ay aan of Learn - ee = = 7 = TASS a ti = j——Learni'ng tabi vi = @nditioned Yospense - = Invelvoiary wee ponge, rat reutt from) at { Smptrenes tat Ocrveed afore a response )) = Nabural tuspens ~ not rave tbe tanned ? dog - salivate-food ou ~ = Aeforecondioreg =——_ @ = Sa naturale Uncendiioned =e sknus NOTE Rut? Conditioning mot be done “cepeatedly ond CS mvct preceole VCS al és Croat aiheve food) TO_BE EFEpekive !!!imitation. Se aes yinerees oy SEN ee or 1 Mp cine s a ‘@ An example: A child \vatches an older sibling use a spoon “t to eat (attention); remembers it (retention); imitates that — behaviour next mealtime (reproduction); is praised by - ion). RV_notespppoe | 2S \—- ___ aia csoM PT ONS oF Lene Nine = Te Censtenning —elps —te— toch behawiour = Jo Soria] learning hel, fp_eyplain changes fr ethno | ae | = | Bandura AGG RESHON ob at = ad | [nase wa aed — | ctl ogring ery The tu ae - oSsiE hehe «cnt woud maate = __ behaviour they wt ‘Ren etavur nano = t pe | = | Seavedva ond _Siwerman [BTN PHOBIA | Gata | ia] sed ono chil wth bution phobia, =} | The Saaveara ana Siverman study is ‘The study shows the use of classical « to ratte chi’ phobig | [ vices agus oregon Pe ppey berg [easeor “weAewive] ee otenaticongey | ‘comaxehenson skis 4 Se parrot when trained through socal leginag and operant cooditonng to _ stons relating to object | at net Se eetaga) Toning Tory : = o pcrewen es Frees | foam na 28 te _bahotours of Pa. | pote mondet <= Cnust be me og tne key edit » ee [ent teh we at rast ats a cman | RETENTION. r E How we —_sne_—_bthavinve ts _vemembered tp be an enitoled laky by —Obserettt es Ct au wong ie Ngee) c= exoasbucriON eS behawioua Kretorned ee feck capable of inutahingt a E— Sa If don't, obserwe = etesenantel Soaboradeun 40 ik insnsais | vice rray § punishment > when BM puri ¢ sa ni Background —__— | previous _Atudies have shown that | imitated _behaviovr exhibited by an advlt model th the | presence ofthe. model ard alfo__in ane Same _selting——fpeemms when “Mb. the model is absent -_____—— — oe — i png a i uro'S research Welped im _Aneovize se a Ef 7 Goutat Lanrning Theory that is seve te aa as: i—— bridge ___betwan __behavioveist and ~via dapaelee ai Erplre behoviovrist pars. eenLe a overniit AIM * To fnvestiqas B= to sue whether ssive behaviour Suite ae rere ee ae 3 To look fot - fearning of aqaresstPr 3 Satie aa Eaperimental -_ bakorotong FAW fomermetnodsy —___|_ observations aa forsee 72 chilaven from nursery shoot oF honford University 3a prune Mean age !52. months (utages)936 Female | tay [smote Tetnive opportunity = eee Mathed pairs design and Indsptrdent Measures | =| Behaviour of model a s | eg (Werte achaoure firs al ate S| 2 Seencael ‘A ]Pv (measures) 444 it Pax tating for _Matded groups disign | Children in eoch condition were matched for their ag. PS a | livia se anal ib did not beconne a = g mo —tonfeueding woteble ___ acieud by Est ek afkcle fuacd by. 4 rT zn Reseandhsn and raving dgocsn trdipundiitly, natad Wee S16 e tt 8) itn, on a Aa ot iS 44% alc buts uch | Yas C2) piyeical ages Caphateal teen , (ii) ogprusien tmwards inorimak objeds