BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG

INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HOCHIMINH CITY

ENGINEERING FACULTY

TIỂU LUẬN GIỮA KÌ

MÔN: NHẬP MÔN CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ

TOPIC: MECHANICAL MATERIAL

GVHD: VÕ NGỌC YẾN PHƯƠNG

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1 Đỗ Hoàng Nhật Phi
2 Ngô Hoàng Nhật Phi
3 Lê Đình Ninh
4 Nguyễn Hoàng Phúc
5 Phan Thành Danh

TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH, 2/2023

 MECHANICAL MATERIAL

- Materials are substances or compounds used by humans to make other

products. Materials are inputs in a production or fabrication process. In
industry, materials are unfinished products and are often used to make more
advanced products.
- There are materials such as:
- Metal, Steel, Aluminum, Copper, Polymers. Rubber, Plastic, Polymer
nanocomposites, Polymer composites, Paper, Ceramic, Tile, Glass, Cement,
Stone, Yarn, fabric, Silk, Biomaterials, Composite, materials Charcoal,..
Norm Element Compound
Notion Elements are Compounds are
substances made up substances made up of
of one chemical two or more chemical
element. elements
CLassification Substances are Compounds are
divided into two divided into two
types: metallic types, inorganic
elements and non- compounds and
metallic elements. organic compounds.
Representative Consists of 1 atom: Consists of atoms of
particle (molecule) solid metal and different types of
nonmetal. Consists of different chemical
atoms of the same elements.
type: liquid and gas
nonmetals.
Chemical formula For solid metals and The chemical formula
nonmetals, the of a compound is the
chemical formula is chemical symbol for
the Chemical the elements and the
Symbol. For liquid corresponding index
and gaseous (AxBy).
 nonmetals, the
chemical formula is
the Subscript
Chemical Symbol
(Ax).
Example Sulfur, Sodium, Sodium Chloride,
Aluminum… Water, Sulfuric
Acid…

Some key materials in mechanics

7.1.1: Mechanical materials are a series of tools and equipment that people will use
in mechanical production, thereby creating products for application for needs in
life. Mechanical materials are divided into the following groups of common
materials:
 Metal materials: The characteristics of metal materials are good electrical
conductivity, metallic luster, good ductility that helps you deform them at
will even at normal temperatures. However, metal materials are very poorly
chemically stable. Metal materials are often known by names such as steel,
cast iron, copper, aluminum...
 Inorganic materials – ceramic: This is a material with poor electrical
conductivity, no deformation and very brittle. Usually melts at very high
temperatures. You can find a number of inorganic materials – ceramic in
ceramics, porcelain, glass, ordinary bricks, refractory bricks...
 Organic materials – polymers: Like ceramic materials, polymeric materials
also have poor electrical conductivity, but are capable of plastic deformation
at high temperatures. The two main component elements in organic
materials are carbon and hydrogen. Organic materials – polymers are found
in wood, rubber, artificial organic materials such as polyethylene (PE),
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ...
 Composite material: This is a form of material that combines two or more
different types of materials. Specifically: reinforced concrete, metal and
polymer materials, polymer and ceramic materials ...

Common types of mechanical materials:

Here we will better introduce to you some common mechanical materials:

 Iron:

Iron is a metal mined from iron ore mines. After undergoing the process of
calcining, reducing impurities, iron is obtained in free form. Most often, iron is
used in the production of cast iron and steel.

According to statistics, iron currently accounts for about 95% of the total
volume of metals produced in the world. The outstanding advantages of iron
can be mentioned as great bearing capacity, high ductility and hardness, and
quite low cost. Iron is being used a lot in the manufacture of tools, cars, making
frames for construction works ...

Aluminium:

Aluminum is a form of non-ferrous metal, which has only been discovered and
widely used for about a century. With thermal conductivity properties, good
electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance, great durability,... Aluminum
metal is used by many engineers in production and daily life.

Steel:

Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements. Steel has 2 main types,
including:

Carbon steel: iron, carbon, impurities Mn, Si, P,...

Alloy steel: iron, carbon, impurities W, V, Mo, Ti, Cu, Ta, B, N....

Just like aluminum and iron, steel is also commonly used in many different
fields. Especially mechanical processing, construction, shipbuilding,...

