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Catvāraha Māpadaṅdam: Four Parameters for analysing transformation of

Indian Vernacular Architecture- A Case of Kutchi Bhungas.
Ar. J.R. Mota 1*, Prof. Ar. A. Holey 2*
1
Architect (M.Arch- TIAKS, MIT-ADT University, Pune), Mumbai
2
Core Faculty at MIT School of Architecture, MIT Art Design and Technology University, TIAKS Division, Pune
* Corresponding author; E-mail: amol.holey@mituniversity.edu.in

Abstract: This paper aims to present parameters for analysing transformation of Vernacular Architecture, showcasing the
case of Bhungas in the Banni region, Gujarat. The primary objective is to examine the changes in architectural features,
by comprehensively documenting the elements, diagrams, partis and construction methods employed in the Bhungas, the
study sheds light on the intricate relationship between the built environment and the cultural practices of the local
communities. Furthermore, it also looks into the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors that have influenced
the transformation of the Bhungas and the implications of these changes for the region's cultural identity and sustainable
development. This research contributes to the broader discourse on the preservation and conservation of vernacular
architecture. The insights gained from this study can inform policymakers, architects, and heritage conservationists in
developing strategies and interventions to safeguard the cultural heritage embedded within vernacular architecture. It is
imperative to recognize the significance of assessing parameters for vernacular architecture as a testament to the historical,
cultural, and environmental contexts of a region and to foster a balanced approach that acknowledges the need for
development while preserving the invaluable heritage of the past.

Background:

As we delve into the evolution and transformation of the Bhungas, this research addresses the broader discourse on the
preservation and conservation of vernacular architecture in India. The Bhungas' journey offers valuable insights into
historical and cultural contexts that have shaped these structures over time. Understanding these nuances becomes crucial
to craft buildings that resonate with local contexts, fostering a sense of place and cultural identity. The research methodology
applied to the Bhungas of the Banni region is not just a singular exploration; it serves as a model for comprehensively
studying the transformation of vernacular architecture in other regions of India. By adapting the frameworks and
methodologies employed in this study, researchers gain the means to extract insights into the broader transformation and
evolution of vernacular architecture across the country. The study's focus on the Banni Region stems from the impactful
changes triggered by the 2001 earthquake, influencing not only the physical landscape but also the cultural and architectural
identity of the region. Previous studies in Kutch have spotlighted the resilience of vernacular structures and the fusion of
traditional and contemporary styles in the aftermath of the earthquake, providing a foundation for our exploration. During
my 2022 summer travels in Kutch, I stumbled upon a Bhunga, completely transformed with Ultratech Cement advertisement
in it's elevation and Mangalore tiled roofs. This revelation, coupled with the hypothesis that linked these changes to post-
quake development, set the stage for a critical exploration. The selection of the Banni Region as a case study aims to uncover
the aspirations of its people, assess the suitability of design changes, and evaluate the impact on the quality of living spaces.
Through this investigation, we aim to contribute to the collective understanding of vernacular architecture and its
transformation, providing a unique perspective on the Bhungas' journey in the cultural landscape of India.
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Figure 1- Ultra- Tech Bhungas from my visit to Kutch (src: clicked by author)

Introduction:

Vernacular architecture of India is an essential aspect of cultural heritage that reflects the local traditions, customs, and
environment. However, the vernacular architecture of India is transforming. The Bhungas of Banni region in Gujarat, India,
are an example of vernacular architecture that has evolved over time to adapt to the local environment and socio-cultural
needs. As one observes, post 2001 quakes, the Bhungas have undergone significant transformation, raising concerns about
the loss of cultural identity and sustainable practices. Studying the transformation of vernacular architecture provides
insights into the historical and cultural contexts that have shaped these structures. This knowledge can inform contemporary
architects and designers in creating buildings that are sensitive to local contexts, fostering a sense of place and cultural
identity. The research process applied to the Bhungas of the Banni region can serve as a model for studying the
transformation of vernacular architecture in other similar or different regions of India. By adapting the research
methodologies and frameworks, valuable insights can be gained into the transformation and evolution of vernacular
architecture across the country.

