Hand Operated Oil - Expeller

Design and Development of Hand Operated Oil
Expeller
A Major Project Report
Submitted to
Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar Department Of Mechanical
Engineering Institute Of Technical Education & Research, Bhubaneswar
Submitted by
RISHAB TRIPATHY 1441018119
DEEPTESH BEHERA 1441018366
SWAGAT SOURAV PRADHAN 1441018344
AMIT CHAND 1551018023
Section-D ‘5’ (8th Semester)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Institute of Technical Education and Research
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
April, 2018
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “OIL EXPELLER” being submitted by
Rishab Tripathy, Deeptesh Behera, Swagat Pradhan and Amit Chand of Section ‘D’ to
the Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University,
Bhubaneswar for the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering is a record of original bonafide work carried out by them
under our supervision and guidance. The project work, in our opinion, has reached
the requisite standard fulfilling the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology.
The results contained in this report have not been submitted in part or full
to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Prof. Dr. S.K. Acharya (Internal Design Panel – ME)
Prof. Dr. H.K. Sarangi (Internal Design Panel – ME)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who helped us to
complete this report. We express our deepest gratitude and heartiest thanks to Dr
Saroj Kumar Acharya, Prof. Pragyan Senapati, Department Of Mechanical
Engineering, Institute Of Technical Education & Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
University, Bhubaneswar for their contribution in stimulating inspiration,
suggestions, encouragement & guidance that helped us to write this report.
Furthermore we convey our sincere thanks to our project Co-ordinator Dr. Saroj
Kumar Acharya who has spent his valuable time in guiding our group. I am also
thankful to all the faculty members, technical and nontechnical staffs of our
department who helped to achieve our desired goal whenever we needed it.
Last but certainly not the least, we would also pay my heartiest thanks to our
parents, respected teachers and our friends for their encouragement and support at
different levels of work.
Signature of students
Rishab Tripathy
Deeptesh Behera
Swagat Pradhan
Amit Chand
DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission report represents our ideas in our own
words and where other’s ideas or words have been included, we have adequately
cited and used references pointing to the original sources. We also declare that we
have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/fact/source in our submission.
We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by
the University and can also evoke penal actions from the sources which have thus
not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.
Signature of Students Registration Number

SWAGAT PRADHAN 1441018344
REPORT APPROVAL
This project report entitled "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HAND OPERATED OIL
EXPELLER”by Rishab Tripathy (1441018119), Deeptesh Behera (1441018366), Swagat
Pradhan (1441018344), Amit Chand (1551018023) is approved for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering.
Project Guide Project Co-ordinator HOD Examiner
Date-
ABSTRACT
The process of manufacturing is very important in order to carry out this

project and to ensure that the students understand about what the needs are.
This project is about designing an Oil expeller which is a screw type machine
that mainly presses and extracts oil seeds through a press caged like cavity. It is
used for the extraction of edible oils. The raw materials used are nuts, seeds,
etc, which are supplied to the press in a continuous or discontinuous feed. As
the raw material is pressed, friction causes it to heat up. Here raw materials
enter from the top of the press and waste product exit at the far side. There
are two major reasons to use a hand operated oil expeller. Firstly In the
remote areas peoples are not acquainted with the technical parts of the
equipment, secondly it doesn’t consume electricity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No Page No.
1 Introduction
1.1 Broad Statement of Design Problem 1
1.2 Student Outcomes & Bloom’s Taxonomy 2
1.3 Course Outcome 3
1.4 Design Checkpoints 4
1.5 Design team formation and team charter 6
2 Customer Needs Recognition
2.1 Task Distribution & Monitoring 8
2.2 Questionnaire Method 10
2.3 Interview Method 12
2.4 Organizing & Prioritizing of needs 14
2.5 Problem Statements 14
2.6 Design Constraints 15
3 Function Decomposition
3.2 Function Tree by FAST Method 17
3.3 Function Tree by Subtract and Operate Procedure 19
3.4 Black Box Modelling 20
3.5 Function structure by energy diagram 21
4 Product Teardown and Engineering Specifications
4.2 Product Tear Down 23
4.3 Post Tear Down Reporting 25
4.4 Engineering Specification 27
4.5 The House of Quality 28
5 Product Architecture
5.2 Modular Design Basic Clustering 31
6 Concept Generation
6.2 Brainstorming 34
6.3 C-sketch/ 6-3-5 Method 36
6.4 Component Sketching 36
6.5 Morphological Analysis 37
6.6 Assembly sketching of Concept variants 38
7 Concept Selection
7.2 Technical Feasibility 40
7.3 Use of Pugh Chart as Design Making Tool 41
8 Product Embodiment
8.2 Refining Geometry and Layout 45
8.3 Systems Modelling 47
9 Product Metric Model
9.2 Model Selection by Performance Specification
9.3 Constructing Product Models 57
10 Design for Manufacture, Assembly and Environment
10.2 Applying Design Guidelines 59
10.3 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 60
10.4 Design for Environment 64
11 Analytical and Numerical Model Solutions
11.2 Theoretical Analysis 68
11.3 Finite Element Analysis 71
12 Physical Prototype
12.2 Mock-Up Materials and Processes 76
12.3 Prototype Planning and Design 78
12.4 Fabricate the Components 78
12.5 Assembly of Components 80
13 Prototype Testing & Improvements
13.2 Design of experiments 82
13.3 Scope of improvements 83
13.4 Product Cost & Bill of Material 84
14 Conclusion 85
15 References 86
LIST OF SYMBOLS
σ Tensile Strength (MPa)

Su Yield Strength
E Elastic Modulus (MPa)
D Major Diameter of Screw Shaft
d Minor Diameter
p Pitch of screw
µ Coefficient of friction
τs Shear Stress
τ Torsional Stress
P Crushing Force
dp Pitch diameter
ƛ Lead Angle
F Axial Force
T Torque
ω Angular Velocity
Ø Power
V Volume of Hoper
MISSION STATEMENT
Product Description Extraction of Oil From Seeds and Peanuts
Key Business or Providing Oil Expeller at Reasonable Price and Help

Humanitarian Goals Poor
Farmers in the Remote Areas
Primary Market Farmers and Focusing on Frequent Oil Expeller

Users
Secondary Market Oil Expelling Industries
Assumptions Small, Compact, Light Weight and Portable Oil

Expelling
Machine
Stake holders Institution Of Technical Education & Research
Avenues for Creative Ease of Oil Expelling,

Design
Portable and Long Life
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The broad statement of design problem
We are going to design and analyse an oil expeller which is a screw type machine
that mainly presses seeds and nuts through a press cage like cavity. It is used for
the extraction of food oils. In addition to that the product should be small in size
so that it is easier to carry the product from one place to another. To complete
our product we have to go through different engineering processes. These
processes add value to our product and also provide a full knowledge to a
technical as well as a normal person. The very 1st thing we have to do is our
Team formation. Assigning a team leader and working accordingly. Next step is
preparing customer survey form and take their reviews (likes, dislikes,
feedback). After that we have to put importance on the key points. After
customer survey, we need to decompose the important functions and aspects.
Next step will be engineering specifications that is to compare our product‘s
theoretical specification values to other available products in the market. Next
step will be product architecture and thereby we need to prepare our models.
1st rough sketches, basing on rough sketches a partial model is to be prepared
in CAD software. Numerical calculations, part analysis and their specified value‘s
performance checking are to be done. After numerical calculations, the
assembly of the product is to be done. After all CAD process, the manufacturing
process begins. The parts after manufacturing needs to be fabricated. Then the
prototype is to be tested for its performance calculation. Then final step of the
product is report making, presentation and conclusion.
The book we referred for all our proceedings from beginning to end is Product
design by Kevin Otto and Kristin Wood [1].
1.2 Student outcomes and Bloom’s taxonomy of learning levels

There are eleven student outcomes (a–k) for the Mechanical Engineering B. Tech
program. There are six levels of learning as defined in Bloom‘s Taxonomy.
Bloom‘s Taxonomy is a multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to
the six cognitive levels of complexity. Table 1.1 shows student outcomes (a-k)
and Table 1.2 shows the learning levels in increasing order.
Table 1.1: Student outcomes
Outcome Description
A An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
B An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret data
C An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs

within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political,
ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability
D An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
E An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
F An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
G An ability to communicate effectively
H The broad education necessary to understand
I A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
J A knowledge of contemporary issues
K An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools

necessary for engineering practice
Table 1.2: Learning levels

Level Name Description
L-1 Knowledge Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long term
memory
L-2 Comprehension Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through
interpreting,exemplifying,classifying,summarizing,inferring,comparing, and
explaining
L-3 Application Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing
L-4 Analysis Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to
one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating,
organizing, and attributing
L-5 Evaluation Making judgment based on criteria and standards through checking and
critiquing
L-6 Creation Putting element together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing
elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or
producing
1.3 Course outcomes
1.3.1. Course Description
This course will focus on the design and manufacturing process in all areas of
mechanical engineering along with other multi-disciplinary areas. Typical topics
included are the development of a product mission statement, identification of
the customer needs, function decomposition, benchmarking and development
of target specifications, concept generation and selection, final design and
analysis, physical prototype manufacturing and testing, engineering
professionalism and its responsibility to society.
1.3.2. Course Objective
The objective of this course is to provide students the working knowledge of
practical design issues to solve product design problem, work effectively in an
engineering team, customer survey and evaluation of their requirements,
engineering problem definition, generating an engineering specification
document, applying creative techniques to generate conceptual design
solutions, selecting appropriate engineering concepts in a team environment,
design and analysis of the system, manufacturing and testing of prototype,
communicate and present the results orally, graphically and in writing,
understanding the codes of ethics, global issues, socio economic issues and their
implications in engineering practice, alternative learning plans for future work.
Outcome Description (Ability to)
CO – 1 Learn theories of product design process.
CO – 2 Work effectively in team to achieve a common goal.
CO – 3 Gather and interpreting customer needs for redesign of product.
CO – 4 Decompose a product design problem into simpler sub problems for analysis.
CO – 5 Evaluate the quality, value and performance of the product through benchmarking.
CO – 6 Develop possible alternatives and selecting the best one for solving the product
function.
CO – 7 Develop model and analyse it by various methods.
CO – 8 Design for manufacturing and assembly a product by effective methodology to
reduce product cost.
CO – 9 Develop the physical prototype and experiment it using experimental techniques.
CO–10 Use design resources such as professional journals, trade journals, catalogs, and the
internet in project design for lifelong learning.
CO–11 Understand the global issues and social responsibility in product design.
CO–12 Discuss various socio-economic issues related to the developed product.
CO –13 Understand professional code of ethics.
CO–14 Communicate effectively.
Table 1.3: Course outcomes
1.4 Design checkpoint