Stainless steel:
Stainless steel is also known as stainless steel. This is an alloy form of iron,
containing a large content of chromium, at least 10.5%. The characteristics of
stainless steel are very little discoloration, corrosion, great durability, stainless,
capable of withstanding temperatures of about 12000 degrees C. Thereby
supporting the processing process more easily.
With convenience, high durability, today you will encounter stainless steel in many
interior architecture projects from simple to complex.
Cast iron:
Cast iron is an alloy of a set of elements including iron, carbon, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr,
Ni, Mo, Mg, Cu.... In particular, the carbon content is greater than 2.14%. The
outstanding advantages of cast iron are high dilution flow, good molding, little
shrinkage, strong compressive force, along with extremely stable static load
resistance and wear resistance. However, its disadvantages are brittle brittleness,
poor impact resistance.
Cast iron has 2 types: white cast iron and graphite cast iron. Each type will possess
different ingredients and properties. Most often, cast iron is used for mechanical
processing of the body, case, belt wheel, gear, sliding bearing, rolling shaft,...
7.1.2 : : Bend, cut, compress
- "Compression shear bending" is a metal manufacturing process in which a sheet
of metal is cut and bent to produce the desired shape. This process is often
performed on flat metal sheets to create intricately shaped metal parts, such as
computer cases or electronic devices.
- "Bending" is the process of bending sheet metal to create an angle or curve in the
desired shape.
- "Cutting" is the process of cutting sheet metal into desired sizes and shapes.
- "Compression" is the process of compressing sheet metal to change its shape. The
compression bending process is commonly used in metal manufacturing to produce
precise and intricately shaped metal parts.
7.2.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
- Mechanical properties:
They have hardness, ductility and strength,...
- Physical properties:
They are melted by heat, are electrically conductive, thermally conductive, and
have a density.
- Chemical properties:
The predominant type of material with this property is a metal-based material or a
metal-based composite. They can be oxidized, chemically reacted when in contact
with substances. The substances that react with this type of material are salts, acids
and they are relatively resistant to corrosion.
- Technological properties:
They are capable of being machined by casting, welding, forging, etc.
 Materials from iron:
Iron is the third most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. They can be extracted
from ore deposits in the wild. And in their natural form, they are often in the form
of compounds with many impurities. Because we need to go through the process of
heating and reducing impurities to obtain iron in the form of a condenser. And
most commonly iron is used a lot to produce cast iron and steel.

With its popularity that according to statistics iron makes up 95% of the metal
mass in the world. Thanks to outstanding advantages such as: high strength, high
plasticity, and low cost. Iron is a commonly used material in the production of
tools and tools.
 Materials from cast iron:
Cast iron is a material made up of elements such as carbon, iron, silicon,
magnesium, etc. In which, cast iron has a carbon content greater than 2.14%. Cast
iron has the advantages of high melting point, good castability, low shrinkage, and
strong compressive force. What's more, they are extremely stable against static
loads and abrasion. Along with those advantages, they also have disadvantages
such as: Brittle, easy to break, and poor impact resistance.
There are two types of cast iron on the market today, white cast iron and graphite
cast iron. Each type will have different components and properties. The common
application of cast iron is to be used in mechanical processing for machine bodies,
machine casings or gears, gears, etc.
 Materials from stainless steel:
Stainless steel is a form of stainless steel. It is an alloy of iron and has a large
chromium content, it is not less than 10.5%. Stainless steel has many outstanding
properties such as: less discoloration, corrosion, high strength, no rust, and can
withstand high temperatures of about 12000 degrees Celsius. With these
characteristics, the processing of this type of material. This mechanical material
becomes a lot easier.
The characteristics of stainless steel have made it popular, applied in many
architectural and interior works from simple to complex.
 Steel material:
Similar to cast iron, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. In which the carbon
content in steel is lower. In addition to the above two elements, steel also mixes
some other elements such as: Manganese, phosphorus, ... Steel consists of two
main types as follows:
Carbon steel: Includes elements of iron, carbon, manganese, silicon, ...
Alloy steel: Consists of iron, carbon, copper, molybdenum, ...
Steel is a raw material for many different industries and fields. Especially the
mechanical processing, construction, shipbuilding, ...
 Plastic materials:
Plastic is a mechanical processing material that has many applications in life from
fields in life to industries. Plastic materials have many advantages such as:
Lightweight, durable to use in chemical environments, resistant to abrasion and
good thermal insulation. Plastic products have the biggest advantage of low cost.
Some common plastic products such as sockets, electrical switches, water pipes,
etc.
7.2.2. DESCRIPTION THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Strength:
Strength is the mechanical property that enables a metal to resist deformation load.
The strength of a material is its capacity to withstand destruction under the action
of external loads.
The stronger the materials the greater the load it can withstand.
 Elasticity:
According to dictionary elasticity is the ability of an object or material to resume
its normal shape after being stretched or compressed.
When a material has a load applied to it, the load causes the material to deform.
The elasticity of a material is its power of coming back to its original position after
deformation when the stress or load is released.
Heat-treated springs, rubber etc are good examples of elastic materials.
 Plasticity:
The plasticity of a material is its ability to undergo some permanent deformation
without rupture(brittle).
Plastic deformation will take place only after the elastic range has been exceeded.
Pieces of evidence of plastic action in structural materials are called yield, plastic
flow and creep.
Materials such as clay, lead etc are plastic at room temperature, and steel plastic
when at bright red-heat.
 Hardness:
The resistance of a material to force penetration or bending is hardness.
The hardness is the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting or
penetration.
Hardness indicates the degree of hardness of a material that can be imparted
particularly steel by the process of hardening.
It determines the depth and distribution of hardness is introduce by the quenching
process.
 Toughness:
It is the property of a material which enables it to withstand shock or impact.
Toughness is the opposite condition of brittleness.
The toughness is may be considering the combination of strength and plasticity.
Manganese steel, wrought iron, mild steel etc are examples of toughness materials.
 Brittleness:
The brittleness of a property of a material which enables it to withstand permanent
deformation.
Cast iron, glass are examples of brittle materials.
They will break rather than bend under shock or impact.
Generally, the brittle metals have high compressive strength but low in tensile
strength.
 Stiffness:
It is a mechanical property.
The stiffness is the resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflection.
In stiffness, a material which suffers light deformation under load has a high
degree of stiffness.
The stiffness of a structure is important in many engineering applications, so the
modulus of elasticity is often one of the primary properties when selecting a
material.
 Ductility:
The ductility is a property of a material which enables it to be drawn out into a thin
wire.
Mild steel, copper, aluminium are the good examples of a ductile material.
 Malleability:
The malleability is a property of a material which permits it to be hammered or
rolled into sheets of other sizes and shapes.
Aluminium, copper, tin, lead etc are examples of malleable metals.
 Cohesion:
It is a mechanical property.
The cohesion is a property of a solid body by virtue of which they resist from
being broken into a fragment.
 Impact Strength:
The impact strength is the ability of a metal to resist suddenly applied loads.
 Fatigue:
The fatigue is the long effect of repeated straining action which causes the strain or
break of the material.
It is the term ‘fatigue’ use to describe the fatigue of material under repeatedly
applied forces.
 Creep:
The creep is a slow and progressive deformation of a material with time at a
constant force.
The simplest type of creep deformation is viscous flow.
Some metals are generally exhibiting creep at high temperature, whereas plastic,
rubber, and similar amorphous material are very temperature sensitive to creep.
The force for a specified rate of strain at constant temperature is called creep
strength.
Multiple-choice questions
- 1. Material properties include?
A. Mechanical properties
B. Technological properties
C. Chemical properties
D. All of the above answers
- 2. Which of the following mechanical materials is incorrect?
A. Metallic materials
B. Inorganic materials
C. Organic materials
D. Combined materials
- 3. What is organic material?
A. A material with poor electrical conductivity, no deformation. They melt
at high temperatures and are very brittle.
B. Is a material with poor electrical conductivity, deforms at high
temperature, is stable at normal temperature and burns or at low temperature
C. This material is formed by the combination of two or more other
materials.
D. All of the above answers are incorrect
- 4. Common types of mechanics?
A. Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, iron
 B. Copper, cast iron, titanium, steel
C. Copper, cast iron, gold, steel
D. Iron, platinum, plastic, copper
- 5. What are mechanical properties?
A. is a material with hardness, ductility and strength
B. The material is molten, conducts electricity, conducts heat, and has a
density.
C. The predominant type of material with this property is a metal-based
material or a metal-based composite. They can be oxidized, chemically
reacted when in contact with substances. The reactants with this type of
material are salts, acids and they are relatively resistant to corrosion.
D. They are capable of being machined by casting, welding, forging