Figure 2- Different geographical conditions in Kutch (src: clicked by author)

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Introduction to Study Area- Banni, Kutch

Kutch, an ancient region steeped in history, finds its roots in the Mahabharata as 'Abhir,' later referred to by Greek travellers
as 'Abira./ Aberia' (H. Raychaudhuri, 1950). Its nomenclature evolved to Kutch, shaped by its distinctive turtle-like
geography. Post-1947, Kutch gained prominence when the Indian government established the Kandla port to compensate
for the loss of Karachi during the partition. Joining India in 1947, Kutch faced challenges like the 1998 cyclone, the 2001
earthquake, and the 1999 Kargil conflict. Despite adversities, the region rebounded with rapid industrialization,
emphasizing community traditions and addressing environmental challenges. The topography, marked by coastal zones,
mainland, Banni Plains, and Ranns, showcases unique geomorphic elements.

Figure 3- Schematic representation of Banni Plains (src:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318699651_Birds_of_Banni_Grassland)

Distinct architectural typologies in Kutch mirror climatic, social, and economic conditions. Coastal areas feature traditional
villages with row houses, catering to trading and agriculture. Nomadic regions, like the Banni area in the north, exhibit the
characteristic "Bhunga" settlements. Historical interventions, including those by kings and the British, shaped the
architectural landscape. The 2001 earthquake also left a lasting impact, particularly in northern Kutch, focusing our study
on the Banni Region and the evolution of its unique "Bhunga" structures.

Figure 4- Rabari man milking a cow (src: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-maldhari-man-milking-his-cow-bos-indicus-

while-the-calf-suckles-kutch-image01318042.html)
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Figure 5- Rabari women preparing food on fields (src: https://ikrweb.wordpress.com/2013/03/)

The Banni Plains, formed after the 1819 earthquake, disrupted water-based trade and agriculture, turning the region into a
desert with saline sediments. The Rann of Kutch, historically prone to earthquakes, witnessed significant geological changes
over centuries. The oldest traces of the Kutchi Bhunga date back over 200 years, possibly contemporary with round mud
huts in Africa. The Bhungas, integral to the region's cultural and architectural heritage, have continually adapted to changing
needs. These bhungas are inhabited by tribes such as Rabaris, Maldharis, Saam. etc These were, originally nomadic tribal
herdsmen, settled in Banni, known for their role as traditional dairymen. Rabaris, indigenous nomadic cattle and camel
herders, migrated to India from Iran, maintaining a strong connection with the Rajputs. Their creation myth links them to
Matadevi (Parvati), emphasizing their custodial role over herds. Rabari- or Raha- Baari means ‘to stay outside’. While men
move in search of grazing pastures, Rabari women play a crucial role in managing the economic sphere, including
embroidery as a creative expression rooted in mythology and desert surroundings.

Architectural changes post 2001 earthquake in Kutch- Past studies

Kutch has undergone a renaissance since the devastating earthquake of 2001 (Sen Debolina, 2012). The Kutchi Renaissance
marks a transformative period in the cultural and architectural identity of the Kutch region, particularly in the aftermath of
the devastating earthquake of 2001. This renaissance reflects a profound resurgence and revitalization of various aspects of
Kutchi life, including art, architecture, and community spirit. Post-earthquake reconstruction efforts have not merely
focused on rebuilding physical structures but have become a catalyst for innovation, sustainability, and a renewed sense of
identity. The resilience of the Kutchi people has given rise to a unique blend of traditional and contemporary architectural
styles, incorporating eco-friendly designs and materials. The revival of cultural practices, traditional crafts, and the
promotion of sustainable living have further characterized this renaissance.
The collective findings from various studies (Elizabeth A. Haussler, Tanima Shrivastava, Ashish Choudhary, Sachin Soni,
Khadija Jamal-Shaban, Plabita Sharma, S. Kaushal.) shed light on earthquake-resistant construction mandates for new
houses, emphasizing retrofitting and showcasing the resilience of Bhungas, traditional circular structures, during seismic
events. Sustainable practices in Indian villages, as explored in one study, underscore the importance of integrating
vernacular architecture into urban construction, with Bhungas serving as climate-responsive models. Another study delves
into the validation of vernacular architecture in the Kutch region, emphasizing experiential values and showcasing Bhungas'
cultural and spatial relevance. Further investigations focus on Bhunga house architecture in Bhuj, detailing adaptation
techniques and efforts to preserve cultural authenticity amidst urbanization. The significance of climate-responsive building
forms in Kutch, particularly using Bhungas as exemplary structures, is highlighted. Additionally, insights into owner-driven
housing reconstruction efforts in Gujarat post-2001 earthquake emphasize preserving traditional patterns. Collectively,
these studies advocate for sustainable design practices, learning from traditional building techniques, and considering local
cultural aspects in post-disaster housing reconstruction.
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Research Gap- Structuring the parameters to analyse Transformation of Vernacular