The product design goes through a number of phases. Each phase is divided
into a number of steps. These steps must be properly executed and evaluated.
Checkpoints are used as the point of evaluation of those design steps. The
checkpoints ensure a systematic and timely completion of the design product.
These stages are called here as checkpoints. The final product has been
demonstrated by each team at the time of final presentation. These
checkpoints are shown in Table 1.4 and the design team has to pass through
each checkpoint.
Table 1.4: Design checkpoints and student outcomes
Checkpoints A B C D E F G H I J K
1 Customer √ √
needs
recognition
2 Function √ √
decomposition
3 Engineering √ √
specification
4 Product √ √
architecture
5 Concept √ √
generation
6 Concept √ √ √ √ √ √
selection
7 Product √ √
embodiment
8 Product metric √ √ √ √
model
9 DFM, DFA, DFE √ √ √ √ √ √
10 Analytical and √ √ √ √ √
numerical
solution
11 Physical √ √
prototype
12 Testing and √ √ √
improvement
13 Final product √ √
and Final
Report
Table 1.5: Time line for design checkpoints
Checkpoints Set time line
1 Customer needs recognition 7 days
2 Function decomposition 4 days
3 Engineering specification 6 days
4 Product architecture 4 days
5 Concept generation 4 days
6 Concept selection 2 days
7 Product embodiment 4 days
8 Product metric model 4 days
9 DFM, DFA, DFE 4 days
10 Analytical and numerical 5 days
solution
1.5 Design team formation and team charter

Table 1.6: Team allocation and problem selection
Name Registration number Design Problem

statement
1 Rishab Tripathy 1441018119
2 Deeptesh Behera 1441018366 Design And

3 Swagat Pradhan 1441018344 development of hand
4 Amit Chand 1551018023 operated Oil Expeller
Project guide Signature of IDP with
date
Pragyan Senapati
Table 1.7: Team Charter
Team ID: 5 Section: D Semester: 8th
Involved Members:
Name Registration No
SWAGAT PRADHAN 1441018344
Objective: To design and analyse a hand operated oil expeller in which we aim to use a
screw shaft, where the rotation of the shaft will generate sufficient crushing stress due
to which the oil from peanuts and seeds will be extracted. It generates a new concept of
manually operated expeller, hence reducing the transportation cost, when it is being
carried for extraction to the cities and towns.
Project Guide:
Name of guide: PRAGYAN SENAPATI
Designation:
Goal:
To design an economic crusher which will increase output yield and reduce the volume
for recycle purpose.
Declaration:
We, the members of the Design Team ‘5’, Section ‘D’, Mechanical Engineering, ITER,
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, hereby declare that we have created our own Team
Charter, understood it, and agree to abide by it.
Signature:
Member 1: RISHAB TRIPATHY Member 2:DEEPTESH BEHERA
Member 3: SWAGAT PRADHAN Member 4:AMIT CHAND
Chapter 2
Customer needs recognition
Customer needs is required to develop or improve a new product for future use. By
taking customer surveys we can make required changes to the product in order to
rectify the mistakes previously being faced by the customers.
2.1 Task distribution and monitoring
The task has been divided among the group members. The Team leader has assigned
different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completion of the task as
shown in Table 2.1:
Work done by each member of Team ID ‘5’ of Section ‘D’
Team leader: Rishab Tripathy

Team member Task(s) to be performed Task assigned on Task completed on
1:Rishab Tripathy Questionnaire 10/1/2018 13/1/2018

Preparation, Customer
Survey, PPT
Preparation, Report Writing
2: Deeptesh Behera Questionnaire 10/1/2018 13/1/2018
Survey, PPT
3:Swagat Pradhan Questionnaire 10/1/2018 13/1/2018
Survey, PPT
4:Amit Chand Customer 10/1/2018 13/1/2018
Survey, Weightage
Calculation
Task completed with alternative arrangement:
Task name Originally assigned to Reason for non- Member, who
completion completed it
(No Task was done with alternative arrangement)
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1: Rishab Tripathy Member 2: Deeptesh Behera
Member 3: Swagat Pradhan Member 4: Amit Chand
2.1.1. Customer Need Data
Customer needs can be profitably considered in general category based on how easily
the customer can express them and how rapidly they change. These are conceptual
categories, not distinct objective groupings. It is important though to understand the
differences among them. Different types of customer needs are
a. Direct Needs: These are the needs that, when asked about the product, customers
have no trouble declaring as something they are concerned about.
b. Latent Needs: These are the needs that typically are not directly expressed by the
customer without probing.
c. Constant Needs: These needs are intrinsic to the task of the product and always will
be. When a product is used, this need will always be there. Such needs are always
effective to examine with customer need analysis.
d. Variable Needs: These needs are not necessarily constant, if a foreseeable
technological change can happen, these needs go away.
e. General Needs: These needs apply to every person in the customer population.
f. Niche needs: These needs apply only to a smaller market segment within the entire
buying population.
2.1.2 Gathering Customer Needs
We have collected customer requirements using various techniques, like,
Questionnaires, Interview method etc. They will identify needs and constraints fit for
the project. Different techniques are applying for customer needs are
a. Questionnaires: The team develops a list of criteria where it is relevant to the
customer's needs. It then ranks the product on these criteria.
b. Interviews: The design team members discuss the needs with a single customer,
one at a time. Such interviews are usually held in the customer environment, where
the customer uses the product. The design team members record the customer’s
responses. This process works well for products that have a process associated with
their customer use.
2.2 Questionnaire Method
We prepare questions related to product criteria. We Sit together and discuss all
these questions, choose and modify, and finalise questionnaire.
Table 2.2: Questionnaire for the product
Description: A hand operated Oil Expeller which will be helpful for the rural
areas than that of an automatic one.
Q. 1 What do you prefer for the extraction of oil from
groundnuts/seeds? (a) With the help of machine
(b) Without the help of machine
Q. 2 If you are using a machine, how do you want it to be operated?
(a) Manually Operated (b)Fully Automatic
(c)Pneumatic Automatic (d)electrically operated
Q. 3 Do you think it should be compact in size?
(a)Agree (b)strongly agree
(c)disagree (d)strongly disagree
Q. 4 The product we are making has a capacity of 1kg/hr for the oil production.
What is your opinion?
(a)Its good (b)not good
(c)satisfactory (d)none of these
Q. 5 The machine should have a long life period and work with little maintenance.
What you think?
(a)Its desirable (b)Not desirable
(c)can be managed
Q. 6 What cost do you expect from a mini oil expeller?
(a)4000 (b)5000
(c)6000 (d)above 6000
Q. 7 While working, do you think safety should be main priority?
(a)Must needed (b)one should carry their own risk
(c)not needed (c)can’t say
Q. 8 For small scale production, do you agree that it is a good product?
(a)Agree (b)disagree
(c)can’t say
Q. 9 What is your feedback regarding this product?
(a)Satisfactory (b)comfortable
(c)Excellent (d)not good
Q. 10 What is your opinion regarding improvement?
(a)Need further analysis (b)No further improvement required
(c)Satisfactory
The above Table 2.2 represents 10 set of questions which were asked to each
customer and their answers were recorded. It is done with the help of survey form
called Questionnaire survey form.
In the above questionnaire, different Questions have different options and customers
were asked to tick the most suitable option according to their opinion.
The questionnaire was analysed with a study of the customers opinions and the most
frequent need was given highest priority than the least occurring one.
2.3 Interview method
There is basic header information related to the project and the interview subjects.
The form itself has three columns. The first column is used to record any particular
questions that sparks a customer’s response, the middle column is the actual customer
statement and the last column is the conversion of this actual customer statement into
a succinct noun, verb, adverb form, using the same words as the subject stated as
recorded in the second column. The Like/Dislike method has general row category to
record customer statements. If the customer likes the way a need is implemented, it
is recorded in Likes row. If the customer doesn't like how a need is implemented, it is
recorded in the Dislike row. The structure permits immediate understanding of what
needs to be focused on when redesigning a product. The fourth column records
linguistic expressions of importance that the customers may have used. For Example
follow Table 2.3
Table 2.3: Interview Form for Product
Customer Name: Abhimanyu Barik Date:
Address: Lingipur, Bhubaneswar
Customer statement Interpreted need Importance

QUESTIONS
• Extraction of • Extraction of oil • Important
Oil from from different
TYPICAL USES Groundnut types of seed
• Extraction of
oil from coconut
• Less Machine Cost • Low price • Very Important
• Light weight and materials
portable • No heavy • Very Important
• No electricity materials used
LIKES required • No power • Very Important
equipment
needed
• More human effort • Design in way to • Important
reduce human
DISLIKES effort
• Machine should • Analysis for • Very important
SUGGESTED work for a long machine life
IMPROVEMENTS period of time
without any
failure
2.3.1: Focus Group: A moderator facilitates a session with a group of customers. This
session is usually held in the product developer's environment.
Table 2.4: Focus Group
Address: Dulanapur, Banki, Cuttack Date:
Customer statement Interpreted need Importance

