Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
BAYAMBANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MAGSAYSAY ST., BAYAMBANG, PANGASINAN

SELF LEARNING MODULE IN BASIC CALCULUS

School Year : 2021-2022

Module2
Limits of Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

What this module is about?

Real-world situations can be expressed in terms of functional relationships. These functional
relationships are called mathematical models. In applications of calculus, it is quite important that one
can generate these mathematical models. They sometimes use functions that you encountered in
precalculus, like the algebraic and transcendental functions.

What you are expected to learn?

After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to:
1. apply the limit theorems in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and
radical).
2 compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using table of values and
graph;
3. illustrate limits involving the expressions sin 𝑡/ 𝑡 , 1−cos 𝑡/ 𝑡 and 𝑒 𝑡−1 /𝑡 using table of values.

How to learn from this module?

Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module.
Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module.
1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
2. Take the pretest (10-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in
the module.
3. Be very honest in taking the test so you know how much knowledge you already have about the
topic.
4. Perform all the activities, as these will help you have a better understanding of the topic.
5. Take the self-tests, activities , posttest and chapter test to assess how much you learned in this
module.
6. Do the reflective learning.
7. Do not write anything in the module. Write your answers in the ANSWER SHEET provided at the last
part of this module . Write the correct answer if it cannot be found from the choices. Take a picture of
your answer sheet and reflective learning sheet .
8. Transfer your answers in Google Form and write your scores in the ANSWER SHEET.
9. Return the MODULE , ANSWER SHEET with signature of parent/guardian and REFLECTIVE
LEARNING SHEET to your adviser.
Have fun in learning these lessons about Limits of Algebraic and Transcendental Functions .
 W h a t t o d o before (Pretest)?
Multiple Choice : Write the letter of the best answer: Write the correct answer if it can’t be found
from the choices.
1. Limits can be _____ evaluated by direct substitution provided the resulting expression is defined.
M. always A. all most T. sometimes H. never
2. The Euler’s number e =
M. 1.4344… A. 2.7182818… T. 3.14159.. H. 4.5678…
3. Evaluate .
M. 1 A. 2 T. 5 H. 7
4. Determine .
M. 3 A. 2 T. 4 H. 5
5. Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere. The statement is
M. always true A. sometimes true T. never true H. can’t be determined
6. Provide the value of
M. 10 A. 12 T. 17 H. 21
7. Which of the following function has the limit equal to 0 as x approaches 0?

M. 𝑓(x) = A. 𝑓(x) = T. 𝑓(x) = H. 𝑓(x) =

8. Which of the following functions has a horizontal asymptote?
M. 𝑓(x) = x A. 𝑓(x) = x2 T. 𝑓(x) = 2x H. 𝑓(x) = sin x
9. The results to ___________ form of type “ 0/0 “.
M. independent A. indeterminate T. infinity H. intermediate
10. The range of the function g(x) = is
M. ( 1, ∞ ) A. [ 1, ∞ ) T. ( 0, ∞ ) H. [ 0, ∞ )

LESSON 2: Limits of Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

Lesson 2.1: Limits of Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions
LIMITS OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
A. Limit of Polynomial Function
Let f be a polynomial of the form (x). = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2 xn-2 + ... + a1x + a0. If c is a real number, then
= (𝑐). lim f ( x )
x→c
● For functions composed of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, root, limits
may be evaluated by direct substitution, provided that the resulting expression is defined.
B. Limit of Rational Function
Let r be a rational function of the form r(x) = 𝑓(x) /g(x) where 𝑓 and g are polynomial functions. If c is
a real number and g(c) ≠ 0, then
. INDETERMINATE FORM of TYPE “0/0” .
● If and then is an indeterminate form of
type “0/0”.
C. Limit of Radical Function
Let n be a positive integer. The limit of r(x) is valid for all (c) ≠ 0 when it is odd and is valid for
𝑓(c) > 0 when n is even.
Evaluate

= f(2)=4(2)2

= f(-1)= = indeterminate form of type “0/0”