Architecture.
The case studies collectively contribute to a nuanced understanding of how traditional architectural practices in Banni
responded to evolving challenges and influences. Through the above-mentioned studies, I also noticed that past papers had
studied and developed a set of parameters for analysing vernacular architecture, in an elaborated sense. Other past studies
had few parameters left unassessed or were completely forgotten. The following are the key pointers that I have identified
to analyse vernacular architecture critically:
These parameters will be examined in greater detail later. Drawing attention to a crucial aspect, namely, "the factors
influencing vernacular house forms.", we understand broader parameters influencing house-form.

Factors influencing vernacular house form:

In the study of the transformation of house form, it is crucial to examine the factors that determine the shape and organization
of dwellings. Amos Rapoport, in his work "House Form and Culture," explores the various parameters that directly or
indirectly influence house form. Rapoport's book is divided into two parts: modifying factors that directly impact house
form and socio-cultural factors that have an indirect influence on form.

1. Modifying factors of house form

- Climate and the Need for Shelter, Materials, Construction, and Technology, Site, Defence, Economics, Religion

2. Socio-cultural factors.
- Meaning in House Form, Criticality and Choices
Basic Needs, The Sites and Choice, Constancy and Changes

Agents of transformation
Vernacular architecture undergoes ongoing transformation influenced by climate, socio-economics, globalization, and
material availability. These changes encompass normative, partial/hybrid, and total transformations. Normative shifts reflect
social and cultural differences, while partial/hybrid changes adapt existing infrastructure, reducing maintenance load. Total
transformations, spurred by urbanization and globalization, bring rapid and comprehensive alterations in form, material,
and spatial planning. Reasons for these transformations include shifts in materials, climate adaptation, advancements in
construction technology, policy impacts, market forces, individual economic considerations, and alterations in social
structures. The paper systematically reviews these stages and reasons to comprehend the evolving nature of vernacular
architecture.
Mapping out the transformation of vernacular architecture is crucial for preserving cultural identity, as it allows for a
comprehensive understanding of the changes it undergoes over time. Establishing specific parameters for the analysis and
study of vernacular architecture is essential to capture the details that contribute to its evolution. These parameters provide
a structured framework for researchers and architects, to analyse the transformation of vernacular built forms. Importantly,
this comprehensive mapping and analysis of vernacular architecture's transformation have not been undertaken before in
the Indian context, highlighting significance of such an endeavour.
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Catvāraha Māpadaṅdam- Four Parameters for critically analysing transformation of

Indian Vernacular Architecture
Through the above-mentioned studies, a set of parameters for analysing transformation of vernacular architecture
comprehensively were developed, which was later employed to study Bhungas of Banni region. The following are the key
pointers that author has identified and divided into 4 sections-

Design Vocabulary Climatic Response

Construction Material Socio-Cultural

and Technology Aspects

Figure 6- Visual model of Catvāraha Māpadaṅdam

o Design Vocabulary
o Construction Method and Techniques
o Climate Responsiveness
o Socio-Cultural Factors

1. Design Vocabulary:
In the realm of vernacular architecture analysis, the design vocabulary constitutes a fundamental category. This
encompasses the visual language, aesthetics, and stylistic elements embedded in traditional structures. It scrutinizes
elements such as formal language, functionality, and site context, unravelling the visual and stylistic components that define
traditional structures. This category not only analyses the aesthetic principles embedded in vernacular design but also
investigates the cultural and historical influences shaping these unique architectural vocabularies- from Bhunga layouts to
geometric considerations.