QUESTIONS
• Extraction of Oils • Extraction of oil from • Very Important
from Groundnut different types of seed
TYPICAL USES • Extraction of oil from
coconut
• Less Machine Cost • Low price materials • Very Important
• Light weight and • No heavy materials used • Very Important
portable • No skilled user needed
• Easy to handle • Easily installable • Important
LIKES
• No transportation • No power equipment • Important

cost needed
• Very Important
• No electricity
required
• More human effort • Design in way to • Important
• Less production reduce human
DISLIKES comparatively other effort
machine • Not used for large • Not required
amount
• Machine should • Analysis for machine life • Very important

SUGGESTED work for a long
IMPROVEMENTS period of time
without any failure • Base of machine should
• Stability of machine be fixed • Very Important
while operating
2.4 Organizing and prioritizing of customer needs
After collecting all the needs from 10 customers, we have to calculate the weightage
for redesigning the product. These are shown in Table 2.4. In this table 4 ratings are
given. Rating (4 -1) shows best to worst level. Following these weightage, we have to
modify our design.
Table 2.5 Prioritized customer needs (Weightage Calculation)
Sl. No. NEEDS W(4-1) 4 3 2 1
1 Portable machine 4 7 3
2 Good Life period of machine 4 9 1
3 Machine maintenance 3 6 2 2
4 Light weight/ compact 4 7 3
5 Easy operation 4 7 2 1
6 No use of electricity 4 10
7 Low Cost of machine 4 6 4
8 Easy wastage collection and cleaning 3 5 3 1 1
9 Stable machine 3 5 4 1
Weightage calculation of waste collection is

WT= (5x4+3x3+1x2+1x1)/10=3.2=3
2.5 Problem Statement
To design & develop a hand operated oil expeller which is simple, has low maintenance
cost, good service life, easy transportation and safe system by using Expeller pressing
mechanism.
The important functions and their constraints are the screw shaft, press cage material
handling capacity of expeller and cost of the whole product.
Taking on these things we also have to prepare a very compact size of our product
which will be handy in carrying and it should be hand operated.
Table 2.6: DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Parameters Considerations
Stress Stress must be less than the yield stress value
Cost Cost must be less
Fit and The screw shaft should be fit properly with in the press
clearance cage
The crank handle should properly fit with the screw
shaft
Stability The base of the machine should be stable while

operating
Factor of safety The system should have a large factor of safety

Chapter 3 Function decomposition
It is a function which accepts “input” and gives a particular “output” that will give
the desired performance.
• It focuses on mapping customer needs to functional description.
• A function of a product is a statement of a clear, reproducible relationship between
the available input and desired output of the product independent of any particular
form.
• Black box model is important in order to use this model as a definitive statement of
the driving system.
• This model allows us to focus on the greatest, overall need for a product.
• It initiates the technical understanding of a product based on inputs and outputs.
• Concentration is achieved by a new concept of design or redesign and not how it is
to be achieved.
• Functional modelling provides a basis for organizing the design team, tasks, and
process.
• Black box model is important to use this model as a definitive statement of driving
system.
• Functional modelling gives the solution of design task. Through abstraction, a design
team may search for the “real” problem being solved while minimizing biases.
Table 3.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team D5
Team leader: Rishab Tripathy (1441018119)
Team members Task(s) to be performed Task assigned date Task completed on
1: Rishab Tripathy FAST Method 13/1/2018 15/1/2018
SOP Method
PPT Preparation
2: Deeptesh Behera FAST Method 13/1/2018 15/1/2018
SOP Method
PPT Preparation
3:Swagat Pradhan Energy Diagram 13/1/2018 15/1/2018
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand FAST Method 13/1/2018 15/1/2018
Report Writing

Member 1: Rishab Tripathy Member 2:Deeptesh Behera
Member 3:Swagat Pradhan Member 4:Amit Chand
3.2 Function tree by FAST method

The Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) is used to define, analyse, and
understand product functions, how the functions relate to one another, and which
functions require attention to increase the product value. It is used to display functions
in a logical sequence, prioritize them and test their dependency. During this process,
these functions have different levels of importance. Out of all functions, one function,
that is overall product function has to be selected. The product function again
represents the main reason that the product exists in the eyes of the customer. Once
the basic function is identified, all other functions either as a whole or within any of its
subsystems are subordinate to the basic functions. These secondary functions are
essential to the performance of the basic function and further they are a direct cause
of the basic function. Secondary function can be categorized into three types:-
Required, Aesthetic and Unwanted. The secondary functions between the product
function and external secondary function forms the critical path of secondary
functions. For each secondary function, typically achieving the sub function introduces
ill side-effects. New functions therefore arise to mitigate these effects.
The FAST approach is a top down approach which starts with the overall function and
then decomposes it.
Fig. 3.1: FAST diagram for Oil Expeller

3.3 Function tree by subtract and operate procedure
The subtract and operate procedure is one such bottom up approach to developing a
function tree.
Making of Oil Expeller
Input Seeds Input Rotating Rotation Extraction Collection

and Power the Crank of Screw of Oil of Waste
Groundnuts Handle Shaft
Human Dispense Collection

Contain Oil of Waste
Effort
Accept Indicate Noise through
Seeds Amount the Cap
and nuts
Convert Crushing of
Input Energy Seeds and
to Rotation Groundnuts
Fig 3.2: Oil Expeller Function using Subtract and Operate Procedure
3.4 Black Box Modelling

A system black box model allows us to focus on the greatest, overall need for the
product. It also initiates technical understanding of a product based on its inputs and
outputs, known as material, energy and signal flows. These flow types are sufficient to
describe a technical system or product. Black boxes models help maintain the focus on
the driving product function. It also provide a first mapping of customer needs to a
technical understanding of a design problem. The inputs and outputs of the black box
provide this mapping.
Human Rotational
Energy Energy of
Screw Shaft
Raw Materials Expel Oil

like Seeds and Extract Oil from Raw Materials from Seeds
groundnuts and
groundnuts
Weight of materials
Waste Material
Dry and wet raw Collection
materials
Fig 3.3: Black box model of Oil Expeller

3.5 Function structure by energy diagram
The below Figure 3.4 shows the entire function structure after decomposition of our
product.
This is a Task listing function that shows the input and output of Energy, Material,
Force and System. Also it shows the flow trace of every individual interaction from
start of the machine to end.
It is done to find out what are the most valuable functions and their operations.
We created the function structure and determined our flow of energy, material along
with information.
Fig 3.4: Function structure of Oil Expeller

Chapter 4
Product teardown and engineering specifications

A product teardown, or simply teardown, is the act of disassembling a product, to
identify its component and parts, chip & system functionality, and component costing
information. Here we have to monitor each assembly and design aspects whereas,
some group of people do the Bill of Material.
Work done by each member of Team D5

Team leader: Rishab Tripathy ( 1441018119 )
Team members Task(s) to be performed Task assigned date Task completed on
1:Rishab Tripathy Bench Marking 16/1/2018 18/1/2018

House of Quality
Report Writing
2:Deeptesh Behera Product Tear Down, 16/1/2018 18/1/2018
Teardown Reporting
PPT Preparation
3:Swagat Pradhan Specification sheet & 16/1/2018 18/1/2018
Disassembly Plan
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand Bill of material 16/1/2018 18/1/2018
Report Writing


Member 1:Rishab Tripathy Membar 2:Deeptesh Behera
4.2 Product teardown
Product tear down is the process of taking part a product to understand it, and to
understand how the company making the product succeeds. A product teardown
serves three primary purposes:
1. Dissection and analysis during reverse engineering
2. Experience and knowledge for an individual's personal database
3. Competitive benchmarking
4.2.1 Subtract & Operate Procedure (SOP)
It is another method of product teardown. SOP is a logical tool in product teardown. It

determines component functionality and/or redundancies (or potential redundancies)
in an assembly.
Oil Expeller
Crank Power Screw

Handle Assembly
Human Press Cage Screw Adjustment Bolt

Effort Hopper Shaft
Fuel Bottle
Fig 4.1: SOP Hierarchy

Table 4.2: Oil Expeller SOP Effects Table
Assembly/ Part No Part Description Effect Of Removal

A1 Screw Shaft and Press
Cage Assembly
001 Screw Shaft No crushing effect
002 Press Cage with Frame No support for screw

shaft
A2 Crank handle and shaft
Assembly
003 Crank Handle No power transmission
to shaft
A3 Press Cage and Cap
Assembly
004 Cap Waste material will not
be collected
Human
Energy
En ergy
tra nsfer
Rotational
energy
Material
Energy
transformation
Solid Screw
shaft
Angular
Vibr ation velocity(Screw )
Material
Solid
Fig 4.2: Product Hierarchy

Table 4.3: List of Possible Measurements for the individual parts
Part Units
Crank Handle gram, mm
Cap gram, mm
Frame gram, mm
Screw Shaft Kg, mm
Position Bolt gram, mm
Adjustment Bolt gram, mm
Press Cage gram, mm
Hopper gram
4.3. Post-teardown reporting

It involves a dis-assembly plan, an intended Bill of Material, Exploded views of the
product and an actual function structure of the product.
4.3.1. Disassembly Plan & Bill of Material

The disassembly plan & Bill of Material should be created during the teardown of a
product. A disassembly plan documents the time when a product was disassembled,
how it was disassembled and a step by step plan for disassembling the product. A
template for a disassembly plan as shown in figure 4.3. This template is incrementally
developed as a product is disassembled.
Table 4.4: Data Template Disassembly and Experimentation
Product Disassembly Plan
Project Name: Hand Operated Oil Expeller
Disassembly Task to be done Tools required

part
Step-1 Removal of Hopper Not Required
Step-2 Removal of Adjustment Bolt Allen Key
Step-3 Removal of Cap Adjustable Spanner
Step-4 Removal of Crank Handle Allen Key
Step-5 Removal of Screw Shaft Not Required
Fig 4.3: Product Disassembly and Experimentation

