Question 1: The variable incomdol in gss.

sav file is calculated as the class-midpoint of the

income range for each value of income (family income).
1. Propose how this variable is calculated? Illustrate your answer by calculating the
classmidpoint of one category from the variable income.
2. Compute summary statistics of this variable and make a histogram as well. What kind of
distribution do you get? Explain why do you have that kind of distribution.
3. Based on the outputs in (2), indicate below what value of income do 25% of respondents fall?
Above what value do 25% of respondents fall?
4. Repeat (2) but in the Frequency procedure, you select Values are group midpoints. Indicate the
change you notice.
5. Do you think you know the exact income of family in your sample? Explain your answer.

Answer:
1. Calculation of 'incomdol' Variable from the variable income: (Use Spss)
Class-Midpoint = (Highest Value + Lowest Value) / 2
From SPSS, we can culculate class-midpoint of each income interval or type
Ex: type2 (1000-2999) => class-midpoint of this income interval is 1999.5
2.
- Summary Statistics of ‘Incomdol’ Variable:
To compute summary statistics:
 Go to the "Analyse" menu.
 Select "Descriptive Statistics."
 Choose "Frequencies."
 Move the variable "incomdol" to the "Variable(s)" box.
 Click ‘Statistic’ to choose Mean, Median, Mode
 Click "OK."
SPSS will generate a table with summary statistics, including mean, standard deviation, variance,
range, minimum, maximum, and more for the "incomdol" variable.
- Make a histogram:
 To create a histogram:
 Go to the "Graphs" menu.
 Select Legacy Dialogs
 Select Histogram
 Drag the variable "incomdol" to the "Drop variables here" box.
 Click "OK."
SPSS will generate a histogram for the "incomdol" variable.
  Right skewed distribution (positively distribution)
Because: The mean is greater than median

3. Based on the outputs in (2), indicate below what value of income do 25% of respondents
fall? Above what value do 25% of respondents fall?
  Look for the value corresponding to the 25th percentile. This is the income value
below which 25% of respondents fall.
 the income value 18750 is what below which 25% of respondents fall
 Look for the value corresponding to the 75th percentile. This is the income value
above which 25% of respondents fall.
 the income value 55000 is is what above which 25% of respondents fall

4. Repeat (2) but in the Frequency procedure, you select Values are group midpoints.
Indicate the change you notice.

5. Do you think you know the exact income of family in your sample? Explain your answer.
- In the context of the analysis and the steps taken with SPSS, it's important to consider the
nature of the data and the way the analysis has been conducted.

 Grouped Data: If group midpoints have been used in the analysis, it suggests that
the income variable is presented in the form of grouped or binned data rather than
individual exact values. This means that there are no exact income values for each
family but rather midpoints of income ranges.
 Summary Statistics: The summary statistics (mean, median, etc.) are calculated
based on these group midpoints, providing insights into the central tendency and
distribution of the grouped income data.
 Histogram and Boxplot: The histograms and boxplots give a visual
representation of the distribution of income within these groups, offering insights
into the shape and characteristics of the data.

- Considering these factors, it's reasonable to conclude that there are no exact income
values for each family in the sample. Instead, there is information about income ranges or
 groups, and the analysis is based on the central tendencies and distribution of these
groups.

- If working with exact income values is desired, access to the individual data points rather
than grouped data would be necessary. Keep in mind that the choice of using grouped
data or individual values depends on the nature of the research question and the available
data.

Question 2: In the gss.sav file, the variable tvhours tells you how many hours per day GSS
respondents say
they watch TV.
1. Make a frequency table of the hours of television watched. Do any of the values strike you as
strange? Explain.
2. Based on the frequency table, answer the following questions: Of the people who answered
the question, what percentage don’t watch any television? What percentage watch two hours or
less? Five hours or more? Of the people who watch TV, what percentage watch one hour? What
percentage watch four hours or less?
3. From the frequency table, estimate the 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th percentiles. What is the value
for the Median, Mode?
4. Make a bar chart of the hours of TV watched. What problem do you see with this display?
5. Make a histogram of the hours of TV watched. What causes all of the values to be clumped
together? Compare this histogram to the bar chart you generated in question 2d. Which is a better
display for these data?

Question 3
Find a data set which is related to a specific organisational problem (either at the macro or micro
level) and apply all possible descriptive statistical techniques that you think suitable to the
problem. Write a short report, which includes the objectives of your analysis, the research
questions, the analytical techniques you apply to address to the research questions and your
findings. The maximum length of the report is 5 pages including Tables and Figures.