=1

DNE
●Some restrictions to domain of a function.
1. Never divide by zero (0).
2. Never take the square root of a negative number.
3. Practical problems may limit domain.
INTUITIVE NOTIONS OF INFINITE LIMITS
A rational function of the form f(x)/g(x) where f(c) ≠ 0 and g(c) =0.
Examples:

x f(x) x f(x)
-0.9 1.23 0.9 1.23
-0.5 4 0.5 4
-0.1 100 0.1 100
-0.01 10000 0.01 10000
-0.001 1000000 0.001 1000000

= +∞ = +∞ = +∞

x f(x) x f(x)
-0.9 -1.1 0.9 1.11
-0.5 -2 0.5 2
-0.1 -10 0.1 10
-0.01 -100 0.01 100
-0.001 -1000 0.001 1000

DNE
What will you do? = -∞ = +∞
Self Test 2.1.
Write E if the limit does exist and DNE if the limit does not exist.
_________1. __________6.
_________2. __________7.
_________3. __________8.
_________4. __________9.
_________5. __________10.

Activity 2.1
Title of the Activity: Seek Your Limitations
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Illustrate the limit laws and apply the limit laws in
evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and radical).
K to 12 BEC CG: STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3 and STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4
Evaluate.
1. 2. 3.

Lesson 2.2. LIMITS OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Most of the algebraic expressions like “y=x²+6x-2” and “y=x+2” are composed of letters (or
variables) and numbers. They are often used for the application of limits, but for this lesson non-
algebraic expressions which are called transcendental functions will be utilized. Transcendental
functions are functions that cannot be expounded in algebraic form. Some examples of transcendental
functions are exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions.

LESSON PROPER
Exponential Functions is defined as (𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 where 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 is a real
number.
A. EVALUATING LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
First, we consider the natural exponential function (𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥, where e is
called the Euler number, and has value 2.718281....
Example 1. Evaluate the .
Solution: Construct the table of values for (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . We start by
approaching the number 0 from the left or through the values less than
but close to 0. Base on the result from the table .
Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values
greater than but close to 0. From the table on the right, as the values of
𝑥 get closer and closer to 0, the values of (𝑥) get closer and closer to 1.
So, .
Therefore, the .
Looking at Figure , as the values of x approach 0, either from
the right or the left, the values of f(x) will get closer and closer to 1.
We also have the following:
(1) ; ex. = (2.718281....)2 = 7.389...
(2) ; ex. = 125
(3) if b > 1
(a) ; ex. y
4
f(x) = 2x
(b) ; ex.
2
if 0 < b < 1
f(x) = (1/2)x
(c) ; ex. x
–2 2

(d) ; ex.

B. EVALUATING LIMITS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Consider the natural logarithmic function (𝑥) = ln x. Recall that ln x = loge x.
Moreover, it is the inverse of the natural exponential function y = ex.
Example 2: Evaluate .
Solution: We construct the table of values for (𝑥) = ln x . We
first approach the number 1 from the left or through values less than
but close to 1.
Intuitively,
Now we consider approaching 1 from its right or through values greater
than but close to 1.
Intuitively,
Therefore, the .
Consider the common logarithmic function (𝑥) = log10 𝑥. Recall that
(𝑥) = log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥.
Example 3. Evaluate the .
Solution: Construct the table of values for (𝑥) = log 𝑥 . We start
by approaching the number 1 from the left or through the values less
than but close to 1. Base on the result from the table, .
 Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values
greater than but close to 1. From the table on the right, as the values of
𝑥 get closer and closer to 1, the values of (𝑥) get closer and closer to 1.
So, .
Therefore, the
Other limits of logarithmic functions:
(a)
(b) ; ex.
(c)

C. EVALUATING LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example 4. Evaluate .
Solution: We will construct the table of values for
We first approach 0 from the left or through the values less than but
close to 0. Base on the result from the table, as the values of 𝑥 get
closer and closer to 0, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.
In symbols, .
Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values
greater than but close to 0. We will construct the table of values on the
right for .Base on the result from the table, the values
of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0, so the .
As the values of 𝑥 from the left and from the right get closer and
closer to 0, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.
Therefore, .

LIMIT PROPERTY
For functions composed of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, root, limits may
be evaluated by direct substitution, provided that the resulting expression is defined.
This property is also shared by polynomials and rational functions.