Bill of materials (Table 4.5) includes each part name and its units, its functions and
operations, types of operations, manufacturing process, fabrication process.
It also shows all the dimensions, mass, type of material and manufacturing process of
all parts.
Table 4.5: Bill of Materials

Bill of Materials
Functional Analysis
Part No. Name Quantity Function Manufacturing process Mass Material
1 Crank 1 Give rotation Turning, welding 1.5Kg Mild Steel
Handle to screw shaft
2 Position 1 Connection Available 0.1Kg EN 8 Steel
Bolt of
Crank and
screw shaft
3 Press Cage 1 Support for the Turning, Drilling , 1.5 Kg Mild Steel
screw shaft welding
4 Screw Shaft 1 Crushing of CNC machining 2 Kg Stainless
seeds and nuts Steel 202
5 Base 1 Support the Cutting, Welding 1.5 Kg Mild Steel
total system
6 Cap 1 Collection of lathe , turning, drilling 0.3 Kg Stainless
Waste material Steel 202
7 Adjustment 1 Support the Milling 0.5 Kg EN 8 Steel
Bolt Cap
8 Hopper 1 Seeds and Cutting 0.7Kg Plastic bottle
Nuts input 750ml
4.4 Engineering specifications
The below Table 4.7 shows the functional requirements and constraints involved in
our product.
Each Functional requirement and Constraints have a demand or wish. We have to
study it and then note it down.
Next we decide whether the requirements are technically and economically feasible
or not.
How the functional requirements and constraints can be verified, this is also taken into
account.
Table 4.6: Specification Sheet of Oil Expeller
Parts Specifications
Crank handle Mild steel
Hopper GI Sheet
Screw Shaft Stainless Steel (202)
Washer Stainless Steel (202)
Press Cage Mild Steel (8mm plate)

(Base)
Press cage Aluminium (6063 T-6)

(Extraction Chamber)
Position Bolt Allen Bolt (BSW Thread,1/2 inch)
Adjustment Bolt Allen Bolt (BSW Thread,2 inch)
Cap Stainless Steel (202)

4.5 Basic Method: The House of Quality
Specifications for a new product are quantitative measurable criterias that the product
should be designed to satisfy. They are the measurable goals for the design team.
There are two aspects to a specification:
1. It is on a dimension that can support units.
2. It needs a target value.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a methodology for defining the customer’s
desires in the customer’s own voice, prioritizing these desires, translating them into
engineering requirements and establishing targets for meeting the specifications. It
also embodies tools for defining the right problem to solve where a series of matrices
are used to structure information acquisition and documentation. Each matrix is called
a house of quality.
The main highlights of House of Qualities are:
1. Establishing engineering requirements
2. Making the relationship clear between customer needs and engineering
requirements by establishing target values and checking for conflicts.
3. It forms a clear summary of the product specifications and supporting data.
Technical Difficulty 2 3 3 4 1 3
Measurement Units K.. Rs No. cm kw --
G
Object Target Values 1.5 2500 6-7 L50- -- --
/- H30
Objective Sreeji Expeller 1.6 2730 6 L52- -- --
/- H33
Measures
Goyum Press 1.6 2730 6 na -- --
/-
Gopal na 2730 6 ? -- --
/-
Company
Rising na 2730 6 L52- -- --
/- H33
Industries
Chapter 5 Product architecture
Introduction:
It is the stage where we begin to make key decisions on how the product will physically
look and operate. It starts with the creation of effective layouts of components and
subsystems.
Task was distributed for this session and it was completed accordingly.
Each task was assigned among the group members so as to complete it in due time.
The Table 5.1 below shows the task distribution for this section.

Work done by each member of Team ID 5 of Section D

Team member Task(s) Assignment date Completion date
1.Rishab Tripathy Hierarchy Model 18/1/2018 20/1/2018

PPT Preparation
2:Deeptesh Behera Geometric Layout 18/1/2018 20/1/2018
PPT Preparation
3:Swagat Pradhan Function Structure 18/1/2018 20/1/2018
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand Prepare Documents 18/1/2018 20/1/2018
Member 1:Rishab Tripathy Member 2:Deeptesh Behera
5.2 Modular design by basic clustering
This represents a basic technique for establishing a modular product architecture. The
overall goal is to translate the customer needs into rough layouts of a product. To
accomplish this goal, small modules must be identified in the product. A product
function structure begins the process followed by clustering, generating the rough
geometries and defining interactions.
Function Structure:
It clusters the modules into chunks. The chunks in assembly will give a sub system.
Each and every sub system combined gives a full systematic representation of the
product. Figure 5.1 below is the representation of clustered function structure.
Seeds in hopper Seed passes from hopper

Seeds
to press cage
Input Rotation of crank Rotation of screw Pressing of seeds Extraction of

human handle shaft oil
energy
Waste material Waste

from screw shaft to material
cap collection in
cap
Burner Fuel bottle is lighted Heat generated by

fuel fuel bottle
Fig 5.1: Clustered Function Structure

Oil Expeller
Base Mechanical
Accessories
Parts
Press
Cage Cap Screw Shaft Crank
Handle
Hopper Nuts, Fuel Bottle Container

Bolts, washer
Fig 5.2- Component hierarchy
In the above Figure 5.2, all the components of our product Hand Operated Oil Expeller
are arranged in a hierarchical order to define the whole system.
Crank handle Screw shaft Cap
Oil extracted fuel bottle waste

in container material
Input
collection
(human
energy) Output
Press Cage
Figure 5.3: Geometric Layout

Chapter 6
Concept Generation
This stage provides a forum for designers to apply creative ideas and contribute their
personal skill. The main goal of concept generation is to develop as many ideas as
possible. It also represents the time when technology is chosen or developed to fulfil
the customer needs. This approach will lead to broader number of solutions for each
of the product’s functions. These solution principles may be applied to alternative
layouts that are created and alternative concept classes defined by the portfolios. The
process is to combine the solution ideas of each product function into concept
variants. This step in the process is challenging and nonlinear. Concept generation
methods broadly are of two types:
1. Intuitive methods
It focuses on idea generation from within an individual or group of individuals .The
methods work to remove barriers to divergent thinking leading to better
visualization of the features in a product, the environment of idea generation may be
filled with conditions that promote creativity. Examples of this methods include
brainstorming and morphological charting.
2. Directed (logical)
Directed methods are systematic, step by step approach to search for a solution. This
method rely on technical information, expertise and guidelines to seek solutions to
technical problems.
6.1. Task Distribution and Monitoring

The task for this work has been divided among the group members. The Team leader
has assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completion
of the task as shown in Table 6.1.
Work done by each member of Team ID -5 of Section-D

Team member Task(s) to be performed Task assigned date Task completed on
1:Rishab Tripathy 6-3-5 Method
Brainstorming 23/1/2018 25/1/2018
PPT preparation
2:Deeptesh Behera Brainstorming 23/1/2018 25/1/2018
Morphological Chart
PPT Preparation
3:Swagat Pradhan Rough sketching 23/1/2018 25/1/2018
Component Sketching
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand Component Sketching 23/1/2018 25/1/2018
(No Task was done with (No Task was done with (No Task was done (No Task was done with
alternative arrangement) alternative arrangement) with alternative alternative
arrangement) arrangement)
6.2 Brainstorming
It is a powerful technique for generating concepts by intuitive method .The main focus
is on product function and architecture where team members communicate ideas
among themselves verbally during a set of time period .The aim of brainstorming is to
produce several concepts that might work as solution principles to a piece of the
design problem. The main advantage of brainstorming is the ability of a set of
individuals to collectively build on each other’s ideas that would not arise individually.
Team members will have to piggyback and leapfrog each other. Piggyback creates
building block ideas to words, body language, statements and concepts stated by a
team member. Leapfrog will help in bringing different expertise, skills, and personality
to a group effort.
Disadvantage of this method is that the right idea will not come at the right time.
Group conventions may get side tracked or original ideas may get inhibited.
6.3 C-sketch / 6-3-5 method
Table 6.2: Function to customer needs correlation for the Oil Expeller.
Sub function Associated customer need Weighted customer need

rating rating
Portable machine 4, 3 7
Life time of machine 4, 3 7

Machine maintenance 4, 3, 2, 1 10
Light weight machine 4, 3 7
Easy operations 4, 3, 2 9
No use of electricity 4 4
Cost of machine 4, 3 7
Easy wastage collection 4, 3, 2, 1 10
Stable machine 4, 3, 2 9
6.4 Component sketching
In the above Table 6.2, the customer needs are associated with the product functions
to determine the primary function drivers.
Once associated functions are identified, each receives the value of original Customer
need rating.
This approach effectively assigns a customer need rating to those functions that are
viewed to directly affect the associated customer need.
6.5 Morphological analysis
A systematic method for this assembly and continued idea creation is known as
morphological analysis or charting. It is a tool that provides a structured search and
combination of concepts in product design.
Table: 6.3 Initial Morphological Chart for Oil Expeller
FUNCTIONS ELECTRICAL HAND HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC

OPERATED
Input Energy Electricity Human Hydraulic (fluid) Pneumatic

Effort (compressed
air)
Input energy to Motor Crank Handle Hydraulic motor, Air compressor,

rotational energy Hydraulic cylinders Air motor
Rotational energy to Screw Shaft Screw Shaft Screw Shaft Screw shaft
pressing of seeds
Collection of wastage Cap Cap Cap Cap

6.6 Assembly sketching of concept variants
After brainstorming different ideas were generated and analysed. These ideas are
shown below by different sketching format.
Fig 6.2: Hand Operated Oil Expeller
Fig 6.3: Electrically Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter 7
Concept selection
Each concept variation developed earlier must be evaluated, compared and one
feasible concept must be chosen. The order of magnitudes estimation should be
employed to determine the technical feasibility of a product’s concept. Then, to select
a concept among the concepts that passes the order of magnitude analysis, a more
refined decision making analysis tool must be used. A basic method intended for this
is called the Pugh chart. Product development can be thought of as having three basic
tasks such as gathering information, making decisions, or disseminating information.
The concept selection process presented here is a means to deal with this uncertainty.
The selection process is a five step process plus iterations:
1. Forming consensus on the criteria.
2. Forming consensus on the alternatives.
3. Ranking the alternatives.
4. Evaluating the alternatives.
5. Attacking the negatives.

