PROCEDURE NO.

PAGE OF
PTD-DGS-133 1 50
PREPARED BY DATE

PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES D. S. Register November 11, 2003

APPROVED BY
DEPARTMENT: PROCESS ENGINEERING J. J. Powers
SUBJECT: FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY AND REVISION DATE REV.

DESIGN GUIDE 0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................2

1.1 Purpose.....................................................................................................................2
1.2 Parsons E&C General Fire Protection Philosophy.....................................................2

2.0 ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION......................................................................3

3.0 DESIGN GUIDE..............................................................................................................5

3.1 Getting Started...........................................................................................................5
3.2 Estimating The Fire Water Governing Case...............................................................5
3.3 Fire Water Pump, Storage, And Piping Design..........................................................6

4.0 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL..................................................................8

4.1 Prevention.................................................................................................................8
4.2 Loss Control.............................................................................................................9

5.0 SPECIAL SITUATIONS..................................................................................................18

5.1 Buildings....................................................................................................................18
5.2 Storage Tank Farms..................................................................................................18
5.3 LPG Storage Tanks...................................................................................................20
5.4 Offshore.....................................................................................................................21
5.5 Cold Climate..............................................................................................................21

Appendix 1 - References......................................................................................................22
Appendix 2 – Glossary..........................................................................................................24
Appendix 3 - Examples Of Ring Main Layout........................................................................26
Appendix 4 - Examples Of Fire Water Pump Systems..........................................................27
Appendix 5 - References For Fire Fighting Equipment.........................................................28
Appendix 6 - HDPE Pipe......................................................................................................29
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133111
PREPARED BY DATE

PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES D. S. RegisterEdited November 11,

from existing doc by 2003July. 8, 2003
J. L. Smith
APPROVED BY
DEPARTMENT: PROCESS ENGINEERING J. J. PowersJJP
SUBJECT: FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY AND REVISION DATE REV.

DESIGN GUIDE P&ID DEVELOPMENT 073/8/2003 0E

PROCEDURE

1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................2
2.0 ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION....................................................................3
3.0 ..........................................................................................................................................6
DESIGN GUIDE..................................................................................................................6
3.3 Fire Water Pump, Storage, and Piping Design .........................................................8
1.2.2 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL.......................................................10
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE1.1 Purpose

This Guideline outlines the Parsons E&C philosophy governing the

general design for fire protection systems. Additionally, this document
provides an introduction for the process engineer to the primary design
criteria that must be considered in providing for Fire Protection of new
facilities.

It should be understood that this guide is a starting point. Alternate or

additional approaches may be appropriate and/or required due to
particular requirements for local codes, the client or the client’s insurer or
due to particular features of the project, existing fire protection facilities,
manpower availability, and project location and environs.

It is recognized that the field of Fire Protection is evolving and it is

intended that this document be updated periodically and as new
developments are identified and evaluated during engineering projects.

1.2 Parsons E&C General Fire Protection Philosophy

The Parsons E&C Fire Protection Design Philosophy is to avoid a fire

rather than fight it, and to fight a small fire rather than a large fire, and to
provide adequate fire fighting capability for the largest single fire likely to
occur at the facility (the governing case).

Fire fighting equipment should be readily available, easy to use, and

located where it is most needed.

There should be consideration that, at least in the early stages of a fire,

manpower will be limited, and yet that is the period when effective
firefighting can produce the most desirable result.

• Use engineering controls to minimize the opportunity for fires

(appropriate seals and materials of construction and electrical
enclosures).

• Limit the consequences of a fire or explosion (equipment spacing,

location, containment, grading and drainage, fireproofing, isolation,
detection and alarm systems, automatic sprinklers/water mist and
deluge systems).

• Provide for fire fighting (fire water system, foam systems, other fire
suppression systems, fire extinguishers, fire department).
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No amount of firewater or other suppressant and no degree of spacing or

fireproofing is a replacement for designing the facility to avoid releases.
On the other hand no facility design can survive inadvertent changes in
process characteristics, incorrect operation or maintenance (people make
mistakes).

Parsons E&C Fire Protection Philosophy and Design Guide is based on

NFPA and API standards as well as recent Fire Protection System
design experience with various clients.

2.0 ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION

Generally, fires occur when a fuel vapor, an oxidizer, and energy are combined.
Flammable gases are easiest to ignite; flammable liquids (and solids) require the
development of vapors (thus the lower the vapor pressure of a flammable liquid,
the easier it is to start burning). Fires are ignited when the concentration of fuel
vapor in air is within the flammability limits when in the presence of an ignition
source or when above their auto-ignition temperature. Flammable vapors
explode into fire; the more vapors present, the bigger the explosion.

Gas fires occur when gas leaks or escapes from a pressurized vessel,
compressor, or line.

The gas may ignite immediately. If so, the gas fires should not be extinguished. If
they are extinguished, all that happens is the gas cloud gets bigger until it finds a
new ignition source. Gas fires should be isolated and allowed to burn out (which
occurs quickly once the supply of fuel is stopped).

If the gas does not ignite immediately, it should still be isolated and allowed to
dissipate. Gases that have the potential to be heavier than air require drainage
away from ignition sources and towards remote locations.

Liquid fires occur when vapors are released in the presence of oxygen and
reach an ignition source or are heated to auto-ignition.

Burning liquid may be falling, flowing or pooled. Spilled flammable liquids should
be prevented from spreading by passive fire protections, which are built into the
facility, i.e. drainage away from the center of the pipe rack and away from fire
hazardous equipment (especially high value equipment), spacing and
containment, and fireproofing of structural members and ASME-coded vessels
within the fire hazard envelope.

The fuel source should be isolated.

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The fire should be extinguished and then the fuel and any hot debris should be
cooled to avoid re-ignition.

Application of copious amounts of water to a liquid fire may extinguish the fire:

• By cooling the fuel

• By production of steam which separates the flame from atmospheric air.
• By dilution of the liquid fuel (if miscible with water).
• By development of an emulsification layer over the burning surface (if not
miscible with water). (Note: Water can also spread the fire when the fuel
floats; therefore good grading and adequate drainage is required.)
• By mixing with foam concentrates, which is far more efficient at producing
a layer over the top of the burning surface.
• Application of copious amounts of water to the surfaces of ASME – coded
pressure vessels or to structural members is sometimes an alternative to
fire proofing and is also used to cool hot surfaces to prevent re-ignition.
Explosions have the same ingredients as fire: fuel (including many dusts), an
oxidant, and an ignition source. Explosions occur as deflagrations, where the
pressure wave expanding out from a point of ignition move at less than the
speed of sound, and as detonations, where the pressure waves move in
excess of the speed of sound. Unless specifically designed to contain
explosive forces, confinement results in destruction of the container and the
addition of shrapnel to the pressure wave. Explosions occur rapidly and any
system designed to handle them must respond almost instantaneously.
• Passive means of limiting damage due to explosions include blast
resistant construction and explosion venting.
• Venting is most often achieved using a (large) rupture disk and a vent line
to safe location. (Frangible seams on storage tank roofs are an example
of an explosion venting system.)
• An active isolation system is sometimes used along with venting
systems. Either physical or chemical isolation systems react rapidly to
prevent the flame front from propagating down process piping to
additional vessels.
• Active means of limiting explosion damage are explosion suppression
systems.
• These systems must first detect the explosion (typically, a rapid pressure
increase) (within 20 milliseconds of ignition) followed by activation of the
suppression system (within 25 seconds of ignition) and suppression
within 60 milliseconds of ignition.
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• Suppressants work chemically by interfering with the chemical reaction of

the explosion and thermally by removing the heat from the flame front and
lowering the temperature to halt further combustion.
Refer to NFPA 68 and 69 for Explosion Suppression Systems
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3.0
DESIGN GUIDE

3.1 Getting Started

• Review project environs: location, local building codes, water
sources, existing fire protection systems and emergency response
plans, staffing plan, mutual aid.
• Determine project scope (i.e. what is to be protected).
• Review client (or client’s insurer) fire protection guidelines.
• Develop a project specific Fire Protection Philosophy.
• Develop a project specific Fire Protection System Design.
• Develop project specifications which are consistent with the project
specific Fire Protection Philosophy.
• Update Emergency Response Plans to be consistent with the
project specific Fire Protection Philosophy.

3.2 Estimating The Fire Water Governing Case

For a process plant examine each fire hazard envelope (See Appendix
2). Select the three adjacent fire hazard envelopes with the largest
firewater need. This is:
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• the number of fire monitors (refer to section 4.2.4.1) multiplied by the

rated capacity of the monitor multiplied by 0.67
• plus all water/foam spray systems which release into those three
envelopes.
• Add the capacity of the largest hose for one hydrant (1000 to 1500
gpm).
The sum is the governing case for the process plant.

In a tank farm, examine each storage tank. Select the potential fire
incident with the largest capacity to use firewater. The firewater
requirement for any incident is the sum of:
• All fire monitors which can reach the tank multiplied by the monitor
design capacity)
• Plus the fire water for any fixed foam system on that tank
• Plus 0.33 multiplied by all fire monitors which can reach any of the
adjacent tanks in one quadrant and within the greater of one tank
diameter or 100 feet
• Plus the capacity of the largest hose for one hydrant (1000-1500
gpm)
• Plus the capacity or any monitors and water spray systems covering
adjacent pump rows.
The incident with the largest capacity is the governing case for the tank
farm.
In an LPG storage area, examine each sphere. Select the potential
incident with the largest capacity to use firewater. The firewater
requirement for any incident is the sum of:

• All fire monitors which can reach the sphere multiplied by the monitor
design capacity
• Plus the total deluge system capacity for the sphere
• Plus the capacity of one fire monitor for each of up to two adjacent
spheres within 100 ft and within one quadrant
• Plus the capacity of the deluge or water spray systems for each of up
to two adjacent spheres within 100 ft and one quadrant (50% of the
deluge capacity if the deluge system is zoned for four or more
sections)
• Plus the capacity of the largest hose for one hydrant (1000 to 1500
gpm)
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• Plus any allowance for sphere flooding

• Plus the capacity of any monitors and water spray systems covering
adjacent pump rows
The incident with the largest capacity is the governing case for the LPG
storage area.

For any residential, office, non-chemical warehouse, laboratory, etc.

building the governing case for the incident is the sum of the capacity of
the largest water sprinkler system plus two 250-gpm hoses.

For chemical warehouses, the governing case is the sum of the

capacity of the largest water sprinkler system plus 2000 gpm for
hydrants.

3.3 Fire Water Pump, Storage, and Piping Design

3.3.1 Fire Water Pumps

The Fire Water System capacity should be set at the largest of
the governing cases plus an allowance of 10 to 20% for wastage.
This value sets the minimum Fire Water pumping design
capacity.

3.3.2 Fire Water Storage

The selected Fire Water pumping capacity is multiplied by the
maximum expected duration of a fire incident. This is usually
four hours, but can be as much as six hours for process plants
with large fuel quantities at pressures above 1000 psig or for
warehouses with large quantities of flammable solid
hydrocarbons such as polyethylene film or pellets. Add 50% if
the storage replenishment system cannot supply at least half the
firewater pumping capacity and if there are no backup firewater
systems (utility water storage, BFW storage, cooling water
storage, clean waste water storage, etc.). This value sets the
usable firewater storage volume.

3.3.3 Fire Water Piping

Above-grade piping is generally carbon steel with an appropriate
corrosion factor and minimum design conditions of 150 psig @
140 °F. Such piping is usually used around the Fire Water Pumps.
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It is rarely used inside fire hazardous zones except as risers to

sprinkler and deluge systems or elevated fire monitors, or foam
distribution systems. When used inside or above fire hazardous
areas, it should be secured to resist blasts.

Most of the firewater distribution system is below-grade. It is

referred to as the Ring Main because it is arranged (and isolation
valves provided) to assure that firewater can reach any fire
hazardous area even if one section of the distribution pipe is out of
service. Minimum design conditions are usually 150 psig @ 100
°F.

The Fire Water Ring Main piping is sized based on the following
criteria:

• Given the loss of any single segment of the firewater ring

mains, the system shall deliver at least 100% of the required
delivery flow rate to any Fire Fighting Zone at a minimum
pressure of 100 psig. At least one Fire Fighting Zone will
have a required flow rate equal to the calculated governing
case; other zones may have lower required flow rates.
• Pressure drop is determined using the Hazen-Williams
formula. A ‘c’ factor of 100 is used for most materials. For
HDPE, a ‘c’ factor of 140 to 150 is used.
• Pipe lengths are estimated per Reference 25 - PTD-DGS-130
(Guidelines For Hydraulic Circuits) plus a safety factor of
20%.
• Hydraulics are calculated for the highest flow rates and the
greatest pipe distances and the worst consequences of single
line segment failure. This may result in the addition of
isolation valves or addition of a fire water line connection.
• Given the loss of any single segment of the firewater ring
mains, the maximum velocity in any remaining segment shall
not exceed 10 to 11.5 ft./sec for 60% of the required flow
rate.
• Branches are sized such that the maximum velocity through
the branch is less than 10 ft/sec for the larger of the sum of
the fire monitors/ sprinkler systems/hose stations or the
maximum flow to one fire hydrant.
• Design Allowances are not applied unless requested by the
client in order to allow for future additions.
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1.2.1

1.2.2 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL

1.2.3

1.

1.2.4

1.2.5

1.2.6

1.2.7

4.0

4.1 Prevention

4.1.1 Materials of Construction

Insofar as practical, materials for fire hazardous equipment and
equipment located in fire hazardous areas will be specified on the
basis of ability to resist failure from fire exposure as well as from
environmental and service conditions. Systems, which are
constructed of materials that do not inherently possess a
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resistance to fire effects, and which are required to contain

flammable liquids and gases and/or to control the disruption
resulting from a fire, will be "Fireproofed".

4.1.2 High Integrity Seals

This Section to be developed.

4.1.3 Ignition Sources

Ignition sources will be restricted to safe distances from potential
fuel sources so as to reduce the probability of ignition of released
flammable materials.

All areas where flammable gases or vapors are, or may be,

present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable
mixtures are electrically classified as hazardous areas per the
National Electrical Code, IEEE, and local code requirements. A
plot plan of the facilities will be developed that indicates the degree
and extent of the electrical area classifications for each area.
Where it is not practical to locate ignition sources outside of
classified areas, only explosion-proof electrical equipment, purged
electrical enclosures, or intrinsically safe equipment will be used
(to prevent ignition).
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4.2 Loss Control

4.2.1 Passive Fire Protection

Grading and Drainage
Consideration will be given in the design of sewer systems and
grading to preventing the ignition of fires should a release occur
and to controlling fire effects by limiting its spread. Liquid fuel
sources will slope away from potential ignition sources and a sump
and/or a sealed sewer system will be used to prevent flammable
vapors from reaching ignition sources. Where sumps and pumps
are used in the drainage system to remove spilled materials from
process areas, the pumps shall be provided with an emergency
power supply to ensure they will be operable under power failure
conditions. Catch basins will not be located directly beneath
equipment in order to limit flame impingement on vessels or air fin
coolers and to minimize fire spread among adjoining equipment
items. The high point of paving will be the centerline of main pipe
racks in process areas to drain spilled liquids out from under the
pipe racks and minimize fire exposure to such equipment.

Equipment Spacing
See Reference 27 “General Recommendations for Spacing”. Also
NFPA 30 provides minimum standards for spacing.

Containment
Containment may be achieved by the use of curbing or dikes or by
grading to drain spillage at an adequate rate to remote
containment (a sump or pond). Containment around storage tanks
should be designed to hold a minimum of 110% of the capacity of
the largest tank within the berm (or in remote containment) in order
to contain spills to protect the environment. The use of remote
containment is preferred since it reduces the risk of having to
contain multiple tank spills (while burning, plus fire water). Grading
around an individual tank should carry spills away from the tank.
Several tanks may be located within the same berm as long as
their contents are not incompatible; where this is done,
intermediate dikes are recommended along with grading to
minimize the effect on the adjacent tanks.

In the event of “unzip” (failure of the vertical seams of the tank

shell) of a tank or “boil over”, released materials may “surge” over
the berm.

Fireproofing
Structural support materials will have a minimum fire resistance
rating of three hours (per hydrocarbon high-rise time temperature
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curve) and critical electrical circuits, instrument circuits and motor

operated valves (and related power/activation systems will be
protected for a minimum of 20 minutes to allow for safe unit
shutdown. Fireproofing provided in areas subject to mechanical or
physical damage shall be concrete type fireproofing. Where
process vessels are located in fire hazardous areas of the facility
and heat conservation insulation is required, these systems must
be upgraded to fire rated type systems to provide the required
fireproofing rating. (Reference 4; API-2218)

Where fireproofing of electrical and instrument control cables is

required, inherently fire resistive cable systems shall be used.
Motor operated valves and other enclosures shall utilize shop
applied intumescent fireproofing. Where intumescent fireproofing
is utilized, local environmental factors and proximity to local heat
producing equipment shall be taken into consideration to ensure
that the coating does not prematurely intumesce resulting in a
reduction of the fireproof rating provided.

Fire Walls
Where two or more transformers (containing 500 gpm or more of
oil) are located together, a 2–hour rated firewall in accordance with
NFPA 850 (Reference 21) shall be provided between each
transformer.
In accordance with NFPA 850, a 2–hour rated firewall is also
required between the transformer and buildings less than 25 ft
from the transformer. The transformer pad will also be sloped
away from the equipment with drainage to the appropriate sewer
or a curbed area to retain spilled transformer oils.

Fire Walls are used to separate areas, which require sprinkler

systems (such as a lab or kitchen) from areas where water spray
is to be avoided (such as control or computer room).

4.2.2 Automatic Fire Protection

Large, complicated automatic fire protection systems often have a
dedicated Fire and Gas Control Panel. Such a system monitors
the Fire Water System (pressure, pump status, control valve
status, water tank level, etc.). Additionally, the Fire and Gas
Control System would monitor any heat, smoke, gas detection
systems, water flow to any sprinkler spray or deluge systems, and
release of any fire suppression systems (CO 2, clean agent, or
powder). The system would sound the audible alarm, identify the
problem location, and call the fire department. From this system,
shutdown and isolation systems and water and foam spray or
deluge systems could be manually actuated.
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Fire Detectors look for heat or combustion products. Heat

detectors include fusible links (the simplest type), bimetallic
fixed-temperature systems, rate of rise detectors, and rate-
compensated heat detectors. Combustion product detectors
include the various types of smoke detectors, and IR or UV flame
detectors.

Flammable Gas Detectors detect process system leaks. Their

purpose is to prevent fire. When designed to be highly reliable,
they may be used to shutdown and isolate equipment, or start
water spray systems.

Alarms (Section to be developed)

Automatic Response (Manual vs. Automatic Activation)

Facilities where significant amounts of liquid flammable chemicals
are stored and which are not manned around the clock by
personnel trained as first responders and occupied buildings
(except where there are significant electronic systems which could
be damaged by water) are the most appropriate locations for fire
fighting systems which are activated and alarmed automatically.

Detection systems for automatic fire suppression systems must be

selected and installed to have a high degree of reliability (work
when it should – not when it shouldn’t). Otherwise, unnecessary
activation of these systems can lead to water damage, or, worse,
waste the fire water supply where it is not needed.

Automatically activated systems will be capable of manual

activation locally from a safe location or remotely.

Automatic Response (Shutdown, Isolation)

Due to the consequences of nuisance trips, automatic shutdown
and isolation systems should be designed to be very reliable and
with a full consideration for follow-up response.

4.2.3 Fire Water System

Firewater is used in almost all major fire-fighting applications.
Therefore, Fire Water Systems are required for almost all chemical
process facilities. Firewater is used to extinguish fires, to cool
surfaces so that they do not catch fire, or re-ignite fires, or begin to
loose strength due to heat, to cool fire fighting personnel as they
approach fires, to wash away spilled materials.
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Firewater is also used to mix with foams, which are used to cover
the surfaces of flammable liquids. This reduces the production of
vapors which feed the fire and separate oxygen from the fuel.

On the other hand, improper application of firewater can waste

this potentially limited resource, spread flammable and flaming
liquids to wider areas, or sink or cock floating roofs, increasing
the liquid surface area which can become fire involved.

4.2.3.1 Supply and Storage

In most cases, fire water systems are wetted, i.e., the firewater
distribution system is full of water and is maintained under
pressure ready to deliver water instantly. Also, firewater delivery
equipment normally incorporates spray nozzles, which can
become plugged and ineffective if the water is not clean.
Therefore, the water must be clean.

• Water may be pumped from rivers or lakes.

• Suction must be below the lowest water level.
• Suction screens / skimmers and spares will be required and
must be inspected and cleaned regularly to assure they aren’t
too fouled for maximum flow rates.
• Filtration must be provided which is adequate to prevent
plugging of the spray nozzles.
• Water treatment is required to prevent the growth of organisms
in the system.
• Seawater may be used. In addition to the suction straining
and filtering and treatment to prevent the growth of organisms,
saltwater would affect the metallurgical choice for the fire water
system materials of construction and require additional
inspection requirements for any process vessels or structural
steel sprayed during fire fighting efforts.
• Potable or non-potable water may be obtained from municipal
or industrial community water supplies or from on-site wells.
• It is usually desirable to have more than one water source for
reliability.
• Unless the water supply is capable of a delivery rate and
pressure sufficient for fire fighting and has a high degree of
reliability, a Fire Water Storage Tank will normally be required.
Filtered, treated water will be made up into it as needed to
keep it full.
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• The minimum usable storage capacity of the Fire Water Tank

is for four hours of water deliver at 100 to 120% of the
governing case. This would be increased if the replenishment
rate is relatively slow or if the makeup water supply is less than
completely reliable. (Sometimes alternate water supplies such
as Utility Water storage tanks, Cooling Water storage tanks,
Storm Water holding ponds, etc. are made available).

4.2.3.2 Fire Water Pumping

• Jockey Pumps are used to maintain a constant pressure on
wetted firewater distribution systems. There is usually one
100% pump and a spare. Each pump is rated sufficiently to
cover a small amount of system leakage plus some allowance
for wash down at fire monitors or system flushing. 100 – 150
gpm is common with a discharge pressure of approximately
125 to 140 psig. The primary Jockey pump runs continuously
circulating around the Fire Water Tank on discharge pressure
control. The spare pump starts automatically if the primary
Jockey pump fails.
• Fire Water Pumps are used to deliver large quantities of water
to the firewater distribution piping. One or more of these pumps
are provided with a combined design flow capacity of at least
the required delivery rate (120% of the largest calculated
governing case) and with a discharge pressure sufficient to
deliver the required flows to any fire fighting equipment around
the fire water ring main (at a minimum of 100 psig) and subject
to system hydraulics with any single section of the ring main
isolated and out of service.
• Consideration will be given to assuring the reliability of the Fire
Water Pumps (separate power supplies, emergency generator,
diesel driven, etc.)
At least one spare Fire Water Pump is provided sized to match
one of the primary Fire Water Pumps (i.e. there will be two 100%
pumps or three 50% pumps or four 33% pumps etc.).

These pumps, including the spare, start automatically and

sequentially at a set pressure a little below the Jockey Pump
operating and startup pressures.

See Appendix 4 for an example of a Fire Water pumping system.

4.2.3.3 Fire Water Ring Main

• The Fire Water Ring Main should be buried. It will require
sufficient isolation valves such that, if one section is removed
from service, no fire hazardous equipment will be completely
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deprived of fire water supply. The ring main is usually laid out
around the edges of the chemical plant and along roadsides;
branches are used to deliver water to fire fighting equipment
located within unit boundaries.
• Almost any kind of pressure-rated pipe can be used to carry
the firewater.
• HDPE pipe has many advantages (corrosion resistance,
flexibility, resistant to surge pressure, smooth surfaces which
do not lose flow capacity over time), however care should be
exercised in sizing since the pipe size is based on O.D. and the
walls are thick. Also the pressure rating is based on a design
temperature of 73 °F and is reduced significantly as the
temperature rises. (See Appendix 6)
• Metallic lines are subject to corrosion internally as well as
externally and their flow capacities will gradually deteriorate as
the pipe ages. Where used, an external coating is usually
required.
• Concrete lines are more susceptible to fracture and seal failure
and they gradually lose their flow capacity with the growth of
organisms, which adhere to the walls.
• Post Indicator Valves (UL or FM approved) are used to
sectionalize the ring main such that if one section has to be
isolated and removed from service, no area will be left
completely unsupplied with firewater. Generally, no more
than one hydrant will be connected to a single section; no
more than four fire monitors will be connected to a single
section. Especially critical fire fighting equipment will have
connections to two sections of ring main. (See Appendix 3 for
a typical Ring Main Layout)

4.2.4 Fire Fighting Equipment

See Appendix 5 for references to many of these types of
equipment.

4.2.4.1 Fixed Fire Monitors

• Fire monitors are considered to be the primary fire-fighting tool.
A single person may quickly start fire monitor flow, aim the
stream, adjust the stream, lock the monitor in place and then
proceed to use additional monitors, foam hose reels, or fire
extinguishers, to communicate, or to temporarily evacuate the
area.
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• For the purposes of layout of monitors, monitors shall have a

maximum effective stream range of 120 feet with a maximum
vertical height of 148 feet at a 75-degree elevation. Fire
Monitors are manufactured in for various flow rates (typically
250-500 gpm, and water supply conditions (typically 100 psig).
They are also available with siphon connections for small foam
containers. Longer-range monitors are available.
• Monitors are located to protect equipment; normally there
would be at least two monitors with coverage areas for any fire
hazardous equipment or equipment in a fire hazard envelope.
Monitors may be located within a fire hazard envelopes,
however, the monitors assigned to any particular equipment
should be no closer than 40 feet from that equipment; one of
the two monitors should be within 85 feet of the equipment and
the other should be within 120 feet of the equipment. The two
monitors should be located (to the extent possible) such that if
one is inaccessible (due to wind, smoke, fumes, etc.) the other
will be accessible. Ideally, the two monitors would be supplied
separately such that if one section of ring main were out of
service, at least one of the monitors would still be supplied.
This may not always be feasible and some other backup plan
would be in place.
• Monitors are available, which can be operated remotely (for
locations inside a storage tank dike, for example) or which can
be started manually and left oscillating (this feature could be
particularly useful for cooling storage tank walls with more
concentrated streams and at greater distances).

4.2.4.2 Water Spray Systems/Deluge Systems/ Sprinklers/

Fixed Foam Spray Systems
• These systems are used for the protection of equipment,
structure, buildings, stored materials, etc.
• Whether actuated automatically or not there should always be
provision for manual startup and shutoff from safe location.
• These systems are sometimes used when a fire monitor is
inappropriate (i.e. there is too much interference with the flow
path or the monitor cannot be located close enough).
• A fixed foam spray system would include an appropriate
amount of foam in a container ready to be educted with manual
or automatic start of water flow.

Wherever sprinkler or spray nozzles are used, the system must

include strainers in the water supply.
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4.2.4.3 Fire Water And Foam Hose Reels

These systems are usually rated for about 60 gpm and are used
by an individual in a precise way to extinguish incipient fires
similar to a fire extinguisher (in fact, given that the hoses are
about 60 feet long, they are somewhat portable). These are
located for use at pumps where flammable materials may leak
and ignite.

4.2.4.4 Fire Hydrants

• Fire hydrants are for use with mobile equipment. Typically wet
barrel hydrants are provided with three small (2-2.5”) valved
connections and one large (4-5”) valve connection. Hoses are
used to connect the water supply from the hydrant to the
mobile equipment or (when manned by several fire fighters)
may be used to fight the fire directly.
• Hydrants are usually located along roadsides (close to the ring
main) spaced no greater than about 150 ft (the length of one
fire hose) apart.
• The 4-5” hose connections can handle on the order of 1000
gpm.

4.2.4.5 Semi-Fixed Systems

Semi-fixed systems are those where a distribution system for the
fire suppressant (foam for example) is available upon arrival of
mobile supplies. Fire fighting foams can be expensive, so it may
be decided to install a limited amount or none, with the expectation
that a portable supply would arrive quickly, be connected, and the
system activated manually.

4.2.4.6 Portable Equipment

• Portable fire extinguishers should be located throughout all
areas and within all buildings. The extinguisher agent selected
in each case will be based upon the class of fire to be expected
as follows:
• Class A (Wood, paper and similar) - water
• Class BC (Hydrocarbon and/or energized electrical
equipment) - dry chemical or carbon dioxide gas
• Class ABC (All the above) - multipurpose dry chemical or
carbon dioxide gas Wheeled portable dry chemical and
wheeled pre-mixed foam fire extinguishers may be provided
for each process area and other high hazard equipment
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• Foam Containers (small one to five gallon containers which

can be hand carried or carted to a fire monitors equipped for
foam eduction).

4.2.4.7 Mobile Equipment

• Most mobile fire fighting equipment is designed for use by or
for dedicated fire fighters. It is kept in a Fire House and used
under the instructions of a Fire Chief or Incident Commander. It
may not be available for a short period after a fire alarm is
sounded due to necessity for the fire department members to
gather, don emergency PPE, and travel to the site of the fire.
• Not every facility will have a full compliment (or any) of this type
of equipment and may rely on a municipal fire department or
industrial community aid program. Some types of Mobile
Emergency Equipment to consider:
• Monitor – A mobile fire monitor; usually equipped with enough
hose to connect to a fire hydrant supply.
• Aerials – This apparatus can extend a remote controlled
firewater nozzle 60 to 100 feet at angles of –5 to 75 ° to fight
elevated fires or where a fire cannot be safely approached. The
truck generally includes a booster pump to supply the nozzle, a
water tank for pump suction, and enough hose to connect to a
fire hydrant supply. (These trucks may include a platform for
manual operation of the nozzle.)
• Hose Truck. This apparatus carries many types of fire fighting
equipment, primarily hose for connection to hydrants. The truck
may tow trailerized fire monitors, foam guns, foam tanks, etc.
• Support Trucks – This apparatus may include an air
conditioned space for cool-down of fire fighters (in hot
climates), drinking water, storage for SCBA and spare bottles,
escape packs, bunker gear, first aid supplies, and PPE, a side
mounted bank of lights for use at night, etc. They may tow a
breathing air bottle rack, etc.
• In many cases, several of these capabilities are combined into
a single vehicle.
• Additionally, a “Fast Attack” Truck may be provided for use by
trained operations personnel. This vehicle is essentially a large
pickup truck with communications gear, PPE, SCBA, a small
drum or two of foam for use with a fixed fire monitor, fire
extinguishers, possibly a small foam gun with a 50 gallon
supply of foam and some hose for connection at hydrants or
fixed monitors, eyewash bottles.
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4.2.5 Other Fire Suppressants

The following are typically used when solids or very small liquid
spills are on fire, burning insulation and building materials, grease,
lubricants, etc.

• FM-200 (heptafluoropropane) (Kidde) is reported to be a

replacement for Halon. No Ozone Layer depleting CFC’s, safe
at fire fighting concentrations. The fire is extinguished without
getting sensitive electrical and control equipment wet or
covered with dry powders.
• High Pressure Water Mist Systems (Marioff) produce a fog,
which acts by inerting the atmosphere, by cooling, and by
blocking radiant heat. These systems have been used instead
of halon replacements or CO2. Water use (and thus water
damage) is minimal (in some cases 2% of conventional
sprinkler system usage).
• Snuffing Steam is used as an aimed spray at flanges inside
isolation limits of equipment containing easily ignited materials
under high pressure.
• Dry Powder – Dry powder is sprayed from a portable
extinguisher
• Wet Chemical – Liquid fire suppressant is activated
automatically or manually to spray directly on a fire; primarily
used on kitchen equipment.
• CO2- CO2 gas is sprayed from a portable extinguisher or fixed
spray system to smother a fire. CO2 is not used in confined
space when people are present.

5.0 SPECIAL SITUATIONS

5.1 Buildings

Sprinkler and Water Spray Systems are required for residential and many
office and laboratory buildings as well as in warehouses. See Reference
12,20 (NFPA 13, 750).

Some buildings, which house electrical and electronic gear, would NOT
benefit from copious quantities of water.

Frequently the only fire hazard is the insulation on the electrical wiring or
some greases or lubricants involved with switchgear.
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Fire and smoke alarms detect the fire and alert personnel to use along
fire extinguishers. If normally unoccupied, some type of automatic non-
aqueous extinguishment system might be considered.

VESDA (Very Early Smoke Detection and Alarm) systems have been
used to detect very low levels of smoke and allow personnel to confirm
the problem and use fire extinguishers or switch power through auxiliary
wiring systems.

5.2 Storage Tank Farms

Storage tanks (for flammable liquids) and their containment areas

experience pool fires and these are most effectively fought with foam. For
flammable liquids, which are heavier than water, copious amounts of
water can suffocate the fire. For flammable liquids, which are very soluble
in water, copious amounts of water dilute and cool the burning liquid
sufficiently to stop the fire. For flammable liquids, which are lighter than
water, water will just spread the fire and is most appropriately used to
make foam and to cool hot surfaces (which keep re-igniting fires or keep
producing flammable vapors or which would eventually lead to structural
failure) and to cool adjacent tanks.

In relatively compact tank farm installations the use of fixed foam systems
is considered appropriate. Several tanks can share such a system. They
are activated manually (remotely or from a safe location) and the foam
solution directed to the appropriate tank. A single source of foam is
provided. Firewater flow is started which automatically begins educting
foam. This foam solution travels to the target tank through a foam
distribution network. Fixed systems are used in order to cut down on
response time, which is of the essence in close quarters where
neighboring tanks can be rapidly affected.

Fixed foam systems are also appropriate for closed tanks with no floating
roof. In such tanks, any fire is a full surface fire. Any delay in application of
foam or cooling water spray increases the likelihood that a foam layer will
be impossible to form and a fully involved tank fire will ensue. Fully
involved tank fires are very difficult to fight and are usually left to burn out.
Focus is on protecting adjacent tanks and equipment, de-inventory of the
burning tank, and prediction of when ‘boil-over’, ‘froth-over’, or tank ‘unzip’
may occur.

For relatively spread out tank farms, and tanks with ‘unsinkable’ internal
floating roofs, semi-fixed foam systems may be appropriate.
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For external ‘unsinkable’ floating roof tanks, mobile foam systems may be
used.

Where the vapor space inside a storage tank is reliably padded, it is

unlikely that flammability levels will be achieved and therefore foam
application systems may be waived.

Passive protections:
• Frangible roofs are provided on storage tanks to minimize blast
damage to a tank if ignition occurs.
• Flame arrestors are used to prevent back flash from a vent fire from
entering the tank.
• Electrical shunts are used to ground floating roofs to sidewalls
preventing ignition due to lightning (for external floating roofs) or due
to static buildup on internal floating roofs.
• Air vents are used to maintain a high concentration of air inside a tank
to stay out of flammability limits.
• Containment, grading, drainage, remote impoundment, intermediate
berms are used to carry spilled hydrocarbons away from tanks,
equipment, foam and process liquid lines.

5.3 LPG Storage Tanks

The storage of LPG’s shall be provided with remote impounding in

accordance with the philosophy contained in API Standard 2510, Design
and Construction of LPG Installations. The amount of and arrangement
of the remote impounding shall be determined based upon the physical
properties of the LPG, the climate conditions, and selected release
scenarios.

Many installations have used fireproofing to protect the tank supports and
have provided deluge systems to protect the tank itself. Deluge systems
may include a water spray or a simple dump of water on top of the sphere
(allowing the water to flow down over the surface in a film).

To some degree this film also covers the bottom half of the vessel.
Additional water spray is often also applied to the lower hemisphere of the
vessel.

Usually, there are also two fire monitors located to be able to cover the
bottom half of each tank.

In some recent cases, fireproofing of the entire vessel has replaced the
use of water spray and deluge systems.
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LPG storage vessel leaks can produce vapor clouds, which explode if
they reach an ignition source. Detection is the key to preventing this.
Water spray to disperse, absorb, or knockdown the vapor is a typical
method of preventing fire until the leak can be isolated. Provision for
vessel flooding with water should be considered.

If the LPG ignites before a vapor cloud is formed, then a vapor cloud
cannot form. Do not put out the fire; isolate the leak and allow it to burn
out.

LPG fires are hot and radiant heat can start the production of vapors from
the leaking LPG vessel or adjacent tanks. The vent system should be
designed to carry away this vapor; if not, relief valves start to open to the
atmosphere releasing additional LPG vapors.

LPG leaks are often jets and when ignited may directly impinge on the
burning vessel or adjacent vessels. If this impingement occurs above the
liquid level of the vessel (which is probably falling due to venting, leakage,
or de-inventory efforts), the shell will quickly fail, resulting in a BLEVE.
This is the worst case LPG incident.

5.4 Offshore

Offshore facilities have the following characteristics:

• Limited opportunity for evacuation so protection of living /control
spaces is vital. Evacuation must be allowed for.
• The facilities are relatively expensive to build and are at the front end
of profit centers. Staffing is at a minimum.
• The facilities are usually congested, so a fire will spread rapidly if
adjacent equipment isn’t designed to resist fire conditions.
• Excepting pipelines, the reservoirs of flammable liquids and gases are
relatively small.
• Passive systems and automatic shutdown and isolation systems are
prevalent.
• Water spray systems are often used.
• There is an abundant supply of firewater. All that is required is to
pump it reliably and to have distribution piping to deliver it where
required. Fire Water Pumps and Fire Protection System controls must
be protected.
• Corrosion is an issue.
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• Refer to the API RP-14 series.

5.5 Cold Climate

Cold climate facilities have the following characteristics:

• The opportunities for evacuation are limited so protection of living
/control spaces is vital. Evacuation must be allowed for.
• The facilities are relatively expensive and are at the front end of profit
centers. Staffing is at a minimum.
• The atmosphere is frequently very dry, contributing to static electrical
discharges.
• It is difficult to maintain a large reservoir of liquid firewater.
• Passive systems and automatic shutdown and isolation systems are
prevalent.
• Fire Water systems are often heated, heat traced, and in constant
circulation. High-pressure low-volume fine mist water spray systems are
often used where firewater is required.
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APPENDIX 1
REFERENCES

I Industry Codes
American Petroleum Institute (API)
1. API 620: Design and Construction of Large Welded Low Pressure Storage
Tanks
2. API 650: Welded Steel tanks for Oil Storage
3. API 752: Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process
Plant Buildings CMA Manager's Guide
4. API 2218: Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
Processing Plants
5. API 2510: Design and Construction of LPG Installations
6. API 2510A: Fire Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of
LPG Storage Facilities

7. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

8. International Building Code (IBC) – IBC 2003

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

9. NFPA 10: 1994 Portable Fire Extinguishers
10. NFPA 11: Standard for Low Expansion Foam
11. NFPA 13: Installation of Sprinkler Systems
12. NFPA 15:1996 Water Spray Fixed Systems
13. NFPA 20: Standard for the Installation of Stationary pumps for Fire Protection
14. NFPA 22: Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
15. NFPA 24: 1995 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and their
Appurtenances
16. NFPA 25: Water Based Fire Protection Systems
17. NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids code
18. NFPA 45: Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals
19. NFPA 91: Standard for Exhaust systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases,
Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids
20. NFPA 750: Standard On Water Mist for Fire Protection Systems
21. NFPA 780: Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, 1997
Edition
22. NFPA 850: Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electrical
Generating Plants and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations

23. 29CFR 1910.119 Subpart H Process Safety Management of Highly

Hazardous Chemicals
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II Parsons Design Guides

24. PTD-DGS-115 Codes – General Design Guide
25. PTD-DGS-130 Guidelines for Hydraulic Circuits
26. PTD-DGS-121 Gravity Fluid Flow Design Guide
27. EPD-DGS-104 General Recommendations for Spacing
28. EMU-DGS-700 Fire Protection (Buildings)

III Standard Drawings

29. EPD-DGS-501 Fire Water Spray System Manifold
30. EPD-DGS-502 Fire Water Spray System for Pumps and Compressors
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APPENDIX 2
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

- BLEVE – Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

- Boil-over –To be developed later.

- Combustible Liquid – A liquid which produces flammable vapors and which

has a flashpoint at or above 100°F.

- First Responder -The first responder is the person who, in performance of

their normal duties, is most likely to be the first to recognize a developing fire
hazard. For our purposes, this person is the chemical plant operator; they
need training to handle the developing fire hazard.

- First Response -
If there is a fire, the absolutely 1st response is to sound the alarm.

2nd – the operator reports the situation and location to control room to get
assistance or instructions.

(From the control room, it may be possible to shut down a leaking pump
and start up the spare, manually activate sprinkler or deluge systems, or
begin a shutdown and isolation procedure. A Fast Attack Truck may be
available to dispatch. Surveillance cameras may be re-directed. Dispatch
an operator to meet Fire Department personnel as they arrive and direct
them to the site.)

3rd – the operator would, to the degree that it can be done safely, fight an
incipient or small fire directly as follows: manually activate sprinkler
systems, initiate fire monitor coverage, shut down equipment isolate the
fuel source, use a fire extinguisher, foam hose reel, etc,

- Fire Fighters – Fire Fighters are the personnel who are trained to fight major
fires. They usually respond with Fire Trucks. It may take some time for them
to gather, get their fire equipment started up and arrive at the scene. An
Incident Commander will be likely to respond with them and take over control
from the Operations Supervisor.

- Fire Fighting Zone – A Fire Fighting Zone is the area that can be affected
fire a single fire incident. Based on the size of the area, and the
characteristics of the hazard and the type of fire fighting equipment expected
to be used, the firewater requirement for zone is determined.
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- Fire Hazardous Equipment – Equipment containing flammable materials.

See Reference (4) API-2218

- Fire Hazard Envelope – “The three dimensional space into which fire
hazardous (fire potential) equipment can release flammable or combustible
fluids capable of burning long enough and with enough intensity to cause
substantial property damage”. This space extends 20 to 40 ft radially and 30
feet vertically from the fire hazardous equipment and from its drainage path.

- Fire Water Governing Case – The Fire Water Governing Case is the
firewater requirement for the Fire Fighting Zone requiring the largest Fire
Water capacity.

- Fire Water Pumps – The main fire water delivery pumps sized to deliver fire
water at least the fire water governing rate and with sufficient pressure for
effective fire fighting.

- Fire Water Ring Main – The main firewater header. A “ring” is used so that
water can be delivered from more than one direction (in the event that one
section of the header is isolated and out of service).

- Flammable Liquid – A liquid which produces flammable vapors and which

has a flashpoint below 100°F and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia at
100 °F.

- Jockey Pumps – Relatively small pumps used to maintain a constant water

pressure on the firewater piping system.

- Passive Fire Protection – Passive systems are the aspects of an

installation, which, when designed, installed, and maintained correctly, have
an inherent resistance to ignition, or spread of a fire without any actively
functioning components. Examples are: fire proofing, fire walls, spacing,
containment, and drainage.

- Safe Distance (from ignition source) – Refer to NFPA 30. Outside the fire
hazardous envelope; Outside the area where leaking gas or vapor can form
a flammable mixture as determined by engineering review (often including
modeling studies).
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APPENDIX 3

TYPICAL RING MAIN LAYOUT

(See Attached)

FW RING MAIN LAYOUT3.PDF

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APPENDIX 4

EXAMPLES OF FIRE WATER PUMP SYSTEMS

(see attached)

FIRE WATER PUMPS SKETCH2.PDF

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APPENDIX 5

REFERENCES FOR FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

1. WWW.WILLIAMSFIRE.COM <HTTP://WWW.WILLIAMSFIRE.COM>
2. WWW.KENNEDYVALVE.COM <HTTP://WWW.KENNEDYVALVE.COM>
3. WWW.LEVITT-SAFETY.COM <HTTP://WWW.LEVITT-SAFETY.COM>
4. WWW.USFOAM.COM <HTTP://WWW.USFOAM.COM>
5. WWW.NEWAGE-INDIA.COM <HTTP://WWW.NEWAGE-INDIA.COM>
6. WWW.HI-FPG.COM <HTTP://WWW.HI-FPG.COM>
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APPENDIX 6

HDPE PIPE

Polyethylene materials for pressure piping are identified by an ASTM Material Code.
HDPE (high density polyethylene) is coded PE 3408.

HDPE pipe has a maximum allowable pressure rating as given by the formula :

P = 2 HDB fE x fT /(DR-1)

P = Internal pressure, psi

HDB = Hydrostatic Design Basis @ 73 °F (1600 for PE3408)
fE = Environmental Design Factor (0.5 for water)
fT = Service Temperature Design Factor (1.0 for 73 °F; 0.78 for 100 °F)
DR = OD / thickness (t)

DR 11 has a nominal service pressure rating of 160 psi, but for a design temperature of
100 °F, the maximum coincidental design pressure rating is 125 psig. Thus it would not
satisfy the minimum design temperature and pressure conditions for most firewater
systems.

DR 9 has a nominal service pressure rating of 200 psi, but for a design temperature of
100 °F, the maximum coincidental design pressure rating is 156 psig.

DR 7 (7.3) has a nominal service pressure rating of 255 psi, but for a design
temperature of 100 °F, the maximum design pressure rating is 198 psig.

HDPE pipe is generally sized based on the OD; For DR 9 a 12” line has an ID of 9.746
in. and for DR 7, a 12” line has an ID of 9.046 in. Be sure to input the ID when doing
hydraulic calculations or determining linear velocity.

ASME B31.3 – 2002 Section A302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature
Variations indicates that for
“(a) Nonmetallic Piping. Allowances for variations of pressure, or temperature, or both,
above design conditions are not permitted. The most severe conditions of coincident
pressure and temperature shall be used to determine the design conditions for a piping
system.

The following table provides pressure ratings for DR7 and DR 9 HDPE at several
temperatures, some of which would be inapplicable to firewater systems except in
special situations.
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SDR7
fE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

T (deg C) 60 44 41 40 38 33 30 26.2 23
fT 0.5 0.698 0.739 0.753 0.78 0.853 0.897 0.953 1

DR 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3

P (PSI) 126.98 177.27 187.68 191.24 198.10 216.63 227.81 242.03 253.97
P (KG/CM2) 8.93 12.46 13.20 13.45 13.93 15.23 16.02 17.02 17.86

SDR9
fE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

T (deg C) 60 44 41 40 38 33 30 26.2 23
fT 0.5 0.698 0.739 0.753 0.78 0.853 0.897 0.953 1

SDR9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
P (PSI) 100.00 139.60 147.80 150.60 156.00 170.60 179.40 190.60 200.00
P (KG/CM2) 7.03 9.82 10.39 10.59 10.97 11.99 12.61 13.40 14.06

The advantages of HDPE are its resistance to internal or external corrosion, which is
important since it is used underground. It will not become brittle in cold environments. It
is flexible and not likely to crack with gradual settlement of the site. It is smooth and
does not support the growth of organisms; it has high ‘c’ and would be expected to
retain it for the life of the pipe. It has 50-year life expectancy.

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
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3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
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3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
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3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
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3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
AFE with Project Manager
P&ID Review
3.63 Scope of Work and PFDs In-House Review
Comments
Comments
3.64
3.65 Client Comments ProjectProcess
Engineer
Engineer Other Discipline
Client Comments Process Engineer
Collects Comments Other Discipline
Comments
3.66 Collects Comments Comments
3.67
3.68 ProcessProcess
Engineer
Engineer CADD provides
Piping Service Index Process
Prepares Engineer
Incorporates
Sketch Comments LineSheets
Legend Numbers
3.69 Incorporates Comments

3.70
Control
Instrumentation
Systems and
3.71 AddsInstrumentation
Instrumentationand
Control Group
ControlTag
Excluding Group
Final Markup
Numbers
Comments
3.72 Including Tag Numbers
3.73
3.74 Process
Process
Engineer
Engineer
Process
Reviews Engineer
Reviews
Drawings
Drawings
3.75 Reviews Drawings

3.76
CADDCAD
Prepares
Incorporates
CAD Incorporates
Drawing
Drawing Comments
Drawing Comments

3.77 Drawings
Drawings
are are
CAD Checks
Returned
ReturnedandtoReturns
to Process Process
3.78 Drawings to Process

3.79
3.80 Piping Service Line Numbers
Process
Process
Back Back
Index if Available Process
ChecksChecksBack
Drawings
Drawings if Available
3.81 Checks Drawings
3.82 No No
No Is Drawing
Is Drawing
Ready Ready
3.83 IstoDrawing Ready
Issueto Issue
Yes Yes to Issue
3.84 Yes

3.85
Issue for
Issue for
3.86 Issue
In-House for
Review
Design
Approval
3.87

In-
Detailed
House Engineering
P&ID
Review
Review
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3.90
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3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
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3.103
3.104
3.105
3.106
3.107
3.108
3.109
3.110
3.111
3.112
3.113
3.114

3.1153.116

3.117
3.118
3.119
3.120
3.1213.122

3.123
3.124
3.125
3.126
3.1273.128

3.1293.130
3.131
3.132
3.1333.134

3.1353.136
3.137
3.138
3.1393.140

3.1413.142
3.143
3.144
3.1453.146

3.1473.148
3.149
3.150
3.1513.152

3.1533.154
3.155
3.156
3.1573.158

3.1593.160
3.161
3.162
3.1633.164
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3.166
3.167
3.168
3.1693.170

3.1713.172
3.173
3.174
3.1753.176

3.1773.178
3.179
3.180
3.1813.182

3.1833.184
3.185
3.186
3.1873.188

3.189
3.190
3.191
3.192
3.1933.194

3.1953.196
3.197
3.198
3.1993.200

3.2013.202
3.203
3.204
3.2053.206

3.2073.208
3.209
3.210
3.2113.212

3.213
3.214
3.215
3.216
3.2173.218

3.219
3.220
3.221
3.222
3.2233.224

3.225
3.226
3.227
3.228
3.2293.230

3.231
3.232
3.233
3.234
3.2353.236

3.237
3.238
3.239
3.240
3.2413.242

3.243
3.244
3.245
3.246
3.2473.248

3.249
3.250
3.251
3.252
3.2533.254

3.255
3.256
3.257
3.258
3.2593.260

3.261
3.262
3.263
3.264
3.2653.266

3.267
3.268
3.269
3.270
3.2713.272

3.273
3.274
3.275
3.276
3.2773.278

3.279
3.280
3.281
3.282
3.2833.284

3.285
3.286
3.287
3.288
3.2893.290

3.291
3.292
3.293
3.294
3.2953.296

3.297
3.298
3.299
3.300
3.3013.302

3.303
3.304
3.305
3.306
3.3073.308
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3.310
3.311
3.312
3.3133.314

3.315
3.316
3.317
3.318
3.3193.320

3.321
3.322
3.323
3.324
3.3253.326

3.327
3.328
3.329
3.330
3.3313.332

3.333
3.334
3.335
3.336
3.3373.338

3.339
3.340
3.341
3.342
3.3433.344

3.345
3.346
3.347
3.348
3.3493.350

3.351
3.352
3.353
3.354
3.3553.356

3.357
3.358
3.359
3.360
3.3613.362

3.363
3.364
3.365
3.366
3.3673.368

3.369
3.370
3.371
3.372
3.3733.374

3.375
3.376
3.377
3.378
3.3793.380

3.381
3.382
3.383
3.384
3.3853.386

3.387
3.388
3.389
3.390
3.3913.392

3.393
3.394
3.395
3.396
3.3973.398

3.399
3.400
3.401
3.402
3.4033.404

3.405
3.406
3.407
3.408
3.4093.410

3.411
3.412
3.413
3.414
3.4153.416

3.417
3.418
3.419
3.420
3.4213.422

3.423
3.424
3.425
3.426
3.4273.428

3.429
3.430
3.431
3.432
3.4333.434

3.435
3.436
3.437
3.438
3.4393.440

3.441
3.442
3.443
3.444
3.4453.446

3.447
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3.4513.452
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3.455
3.456
3.4573.458

3.459
3.460
3.461
3.462
3.4633.464

3.465
3.466
3.467
3.468
3.4693.470

3.471
3.472
3.473
3.474
3.4753.476

3.477
3.478
3.479
3.480
3.4813.482

3.483
3.484
3.485
3.486
3.4873.488

3.489
3.490
3.491
3.492
3.4933.494

3.495
3.496
3.497
3.498
3.4993.500

3.501
3.502
3.503
3.504
3.5053.506

3.507
3.508
3.509
3.510
3.5113.512

3.513
3.514
3.515
3.516
3.5173.518

3.519
3.520
3.521
3.522
3.5233.524

3.525
3.526
3.527
3.528
3.5293.530

3.531
3.532
3.533
3.534
3.5353.536

3.537
3.538
3.539
3.540
3.5413.542

3.543
3.544
3.545
3.546
3.5473.548

3.549
3.550
3.551
3.552
3.5533.554

3.555
3.556
3.557
3.558
3.5593.560

3.561
3.562
3.563
3.564
3.5653.566

3.567
3.568
3.569
3.570
3.5713.572

3.573
3.574
3.575
3.576
3.5773.578

3.579
3.580
3.581
3.582
3.5833.584

3.585
3.586
3.587
3.588
3.5893.590

3.591
3.592
3.593
3.594
3.5953.596
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3.599
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3.6013.602

3.603
3.604
3.605
3.606
3.6073.608

3.609
3.610
3.611
3.612
3.6133.614

3.615
3.616
3.617
3.618
3.6193.620

3.621
3.622
3.623
3.624
3.6253.626

3.627
3.628
3.629
3.630
3.6313.632

3.633
3.634
3.635
3.636
3.6373.638

3.639
3.640
3.641
3.642
3.6433.644

3.645
3.646
3.647
3.648
3.6493.650

3.651
3.652
3.653
3.654
3.6553.656

3.657
3.658
3.659
3.660
3.6613.662

3.663
3.664
3.665
3.666
3.6673.668

3.669
3.670
3.671
3.672
3.6733.674

3.675
3.676
3.677
3.678
3.6793.680

3.681
3.682
3.683
3.684
3.6853.686

3.687
3.688
3.689
3.690
3.6913.692

3.693
3.694
3.695
3.696
3.6973.698

3.699
3.700
3.701
3.702
3.7033.704

3.705
3.706
3.707
3.708
3.7093.710

3.711
3.712
3.713
3.714
3.7153.716

3.717
3.718
3.719
3.720
3.7213.722

3.723
3.724
3.725
3.726
3.7273.728

3.729
3.730
3.731
3.732
3.7333.734

3.735
3.736
3.737
3.738
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3.7513.752

3.753
3.754
3.755
3.756
3.7573.758

3.759
3.760
3.761
3.762
3.7633.764

3.765
3.766
3.767
3.768
3.7693.770

3.771
3.772
3.773
3.774
3.7753.776

3.777
3.778
3.779
3.780
3.7813.782

3.783
3.784
3.785
3.786
3.7873.788

3.789
3.790
3.791
3.792
3.7933.794

3.795
3.796
3.797
3.798
3.7993.800

3.801
3.802
3.803
3.804
3.8053.806

3.807
3.808
3.809
3.810
3.8113.812

3.813
3.814
3.815
3.816
3.8173.818

3.819
3.820
3.821
3.822
3.8233.824

3.825
3.826
3.827
3.828
3.8293.830

3.831
3.832
3.833
3.834
3.8353.836

3.837
3.838
3.839
3.840
3.8413.842

3.843
3.844
3.845
3.846
3.8473.848

3.849
3.850
3.851
3.852
3.8533.854

3.855
3.856
3.857
3.858
3.8593.860

3.861
3.862
3.863
3.864
3.8653.866

3.867
3.868
3.869
3.870
3.8713.872

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3.876
3.8773.878

3.879
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3.900
3.9013.902

3.903
3.904
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3.9073.908

3.909
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3.912
3.9133.914

3.915
3.916
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3.9193.920

3.921
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3.924
3.9253.926

3.927
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3.9313.932

3.933
3.934
3.935
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3.9373.938

3.939
3.940
3.941
3.942
3.9433.944

3.945
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3.9493.950

3.951
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3.9553.956

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3.9613.962

3.963
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3.9673.968

3.969
3.970
3.971
3.972
3.9733.974

3.975
3.976
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3.978
3.9793.980

3.981
3.982
3.983
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3.9853.986

3.987
3.988
3.989
3.990
3.9913.992

3.993
3.994
3.995
3.996
3.9973.998

3.999
3.1000
3.1001
3.1002
3.1003
3.1004

3.1005
3.1006
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3.1009
3.1010

3.1011
3.1012
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3.1014
3.1015
3.1016

3.1017
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3.1041
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3.1071
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3.1081
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3.1095
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3.1100

3.1101
3.1102
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3.1107
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3.1111
3.1112

3.1113
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3.1119
3.1120
3.1121
3.1122
3.1123
3.1124

3.1125
3.1126
3.1127
3.1128
3.1129
3.1130

3.1131
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3.1135
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3.1202

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3.1235
3.1236
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3.1238

3.1239
3.1240
3.1241
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3.1243
3.1244

3.1245
3.1246