Civ) gpytasin intima bse ag woes AUhionel (ro +eF som “BT HotesSTONDITION St —_— a SS Mots AelnRessiVE conteot Grour | Noone SSIVE Rove MoveL Rye Monel (wo _Mobet’ yal jecsl { i q Mo eo gels | ) bo BheG Ob bo page aes 4 = st___Roomr_A on + Child nytt +ne mood who was (nthe helray « J foom 4 Expenmentey plays witty shekus ond potaty prints to ttl the Medel enters, Crptrimenter Jeave way chi\h 4 came dah nN RV_notesmes, = }0 not ——— Bmssive Nope, 9 he Blac anette Sau ede Stents acting aggressively toward § Belo del) __ ae. PRISCA Verbal * Push i+ over ‘ « Sock Wim in the nose + Sit on ik Hit him down + Punch : 2 ThoW him th dhe avr + Trew, a kvce him + Kick » Pow + Hit with omllet Niner > ng. eps coming ba for mae He gure TS a fovgh Fella.” | Wo! ESS VE Plays with tinker toys ard F4noxes _@obo doll - STAGE 22: AGGRESSION proispe e ni ‘idee _s0b' it i Aomeession Agouvsar® | WHY? to See i * pobununbisn aye bebewisun shaven by sthent fences 40 Teich Hee prosebilrhy wh tM 1 : pte hae endino tun Liealy be ee ee wen inONE way miRPOF “I fartispants who observed aggressive model Thome Amore aggressive © beliawwoun sn’. - 6/¥ BN, = 3 _rompasid fy onbrol me Aagayssive condition ¢ Cees oe > boys - > imitative] im physical aggrewien & 2 9b => vob FF bm AM oi a > way” => phy; verbad| — male AM Satin taadgh peas ORM : it Non - aspacs'we © ponfohmed LS phuverbal inaitabion overall 4 7 B oz | A yy [ou es Es BUGS V_notes(can pn — _# jrotehing speach itl eS: ae Beynon ays 0 1 intel | edenasee raodals a ee | | Boye ave move Vikely to tenitale physical Ee ai tron girls Seg tin a ee eI a Aaare ston from male poodle ws mont Ube] thon ayppeision fern formate rca + ids tate wit vw ma gp ee yy >| A aggrmnint os be opis verbatly |_| behawiour than bys é EnucAt. [SSUES a i sth ind ages —Mbaatin erating Bahay pate ‘tontipaaccl atin Al ww tie se En SLATS 1 pT uepve the stp ce vs | te many controle (o_) _ = puifietal setup SHE HUbbilly — easily replicate): lew -teneyiol_valtdity { more Confident at cll oft ehovior Cao iomrachion ble both) Fant poe > vaseatictte, sling A wake ‘enue-otservey veliahilly | adubl play >not vee 4 = i + avanntahive deta car \ toe mn reals. coraperricors blu gwups dk y aded Uke that 5 no makita data Towel 12 qyned, buh bin Coch = arp “tad pe RCS One woy_winr - vewrouh ist of darned hay - Uo cohen et SR an Ane oten of study|__| bo By pavee [gud Bbc cory BN ee and _show PM to wv. perworks 1 ensure in my ehesh fe ener Sy eee be janabiens: Hated behaviour. no indi > Yet there were differepws [A imit v Sn station tat children found themecuts in rgel_tnt ite re $0. Grom age Zhe. i [eases ee \S EDWS: cuildeen a ae ee 5 eae wenuced | 90 _epporhunity affect _bebousiowr. Be' |i) Th! & “th videal's , —oming le tonto with Hae | oe ees aot re bmuvnn\E sult Po bh ati wetihees0 Thr tas betn lot of Tesh inte i Ha, Ariotmmet of phobras« Howler, Hat fO¥ of disgust within _phokios yocived \it12 atten tien” Prioy to ths gruay JOH studies hod | ben io aval: Lenrning in phobre Lan Childcon: Ve we eoupt toad tp Cunt: laporning, ore GQ te O 4 te cause pobaa) we wer TARGET ter DISHUST_& FEAR @ trexmud Hepburn & Paige (1aa4) ba Song wat (1407) Jialts wits Wood Pho b with phobra of drgust vidurerd ar dyed Almay S Jassi L “ation in fen anh avoidance ef vari partieviay shimoles — (causes of buthen phoby'n ) Dee teen To see if enpomve theory Would Arduce tre disgust ard distrens arsouatio! unt. buttons. Cutkmet to treate oy toqetng lod fame % Usgaent ") te restart first got his phobia Informed concent colleded « - Checked if He veolly Wod Hu phobia by USing are tet boy mut DOM IV arena for hobie of butions worried mom bought him Lyeors Sma he —= j—Henrie trom _bovgnt him Afro uyeors sma he If Anvied disorders Interview Schedule for Borsa : DsMiv~ child fe notesa_i rend ine Case bh ee | Methods) Observations » sath reports, oyster + Fo lorena 14 yw old boy > HisPANIE 3 obia Program 3 pemogrpatics Tan pad of Chitd Anyiahy code Pees Proo dont Elortds ‘Enitenabieo ed Univeral hy — Se beremcteasen Opportunity | sag |Beerimental Deisen F | => == Wtmaniputated) Teage evrosvre Henry) r oe Magan Dishes rating (0-8? I mixed a _| TEE wotys and severity rosings puistions about why ht found. B inieviewad from monn & boy r | ars Old = ~ [fee dass - ran out of buibona “n pasbs — wont to Front ob dass teach more @s\ From, a large bow! ~ teacher's duck ~ hands = ‘Slipesd ~ at @s full on him ~ Very distressing ~ sine Ths 5 m= ri + | pre otwpied witnu) buttonanthaliahis af Athol — atfeck — comeuntrahion FE oid not fren ehodhiunitnd « aS npresust / peow hieveschy 5 DISTRESS RATING ]~ 7 p> G -weywonity ~ Spatbyplartic tutors (loreA & dear) 7 sobligiteg thom whin she wens Teyutar MPR er = MPB (dunn) i = Mediu Hugg ra i wimps 4ging morn when she "7eaxs lyroret = Large ploah: bubtons LSet nud 3 sma /eg on Asin a ato LoPUAGMY = ume denen daltonsx 5 prowdunts + informant trom posite “cna euviner —Wwhin Hee boy FE MANAGEMENT >> groducl *PEre to buttons. cucerrstubly comp! Sr ea tased Balmain wi boy a woO> 30) min “wl | boy no Hu See e a x S| oy sin 4, y_empleted all Tn vivo [a towk of erposvie taste « feo? Crendled >) dingust/ l Canker of bulls maniputatig) - = foo web [main ilonees wih ol prysteal object / Ceorfiel § Heels warded | in te weal world = slanting fom ebechin 4 rating mod = & ZS Raul =fon tehniyues 1 imagine wor vin tein ff "He found buttons to we “disguenng’? VEER contac w] his body % that they emitted unpleasant. adeors—? J Fregeessed trom larger to Smaller buttons « MV Prompled fo! + Emagine battens falling on hin - &S i 5S @ wegioning of P sessions : Bey suave! SS S - = VisqI2e + How Wok el +t setilkd = Tein REET HT! Used self-control therapy itive cestruchaying bo = ACKNOWLEDGE HIS TROIGUNG THoutoHr AND (ONSInEe ALTERNATE = | restrrve _twoustirs. = | 6 rove 4 ND mente fea Vp [Bey _reported faking minimal distyeys H| No fongen wk digo she “elitrig for Sptafre phoebe of bultons Could won senath ; don pI> Informed consent: Gotn “ray tr moter Bre: a ion as _canent to atrenrhut gihuahirse = » Paiva: wilowed fe remain anerdnees = or ae win working w/ MiwoRS } eee ee IN-DEPTH, Tp teins oo aiden ere AY ARE tpg jean aun] ea emall, Auulied In émproving Dis ad a vs 5 fA sera drfteren Fabre ioll~ vaye_petin = very sified Fi te ok dal eens [we gill "Sti saad slordordsced yupasaes —\ Andividuabied and svi) ewe e Tega h won avant A Sunk: date al = Cases “tind to bedidng saan Gp dala wafalin Warhtyng Undying! with fEsPupants — Visk of bly - Tadhandms behind behewor |= Bh anxiety [str Situahe, , 50 of is seme BO, VAL +) young pawapant give into demand & nes "ie a eta know, pided =” ‘ti sow FRA OLES(SSUES AND DEBATES aw ee hebie children and ever adutts + > Encourage long Herne improvement th pabients fn Atnical pract'a + ri 3 Encourane> Hrevapishs not to 1giapre DISeWST” when treating phoeras + Phobtas not innate | 4enehially inheerted - Reyateed and unldarned asd on Prno'pl 6 classical Condityen —> wand ewors NURTURE ! Me ueen > Chiid pub under Atstre> but initnhen 6 Psychologists wos he Heat Het Phobia % improwe his qty of fe —> So suStIFIES distrens canned. P>IWEORMED CONSENT _eecetven| LANGVAGE 3 Type ef coremunition that | Simpl (abstract veprisentations) to convey near | tommunication ise WaY_of_toiecranaing msg] ___|_informnaifon tow __2./rmove _peopie 11) ea DO animals know hw tv vse langvag 2 tomprehend language? Previous — restarch Must be able to Horio ube 2 novel ikeens Peck (1978. 9) prope tat oer] Fi be ise ops ad cme of ere irene Yor ya Syenelatn, were ton Feil enon cd ty sonuman prints hatha ergs orm oflangeage isn oa lain hy oS ae” FP ee See ‘he present study was therefore undertaken to see itp _ ian avian subject, the aforementioned African Grey pat- —_t al rot, could use vocal labels to demonstrate symbolic com- e prehension of the concepts of same and different. — - | mit_Evptrienental (ase “study Gwey Pe An Africon porrot — wayne ote ce FAMiCAR woveL— Tee xeon ess ee iigeeents ~avalitotve eval em triads ~ sowed © eal, A a Thou) they ech. 9g aes ats BE ae sie wate 4 Sendo aed YET @ bird's vot» jovel vegesEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mey presened 2 obits that coud ditter respect to 2 ~ coreroter, watal ex: A) UA me eked rita“ Whal's samt?" ov “ puhatls a a | _Gorreck response recordud only iF Wu says Ht CATEGORY » panei s“Colovt" ord not sorerge” + oun preusnts be had fo go through feeeh ts Pend © multiple fenhets of 2 diltoumt ebj ects Byfora 2+ From vou @, dekrmtn whit should ans on basis of COGNITIVE F~|_ 2+ work ouk WHAT war come | diffaronh, SkILE OF Le Nocutly produce a career ranpenrt. eS analysis gerevel TRAINING fer LABEL AcauisitiON = Enter Training for LABEL ACQUISITION (Model/Rivel Approsch) {3 tion es == ES es = »—biaiun git pra st € i buk shewlis distrproval for incorrect angus » 3 é Eman evitaber soa prey dA Pee die MODEL fpr Alin's hesporses =H RWAL for Hroxnin's attention. ~ Avy { lous on ro veg ee alex x ia caja ome 878 a a ‘on a Bone Torres TRAINING — a : 8 vet -teteel eueeee wi cor val Ye5por Treorveck | tooth se Objects _vern 2— 3_ 4 Q ¥ ) \ a Af ——e a ri th secant z sos SAB oe. 7 pa nahay sib ay tolgien | Pino tOnanirepett What AEE e Tsay wit ting «ee respon, abjed qin rayeud A praised EF 1p BD corpora , Femnouth objecs aaa *¢ congectionl pRoceDuRe ? Sve objech given Ay mpi, Smt 28 oni : space Bi onan givens us | a Ty ny aed satel tao [A 8 9 SC Meee ima Bs A pokes ir ependes+ | Teste on familiar objocts : Tydividval objedn ware ebunovel vrd in WAS thon one pa teal bat Hu pout) - a a aie a —__ > [Transfer bests_usin, novel_objects at ley _ presented _wits_pases [eb objets “ot ekived several = Wow attripuies mewn _webok on fring —S- % Cao paper i () TOTALLY novel objects — enigné not even edo lobed - 6 pn 4 al 2 | > [Use _of Probes Seu a ‘as - vot OS Fags spn tna tte 5 8] FES cen iGu Tt Scatank” ur peeks] Huey ston yt what Hak dipters)> i = afeent? flax steht oot pe alitrdirg 10 the 85 , bub mocly be FS LY Me on the hast : ie “ w/smope(ic) |) ths abajechs te mteluss « ee aad TWs, AT RANDOM wreRVaLS PORES WERE ADMINISTERED aa LL nus sted quatre fer abst, bun of, 2 Levin 3.) categery jantl> could te a cornet response ee SS ae = ese Ss familiar objects novel objects ieee eS (objects never seen (abjects seen pir to traning) (ches so te * New 77% correct (10°4/-)(64,71-) (85% correct | heh eet rial el indhuding Correchions> | Tests on farni ject: fink bub Hapa Tydivdval objads wine eowsoutles are alder NOVEL . | wong ik incorrect cokegeny usd tn diwant Han one Blood 4utn » taped > [Transfer tests using novel bjects 5; Eees Aley presented wile pars | ob ebjeds thot plied : Wen) attribuee naman wsaltn Irvining CT awe pope (@*) TOTALLY hovel objec pine T mnight not vem bade loll - 5 et el Pigs nce niger st tia ena wih oning te _&_} bo feo gL colo” Com Wn He oly Hr ge farm Yak dctetrs)- T= Sept | flee mish co pe_oltrding 10 the 85 bub ra Moly] Atsponding er the beso Hx_phystial chanasletistcs ofp - w/srope (ir) | thy 5 See [aus ar —— 2 rs a ¢ ee fi jaotls toutd en cornet repens Va — J renens for MATTER fd soak bith am _poul abjeds ? 2 corenernts |__| ne Ae emul toe obyecbs 08 Wit primary reward, yak ward | bars inhasent VCR TYE to suward abit vss NEW) (TEM 4 incbuding COrrecheond = eet 2. a a rrr se — = | F ments for COLOR SHAPE | Mt 1 ant ety v was thet _ ff IS = potenhitly inkrusting be wes RV_ndtesA_Syenbolic vepesertation, in nis ¢ Y exdusive ty primate + [Grunt eb sama (dlnend conve ce gpa ee ee Bisting proadure proudare Apparel capa frou [Ein anlar oh wejen wed adnaeeelig _ Ahapes 26 | Brale + Used only ona porrot [Lsstamount OF B cinta meirnals essrbuc} — Stu accomplished US goats scam, end] Rowand § : : a | SBroenel | covihian if Lansnltrad iecarrethy vtviet condinenirg retved Bet Was given evtra food if astecl for 3 097918] Caging: Placd in wis vival cage durtng “sleep hours”) $0 Esra adh] (not inom vnuwol Sih cttion Awougbaut shud L a ! : | vs ‘| a + Storderdied {esl 7? connols (j= eb tgurimen 2 onbolud + n0 ons 90, 1 RELIABILITY GH gping Fo ose S{p in vant Uife 60 FEE tivity exper vio PAE) U touks Mundane Recbism co LEW VALID a ‘t veLioity Cae tender) [g= OMe prot zp ealamroma earl a + All tihical guidlines falloundd for UeNERALISABILITY a [ oniwnals, RE ReSe [- Fohgur fh 4 fey suffered from a— fe ih predictive volcdtty = fe Soe eS) boredom - + Low duunand dnt 9,2” de sec waiver, F ~ Foiuk to eplain or Show Alex ‘A 3 1 who “a / ability REN Aotes