Task for this work has been divided among the group members. The Team leader has
assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completion of
this task as shown in Table 7.1.
Work done by each member of Team ID -5 of Section-D

1: Rishab Tripathy Choosing the concept 28/1/2018

PPT Preparation 25/1/2018
2:Deeptesh Behera Selection of the
concept 25/1/2018 28/1/2018
Pugh Chart
3:Swagat Pradhan Optimization of the 28/1/2018
concept 25/1/2018
4: Amit Chand Pugh chart
25/1/2018 28/1/2018
(No Task was done with (No Task was done with (No Task was done (No Task was done with
alternative arrangement) alternative with alternative alternative
arrangement) arrangement) arrangement)
7.2 Technical feasibility

Technical feasibility of a model is dependent on familiarity with dimensional units and
familiarity with the different values along the dimensions. There are four steps to
estimate the feasibility: imagine, model, compare and judging. These steps are
enriched with mathematics, science and engineering.
The first step is to paint a mental picture of what happens with the concept and
imagine points along energy, material or information flows through the concept where
one might measure an input-output change or a capacity build up in the concept. The
second step is to select each and every dimension of the model. The third step is to
use the concept and model to provide a comparison with the known quantity. The
fourth step is to judge whether the estimated quantity compares with a known
quantity.
According to each and every step, our prototype is designed. First the imagination,
then the dimension was cleared. Then the model was designed. Finally it is checked
with the conventional one.
An industrial concept selection process is a team based decision making effort. The
selection process is a five step process plus iterations:
1. Forming consensus on the criteria
2. Forming consensus on the alternatives
3. Ranking the alternatives
4. Evaluating the alternatives
5. Attacking the negatives
The first step is to establish evaluation criteria on which the concept selection decision
will be based. Generally, most selection decisions are based on three evaluation
criteria of cost, then development risk, technical difficulty, or ability to meet scheduled
delivery, and finally performance or customer satisfaction. The second step is forming
consensus on the alternatives which includes different alternatives, the definition of
each and every alternatives etc. The next step is to rank each clearly defined
alternatives. Once the ranking is completed for each criterion, the evaluations are
done
7.3 Using Pugh chart as decision making tool
Pugh chart is a type of a decision making tool which was developed by Pugh
(1990).These tools, known as Pugh charts, use a minimal evaluation scale and three
overall ranking matrices. Pugh charts are the most effective known tools for
preliminary concept selection when there is a minimal information quality available.
They are also effective as the information quality increases and the selection scale is
refined. The goal of any selection process is to obtain as much information and concept
details as cycle time and resources permit.
Table 7.2: Redesign Evaluation
CRITERIA EXPLANATION
Cost Machine Cost, Operation Cost
Efficiency Capacity Of Machine, Time Consumption, Output
Maintenance Maintenance Period and Cost
Size and Weight Size and Weight Of Machine
Human effort Requirement Of Human Energy
Electricity Requirement Of Electrical Energy
Table 7.3: PUGH CHART

ELECTRICAL HAND OPERATED HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC
Cost S + - -
Efficiency S - + +
Maintenance S + - -
Size and Weight S + - -
Human Effort S - + +
Electricity S + S S
∑+ 0 +4 +2 +2
∑- 0 -2 -3 -3
∑ 0 +2 -1 -1
In the Table 7.2 all the criteria are explained. The criteria are basically the customer
needs that say how the criteria can be achieved.
In the Table 7.3 (Pugh chart), a datum is taken for each criteria. The concepts were
now evaluated comparing with the datum. If the option in the concept holds equal
value to the datum, then S is noted down. If the concept is better than datum, then
“+1” is noted. If the concept has less value than the datum, then it is noted “-1”. Each
column bears a summation value that is noted down. Among all the values in the
column, the suitable concept is chosen.
Chapter 8
Product embodiment
Product embodiment enhances the role in the development of the thoughts or ideas.
Embodied designs bring mathematics to life, studying the effects on the body and on
the mind; researchers learn how to design objects and activities for learning. Learning
strategies based on embodied designs rely on motion and visualization; physical
activities are helpful in learning a mathematical concept. When students are physically
and mentally involved in learning, they retain content better. Recent theoretical
advances such as Embodied Cognitive Load Theory have been suggested to harvest
the potential advantages of embodied interaction modes for learning without filling
up the cognitive resources.

1:Rishab Tripathy Material Properties 29/1/2018 1/2/2018

Choosing FEMA Model
PPT Preparation
2:Deeptesh Behera Process layout & 29/1/2018 1/2/2018

Checklist
FEMA Model
PPT Preparation
3: Swagat Pradhan Embodied design 29/1/2018 1/2/2018
Report Writing
4: Amit Chand Material choice table 29/1/2018 1/2/2018
Report Writing
No alternative arrangement is done.

8.2 Refining geometry and layout
In the context of creating a robust product, two issues drive concept embodiment:
1.Refining a product’s geometry and architecture, and 2.Systems modelling towards
detailed design. These two issues pertain to four design scenarios: original design,
adaptive design where a significant new technology is introduced, adaptive design
where a simple system is modified, or parametric design. Of these four scenarios, the
complexity of developing an embodied product is much greater for the first two due
to the number of decisions that are needed. For any of these scenarios, however, the
desired results of an embodiment process include the following tangible
documentation: detailed drawings, exploded views, assembly diagrams etc.
Ideally, the result of concept development is a single concept, with one chosen
alternative for each sub system. In reality one usually ends up with one of three
situations:
A single concept with some function choices that are not set because they are not
primary.
A family or platform of products with single choices for each member of the family
The preliminary stages of the product development process transform a problem with
infinite possibilities, lots of imperfections, and unclear information into one that has
clarity and has a finite set of solutions associated with it. Embodiment design, on the
other hand, moves the process iteratively towards a definitive form, including:
Geometric layout
Material composition
Quality and manufacturability issue & Economics
The process begins by considering the product specifications. Using the customer
needs and other specifications, the critical needs are identified which will drive the
embodiment of the product.
Fig 8.2: Embodied Design of an Oil Expeller
Table: 8.2 Properties of Relevant Material
Materials Poisson’s Ratio Yield Strength Young’s Modulus (E)

(Gpa)
Stainless steel(202) 0.27-0.30 275 207
Mild Steel 0.29 370 205
Aluminium(6063 T-6) 0.33 210 69
8.3 SYSTEMS MODELLING:
This technique can be applied when embodying a concept. Systems models are
representations of a product that predict the product's performance under varying
input (environmental & boundaries) conditions. These models need to be extended to
facilitate design parameter and manufacturing decision during concept embodiment.
8.3.1. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Method
The foundation of robust product design is built on the concept of product quality and
engineering quality. Customer quality is to minimise the performance variation of a
product for all environmental and user conditions. Engineering quality is to ensure that
a product functions as it is intended to, without falling short of customer's implicit
expectation. The second type of quality is intended to ensure that a product has
adequate strength, reliability, environmental impact prevention and accident
prevention measures. A more advanced and complementary technique is known as
failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA). FMEA is an analytical technique used by a
product design team as a means to identify, define and eliminate any kind of failures
to the extent possible known as potential failure modes of a product system. This
technique should be used cooperatively with systems modelling to investigate and
determine good choices for variables that define a product.
Table 8.3: Partial Failure Modes and Effect Analysis of Oil Expeller (FMEA Method)
Part Potential Potential S Potential O Current D Recommended

& failure effects of E Causes C Design E Actions
function mode failure V C Control/Test T
E U s E
R R C
T
Crank Vibration Instability of 6 Due to 7 Solidworks 7 Regular

Handle the Excessive simulation Maintenance
Carrying Device Force and limited
Human load
Energy application
Strength of 4 Material 6 Selection of
metal testing proper
machine material
Screw Fatigue Ineffectiveness 7 Failure 8 Solidworks 5 Use of High

Shaft failure in due to simulation Strength
converts Crushing repeated Material
Human Seeds and loading
Energy to Groundnut
Rotational
Energy
Press Corrosion Improper 4 Due to 5 Corrosion 4 Use of
Cage of Crushing Interaction Testing Stainless
Support Internal of raw Materials
for the Surface materials
Screw with the
Shaft internal
surface
8.3.2: Systems Model 2D Drawing
Fig 8.4.1: Adjustment Bolt Fig 8.4.2: Cap
Fig 8.4.3: Handle Fig 8.4.4: Hopper

Fig 8.4.5: Press cage
Fig 8.4.6: Screw Shaft

Fig 8.4.7: Washer
Fig 8.4.8: Oil Expeller

8.3.3: Solid Models
Chapter 9
Product metric model
This metric model is a reference like model which is made up by taking the help of
proper dimensioning. And, here we have to select the dimensions and other
measurements according to the requirements of the customers and the targeted
market. This is only so that we can maintain the usages and abilities to buy from the
customers. For each organizational event, the metric model is first checked, and then
the accessories are designed accordingly to the metric model.