1.1. Site Context:

Examining the immediate surroundings and geographical characteristics influencing the design of vernacular architecture.
Within this we also map the site layout and the building layout, along with land contours, heights from sea-level and water
bodies.
- Site Layout: Investigating the organization of spaces at the site level and how it reflects the cultural and functional
needs of the community.
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- Building Layout: Specifically focusing on the layout and arrangement of built forms, examining their spatial
organization and relationship with the environment.

Output: Geographical Description of the land, slopes and levels on site, Mapping of built form on geographical context.

1.2. Formal Language:

Analyzing the visual and formal aspects that constitute the language of traditional architecture, encompassing aesthetic
principles and stylistic elements. This includes studying the basic shape of the structure, massing, geometry in built form
and composition of various additive/ subtractive architectural elements.
- Structure: Outlining framework and structure employed in vernacular architecture.
- Massing: Analysing the overall form and massing of traditional structures, considering how they respond to both
functional and cultural requirements.
- Geometry in Plan to Section: Studying the geometric relationships between the plan and section of vernacular
buildings, elucidating design nuances.
- Additive / Subtractive Elements: Exploring the incorporation or removal of architectural elements, understanding
their significance in design.

Output: Diagrammatic study of vernacular structure to understand vocabulary of spaces (traditional terminology and
dimensioning of spaces)

1.3. Functionality:

Evaluating how the design of vernacular structures aligns with their intended purpose and functionality within the socio-
cultural context. This includes mapping out the access points to the site and then to the structures, family's circulation at the
site level, at the unit level and the hierarchy of spaces. This can be documented either through on-site observation or through
interviews.
- Access: Examining how entry points are designed and their relationship with the cultural and functional aspects of
the community.
- Circulation at Site Level: Assessing the movement patterns and pathways within the overall site layout.
- Circulation at Unit Level: Analysing the internal circulation within individual units or structures, considering
cultural norms and functional requirements.
- Hierarchy: Understanding the hierarchical organization of spaces, structures, or elements within vernacular
architecture.

Output: Circulation maps and understanding of the correlation between architecture and humans.

1.4. Construction Method:

Understanding the methods employed in the construction process, including traditional building techniques and
craftsmanship. This briefly looks into the type of structural system used and the list of majorly used materials to construct
the whole building.
- Structural System: Evaluating the choice and implementation of structural systems, considering both functional and
cultural considerations.
- Choice of Materials: Scrutinizing the materials used in construction, exploring their local availability and cultural
significance.

Output: Structural layout with materials mentioned in local terminology.

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2. Construction Method and Techniques:

Another pivotal category in the comprehensive analysis of vernacular architecture is the thorough examination of
construction methods and techniques. This aspect delves into the practicalities of how traditional structures are built,
exploring the use of local materials, building technologies, and craftsmanship. This includes an examination of materials,
structural elements, procurement methods, and the intricate details of foundations, walls, roofs, and flooring. By dissecting
the construction processes, these studies aim to reveal the pragmatic wisdom embedded in traditional building practices,
showcasing the harmonious marriage of local craftsmanship and materials.

2.1 Material:

This category delves into the practicalities of building traditional structures, including materials, structural elements, and
construction techniques. By focusing on construction methods, the studies illuminate the role of local craftsmanship,
traditional building techniques, and the use of indigenous materials. To achieve this, document types of materials used in
construction, considering their availability, durability, and cultural significance.
- Procurement of Materials: Mapping out the methods and sources used for obtaining construction materials,
considering sustainability and local resources.
- Pre-production treatment: Documenting methods of material preparation before using for construction.

Output: Transportation map, process documentation in visual media.

2.2 Structural Elements:

Examining the fundamental structural components, respective materials and their integration into the overall design. Listed
below are components that can be commonly found in vernacular residential buildings. Though these components can
further integrate/ synthesise regionally.

- Foundation/ Base.
- Plinth and raised platforms.
- Walls.
- Roof.
- Flooring.
- Openings
- Exterior Wall Finish
- Interior Wall Finish
- Additional Architectural Elements

Output: A blown up isometric view, showcasing construction materials.