Some Special Limits

1.

𝑓(𝑥) = x f(x) x f(x)

-1 0.8415 1 0.8415
-0.5 0.9589 0.5 0.9589
-0.1 0.9983 0.1 0.9983
-0.01 0.99998 0.01 0.99998
-0.001 0.9999998 0.001 0.9999998
∴ ∴ ∴

2.
𝑓(𝑥) =
x f(x) x f(x)
-1 -0.4597 1 0.4597
-0.5 -0.2448 0.5 0.2448
-0.1 -0.0496 0.1 0.0496
-0.01 -0.0050 0.01 0.0050
-0.001 -0.00050 0.001 0.00050

∴ ∴ ∴
3.
x f(x) x f(x)
𝑓(𝑥) = -1 0.6321 1 0.6321
-0.5 0.7869 0.5 0.7869
-0.1 0.9516 0.1 0.9516
-0.01 0.9950 0.01 0.9950
-0.001 0.99995 0.001 0.99995
∴
∴ ∴ ∴

What will you do?

Self Test 2.2.
Determine the limit of the following:
_________1. __________6.
_________2. __________7.
_________3. __________8.
_________4. __________9.
_________5. __________10.

Activity 2.2.
Title of the Activity: Know Your Limits!
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions using tables of values and graphs of the functions and evaluate limits involving
the expressions , and using table of values.

K to 12 BEC CG: STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1 and STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2

Directions: Do the following: (a) Construct the table of values; (b) graph the function; and (c) find the
indicated limits of . (Use scientific calculator and round off to two decimal places).
a) b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x

x 𝑓(x) x 𝑓(x)
1 3
1.5 2.5
1.9 2.1
1.99 2.01
1.999 2.001

c) ∴ ____________________ ∴_______________________ ∴________________________

Let’s summarize.
1. Limits of Algebraic Functions
The Limit of Polynomial Function
Let f be a polynomial of the form (x). = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2 xn-2 + ... + a1x + a0. If c is a real number, then
lim f ( x )
= (𝑐).x → c
●For functions composed of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, root, limits
may be evaluated by direct substitution, provided that the resulting expression is defined.
The Limit of Rational Function
Let r be a rational function of the form r(x) = 𝑓(x) /g(x) where 𝑓 and g are polynomial functions. If c
is a real number and g(c) ≠ 0, then .
The Limit of Radical Function
Let n be a positive integer. The limit of r(x) is valid for all (c) ≠ 0 when it is odd and is valid for 𝑓(c)
> 0 when n is even.
2. Transcendental functions are functions that cannot be expounded in algebraic form. Some
examples of transcendental functions are exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. One way
to evaluate their limits is through table of values.
 Post Test
Multiple Choice : Write the letter of the best answer. Write the correct answer if it can’t
be found from the choices.
1. Find
M -1 A. 0 T. 1 H. DNE
2. For what value of x NOT possible in .
M. 0 A. 1 T. 2 H. 3
3. Evaluate .
M. -∞ A. 0 T. +∞ H. DNE
4. Determine .
M. -1 A. 0 T. 1 H. DNE
5. The function (x) =(x – 3)/(x2 - 4) has limit at x =
M. 3 A. 2 T. -2 H. sana all
6. Which of the following is the ?
M. 1 A. 3 T. 6 H. 9
7. Evaluate .
M. -∞ A. 0 T.+∞ H. DNE
8. Which of the following functions is continuous on all values of x?
M. polynomial A. tangent T. rational H. radical
9. Which of the following is the ?
M. 4 A. 3 T. 2 H. 1
10. Determine .
M. -1 A. 0 T. 1 H. DNE
REFERENCES
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.
Sevilla,Orlyn B., Herrera ,Maria Gladys D., Obdin ,Hadassah Grace G., Sevilla ,Orlyn
B. ,Demerin ,Jexter D. 2020,Basic Calculus – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3
Bandong ,Kimberly P., Bato ,Mark Gregory V. , Lagasca ,Marvin Darius M., . Paiso, Rodolf Vincent C.
2019, Basic Calculus Activity Sheets
Lim, Yvette F., Nocon, Rizaldi C., Nocon, Ederlina G., and Ruivivar, Leonar A. 2016. Math for
Engagement Learning Grade 11 Basic Calculus. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Orines, Fernando B. 2016. Next Century Mathematics 11 Basic Calculus.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Geogebra. Graphing application for android. Playstore

Congratulations!!! You have finished Module 2.