1: Rishab Tripathy Weightage of product 1/2/2018 3/2/2018

function based on
performance level
2: Deeptesh Behera Dimensions of model 1/2/2018 3/2/2018
parts drawn by using
solid works
3: Swagat Pradhan Model preparation & 1/2/2018 3/2/2018
selection based on the
metric system
4: Amit Chand PPT preparation 1/2/2018 3/2/2018
Report writing

9.2 Model selection by performance specifications

While selecting a model metric for a product, we should clarify and improve a
product’s concept so that engineering principles can be easily applied. Many
possibilities only exist for formulating a good mathematical model. Model Preparation
provides a means of narrowing down the possibilities by
allowing us to systematically choose a metric and a modelling approach that will
encourage confidence in the design team.
Table 9.2: Weighting of Product Function
Customer requirements Weightage Scaled Importance
Weightage
Portability of machine 4 7 
Cost of transportation 3 7 
Machine maintenance 4 10 
Light weight machine 4 7 
Cost of production of oil 4 9 
Electricity free 3 4 
Machine parts cost 4 7 
Easy of assembling and 3 10 

disassembling the system.
Machine life period 3 9 
Table 9.3 Possible Metric for a hand operated oil expeller

Transmitting Force Units
Initial RPM min⁻1
Final RPM min⁻1
Angular Velocity Rad/Sec
Power Watt
Weight Newton
9.3 Constructing Product Models
Early stages of product development provides us with all the necessary descriptions of
what we need to add in order to get the perfect model in a design problem. Model
preparation and selection establishes the first link of the informal description to a
quantified metric. Having a complete functional model & architectural layout provides
us with additional structure to further construct a formal model.
Function decomposition is the first step in constructing a completely engineered
model. The function structure contains a simple identification of informal information.
The entries are not necessarily model variables, but simply flow of energy, materials
and signals through component concepts that solve the function. More structure is
needed to maximize the product performance. This structure is simply obtained by
relating the performance values to the design configuration values through design
variables.
Identify The Customer Needs & Engineering Requirements
Identify The flow )
Identify Physical Mechanisms
Target The Dimensions & Precisions
Constructing The Model
Appling Dimensional Analysis,

& Group Variables
Implementing Computations
(Theoretical Analysis by spread sheet & Computational analysis by) FEM etc.
Interrogating The Model

( )
Display the model
Fig. 9.1: Advanced Modelling Approach For Product Metrics

Chapter 10
Design for Manufacture, Assembly & Environment
A common failure in product development is making products that operate as required
but are also very hard to build. Difficulty in manufacturing makes a product expensive
and infeasible. Design for manufacturing and assembly is the analysis part and
redesigning of a product to make it easier and simpler to manufacture. The society
generates and consumes a large percentage of the earth’s resources that we must
consider our impact on the environment in our technical decision making. Designing
for environment is a product design approach in order to reduce the impact of
different products on the environment.
The task for the work has been divided among the group members. The Team leader
has assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completing
the task as shown in Table10.1
Table 10.1: Work Distribution
Work done by each member of Team 5 of Section D
1: Rishab Tripathy Production Cost Analysis 5/2/2018 7/2/2018
Breakdown
Report Writing
2:Deeptesh Behera Production Cost Analysis 5/2/2018 7/2/2018
Breakdown
Report Writing
3:Swagat Pradhan Parts Cost Analysis 5/2/2018 7/2/2018
4:Amit Chand Parts Cost Analysis 5/2/2018 7/2/2018


10.2. Applying Design Guidelines
The most basic approach in order to design, manufacture and assembling is to apply
the design guidelines. After developing a design concept, one should check it on each
of the design guidelines and change the design accordingly to satisfy the guidelines.
DFA Guidelines
1. Minimize the part count by incorporating multiple functions into single parts.
2. Modularise multiple parts into single sub-assemblies.
3. Assemble the parts in open spaces, not in confined space.
4. Make parts easy to identify and how to orient them for insertion.
5. Standardise parts to reduce part varieties.
6. Maximise part symmetry.
7. Design according to geometric or weight polar properties.
8. Eliminate tangy parts.
9. Colour code parts that are different but similar in shape.
10. Prevent the nesting of parts among each other.
11. Provide orientation features for non-symmetric parts.
12. Design the mating features properly for easy insertion.
13. Provide alignment features.
14. Insert new parts into an assembly from above.
15. Insert parts from the same direction. Never turn the assembly over around.
16. Eliminate fasteners.
17. Place fasteners away from obstructions.
18. Deep channels should be sufficiently wide to provide access for fastening tools.
19. Providing flats for uniform fastening & fastening ease.
20. Proper spacing ensures allowance for a fastening tool.
10.3 Manufacturing Cost Analysis
The design for manufacturing and assembly philosophy aside from the cost analysis is
to determine how the product delivers major costs to compare with the competition.
Major cost drains can arise from material procurement, part production, assembly or
finalised product delivery.
Manufacturing cost is the sum of all the expenditures while purchasing inputs and
disposing of the outputs to the manufacturing system. This includes raw materials,
purchased components, employee's efforts, energy, equipment, maintenance
materials and plant disposal costs. A metric of cost commonly used is a unit of
manufacturing cost, which is the total manufacturing expenses over a period of time
divided by the total number of units produced during that period.
Selling Price
Manufacturing Cost Distribution Cost Retail Cost
Piece Parts Assembly Overhead
Original Custom Labor Tooling

Equipment Parts
Manufacturing
Parts
Tooling Set-Up Processing

Materials
Fig.10.1: Production Cost Analysis Breakdown

For product development purposes, a more effective breakdown is to consider costs
according to the physical manufacturing processes. Each of these can then be used
and different processes can be considered. As shown in figure 10.1, we will form a
contributing manufacturing cost breakdown consisting of:
• Piece Part Costs: This covers the cost of both parts made as well as bought from the
suppliers.
• Assembly Costs: This covers the costs of assembling the parts into the product.
• Overhead Rate: This covers the costs of supporting direct production of parts and
assembly.
Adjustment Bolt Cap Position Bolt
Crank Handle Hopper

Complex Parts:
Screw Shaft Press Cage
Assembly Tree
The first step in establishing an assembly cost model is to establish the assembly
sequence hierarchy. In the tree diagram, the final product is the trunk and each
attached part is a leaf. Exploded view (Figure 10.3) diagrams are very helpful in
constructing the assembly tree.
Fig. 10.3: Exploded View of Oil Expeller

Oil Expeller
Handle Cap
Position Bolt Adjustment Bolt
Crank handle & screw Screw shaft & press

Shaft assembly Cage assembly
Support
Base
Fig 10.4: Oil Expeller System Assembly Tree
Table 10.2: Oil Expeller Parts Cost

Part name Material cost Machining cost Processing cost Total Cost
Screw Shaft - Rs 1500/- - Rs/ 1500-
Handle Rs 100/- - - Rs 100/-
Position Bolt Rs 80/- - - Rs 80/-
Press Cage Rs 600/- - - Rs 600/-
Cap Rs 500/- - - Rs 500/-
Adjustment Bolt Rs 100/- - - Rs 100/-
Hopper Rs 100/- - - Rs 100/-
Washer Rs 30/-
Total Cost Rs /- 3010
10.4. Design for Environment (DFE)
Design for environment is a very important section for any design team because at the
end of the day the team’s main goal is to design something that is not only efficient
but also friendly towards the environment in order to leave a positive impact.
We have to think of the society and about the welfare of others before we start
dumping unused waste neglecting its consequences. A growth area for society,
engineering and design can be achieved by simply maintaining a standard which meets
the adhered technological standards, but at a sustainable level of low environmental
impact so that it may not harm the environment at an alarming rate. Design for the
environment is a product design approach for reducing the impact of designed
products on the environment and on the society as a whole.
10.4.1. List of Environmental Issue & Guidelines

In general there are two issues having an effect on the environment :-
Global Issues
There are pollution problems which scourge the earth on a global scale. These include
concerns over climatic changes, ozone layer depletion, loss of biodiversity and
extinction.
Our parts and assembled system have no global issues.
Regional & Local Issues
These are the environmental problems that affect the environment on a regional or
more local level. These include problems like acid rain, pollution caused from by-
products. Air pollution & smog also are regional problems. Water pollution, either in
the ground water, river, bay, or ocean, is also a regional problem.
Our parts and assembled system have no global issues.
DFE Guidelines
Table 10.3: Product Structure Guidelines
Guidelines Reasons
Design a product to be multifunctional. More eco-efficient than many unique function
products.
Minimize the number of parts by creating Reduces assembly, disassembly time & resources.
multifunctional parts.
Avoid separate springs, pulleys or harnesses. Reduces disassembly time & resources.
Instead, embed these functions into parts.
Make designs as modular as possible. Allows options of servicing, upgrading & recycling.
Design a reusable product & reusable modules. Allows options of servicing, upgrading & recycling.
Locate unrecyclable parts in one subsystem that Speeds disassembly.

can be quickly removed.
Locate parts with the highest value in easily Enables partial disassembly for optimum results.
accessible places, with an optimized removal
steps
Design parts for stability during disassembly Manual disassembly is faster with a stable base.
For plastic parts, avoid embedding metal inserts Creates the need for shredding & separation.
or reinforcements.
Access and break points should be made obvious. Logical structuring speeds disassembly process.
Specifying re-manufactured parts. Stimulates demand for reducing raw material

consumption.
Specify reusable containers for shipping. Reduces raw material consumption.
Design power down features for different Eliminates unnecessary power consumption for
subsystems in a product when there are not in idle components.
use.
Create each part with the same material. Eliminates the need for disassembly during
recycling.
Table 10.4: Material Selection Guidelines
Guideline Reason
Avoiding restricted materials. They have certain negative impacts.
Minimising the different types of material used. Simplifies the recycling and arranging process.
For attached parts, standardise on the same or a Reduces the need for disassembly and re-sorting.
compatible material and eliminate incompatible
materials.
Mark the materials on all parts. Accurate identification and sorting increases
material value.
Use recycled materials. Stimulate the market for material that has been
recycled and making use of waste materials.
Use materials that can be recycled. Minimize waste and discarding.
Avoid composite materials. Composites are not pure materials and are
difficult to recycle.
Use high strength materials on non-stationery Reduce non-stationery mass and therefore energy
parts. consumption.
Use alloy metals that are more recyclable. Pure metals can be recycled into many other
applications.
If the same base metal can be used, different Aluminium, steel and magnesium alloys are
metals can be fastened. readily separated from shredder output and
recycled.
Hazardous parts should be clearly marked and Rapidly eliminate parts of negative values.
easily removed.
Chapter 11
Analytical and Numerical Model Solutions
The concept is generated, mathematically, so that multiple configurations may be
searched in order to realise more effective solutions. A number of solution methods
are used to solve problems faced during modelling the product. These methods
include finite element method, finite difference method, modal analysis method,
dynamic simulations, optimisation, etc.
has assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completing
of the task as shown in Table11.1:
Work done by each member of Team 5 of Section D
1:Rishab Tripathy Finite Element Analysis 7/2/2018 10/2/2018
Report Writing
2:Deeptesh Behera Finite Element Analysis 7/2/2018 10/2/2018
PPT Preparation
3:Swagat Pradhan Theoretical Analysis 7/2/2018 10/2/2018
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand Theoretical Analysis 7/2/2018 10/2/2018