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3. Climate Responsiveness
The analysis of climate responsiveness within the studied context focuses on how traditional architecture interacts with and
adapts to its environmental surroundings. This category spans a wide array of considerations, from site selection and
orientation to ventilation strategies, daylighting, and the use of materials for thermal regulation. The studies underscore the
symbiotic relationship between vernacular architecture and the natural environment, emphasizing the ways in which
traditional structures provide comfort and sustainability by responding intelligently to local climatic conditions.

3.1 Site Selection:

Considering the strategic choice of site location in response to climatic conditions.

- Site Planning: Evaluating site’s response to the climate and surroundings, considering factors like wind direction
and solar exposure, need for pasture/ farms, accessibility.
- Site Landscaping: Examining the use of landscaping and documenting the flora.

Output: Brief write-up on choices of owner, Site analysis, Documenting landscape features and their local purpose.

3.2 Openings:

Examining the placement and design of openings, such as windows, jAlis and doors, for ventilation and light.

- Orientation of Openings: Analysing the directional placement of openings with respect to climate
responsiveness.
- Size of Openings: Analysing the size, shape and components of openings.

Output: Plan with openings marked. Detailed drawings of openings- Plans, elevation, sections & nomenclature.

3.3 Indoor Environmental Quality:

Scientifically assessing how the overall indoor environmental quality of the structures.

- Thermal Comfort (Indoor temperature and humidity): Evaluation of indoor temperature and humidity
levels.
- Ventilation (Wind Velocity): Evaluation of indoor wind circulation and wind velocity.
- Daylighting (Luminosity): Evaluation of indoor daylighting

Output: Meter Readings of indoor spaces.

3.4 Construction Method:

Exploring construction techniques that enhance climate responsiveness, including considerations for insulation and thermal
regulation.

- Material Use: Examining choice of materials for their thermal properties and impact on climate responsiveness.
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- Water Efficiency: Noting measures of water usage and efficient techniques used in vernacular architecture.
- Cooling Techniques: Exploring traditional cooling methods incorporated through choice of materials and design.
- Maximise Daylighting: Emphasizing strategies to maximize the use of natural daylight.

Output: A detailed study of each building component, efficiency of construction methods and finishes to attain site
responsive building.

3.5 Protection against sun, rain and insects:

Analysing design features that provide protection from adverse weather conditions and insects.

- Shading of walls: Analysing how the design incorporates shading elements to protect walls from direct sunlight.
- Roof Protection: Analysing features that protect roofs from climatic elements, ensuring durability.
- Other protective measures: Documenting other elements incorporated in design to protect the vernacular
structure.

Output: Diagrams showcasing performance of building elements with respect to various environmental conditions.

4. Socio- Cultural Factors

Socio-cultural factors stand as a foundational pillar in the examination of vernacular architecture. This category delves into
the intangible elements that shape built environments. The studies explore family structures, ways of living, safety, privacy,
social interactions, lifestyles, and religious considerations. By doing so, they reveal how architecture is a mirror reflecting
the cultural identity, social dynamics, and traditions of the communities it serves. This category highlights the human-
centric aspect of architecture, emphasizing its role in fostering community well-being and cultural continuity.

4.1. Family Structure and size: Creating a family tree and examining how the design accommodates varying family
structures and sizes.
4.2. Way of Living: Analysing how the design supports and aligns with the cultural and occupational way of life of
the family.
4.3. Safety: Examining design features that contribute to the safety of inhabitants and their valuables within the built
environment.
4.4. Privacy: Examining design features that provide private spaces and overall privacy considerations within design.
4.5. Social Interaction: Examining what the design elements foster or accommodates social interactions.
4.6. Lifestyle: Analysing how the design reflects and supports the lifestyle choices and cultural practices of the
occupants.
4.7. Religion: Examining religious considerations that are integrated into the design, if applicable.

Output: Documenting spaces with socio-cultural influence in vernacular architecture through visual media.

Contribution of Current Research

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The selection of Design Vocabulary, Construction Method and Techniques, Climate Responsiveness, and Socio-Cultural
Factors as major parameters for understanding vernacular architecture in India reflects a holistic and comprehensive
approach. These four categories collectively encompass a wide range of considerations that capture the essence of traditional
architecture, making them sufficient for a well-rounded analysis. Reasons why these parameters are crucial:
- Interconnected Nature: These parameters are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, the choice of
construction materials is often influenced by local climate conditions, and socio-cultural factors impact the spatial
organization and layout of traditional dwellings.
- Comprehensive Picture: By considering these four major parameters, researchers gain a comprehensive picture of
vernacular architecture, encompassing both tangible and intangible aspects.

Analysing Bhungas.
- Primitive Bhunga- Sheet 1

Figure 7- Bhima’s Residence (src: clicked by author)

- Vernacular Bhunga- Sheet 2

Figure 8- Khimji-Bhai’s Residence (src: clicked by author)

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- Normatively Transformed Bhunga- Sheet 3

Figure 9- Abhyaraj’s Residence (src: clicked by author)

- Partially Transformed Bhunga- Sheet 4

Figure 10- Mehfeel-E-Rann Resort (src: clicked by author)

- Totally Transformed Bhunga 1- Sheet 5

Figure 11- Rehmatulla’s Residence (src: clicked by author)

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- Totally Transformed Bhunga 2- Sheet 6

Figure 12- Police Chowki (src: clicked by author)

- Analysis according to Catvāraha Māpadaṅdam- (Refer Table 1)

Inferences from Study of Banni Region.

Types and Causes of Transformation.

Bhungas are currently undergoing transformative changes propelled by various factors. Material shifts are stemming from
the introduction of cost-effective alternatives, depleting natural resources, and a decline in traditional craftsmanship. Global
materials are gradually replacing vernacular ones, altering the architectural landscape. Construction technology
advancements are enabling easier construction, yet contributing to the loss of traditional knowledge among local labor.
Policies, often overlooking local contexts, are impacting Bhunga designs with government schemes and infrastructural
developments. Market forces, driven by industrialization and globalization, are leading to migration and the loss of
indigenous practices, affecting social and cultural dynamics. Individual economic status is influencing a preference for
modern construction for better living conditions. Lastly, shifts in social structure, driven by international influence,
education, and industrialization, are resulting in mixed cultures and new social formations, notably seen in urban areas and
influencing nearby villages.

Residential to Greater Purpose:

The use of Bhungas has expanded beyond residential purposes to serve a greater range of functions. Traditionally used as
residential dwellings, with the recognition of their unique architectural and cultural value after the 2001 earthquake,
Bhungas have found new applications in terms of functions. Today, Bhungas are not only homes but also serve as
guesthouses, police chowkis, community centers, cultural museums, and tourist accommodations. The adaptability of
Bhungas to different functions showcases their versatility and the recognition of their potential beyond residential use,
contributing to the preservation and promotion of Kutch's architectural heritage. However, the new and emerging Bhungas
are departing from the use of traditional materials and instead opting for cheaper and faster alternatives that are perceived
to be stronger than vernacular materials. Unfortunately, these modern materials do not adapt well to the local climate,
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ultimately compromising the quality of living. To mitigate this issue, residents have resorted to installing fans, which they
do not mind since it aligns with their willingness to embrace technology. Nonetheless, this shift towards modern materials
raises concerns about the loss of the authentic charm and sustainable practices associated with Bhungas.

Abandoning Bhungas for square homes

The transition from traditional circular Bhungas to square-shaped homes as a preferred lifestyle choice, even after knowing
that the round shape of bhungas can protect from earthquakes. The Square and rectangular structures are perceived as
modern and ‘pakka’; the localites used to prefer these structures in local sand-stones but now, concrete is used for its ease
of availability and faster construction process.

Figure 13- Bhunga Cluster converted into square homes (src: clicked by author)

From Bushed Fences to Walled Boundaries

The shift from using bushed fences for boundary demarcation to constructing walls around residential areas, hint
towards tangible land privatization.

Figure 15- Gando bawad fencing on right and a boundary wall on left. (src: clicked by author)
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Traditional Building Crafts or Modern Construction laced in traditional aesthetics?

