the selection associated voltage drops
available rating of the switchgear on the secondary side and

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

 VTermination Arrangement-The HV and LV terminals may be bare outdoor bushings, cable
boxes or bus trunking depending upon the method of installation. Wherever compound filled
cable boxes are used, it is preferable to specify disconnecting chamber between transformer
terminals and cable box to facilitate disconnection of transformer terminals without disturbing
the cable connections ( see also IS:9147-1979:). In case of extruded
çonnections in air, a separate disconnecting chamber is not necessary. insulation cables with

vi)Cooling -The transformers covered in this group are generally ONAN, AN

ii) Selection Criteria for Power transformer:
Ratings - The kVA ratings should comply with IS: 10028 ( Part I
secondaryvoltage should be 5 % more than nominal voltage to )-1985. Thetheno-load
compensate
transformer regulation partly. The transformer requiring to be operated
voltage ratio should be selected in accordance with guidelines given in in parallel, the
12.0.1.1 of IS: 10028 (Part l)-1985 12.0.1 &
ii) Taps -On-Load tap changers on HV side should be
conditions warrant. In case of OLTC, total number ofspecified, wherever system
taps should be 16 in steps of
1.25 %. The standard range for off-circuit taps
which are provided should be in range
of + 2.5 percent and + 5 percent.
iii) Connection Symbol -The preferred connections for two winding
be preferably connected in delta/star ( Dyn) and transformers should
star/star(YNyn).
connections star/sta(YNyn) or star/delta (YNd) may be preferred For higher voltage
10028 ( Part l )-1985.. accordance with IS:
iv) Impedance- The transformer impedance is decided taking into consideration the
secondary fauly levels and voltage dip. The typical values are given in table 3 of
IS:2026.
v) Termination Arrangement - The HV and LV terminals may be bare outdoor
cable boxes or bus trunking depending upon the method of bushings,
installation. Wherever
compound filled cable boxes are used, it is preferable to specify disconnecting
chamber between transformer terminals and cable box to facilitate
disconnection of
transformer terminals without disturbing the cable connections (see also IS :9147
1979:). In case of extruded insulation cables with connections in air, a
separate
vi
disconnecting chamber is not necessary.
Cooling - The transformers covered in this group are generally ONAN,
ONAN/ONAF,ONAN/ONAF/OFAF.
Compare distribution transformer and power transformer

Parameters Distribution Transformer Power Transformer

Use In thetransmission network In the distribution network
Size Big Comparatively small
Insulation level High Low

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

 Voltage level 11 KV or low 33 KV or more
Turns ratio Higher Lower
Type of cooling AN, ONAN AN, ONAF,OFAF
Cost Low High
Flux density Higher Lower

Specification of Transformer:
1) kVA rating of transformer
2) Voltage ratings for the primary and secondary voltages
3) HV and LV currents
4) Operating frequency of the transformer
5)% impedance of transformer
6) Allowable temperature rise.
71) Wiring instructions for HV and LV windings/terminal diagram
8) Model number and serial number of the transformer
9)Weight of the transformer
10) Information related to the tap changer
11) Transformer vector group
12) Winding connection diagrams
13) Type of cooling
14) Insulation class
15) Name of the manufacturer
16) Weight of core
17) Weight of winding
18) Volume of oil in litres.

Amorphous Core Type Distribution Transformer

1) The core of some distribution transformer is made from a
ferromagnetic amorphous
metal.
2) This typical material called metglas is an alloy of iron with boron, silicaand
phosphorous metaql.
3) It is used in the form of very thin foils (typically of 25micro meter
thikness) to
manufacture the core.
Advantages:
1. Reduced the magnetizing current.
2. Better overload capacity
3. High reliability
4. Less maintenance cost
5. Excellent short circuit capacity.
6. The material has high electrical resistivity hence low
core losses.
7. Amorphous metal have very thin laminations which result in
current losses.
lowering the eddy

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

" Parallel Operation of three phase transformer
Need:
The transformers are connected in parallel, in order to supply load that is higher than the
rating of one transformer.

Conditions:
1. Transformer winding should be connected properly as far as the polarity is concerned
2. The phase sequence must be same
3. Same construction
4. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries should be indentical
5. KVA rating must be same
6. Percentage Impedance should be equal.

Test on Three-Phase Transformer

1. Polarity Test
Carry out the phasing out test to determine /confirm the corressponding terminals
of the primary &secondary windings of each phase. Then perform the polarity test
as below.

Ag

1 , 5OHz
supply
E2

The transformer is connected to a low voltage a.c. source with the connections made as shown in
the Figure. Asupply voltage VI is applied to the primary and the readings ofthe voltmeters are
noted.Vl: V2gives the turns ratio.
The beginning andend of the primary and secondary may then be marked by Al - A2 and al
a} respectively for each phase separately. If the voltage rises from Al to 42 in the primary, at
any instant it does so from al to a2 in the secondary.
For the polarity as shown, the voltmeter reading must showV3= VI- V2called subtractive
polarity means they are in same phase.
If voltimeter reads V3= V1+V2 (Additive polarity)
Polarity marking shown should be reversed. Same procedure will be repeated for
remaining two phases.
2. Phasing Out Test
Objective: - This test is carried out to identify primary &secondary windings belonging to same

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

phase.

Procedure:
Short primary &secondary winding of other phases expect the one under test.
Connect Galavnometer to secondary winding.
Asmall DC current is circulated through the primary winding through switch.
Now with the help of switch interrupt the DC supply instantly &repeatedly.
The key K is connected as shown. Now the key is pressed and deflection of galvanometer is
observed carefully.
Similarly galvanometer is connected to the other secondaries and procedure is repeated.
The winding across which maximum deflection occurs is the secondary phase winding that
corresponds to primary winding to which source is connected.
Repeat the same procedure for other primary windings and find the corresponding winding on
secondary side.

Harmonics and their Effectson Transformer

A
Harmonic is defined as the signal or wave with a frequency that is an integral multiple of
some other reference wave of frequency.
Thus the harmonic component can have a frequency of 2f, 3f, 4f..etc

Effects of Harmonic Current:

1. Increased eddy current losses and associated core heating
2. Additional copper losses and associated heating of windings
3. Electromagnetic Interference with nearby electronic circuits

Effects of Harmonic Voltage:

1. Increased dielectric stress on the insulation which shortens the insulation life
2. Electrostatic interference with the nearby electronic cicuits.

Lecturer:-Mr. Survase S.S.

Question Bank

2 Marks Question
1. State any two advantage of three phase transformer over a bank of three single phase
transformer.
2. Give any two advantages of star-star connection in3- phase transformers
3. Give the specification ofthree phase transformer as per IS 1180(Part-1) 1989. (anyfour).
4. Compare a bank of three single phase transformer with the three phase transformer on the
following points:
() Number of cores (ii) Space occupied (ii) Weight (iv) If one of the phase is
inoperative.
5 State conditions for parallel operation of 3-phase transformers.
6. State advantages of parallel operation of 3-phase transformers
7. Give any two advantages of open delta connection of 3-ftransformer

4 Marks Question

1. Draw the connection diagram of Delta-star connection of 3-f Transformer and give any
two advantages and disadvantages of this connection.
2. Draw the connection diagram and phasor diagram of star-delta connection used for3
phase transformer connection.
3. Compare between distribution transformer and power transformer (any four points)
4. Explain the different types of transformer cooling.
5. Give any four selection criteria for:
() Distribution transformer (ii) Power transformer
6. Describe procedure to find polarity of windings of a three phase transformer
7. Describe the method of converting three phase to two phase transformer by neat diagram.
8. State what is the significance of conducting phasing out teston a 3-phase transformer?
Explain its procedure with asuitable connection diagram.

Lecturer:- Mr. Survase S.S.

 Chapter 5
Special Purpose Transformers
" Single phase Auto transformer

Step down transformer Step up transformer

(a) (b)
Anautotransformer has a single winding on an iron core and part of winding is common to both the primary and secondary
circuits. Fig. (a) shows the connections of astep-down autotransformer. Here Nare less than N, and V, is less than V}.
Fig. (b) shows the connections ofastep-up autotransformer. Here Nare greater than NË and V, is greater than V,. In either
case, the winding 'ab' having NIturns is primary winding and winding 'be' having N2 turns is secondary winding.The
primary and secondary windings are connected electrically as wellas magnetically. Therefore, the power from the primary
is transferred to secondary conductively as well as inductively.

Advantages of 1 ph autotransformer:
i) Reduction in copper required
ii) Cost is Low.
iii) The Size is reduced
iv)Losses are reduced
v) high efficiency.
vi) Better Voltage regulation
vi)Variable output voltage
Disadvantages of 1l ph autotransformer:
1. There is no electrical isolation between the primary and secondary winding. This can prove to be
dangerous for high voltage application.
2. If the common part of the winding breaks then the transformer action is lost and full primary voltage
appears across the secondary.

Applications:
1. Single phase auto transformers:
2. Give smallboost todistribution cable to correct the voltage drop.
3. As auto transformer starter for induction motors.
4. As furnace supply transformer to give variable voltage as required.
5. As interconnecting transformers in 132 kV/ 33 kV system.
6. In control equipment for single phase locomotives.
7. As dimmer in lighting circuits

Mr. Survase S.S.

> Difference Between Two winding Transformer and Autotransformer:
Particulars Tvo winding transforner' Autotransforimer
Construetion It has two windings It has one winding
Principle Principle of mutual induetion Principle of Self-induction.
Copper Being two-winding,copper Being one-winding, Copper
requirement requirelent is more is saved.
Losses More losses Less losses
Efficiency Efficieney is lower than Efficiency is high
autotransformer
Transfonmation Fixed Variable
Ratio
Electrical No electrical connection Primary and secondary are
connection between primary and secondary electrically connected.
Power transfer Entirely by induction Partially by induction and
conduction
Size Size is bigger than Size is small
autotransformer
Application Power /Distribution Variac, starter for ac
transformer, power supply. motors, dimmerstat, power
welding. isolation transformer transformer.
etc.

" Copper Saving in Autotransformer :

I A

V,

Loud

Volume and weight of copper is proportional to length and area of the cross section of the conductors.
Now, length of the conductors is proportional to the number of turns andcross section depends upon the
current.
Hence, weight is proportional to the product of the current and number of turns,
From above fig.
Wt.of copper in section AC is a (Ni-N2)
Wt. of copper in section BC is a N2(2-I)
Therefore, total wt. of copper in auto transformer (Wa) a (N,-N 2)l|+N2(l2-l ) ...

Ifa two winding transformer is considered then,

Wt. of copper on its primary then,
Mr. Survase S.S.
Wt. of copper on its primary a Nil;
Wt. of copper on its secondary a N2l2
Total wt. of copper (Wc) a Nil1 + N2l2 2

Divide equation 2 byI

Wc/ WA =Nli + N2l2/ (N-N :)li-N2(l2-1 i)
l, = l/ K &N= KNI Substituting in above equation
We/ WA =Nli + KNI( I/ K) /(N,- KN)I+ KN (l/K)-1i)
= N1l1 + Nil/Nl1- KNl + Nil-KNl

=2 Nil/ 2Nil -2 KNli

=2Nil/ 2 Nli(1 -K)
Wc/ WA =1/(|-K)
WA =(|- K) Wc
This shows that the copper required for the autotransformer is less than that required for a two winding
transformer.

Saving of copper = Wc - WA
=Wc -(1-K) Wc
=K Wc

So the saving of copper for astep down transformer is Ktimes the totalcopper weight of the two winding
transformer.

Three Phase Autotransformer:

Variable termiuals
outpur side
inputside
R Coil A on core limb

Y CoilB ou core limb

B Coil C on core limb

N
Construction:
The coils connected in star are placed on electromagnetic cores, each phase of auto-transformer consists of
a single continuous winding common toprimary and secondary circuit. The limbs (electromagnetic cores)
are made of laminations (sheet- steel with Silicon). The output terminalconnections are gang operated to
get identical tapings on all phases and are brought out on the insulated plate. The variable voltage may also

Mr. Survase S.S,

 be obtained by tapings (stepped voltage instead of smooth variations) to which the output terminals ars
connected as required.
Operation:
Working principle is based on self-induction, When three-phase ac supply is given to star connected threa
windings, flux is produced and gets linked with each phase winding. The emf is induced in it according to
self-induction. As only one winding per phase is available, part of it acts as secondary between variable
terminal and neutral. Depending upon the position of variable terminal, we get variable AC voltage at the
output.

Advantages of 3ph autotransformer:

i) Reduction in copper required
i) Cost is lower.
ii) The size is reduced, lower weight
iv) Losses are reduced
v) Higher efficiency.
vi) Better Voltage regulation
vii) Variable output voltage.
Applications:
i) Reduced voltage motor starter for induction motor
i) Series line voltage booster.
ii) Variac for supplying
iv) Control equipment for Electric Locomotive (Or Traction Motors)
v) For interconnection of different power systems

> Instrument Transformer:

Current Transformer (CT):

HLOAD
A.C A) low range
ammeter

The high current to be measured is passed through the primary of transformer. The lowrange ammeter is
connected in series with the secondary winding.
C.T. is step up voltage transformer. Hence step down current transformer.
> Hence the number of turns of secondary winding is very much greater than number of turns of primary
windings.
> The actual value of high current under measurement = Reading of low range meter *nominal ratio of C.T.
Ij/h= N2/ NË
I| =h* N2 / NË
Why shoulda current transformer is never operatedwith an open sccondary:

Mr. Survase S.S.

i)The secondary winding of C.T. has a
i) The secondary large no. of
winding of C.T. shouldnever be turns of thin wire.
iii)These secondary mmf (ampere turns) open circuited, otherwise there
will be no secondary mmf.
mmf (ampere turns) the oppose primary mmf (ampere turns)
iv)lt would produce highopposition
eddy
is zero. Primary mmf (ampere turns)
will
and as there is no
a large fluxsecondary
v) Itwould increase the current and hysterisis losses. produce in core.
vi) High voltage will be temperature of the core which may result in damage of
personnel,
induced in open circuited secondary and this insulation &core.
may be dangerous to the
equipment and
Potential Transformer (PT) :

Load|L V low range volt

meter

To measure high voltage, the

high voltage terminal & potential transformer which is a step down transformer is
connected across
Due to P.T. voltage acrossvoltmeter is connected on low
voltage side.
The turns ratio is adjusted involtmeter gets reduced by a factor equal to
such a way that we get a constant turns ratio of P.T.
primary voltage secondary voltage irrespective of the
"y" is the voltage to be measured
Use toread high voltages on low rangewhich very high.
PT is step down transformer. voltmeters.
The actual value of high voltage
under measurement Reading of low range
meter *nominal ratio ofP.T.
V/V2= N/N2
VË=V)* NË/ N2
Errors occur in P.T.:
i)Voltage Ratio
Error-The voltage
the formula as shown ratio error is expressed in regarding
below. measured voltage, and it is given by
Ratio Error = Kels -- Ip
where, Kt is the nominal ratio, i.e., the ratio of the
rated primary voltage and the rated
secondary voltage.
ii)Phase Angle Error-The phase angle
error is the error between the secondary
exactly in phase opposition with the primary terminal terminal voltage which is
the relay connected to the secondary of the voltage. The increases in the number of instruments
transformers. potential transformer will increase the errors in the potential in

Circuit diagram for P.T and C.T.:

Mr. Survase S.S.

 Low range Ammeter
A

CT

high-voltage load
AC
Poweer:source

fuse fuse

PT

LOW Range Vottmeter

Advantages of instrument transformers

1. Measuring higher or directly unsafe values of current,
voltage, power and energy safely.
2. Operating many types of relays of protection systems and pilot lights.
3. Their use results in use of safe low/normal range instruments as
ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters&
energy meters
4. The rating of the low range meter can be
fixed irrespective of the high value of the parameter to be
measured.
5. Several instruments can be fed
6. Costs of measuring
economically from a single instrument transformer of relevant capacity.
instruments get reduced.
7. Multi-core CTs are used for
measurement && protection purpose.
Measurement of power in a High voltage, high current AC circuit.
Circuit diagram:
Watt
P.T. neter

Supply A LOAD

The primary winding of P.T is connected across high

to pressure coil of low range wattmeter. The high
voltage side and secondary winding is connected
voltage is proportionally converted to low volt within
the range of pressure coil of wattmeter.
The primary winding of C.T is connected inseries with load
which carries high load current. And the
secondary winding of C.T is connected to current coil of low range
wattmeter. The high load current s
proportionallyconverted to low current which within the range of current coil of wattimeter
The real power consumed in the load can be
calculated the following formula is used
Real power consumed reading of wattmeter x ratio ofC.Tx ratio of PT
=

" Isolation Transformer :

Mr. Survase S,S.

 Electrlcal
isolation Yoko
Pimary Secondary
Core

Supply Load

N N, inb Flux

Core

insulation
primary winding N turns
insulation

secondary winding " turns

on the common core limbs which have equal

The transformer has primary and secondary windings placed
at the secondary without any change in
number of turns so that the voltage fed to the primary is available the two circuits and not to step-up or
transformer is to isolate
its magnitude. Primary purpose of isolation
step-down the voltage.
primary and secondary.
> These are built with special insulation between
> It acts as a decoupling device. transmission of direct current (DC) signals, but allow ACsignals to pass from
> These transformers block the
one circuit to another.

Features of isolation transformer: isolate & protect secondary

This Transformer has a ratio of 1:1. The primary and secondary windings
1)
circuits.
between primary & secondary.
2) Special insulation is providedDC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC
3) It blocks transmission of the
components in signals to pass. transformed to the
spike greatly that gets applied on the primary before getting
4) It reduces the voltage loads. is removed
secondary side thus protecting thegrounded sometimes with ungrounded secondary side the load
side is
5) Asneutral on primary accidents. systems, hence
from ground to avoid
cause ground loop interference & noise in connected
can
6)Grounding of equipment such interferences. devices, or laboratory
ungrounded secondary avoids
of sensitive equipment such as computers, medical
supplies
7) Most suited for power
electrostatic shield.
instruments by using
transformer:
Functionof isolation step-down the
to isolate the two circuits and not to step-up or
isolation transformer is
1. Primary purpose of instruments, the removal of
voltage. noise in sensitive and expensive
connection which may producetransformer.
2. The ground achieved by isolation ACsignals to pass
ground connection is of direct current (DC) signals, but allow
block the transmission
3. These transformers another.
from one circuit to and secondary.
with special insulation between primary
4. These are built
Mr. Survase S.S.
 interval
5. The isolation transformer reduces the transients of high amplitudes and short time

Application:
1) As spike reducers for sensitive semiconductor circuits.
Spika ReduCod
spike

Primary Socondory Load

1:1
The load is sensitive equip ment

2) Remove the equipment on load side from ground by disconnecting it from earth (connected on secondary)
while on the primary side one terminal isearthed.
Ungrounded
lino

Equipment
230 V Load disconnected
supply Primary Secondary equipment from ground

1:1
Transformer
Grounded
lino

3) In the medical equipments for patients safety.

4) It acts as a decoupling device.

Welding Transformer:
Çore
Electrode
AC Arc

supply Pieces to
be welded

Welding transformer

Working of welding transformer:

i) It is a step down transformer that reduces the voltage from the source voltage to a voltage desired according
to the demands of the welding process.
ii) Winding used is highly reactive or a separate reactor winding is added in series with the secondary winding.
ii) Having large &thin primary turns and low number but thick secondary turns.
iv) The secondary current is quite high. One end of secondary is connected to welding electrode while other
end to the pieces to be welded.

Mr. Survase S.S.

 very high current flows
v) Due to the contact resistance 'R' between the electrode and pieces to be welded a
creating high heat by 12R that melts the tip of the electrode. The melted tip flows/ fills the gap between the
pieces to be welded creating a solid weld on cooling current.
Vi) The secondary has several taps for adjusting the secondary voltage to control the welding
as the windings are of
Vii) The transformer is normally large in size compared to other step down transformers
a much larger gauge.
vi)Common ratings:
Primary voltage -230 V, 415 V
Secondary voltage 40 to 60 V
Secondary current - 200to 600 A
Plus Transformer:
isolation of two different circuits. This is a
Pulse transformer is a special types of transformer used for electrical
simple scheme of transmitting the pulses from one to another winding.

Features:
1. Pulse transformers are small in size.
So the leakage inductance of the windings is small.
2. It has comparatively few number of turns.
3. The capacitance between the windings is small. transformers.
cores are used for the construction of pulse
4. Special type of cores called ferrite
Performance of Pulse Transformers:

supposed to couple the pulse from primary to secondary by preserving the shape.
A pulse transformer is
the
transformer can be judged by measuring the effect of pulse transformer on
So the performance of a pulse
shape of the output pulse. waveform.
performance parameter based on the shape of output
The pulse transformer
Ovor
(Til)
Droop
Shoot

0.9 V

T
Pulso
0.9 Vm
-- 0.5 V x=Lodng odoo tesponso
Dmpltude 05 Vn y= Flat top response
2= Traiing edoe respons
-0.1Vn
0.1 Vm

-Pulsowidth -Back swing

Input Waveform LFol timo T
.Rrso rne T,

Output Wavefornm

Parameters:
a pulse transformer exceeds its peak
1. Overshoot:
amount by which the output voltage of
Overshoot is defined as the
value Vm.
taking into account theovershoot.
2. Peak Value:
value of the pulse outputwithout
maximum
It is the absolute
Mr. Survase S.S.
 3. Rise Time Tr:
It is defined as the time taken bythe pulse output to rise to90% of the peak value Vm from
4. Fall Time: 10% value.
It is the time taken by the pulse output voltage to decrease from peak value of Vm to 10% of
5. Undershoot: Vm.
It is defined as the portion of the output voltage waveform which extends below the
6. Pulse Width:
zero level.
It is defined as the time interval between the successive
instants corresponding to 50% Vm.
7. Droop:
It is the reduction in pulse amplitude
corresponding tothe flat portion of the pulse.
Advantages:
1. It can couple a pulsed waveform without signal
2. Small size & low cost
distortion
3. Long life
4. They can be used for isolating the control circuits from
the high power circuits
5. Low power losses.

Application:
1. Control circuits
2. Radars and CRT circuits
3. Microwave tube circuits
4. As isolation transformers
5. In the pulse generating circuits

QUESTION BANK
4 MARKSQUESTION
1. With the help of neat diagram, explain the construction of current transformer.
2. Draw schematic diagram of a welding transformer showing constructional features of a welding
transformer. Alsoexplain its working.
3. What is an isolation transformer? State any two applications of isolation transformer.
4 Drawa neat connection diagram of potential transformer. Also explain the two types of error that are
likely to occur in the P.T.
5. Illustrate the saving in copper by using 1 ) auto transformer instead of two winding transformer of the
same rating by deriving proper expressions.
6. List special features of welding transformer
7. Explain why should a current transformer is never operated with an open secondary.
8. Draw a neat circuit diagram of connection of C.T. and P.T. in the power circuit.

Mr. SurvVase S.S.