Name : SRI UTAMI

NIM : 2084205034
Class : 2.2 P.Bio

Article :

PLANT STRUCTURE

The seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are the dominant and most studied
group of plants, so their anatomy and development are considered here. The leaves and other
aerial portions are all covered with a cuticle, a waxy layer that inhibits water loss. The leaves
have stomata, microscopic pores which open in response to certain environmental cues for
uptake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen during photosynthesis. Leaves have veins,
which connect them to the stem through a vascular system which is used for transport of
water and nutrients throughout the plant.

There are two special types of cells in the vascular system, xylem and phloem. Xylem
is mainly responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the roots to the aerial
portions, the stems and leaves. Phloem is mainly responsible for the transport of food,
principally carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis, from the leaves throughout the plant.
The vascular system of plants differs from the circulatory system of animals in that water
moves out of a plant's leaves by transpiration, whereas an animal's blood is recirculated
throughout the body.

The roots of a plant take up water and minerals from the soil, and also anchor the
plant. Most plants have a dense, fibrous network of roots, and this provides a large surface
area for uptake of water and minerals. Mycorrhizae are symbioses between fungi and most
plant roots and are important for water and mineral uptake in most plants. The fungal partner
benefits by receiving carbohydrates from the plant, which benefits by being better able to
absorb minerals and water from the soil. Mycorrhizae form on the roots of nearly all land
plants, and many biologists believe they played a vital role in the evolution of the terrestrial
habit.

Resume : PLANT STRUCTURE

The seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are the dominant and most studied
group of plants, so their anatomy and development are considered here. The leaves and other
aerial portions are all covered with a cuticle, a waxy layer that inhibits water loss.

There are two special types of cells in the vascular system, xylem and phloem. Xylem
is mainly responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the roots to the aerial
portions, the stems and leaves. The vascular system of plants differs from the circulatory
system of animals in that water moves out of a plant's leaves by transpiration, whereas an
animal's blood is recirculated throughout the body.
The roots of a plant take up water and minerals from the soil, and also anchor the
plant. Mycorrhizae are symbioses between fungi and most plant roots and are important for
water and mineral uptake in most plants. The fungal partner benefits by receiving
carbohydrates from the plant, which benefits by being better able to absorb minerals and
water from the soil. Mycorrhizae form on the roots of nearly all land plants, and many
biologists believe they played a vital role in the evolution of the terrestrial habit.