The decision to preserve traditional building techniques and materials or embrace modern construction practices for
residential Bhungas in the Kutch region is a delicate balance influenced by factors such as cost and availability. The Bhunga
dwellers face the challenge of maintaining their mud homes while adapting to the changing landscape of construction.
Initially constructed using natural materials, the introduction of cement in the region led to a shift in building practices.
Cement was either mixed with mud or utilized as the primary material for constructing Bhungas.
Although the newer cement Bhungas/ Manglore roofed bhungas tend to be very warmer, families have found ways to cope
with the heat. Despite the increased temperature, many families can now afford fans and other artificial cooling techniques.
This adaptation to modern amenities is perceived by the Bhunga dwellers as a means of keeping pace with the contemporary
world, showcasing their resourcefulness and resilience in navigating the balance between tradition and modernity.
Especially in Bhunga Resorts, the transition from traditional handmade construction techniques and materials to modern
industrial methods for building Bhunga resorts is driven, in part, by cost-saving considerations. Industrial methods often
offer efficiency and cost-effectiveness in construction. However, a noteworthy aspect of this transition is the conscious
effort to maintain a traditional aesthetic despite the modern structure. To achieve this, local artisans are employed to decorate
these Bhungas, effectively transforming them into platforms for showcasing and preserving local skills. This approach not
only bridges the gap between modern construction practices and traditional aesthetics but also serves as a means of
supporting and promoting the craftsmanship of the local community.

Organic to Linear
The building layout of Bhunga resorts has undergone a noticeable shift from its organic, radial roots to a more contemporary
approach characterized by linear and well-defined pathways. This transformation reflects an opting for a structured and
linear aesthetic. Alongside this shift in design, there has been a noteworthy evolution in the intended audience and overall
atmosphere of Bhunga resorts. Originally conceived as inclusive and community-oriented spaces, introduction of Bhunga
resorts have transitioned towards a more exclusive and yet maintaining a private setting.

Figure 16- Resort in Hodka suggesting inclusive bhungas with central courtyard and spaces to interact. With organic
placement of bhungas and radial circulation on site V/S Bhunga resort in Bhirandiara suggesting linear arrangement and
approach, with bhungas facing towards main road. (src: clicked by author)

Spatial organization with respect to Toilets

The reorganization of spatial layouts and designs within Bhunga clusters, to address the placement and accessibility of toilet
facilities, considering factors such as privacy and convenience over traditional hygiene systems, be it for residential
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purposes or hospitality reasons. From being far distant to attached, toilet as an additional architectural component has played
a crucial role in perception of modernizing local lifestyle.

Figure 17- Different resorts showing connection with toilet as- connected with semi-open buffer, connected with closed buffer,
directly attached (src: clicked by author)

Conclusion

The study highlights the challenges faced by Bhunga dwellers in maintaining their traditional homes while adapting to
modern lifestyles. It also raises concerns about the potential loss of authenticity and sustainable practices associated with
Bhungas. However, the study also identifies opportunities for preserving and promoting vernacular architecture through:

• Adaptive reuse of Bhungas for various purposes.

• Employment of local artisans to decorate modern Bhunga resorts.
• Documentation and dissemination of traditional building techniques.
• Initiatives to support the livelihood and skills of local communities.

In Catvāraha Māpadaṅdam method, the selection of Design Vocabulary, Construction Method and Techniques, Climate
Responsiveness, and Socio-Cultural Factors as major parameters for understanding vernacular architecture in India
collectively encompass a wide range of considerations that capture the essence of traditional architecture, making them
sufficient for a well-rounded analysis.

In conclusion, these parameters present a framework for comprehending the dynamic trajectory of Indian vernacular
architecture, offering crucial insights into its ongoing preservation and future development. Employing these parameters in
the study of vernacular architecture for theses or research exercises is imperative, ensuring a nuanced understanding.
Architects stand to gain appreciation and recognition by delving into these details, enhancing their studies and contributing
to the comprehensive understanding and documentation of India's diverse and evolving architectural heritage.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
Climate Change, Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Habitat
February 17 – 18, 2024, Patna, India

Acknowledgements:
Hearty gratitude to Faculty of TIAKS at MIT-SOA, MIT-ADT University, Loni- Dr. Prof. Ar. Ashwini Pethe, Dr. Prof.
Ar. Harimohan Pillai, Dr. Prof. Ar. Neeti Trivedi, Prof. Ar. Ketki Patwardhan and Prof. Ar. Amol Holey to support and
strengthen my thesis with their acedemic inputs. Special recognition and thanks to Mr. Kiran Vaghela from Hunnarshala
Foundation to provide me with more indepth knowledge and correct mindset to approach this research.

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