Prepared by:

JONATHAN B. DONA
SSMT-I

Checked by:

ROWENA A. DELOS REYES

SSMT-I, Subject Group Head – STEM III

Approved:

ELVIRA P. BERDUL
SSHT VI / OIC-Office of the ASP II (SHS)

Noted:

VIRGIL R. GOMEZ
Principal IV
 CHAPTER TEST # 2
LIMITS of ALGEBRAIC and TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

I. Write E if the limit does exist and DNE if the limit does not exist.
_________1. __________6.
_________2. __________7.
_________3. __________8.
_____ ____4. __________9.
_ ________5. __________10.

II. Algebraic or Transcendental Function

_________11.
_________12. (𝑥) = ln x
_________13. (𝑥) = x2 +3x-1
X
_________14. (𝑥) = 2
_________15. (𝑥) = 2
__________16. (𝑥) = tanx
__________17.
__________18. (𝑥) = 2cosx
__________19. (𝑥) = log 𝑥
__________20. (𝑥) = e𝑥

III. Multiple Choice

Write the letter of your best answer. Write E if the answer can’t be found from the choices.
21. 𝑓(x) = 3x : polynomial ; 𝑓(x) = 3x/x2-2 : _____________
M. exponential A. logarithmic T. radical H. rational
22. 3.1415.. : π ; 2.718281....: ___________
M. a A. e T. i H. u
23. ; : _____________
M. a A. 0 T. 1 H. x
24. log x : base 10 ; ln x : base _____________
M. a A. e T. π H. ∞
25. . ; : _____________

M. 0 A. 1 T. -1 H. ∞
26. Which of the following is a restriction to the domain of a function
M. Never divide by zero (0). T. Practical problems may limit domain.
A. Never take the square root of a negative number. H. sana all
27. It is the inverse of exponential function.
M. logarithmic A. radical T. rational H. trigonometric
28. For what value of x NOT possible in
M. -1 A. 0 T. 1 H. 2
29. Which of the following is a transcendental function?
M. exponential A. polynomial T. radical H. rational
30. Which of the following graph is an example of infinite limits?

M. A. T. H.

IV. Find the limits

31. 36.
32. 37.
33. 38.
34. 39.
35. 40.
 STUDENT NUMBER:
Parent’s Signature:
BASIC CALCULUS
______________________
ANSWER SHEET # 2
___
Name:______________________________________________Section:________________________

Pretest Score:_______ Self Test 2.2 Score:______ Post Test Score: ______
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
6. 6. 6.
7. 7. 7.
8. 8. 8.
9. 9. 9.
10. 10. 10.
Self Test 2.1. Score:______ Activity 2.2. Score:_____ Chapter Test Score:_______
1. 1. 21.
2. x 𝑓(x) 2. 22.
1
3. 1.5 3. 23.
4. 1.9 4. 24.
1.99
5. 5. 25.
1.999
6. 6. 26.
7. ∴__________________________________ 7. 27.
8. 8. 28.
9. . 9. 29.
x 𝑓(x)
10. 3 10. 30.
2.5 11. 31.
2.1
Activity 2.1. Score:______ 12. 32.
2.01
1. 2.001 13. 33.
14, 34.
∴__________________________________ 15. 35.
x
(𝑥) = 2 16. 36.
17. 37.
2. 18. 38.
19. 39.
20. 40.

3.

∴________________________________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
BAYAMBANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MAGSAYSAY ST., BAYAMBANG, PANGASINAN

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET # 2

LIMITS of ALGEBRAIC and TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
Name: ______________________________________________ Date:_________________
Grade and Section: ___________________________________Score:_________________

Give 3 real-life examples that show

What concepts will I share to my family concepts of algebraic and transcendental
and friends? functions.

How did lesson 2 help me to develop my How can I apply these new concepts in
character? my everyday activities?