Member 1: Rishab Tripathy Member 2:Deeptesh Behera
Mathematical Equations and numerical calculation for Hand Operated Oil Expeller
Crushing Force, P= σ × A (Eq no. 14.2 – R.L. Norton)

Pitch diameter= dp= dmajor– p/2 (Eq no. 14.1 – R.L. Norton)
tan ƛ = 𝐿 /(𝜋×𝑑𝑝) (Eq no. 14.3 – R.L. Norton)
Force acting on screw thread =F= P[(µ𝑐𝑜𝑠ƛ+𝑠𝑖𝑛ƛ)/(𝑐𝑜𝑠ƛ−µ𝑠𝑖𝑛ƛ)]
(Eqno.14.4c – R.L. Norton)
Torque =T=F×(𝑑𝑝/2)x[(𝐿+µ𝜋𝑑𝑝)/(𝜋𝑑𝑝−µ𝐿)]
(Eqno. 14.4e – R.L. Norton)
Angular Velocity =ω=2πN/60
Power =Ø=T×ω
Screw Efficiency =e= (1−𝜇𝑡𝑎𝑛ƛ)/(1+µ𝑐𝑜𝑡ƛ) (Eq no. 14.7f – R.L. Norton)
Sheared Area =As=π×dr×Wi×P (Eq no. 14.8a – R.L. Norton)
Shear Stress =τs=F/As (Eq no. 14.8c – R.L. Norton)
Torsional Stress= τ =T/J=16T/πdr3 (Eq no. 14.9 – R.L. Norton)
Data for Stainless Steel 202(UNS S20200),
Tensile Strength(σ)=515MPa
Yield Strength(Su)=275MPa
Elastic Modulus(E)=207GPa
Poisson’s Ratio=0.28
tan ƛ = 𝐿 /(𝜋×𝑑𝑝) = (12/ 𝜋×18)
So, ƛ = 11.96°
Where dp = Pitch Diameter
L = Lead = Pitch =12mm
ƛ = Lead Angle
Force acting on screw thread( F)= P[(µ𝑐𝑜𝑠ƛ+𝑠𝑖𝑛ƛ)/(𝑐𝑜𝑠ƛ−µ𝑠𝑖𝑛ƛ)] = 12733.77 N
F = 12.733KN
Torque required to rotate the screw shaft,
T = F×(𝑑𝑝/2)x[(𝐿+µ𝜋𝑑𝑝)/(𝜋𝑑𝑝−µ𝐿)] = 62.69 Nm
N = 30RPM
Angular Velocity (ω) = 2πN/60 = 3.141 rad/sec
Power (Ø) = T×ω = 62.69×3.141= 196.91W= 0.197KW
Screw Efficiency =e= (1−𝜇𝑡𝑎𝑛ƛ)/(1+µ𝑐𝑜𝑡ƛ) = 0.3875 = 38.75%
Different stresses acting on the screw shaft,
Sheared Area (As) = π×dr×Wi×P = π×12×10-3×0.50×0.012 = 2.261×10-4m2
Where, Wi = Area Factor (from Table No.14.5 R L.Norton)
Shear Stress (τ) = F/As = 12.733×103/2.261×10-4=56315789 Pa = 56.31MPa
Torsional Stress=Tr/J = 16T/πdr3 = 184.76 MPa
Force, Torque and Power Calculations:

Major Diameter of Screw Shaft(D) = 24mm
Minor Diameter(d) = 12mm
Pitch(p) = 12mm(Standard)
Factor of Safety = 10
Coefficient of friction(µ) = 0.3
Crushing Force, P = σ × A = = (515×106×π/4×0.0242)/10 = 23298.05 N = 23.298 KN
Pitch diameter, dp = dmajor – p/2 = 24 – 12/2= 18mm
Hopper Design
R = outer radius = 52.5mm
r =inner radius = 18mm
H = external height = 107mm
h = internal height = 40mm
Volume of Hopper = V = 1/3( π (R2H-r2h)
= 2.952×10-4 m3
11.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Finite Element Analysis is an effective design platform which helps in accomplishing
the required task efficiently. This method is quite inexpensive as the materials used
are cheap and also safe in a variety of operating conditions. SOLIDWORKS uses FEA
methods to calculate the stresses acting on the product due to different types of loads
such as:
• Forces
• Pressures
• Accelerations
• Temperatures, etc.
Loads Analysis:
Load type Load Load Details
Entities:
Reference: 1 face(s)
Type: Face< 1 >
Value: Apply torque
Phase -62.69 N.m
Torque-1 Angle: 0
Units: deg
Contact:
Contact Contact Image Contact Properties

Type: Bonded
Components: 1 component
Options: Compatible
mesh
Global Contact
Mesh Information
Mesh type: Solid Mesh
Mesh used: Curvature based mesh
Jacobian points: 4 Points
Maximum element size: 9.09232 mm
Minimum element size: 1.81846 mm
Mesh quality: High
Remesh failed parts with incompatible mesh: Off

Meshed product
Mesh Control Name Mesh Control Image Mesh Control Details
Entities: 1 Solid Body

Units: mm
Size: 4.43527
Ratio: 1.5
Control-1
Resultant Forces:
Reaction Forces
Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N 0.0347346 598.992 -413.325 727.756
Reaction Moments
Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N.m 0 0 0 0
12. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS:
MAXIMUM VON MISES STRESS MAXIMUM MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT

EQUIVALENT STRAIN
264 MPa 0.000860978 1.6656 mm
We got to know that,

The stresses developed on various parts of the assembly are within the yield stress
limit of the material.
There is slight displacement of the product during operation.
Negligible strain is produced in the machine.
Chapter 12
Physical Prototype
A physical prototype is an assembly that is fabricated by taking the various individual
parts of the product into account. It is the simplified form of the products concept.
Certain conditions are created in order to test it to find out its operation ranges. This
is best done with the help of a prototype whilst being able to extract as much data
possible from these tests.

has assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for the
completion of the task as shown in Table 12.1:

Team leader:Rishab Tripathy
1:Rishab Tripathy Marketing & 12/2/2018 17/2/2018

manufacturing
2:Deeptesh Behera Manufacturing 12/2/2018 17/2/2018
3:Swagat Pradhan Manufacturing 12/2/2018 17/2/2018
Report Writing
4:Amit Chand Marketing & 12/2/2018 17/2/2018
Manufacturing
(No Task was done with alternative arrangement)
12.2. Mock-Up Materials and Processes
For the material selection process, a number of criteria’s should be satisfied when
making a decision:
1. Cost
2. Availability
3. Ability to undergo changes
4. Ease of forming capability
5. Scalable geometry and properties
Based on these criterias, we have selected some materials that are available for
prototyping.
Wood
Generally wood materials are very good during early prototyping stage. Wood
materials are readily available, easily workable using inexpensive tools, and are
available in large variety of sizes.
Table 12.2: Prototyping Properties of Wood
Hard wood • More expensive than pine

(Oak, Birch, Mahogany etc.)
• Makes more precise joints
• Holds fastener better
• Higher load capability
• High strength
Plywood • Available in large sheet
• Choice of grades
• Wood products impregnated with resins

Wood Products • Very dense
• Available in sheets
Metals
Metals are the most preferred material for prototype construction. For smaller scale
customer products, off the shelf components are frequently used when metal
subsystems are needed in prototypes. In some cases, it is necessary to fabricate metal
components from raw materials to be used in the prototype.
Table 12.3: Prototyping Properties of Metals
• Easily machinable
• High strength to weight ratio
Aluminium
• Difficult to weld
• Available in variety of alloys and shapes
• High strength
Steel • Easy welding
• Available in plates as well as bars.
• Easily machinable
Brass • Can be brazen
• Corrosion resistance
• Relatively expensive
Prototyping processes
Numerical models allow us to experiment with the product without the threat of any
error to the actual product. Likewise, solid modelling and rendering have enabled the
process of visualisation and error correction of the product’s geometry with the added
option of making necessary changes to it. Prototyping fabrication process makes this
step possible. A number of fabrication processes exist for creating the desired
prototypes.
12.3. Prototype Planning and Design
Table 12.4: List of materials with specifications used in the system
Sl.No. Raw materials to be used Specifications of raw Components to be
materials manufactured
1 MS plate Thickness- 6mm Base

2 MS pipe Thickness- 1inch Extraction Chamber
3 MS pipe Thickness- 0.5inch Handle
4 G.I sheet Thickness- 0.5mm Hopper
5 Screw Shaft 24mm dia knuckle grooved Screw shaft
square threaded
6 Nut, Bolts and Washer As per requirement
7 MS plate Thickness-6mm Supporting Stand
8 Cap Stainless steel(202)
12.4. Fabricating the components

For Base –
Raw Material used is Mild Steel plate. Plates were cut according to given dimensions.
Then milling of the plates were done. Drilling of holes were done as per requirement.
For Handle –
A MS rod was heated and bent. Another small MS pipe with a hole in it was welded at
one end in order to accommodate the handle of the screw shaft.
For Hopper –
For the hopper GI sheet was supposed to be bent into required shape, but in order to
reduce the overall cost and to make use of discarded waste materials a bottle was cut
in half and used as the hopper.
For Support plate –
Raw Material used is Mild Steel plate. Plates were cut according to given dimensions.
Then milling of the plates were done. Drilling of holes were done as per requirement.
For Press cage –
MS pipe was turned in lathe machine and welded to the support plate. Another small
MS pipe was welded at the top of the press cage to facilitate seed intake.
For Screw shaft –
A MS rod was converted into a screw shaft using CNC machining.
12.5. Assembly of all components:
- The base plate was welded with the support plate.

- The seed intake pipe was welded at the top of the press cage.
- The screw shaft along with the washer was inserted into the press cage.
- The press cage was then press fitted with the cap and adjustment bold was tightened.
- Then the press cage was welded to the support plate at the other end.
- The handle was attached and locked with a pin.
- Finally the hopper was inserted.
Chapter 13
Prototype Testing and Improvements
The main problems faced during prototype fabrication is the quantity that is to be
built, the variables involved, how to control noise and experimental uncertainties, and
how to finalise the data obtained from testing. These issues bring into light the subject
of the design of experiments. It provides a statistical ground for analysing the problems
face during an experiment.
has assigned different tasks to different members and set the timeline for completion
of this task as shown in Table 13.1:
Team leader:Rishab Tripathy
1:Rishab Tripathy Testing 19/2/2018 21/2/2018
2:Deeptesh Behera Testing 19/2/2018 21/2/2018
3:Swagat Pradhan Testing , Product cost and 19/2/2018 21/2/2018

Bill of materials
4:Amit Chand Testing 19/2/2018 21/2/2018


13.2. Design of experiments:
INSERT ASSEMBLY PIC
- When the product is ready to be tested, but before testing we need to make sure
certain steps are followed in order to get a positive and safe output.
- Nuts and seeds of different types are supplied through the hopper at a rate of 1kg/
hour with gaps in between.
- A spirit lamp or a candle is lighted at the bottom of the press cage for about 5 mins
in order to preheat the seeds and to make sure the oil does not stick to the interior
surface of the press cage.
- A collector is placed at the proper location in order to collect the oil that is being
extracted from the seeds.
- After making sure the above steps are carried out properly we then proceed to rotate
the crank handle in order to get our desired output of oil.
Test Results and Analysis:

First, we inserted groundnut seeds into the hopper and the handle was rotated gently.
After some time the extracted oil was collected in a jar correspondingly with the waste
material being collected from the cap. The main problem faced with the entire process
was that due to more pitch of the screw shaft some seeds were not crushed properly
and some oil was being collected at the cap end. From the mass of the waste material
collected we got to calculate the oil yield percentage. And thus from the oil yield
percentage we can calculate the efficiency of the screw shaft and the expeller.
Secondly, the same procedure was repeated by using peanuts after a thorough
cleaning of the inner assembly of the oil expeller.
Raw Material Standard % of Oil Actual % of Oil Efficiency of the

machine
Yield Yield
Groundnut 50 20 40
Peanut 40 15 37.5
Overall Efficiency= (40+37.5)/2=38.75%

13.3. Scope of improvement
Improvements that can be implemented to increase overall efficiency and feasibility
are-
- Noise can be reduced by using a bearing and proper lubrication.
- Oil yield can be increased by decreasing the pitch of the screw shaft which helps in
crushing seeds easily.
- Work experience can be perfected by applying a rubber cladding at one end of the
handle.
- Different material choice for the cap can help reduce cost.
13.4. Product Cost and Bill of Materials
Bill Of Materials
Functional Analysis Cost Analysis
Part No. Name Quantity Function Manufacturing Mass Material Cost

process
1 Handle 1 Give rotation to Turning, Heat 0.425Kg Mild Steel (AISI 100/-
shaft treatment, 1018)
Welding
2 Position Bolt 1 Connection Available 0.1Kg EN 8 Steel (AISI 80/-
Between Crank 1040)
and shaft
3 Press Cage 1 Support the Shaft Drilling, Turning, 1.57Kg Mild Steel (AISI 600/-
Welding 1018)
4 Screw Shaft 1 Crushing of seeds, CNC machining 0.35Kg Stainless Steel 1500/-
nuts (UNS S20200)
5 Cap 1 Collection of Turning, Drilling, 0.2 Kg Mild Steel (AISI 500/-
Wastage Threading 1018)
6 Adjustment 1 Support the Cap Available 0.1 Kg Mild Steel (AISI 100/-
Bolt 1018)
7 Hopper 1 Input for Seeds, Cutting 0.075Kg Plastic bottle 100/-
Nuts 750 ml
8 Washer 1 Provide safety to Available 0.01kg Mild Steel (AISI 30/-
screw shaft 1018)
Total Cost 3010/-
Chapter 14
Conclusions
A Hand Operated Oil expeller was designed and manufactured by mainly using locally
available and discarded materials in order to avoid wastage, It was tested with
groundnut and peanuts for oil extraction. The expeller was simple enough for local
fabrication except the screw shaft. It’s operation, repair and maintenance were also
quite simple. It is operated manually with an overall efficiency of 38.75 %. The expeller
was mainly designed to be used for small scale groundnut oil extraction in the rural
and urban communities where there is lack of electricity and transportation cost to
the towns play a vital role. A cottage groundnut oil processing plant based on this
technology can make and an individual can be self-employed. The groundnut oil
produced will be available at affordable costs for consumers and also the waste
material can be used as manure for livestock feed mills. The best part of our product
is it can easily designed, manufactured & disassembled with the proper tools.
References
[1]. Kevin N. Otto And Kristin L. Wood "Product Design"2006, ISBN 978-81-7758-821-7, Pearson India
Education Pvt. Ltd. , Noida (U.P.), India, 2015.
[2]. Shigley J.E. and Uicker J.J, JR., (1995) “Theory of Machines and Mechanisms”, Second Edition,
Singapore: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 372-376.
[3]. Design and Construction of Groundnut Oil Expeller, Akerele O. V. and *Ejiko, S.O.,Department of
Mechanical Engineering,The Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.
[4]. Alonge, A. F., Olaniyan, A. M., Oje, K., & Agbaje, C. O. (2004): Development of a screw pressfor
village level groundnut oilextraction. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 12,46-
53
[5]. Gunstone, F. D. and Norris, F. A. (1983). “Lipids in food; Chemistry”, Biochemistry and
Technology, Pergamon Press
[6]. Olaomi, J. (2008) “Design and Construction of a Motorized Groundnut oil Expelling
Machine” B. Eng Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ilorin,

[7]. Machine Design , An integrated approach, 3rd Edition, Robert.L.Norton,page (815-828)
[8]. http://www.azom.com/search.aspx?q=stainless%20steel%20202&site=all&fsb=1
[9]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_thread_form
[10]. http://www.rajkumaragromachines.com/oil-mill-plants.html#hand-operated-oil-expeller [11].

http://www.gemco-machine.com/Oil-Press/

Hand Operated Oil - Expeller

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hand Operated Oil - Expeller

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design and Development of Hand Operated Oil

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prof. Dr. S.K. Acharya (Internal Design Panel – ME)

Prof. Dr. H.K. Sarangi (Internal Design Panel – ME)

Signature of Students Registration Number

Project Guide Project Co-ordinator HOD Examiner

The process of manufacturing is very important in order to carry out this

σ Tensile Strength (MPa)

Key Business or Providing Oil Expeller at Reasonable Price and Help

Primary Market Farmers and Focusing on Frequent Oil Expeller

Secondary Market Oil Expelling Industries

Assumptions Small, Compact, Light Weight and Portable Oil

Avenues for Creative Ease of Oil Expelling,

1.2 Student outcomes and Bloom’s taxonomy of learning levels

A An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering

B An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

C An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs

D An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

E An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems

F An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

G An ability to communicate effectively

H The broad education necessary to understand

I A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning

J A knowledge of contemporary issues

K An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools

Table 1.2: Learning levels

1.4 Design checkpoint

1.5 Design team formation and team charter

Name Registration number Design Problem

2 Deeptesh Behera 1441018366 Design And

Name of guide: PRAGYAN SENAPATI

Team leader: Rishab Tripathy

1:Rishab Tripathy Questionnaire 10/1/2018 13/1/2018

Customer statement Interpreted need Importance

Customer statement Interpreted need Importance

• No transportation • No power equipment • Important

• Machine should • Analysis for machine life • Very important

2 Good Life period of machine 4 9 1

4 Light weight/ compact 4 7 3

7 Low Cost of machine 4 6 4

8 Easy wastage collection and cleaning 3 5 3 1 1

Weightage calculation of waste collection is

Stress Stress must be less than the yield stress value

Cost Cost must be less

Stability The base of the machine should be stable while

Factor of safety The system should have a large factor of safety

Signature of Team Members:

3.2 Function tree by FAST method

Fig. 3.1: FAST diagram for Oil Expeller

Making of Oil Expeller

Input Seeds Input Rotating Rotation Extraction Collection

Human Dispense Collection

3.4 Black Box Modelling

Raw Materials Expel Oil

Fig 3.3: Black box model of Oil Expeller

Fig 3.4: Function structure of Oil Expeller

4.1 Task distribution and monitoring

Table 4.1: Work done by each member

Work done by each member of Team D5

Team members Task(s) to be performed Task assigned date Task completed on

1:Rishab Tripathy Bench Marking 16/1/2018 18/1/2018

Task name Originally assigned to Reason for non- Member, who

Signature of Team Members: