Insulation Handbook (Statoil)

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FRONT SHEET
TROLL TOTAL PAGES:
142
DOCUMENT TITLE: INSULATION HANDBOOK -

DESCRIPTION
Z1 05.10.00 Approved OS BB BB
REV DATE REASON FOR ISSUE: PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED PREPARED REVIEWED REVIEWED
CLIENT LOGO: DISCIPLIN DISCIPLIN CONTRACTOR DISCIPLINE PROJECT COMP.REPR

E E CHECK REPR. ENGINEER LDE DEPT.HEAD
ENGINEER
STATOIL
P.O. NO. TAG NUMBER: AREA: WELL NO: SYSTEM NO.: DISKETTE REF:
SUPPLIERS DOCUMENT NUMBER REV CTR NO.: CONTRACT NO.:
Based on spesification: DOCUMENT CATEGORY: RETENTION CODE:

PROJECT CONTRA DISCIPLINE DOCUMENT SEQUENC REVISION
NUMBER C-TOR TYPE E NUMBER
THIS DOCUMENT IS COPYRIGHT AND SHALL NOT BE REPRODUCED
WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF STATOIL
C030- SS- U- SP- OO1 Z1
CONTENT
INSULATION HANDBOOK, COVER 1
DESCRIPTIONS
1 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF INSULATION TRADE

2 OBJECT, STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS
3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY
4 DEFINITIONS. INSULATION CLASSES. TABLES
5 PAINTING BEHIND INSULATION
6 MATERIALS
7 GUIDANCES FOR INSULATION AND MANTLING
8 ACCEPT CRITERIA FOR ROUTINES/INSPECTION OF INSULATION WORK
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF
INSULATION TRADE
Even if insulation was not earlier considered as a trade,

insulation is an old tradition with its origin from our
forefathers’ wish to conserve the growth of the soil and
catch as long as possible, and the wish to conserve
the heat in the dwellings in cold periods. This led to the
development of “methods” for both heat- and frost insulation.
As an example, dwellings were “insulated with clay/ moss etc. and fruits and vegetables were
placed in mud huts where it was chilly and the temperature kept an evenly level. The latter is
the precursor to the refrigerator.
Earlier the “insulation” was carried out by all categories of skilled hands, and tat is one of the
reasons to the implementation of elements from several categories of trades. Examples are
tinsmith (sheeting), tailor (sewing of insulation material) and bricklayer (placing the
insulation material) etc.
During the time as the need for insulation increased, and we got more and more areas where
insulation was used, the different trades was put into a system, and we got a “new” trade
where the performers were named insulation operator.
The insulation operator shall master the requirements laid down to carry out a well done
professional insulation work. This implements the installing of the insulation material and the
outer protection (enclosure).
The education is performed during learning/trade skill in the company where the person is
employed.
Before 1995 there was no official education within the trade, but when the trade showed up to
have a larger and larger spreading, it was established from this date rules for execution, and
an education plan from the Department of Education was presented. This is a plan worked
out by the Apprentice council and based on an education period of 3 years.
The theoretical education is mainly sorted under the Grammar school – mechanics as this
covered the insulation branch best, but as well ship building and construction division are
used. In addition, practical skill competence is decisive before the vocational certificate test is
carried out.
During the time, the original hot and cold insulation was enlarged also to include more trades.
We got insulation covering HVAC, noise, fire, condense etc. and the trade was more and
more specialized. In parallel we got more and more knowledge about insulation and the
economical consequences the trade represented. It became a requirement that the insulation
trade should have an official status and by that to be a profession.
A new educational plan was carried out by the Educational council and is implemented from
1. September 1988.
The education is based on a training period of 4 years and comprises both theoretical an
practical education, divided into 3 years practices and 1 year theory with final profession
tests.
It is established an Isolation specialist/ tinsmith division at the Apprentice Technical school

for the theoretical part. In addition may a roustabout (§20 candidates) who has been qualified
internal in the company, make a professional test after 5 years in the trade.
Looking at the perspectives, the insulating has been carried out from long time ago, but the
first group of professional insulation installers, were educated at the end of the 1980-decade.
The insulation trade has been under continuous changes and especially from the beginning of
the 1980-decade the development has been increasing. We have among others got
new/improved insulation materials, as cellular glass, tape systems, pre-insulated pipes, new
methods for applying, and more authority requirements.
The upper mentioned factors lead to new requirements to the insulation contractor and the
individual insulation specialist.
The individual customer demands these days that the insulation branch shall be updated in
techniques /new developments at any time. The branch shall be able to inform about potential
methods which may give improved solutions without increased costs, be updated in new
solutions within the various insulation methods/classes and be willing to rationalise the
workmanship methods.
With the insulation handbook we hope that we have given a contribution to that the insulation
trade may strengthen in the years ahead and that the trade gets a positive development.
OBJECTIVE, STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 OBJECTIVE
This handbook have as a goal to give information about guidance to be used in order
to achieve the best possible skilled and economical result when products are
insulated/protected.
This handbook expresses the companies’ guidance for delivery and installing thermal-,
acoustic- and fire insulation at onshore and offshore installations. (pipes, tanks etc. is
included)
The handbook gives guidance for execution of the various insulation classes.
2.2 STANDARDS
As superior regulation to standards and specifications applies Oljedirektoratets
(Ministry’s petroleum department) regulation collection for the petroleum activity
included as well Health-, Environment- and Safety regulations.
All insulation details, systems and designs shall meet the requirements to the last
edition of the following:
ASTM- A167 Corrosion Resisting Chromium Nickel Steel Plate Sheet and
Strips
ASTM- C195 Mineral Fibre Thermal Insulating Cement
ASTM- C449 Insulating/Finishing Cement (Mineral Fibre Hydraulic-Setting)
ASTM- C547 Mineral Fibre Pre-formed Pipe Insulation
ASTM- C552 Cellular Glas Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
ASTM- C592 Ceramic Fibre Blanket Insulation for Pipe and Vessels
ASTM- C612 Mineral Fibre Block and Board Thermal Insulation
ASTM- C2863 Polyisocyanurat Block and Board Thermal Insulation
ASTM- E84 Standard Test Methods for Surface Burning Characteristics

ASTM- E96 Test Methods for Water Vapour Transmission of Materials
ASTM- E 162 Surface Flammability of Materials using a Radiant Energy

Source NS 3903 (NT Fire 004) Tendency to scattering of fire
and smoke development
API-RP-14C Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface

Safety System on Offshore Production Platforms
2.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Technical specifications used in this handbook refers to the requirements stated by the
various companies
Norsok Standard R C 004
Statoil – Technical Standard L SP 9004
Norsk Hydro – GTS NHT 51 21
Saga – Norsok
Heating cables: Design manual

Insulation and execution of heating cables on process pipes and equipment
Colour codes at the various companies
Use of materials and execution shall be in accordance with upper mentioned standards
and specifications.
Any proposal to alteration shall be described and approved regarding material and
execution by the Company before used.
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND
SAFETY
Requirements and guidance for Health, Environment and Safety (HES)
HES is a concept in connection with all work executed regarding choice of product
and living conditions/surroundings at the various platforms and work places and shall
prevent injuries on persons and the complete environment.
The letters HES (Norwegian HMS) means:

H = Health E = Environment S = Safety
Definition:
H = Health
This includes factors that contribute to prevent injury on health to the individual
person by exposure on short and long term.
E = Environment
This includes factors that contribute to prevent damage to the total environment by
exposure of pollution and residuals on short and long term. This includes the global-,
work place- and the individual’s environment.
The same products and factors that have negative effect on the health effect as well the
total environment negative.
In addition is packaging residuals from products and insulation materials a

contributing reason to diminishing the total environment.
it is an individual responsibility that all packaging and residuals are treated and sorted
in accordance with prevailing regulations.
S = Safety
This includes factors that can prevent damages on persons and equipment. Improved
safety for the individuals are executed by providing that relevant laws obligations at
the various work places are respected and carried out.
In addition must factors under Health and Environment be co-ordinated with Safety.
Systematic health-, environmental- and safety work means continuously
effort by the supplier and the employees.
By organising the HES work into participation and engagement for the employees and
union representatives, the supplier and customer obtain a recourse which in addition to
a more safe work place, will improve the economical result.
Within the insulation trade there are a lot of working

operations/products that may effect health-, environment- and safety and
cause the individual operator damage.
The damages may be sorted in 2 categories:
Acute damages:
- cut damages
- falling damages
- acute allergic damages
Long term and delayed injuries:

- noise damages
- solvents damages
- dust
In connection with the follow-up of acute damages it appears that the major incidents of
damages are caused by lack of/at protection equipment, applicable regulations regarding
securing scaffolding are not followed-up, securing of tools/equipment on scaffolding are
neglected and that data sheets for chemical solvents are not made available and even not red.
These problems must be taken into consideration when the systematic health-, environment-
and safety work are mapped, planned and followed-up.
Even if the acute damages may be seriously, it will be the long term damages
the attention has to be directed against.
Special attention has to be directed to products classified as health hazardous. In this respect
it has appeared that guidance and regulations are not followed-up. It is everybody’s
responsibility that regulations, requirements and obligations laid down in HES sheets (health
data sheet, technical data sheets etc.) are gone through before the work starts and that the
obligations are followed-up.
Solvents are present in a lot of products within the insulation trade and especially in
sealing/joint filler, fire retarding coat, PIR and PUR. These are products that among others
may cause delayed injuries to the central nerve system and allergies.
Dust particles from synthetic mineral fibres (MMMF) and glass particles in cellular glass may
among others cause lung damage and respiratory passage infections.
Noise is a problem to be taken serious as there are extensive possibilities for gradually
reduced hearing if not ear protection are used.
Due to their characteristics, the substances/products are sorted in 2 groups:
1 Hazardous to health:
Very dangerous, Poisonous, Health injuring, Cauterising,
Irritating, Allergy provoking, Cancer provoking.
2 Explosion- and fire risk:

Explosive, Extreme combustible, Very
combustible, Combustible, Oxidising.
There are published “Administrative norms for pollution in work atmosphere” where the
guidance for allowed quantity of the various substances are laid down.
Any product used within the insulation trade shall be identifiable and be labelled.
The labelling shall include:

- Symbols and hazard classes
- Information of hazard and necessary precautions
- The chemical composition
- YL group (quantity of air needed to dilute the vapours adm.norm).
- Name/address of the producer/importer
If the products are not labelled, it may be by the following reason:

- Labelling obligation is neglected
- Not labelling obligation
In those cases where the product is not obliged to label, this shall be informed on the package.
If the product in not marked, the producer / Work supervision Authority shall be contacted
before the use of the product.
HES - HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
_________________________________________________________________________
• Newer work with unknown substances

They may cause health injuries you newer get rid
of.
• The labelling shall be completed before you meet

the product at your working place.
• Do not take risks – Require correct labelling.
• Read the warning texts and comply with the

given advises.
• Deposit the material residuals according to

health data sheet, instructions and the individual
company’s procedure.
• Take care of safety by complying with safety

regulations and guidance.
• Check if less polluting products can be used
• Be active in organising HES.
There is a personal responsibility for the individual person to read and follow-up the
guidance/regulations given by labelling and also to use the obligatory/required protection
equipment.
This applies as well for marked noise areas.
The company using products required labelling, shall have register of substances, labelling
requirements and product- and health datasheets to any time.
REGULATION OF SYSTEMATIC HEALTH-,
ENVIRONMENT- AND SAFETY WORK IN
ESTABLISHMENTS
(INTERNAL CONTROL REGULATIONS)
§ 1 OBJECTIVE:
By requirement of systematic accomplishment of actions,
this regulation shall promote an improvement effort in the establishment in the areas of:
• Working environment and Safety
• Preventing health injuries or environment disturbance from products or

consumer services.
• Protection of the external environment against pollution and a improved

treatment of residuals so that the goals in health-, environment- and safety
regulation are achieved.
§ 2 SCOPE:
The regulation applies to establishments applicable to:
• Law regarding supervision of electrical plants and electrical equipment.

(law 24. May 1929 no.4)
• Civil defence law § 48 ref. §41

(industry defence duty establishments)
(law 17. July 1953 no.9)
• Law regarding fire risk (law 21 May 1971 no.47
• Law regarding explosive items (law 14. June 1974 no.39)
• Work environment law (law 4. February 1977 no.4)
• Pollution law, if the establishment employs work (law 13. March 1981 no.6)
• Fire protection law (law 5. June 1987 no.26b)
These regulations is not applicable at Svalbard or in establishments mentioned in the work

environment law §2 no.3, ref. kgl. res. of 27 November 1992 regarding employees protection
and work environment in petroleum industry.
§ 3 DEFINITIONS:
In this regulation means:
Internal control
Systematic actions to secure that the activities in the establishment are planned, organised,
carried out and maintained in accordance with requirements stated in or according to health-,
environment- and safety regulations.
Health-, environment- and safety regulations.

The laws mentioned in § 2 first section, and regulations laid down according to these.
§ 4 DUTY TO PRACTISE INTERNAL CONTROL:
The responsible for the establishment shall provide for implementation and execution of
internal control in the establishment and that this is done in co-operation with the employees
and their representatives.
The employees shall participate at the implementation and execution of internal control.
§ 5 CONTENT OF THE SYSTEMATIC HEALTH-, ENVIRONMENT-

AND SAFETY WORK:
Requirement to the documentation

Internal control shall be adjusted to the character of the establishment, activities, risk
conditions and size to the extent necessary to live up to requirements in or in accordance with
health-, environment- and safety regulations.
Internal control leads to that Documentation

1 provide that laws and regulations in health-, environment- and safety
regulations applicable for the establishment are available and having an
overview for the requirements which are of special importance for the
establishment
2 provide that the employees have sufficient knowledge and skill in the
systematic health-, environment- and safety work, including information of
alterations
3 provide that the employees have sufficient knowledge and skill in the to be documented in writing
alterations
alterations
alterations
alterations
alterations
alterations
The internal control shall be documented in the format and extent necessary, related to the
category of establishment, activity, risk conditions and size.
Documentation as result of requirements in or in accordance with health-, environment- and

safety regulations, for example instructions, permissions, proof of competence, certificates
and similar shall be a part of.
Written documentation shall to this regulation at least comprise second section (no.4 to no.8)
in this Article.
Voluntary certificates may as well be a part of this documentation.
§ 6 CO-ORDINATION:
When more establishments are performing work at the same working place, they shall, when
necessary, in writing agree who is to have the responsibility to co-ordinate the internal control
for their common activities or areas. If such an agreement is not established, the supervising
authority may decide whom to be the responsible.
If the respect to health-, environment- and safety leads to put responsibility on another party,
the supervision authority (Governmental labour supervision, Governmental pollution
supervision and similar) may alter an agreement.
When an establishment as the principal engage contractors or similar to carry out tasks at the
establishment’s own area or plant, the contractors’ internal control shall as far as possible be
applicable for the activities comprising the task. This complies both when the contractor
carries out the task personally, by his employees or others. The principal shall inform about
common register and similar and see to that possible lacks are corrected or necessary
adjustments are made in own or contractor’s internal control.
§ 7 SUPERVISION AUTHORITY:
The supervision authority related to health-, environment- and safety regulations do
supervision on and give guidance for carrying out and living up to this regulation.
§ 8 DISPENSATION:
“Kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet (Ministry of rural affairs) may after consultation with
the Environment Ministry, Family Ministry and Ministry of justice give dispensation from
this regulation when special conditions are relevant.
§ 9 APPEAL:
Individual decisions made with the authority of this regulation may be appealed to the
administrative body next above the administrative body made the decision, ref. law of
administration.
At individual decisions made with the authority of the health-, environment- and safety law,
the provisions regarding appeal rights in the mentioned laws will be applicable.
§ 10 PENALTY:
Provisions of punishment and other penalties as appears from health-, environment- and
safety law, is applicable at violation of the provisions in the regulation.
§ 11 COMING INTO FORCE:

This regulation is coming into force 1. January 1997
From the same date is the regulation of internal control established by

Royal resolution 22. March 1991 cancelled.
The regulation is applicable for all leaders, employees and employee representatives in
official and private establishments. It may also be applicable for one-man establishments.
The regulation is as well applicable if your products may cause damage to customers and
users. It is not applicable to private persons or users.
Systematic health-, environmental- and
safety work may be organised in the
following way:
Start-up:
• Take initiative to the work
• Inform and motivate
• Put goals and describe responsibility and authority
• Organise and plan the set to work
Mapping:
• Provide overview for the relevant laws and regulations
• Map existing routines for health, environment and safety
• Systemise and file documents
• Map problem areas
Plan and prioritise:

• Plan and prioritise actions
• Correct mistakes and deviations
• Make preparation work to a natural part of the daily run
• Make regularly checking
By using this systematic may:

- the criteria for HES be defined in the planning phase
- comparable HES requirements be checked against the individual products
- HES data be registered in production/follow-up
- authority requirements/standards for HES be registered/updated
DEFINITIONS
INSULATION CLASSES
TABLES
CONTENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 WHAT THE INSULATION TRADE COMPRISES
4.1.2 WHAT IS HEAT
4.1.3 EXPANSION
4.1.4 TEMPERATURE
4.1.5 FREEZING AND MELTING
4.1.6 CONDENSATION AND VAPORISING
4.1.7 HEAT QUANTIFICATION
4.1.8 HEAT CAPACITY
4.1.9 HEAT TRANSMISSION THEORY
4.1.10 RADIATION
4.1.11 CONVECTION OR TRANSMISSION
4.1.12 HEAT CONDUCTION
4.1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OR HEAT CONDUCTION FIGURES
- (LAMBDA) THE VALUE
4.1.14 U- VALUE (HEAT TRANSMISSION FIGURE)

4.1.15 THE HEAT FLOW
4.1.16 HEAT RESISTANCE (R)
4.2.1 HEAT INSULATION
4.2.2 FROST INSULATION
4.3.1. Insulation classes
4.3.1.1 INSULATION CLASS 1
4.3.1.6 INSULATION CLASS 6, 7 AND 8
4.4 INSULATION THICKNESS
4.4.1 TABLE 1, HEAT PRESERVATION AND IF RELEVANT,
PERSONAL PROTECTION
4.4.2 Table 2, Insulation class 2,
Frost preservation and 9 Condense and Ice protection
4.4.3 INSULATION CLASS 3
4.4.7 ACOUSTIC INSULATION
2.5 COMBINATION OF INSULATION CLASSES
DEFINITIONS
INSULATION CLASSES
TABLES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to our climatic conditions in Norway, isolation work is an old
tradition. Compared with the traditional handicraft trades, the insulation
trade is however of new date and with few of the typical traditions of the
handicraft trades.
The industrialisation came later to Norway than to other parts of Europe,

and the insulation trade is close connected to the industry.
The insulation trade carries a number of components from the other

handicraft trades, like carpentry, timber work, tinning, tailoring and
bricklayer work.
4.1.1 WHAT THE INSULATION TRADE COMPRISES
The educational period for an insulation operator is 4 years, divided into 1 year theory
and 3 years practical work.
After completed apprenticeship and passed examination, he receive a certificate as

insulation operator / encaser.
A roustabout may receive certificate after 5 years continuous work in the trade and
passed the examination.
Theoretical Practical
Basic education Trade mathematics Heat insulation

Drafting Frost insulation
Thermology Encasing
Mechanics of materials
General Agreement for Ship insulation Noise insulation

Collage Education Rate fixing Cooler/Freezer insulation
Measuring Low temperature insulation
Protection and safety Special insulation
4.1.2 WHAT IS HEAT ?
Heat is energy and energy is in brief movement.
All fluid and firm substances are compounds of molecules, which as well are built of
atoms. Atoms and molecules move at temperatures above – 273oC. Even in the
hardest substances are the particles not quiet, but have a constant small movement.
By adding energy to these substances, the movement increases.

Such an increased movement between the atoms in the substances, we experience as
an increase in temperature. Opposite, where the atoms move slowly, is experienced
as cold.
We can consider all substances we are in touch with as composed of small particles
moving fast among themselves, and we shall try to prevent that the speed is changed.
The particles effect each other so that if a substance with a defined temperature
(speed) of the movements are in touch with firm substances or gases with another
temperature, energy are transmitted from the hottest to the coldest until both items
have reached the same temperature.
4.1.3 EXPANSION
Metals expand when they get hot, and we have to take this into consideration within
the insulation trade.
An iron ball that suits into a ring, will after heating not og through the ring, because
it has expanded. If we heat a flat bar from 0oC to 100oC we will observe that on one
meter it expands 1,25 mm in longitudinal direction. At heating, liquids expand more
than firm substances.
Gasses (including air) expand more than liquids at heating.

In firm substances the particles are tight stowed with strong mutual bindings to each
other. The movements are short. If we heat this substance, the movements will not
increase much in length, but the speed increases.
By heating liquids, the distance between the particles increases, and simultaneously,
the distance and speed of movement increase.
Because of this the liquids expand more than firm substances.

4.1.4 TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a measure to describe if a substance is hot or cold.
Instruments for measuring temperature is called thermometer. To different substances
and the different thermal expansion between these two is used to read temperature on a
calibrated scale.
The most common known temperature scales are:
Fahrenheit (F) zero point:

When the thermometer is in a freezing mixture of ammonium chloride and snow.
Kelvin (K) zero point:

The absolute zero-point. (-273oC) Where all intermolecular movement has stopped.
Celsius (oC) zero point:

When water is freezing to ice.
Conclusion:
32oF, 0oC and 273oK is same temperature.
When water at 1 atmosphere pressure converts into vapour /boiling point:

212oF, 373oK and 100oC
Conversion formulas are as follows: F = C x 9/5 + 32

K = C + 273
C = ( F – 32 ) x 5/9
Normally are temperature differences given in oCelsius,

but Kelvin are used in formulas etc.
4.1.4 FREEZING AND MELTING
When a liquid convert to firm substance we call it freezing or
solidification,
For water will this happen at 0oC,
for mercury at –38,9oC.
(Variable freezing point for fat)
When a substance is freezing or solidifies, it offers melting heat.

Most substances shrink when they freeze or solidify.
Water however, expands.
Melting point for a set of important substances are:
Ethanol = -114oC
Mercury = -38,9oC
Ice = 0o C
Seawater = -2,5oC
Tin = 232oC
Led = 327oC
Glass = 800 - 1200oC (cellular glass)
Silver = 961oC
Copper = 1084oC
Iron = 1530oC
Platina = 1756oC
Titanium = 1800oC
Wolfram = 3370oC
4.1.6 CONDENSATION AND VAPORISING
When a gas converts to liquid it is called condensing.
If we lower the temperature for a gas, it will convert to liquid.
Dry air consists mainly of Nitrogen (79%), Oxygen (20%) and Argon (1%).
Water vapour content – amount of water as gas, vary with temperature, pressure and
climatic conditions. Water vapour in air is dependent of air temperature and
pressure.
At any temperature equilibrium appears between water vapour and gas/air.

At increasing temperature the air water vapour content increases – elementary water
vaporise- while by falling temperatures, the air ability to keep the water and water
vapour is reduced and are condensed to elementary water.
When gas/air contains the maximum possible amount of water vapour, we call it
saturated, or “moisture degree” relative moisture 100%.
If the temperature is falling during such condition, the elementary water will excerpt
as fog or dew on objects in the surroundings.
Such a registration are later used via tables that give moisture content in the air of
given condition compared to how much maximum moisture the air in equilibrium
condition could contain, in order to calculate the humidity of the air – RF.
A good indoor climate shall to comparison contain 40 – 60% RF.

4.1.7 HEAT QUANTIFICATION
Energy may be converted, but only from one condition to another.
If we burn a log of wood, we convert the energy in the log to heat energy.
A steam engine converts the heat energy to movement energy.
Heat are measured with the unit Joule (J)
Joule is unit for work.

1 J = The work consumed to lift 1 kg 1 meter with a force that brings this mass up to
a speed of 1 m/s.
This force is defined as 1 Newton (N)
Work may be converted to heat, and tests have shown that 4200 Joule is needed to
increase the temperature of 1 kg water with 1oK.
4.1.8 HEAT CAPACITY
Not all substances have the same ability to magazine heat.
The ability for a substance to magazine heat is called heat capacity. Heat capacity is
the quantity of heat that is needed to heat 1 kg of the substance 1oK.
For water, it is as mentioned, necessary 4200 J, which means that the water’s heat
capacity is 4200 J/kg K.
Heat capacity is named J/kg K = Joules per kg and degree.
Earlier we defined heat capacity as number of calories needed to increase heat 1

degree of the substance 1oKelvin.
Water was then given heat capacity of 1 cal/groK
Some other substances have the following heat capacity:
Copper 390 J/kg K (0,09 cal/goC)
Iron 480 J/kg K (0,11 cal/goC)
Glass 800 J/kg K (0,19 cal/goC)
Aluminium 900 J/kg K (0,22 cal/goC)
Air 1005 J/kg K (0,24 cal/goC)
Led 1307 J/kg K (0,03 cal/goC)

4.1.9 HEAT TRANSMISSION THEORY
There will always be a heat transport from higher to lower temperature, because the
difference in the heat will aim to equalise.
This heat transmission can be slowed by leading it through substances that is hard to
heat, but it can never be stopped.
The heat is spreading in three ways:
- Radiation
- Conduction (the heat is conducted through a substance)
- Convection (by streams that bring the heat ahead)
The heat transmission through a copper pipe is near unhindered, while through a
thermos flask it is major reduced.
4.1.10 RADIATION
Radiation occur from a heat source by electromagnetic waves of larger wave length
than red light – infrared radiation – are sent from the heat source’s surface.
The infrared light can not be seen by eye, but is felt on naked skin as skin heat. Dark
surfaces absorb heat radiation quickly, and the temperature – the surface’s temperature
increases.
A reflecting, mirroring, glossy surface is however to a small degree affected by heat

radiation, and the surface is minor affected.
4.1.11 CONVECTION OR TRANSMISSION
In a liquid the heat is conveyed by that heated molecules are moving.

This is called convection or transmission.
This is the way that heating in a boiler or heating in air is working.

The water is heaviest at +4oC and the molecule tightness is at the upper most.
If we are cooling or warming the water, it will expand a little and will be lighter per
volume unit. As the water has different density at different temperatures, there will
always be a flow in the water.
Heat convey via enforced flowing air may/must not be confused with
convection.
4.1.12 HEAT CONDUCTION

Conduction occurs by that the heat is spreading in the substance. Heat convey occur
by that the moving speed of the atoms/molecules increase and affect each other.
Air, glass, water and wood are poor heat conveyors, while all metals are good heat
conveyors.
If we take a glass pole and hold it with one hand to a flame, we will see that it takes
longer time before the other end gets warm than if we do the same experiment with a
copper thread.
A vacuum insulates very well, as it contains no molecules that can transmit the
movements, and then no conduction will occur. Against radiation however, it will
not insulate.
Light and porous substances conduct heat badly, because they contain a lot of
stationary air, which is a poor heat conductor.
4.1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
OR HEAT CONDUCTION FIGURES
- (LAMBDA) THE VALUE
With a substance’s heat conduction figure – or conductivity is

understood the quantity of heat that per time unit (s) pass through a
square meter area of a substance of one meter thickness when the
temperature difference is one degree Kelvin (1 oK) over the thickness of
the substance.
Normally all three types of heat convey occur – radiation, conduction and convection
– in the total heat conduction figure when heat are conveyed from one medium with
higher temperature to another with a lower temperature.
All substances have their specific heat conduction figure – a figure that describes the
substance’s ability to conduct heat or when we seek for lower figures – insulate.
This figure is rather constant within the temperature areas we operate and conditions
as also described in this booklet.
(For most of the materials the heat conduction figure increases a little at increased
temperature).
Heat conduction figures given by suppliers of insulation materials for their products,
are determined under ideal conditions, while in practice there are several conditions
that will affect and which will affect/increase the heat conduction figure.
We shall here look into some of those conditions:
- Moisture in the insulation material

- Air leakage and air flow
- Temperature variations
- Irregularities, corners, edges, inaccurate at mounting and penetrations in
the insulation material.
- Accuracy at installing insulation
- Convection (self-convection and forced convection).
All these conditions affect the Lambda –value, and leads to that the real Lambda
–value normally is larger than the given heat conduction figure from the material
supplier.
VALUES FOR SOME SUBSTANCES
AT + 20oC AND IDEAL CONDITIONS.
Aluminium 197 W/m K
Bricks 0,33 W/m K
Wood (spruce and pine) 0,15 W/m K
Wood (oak) 0,2 W/m K
Air (stationary) 0,24 W/m K
Polyurethane 0,025 W/m K
Polystyrene 0,033 W/m K
Mineral wool 0,036 W/m K
Glass wool 0,036 W/m K
Paper 0,04 – 0,1 W/m K
4.1.14 U- VALUE (HEAT TRANSMISSION FIGURE)
The heat conduction figure is a material coefficient that describes a characteristic for
the material.
The heat transmission figure, U- value, is however a design coefficient giving the
heat loss in Joule per sec. or Watt per hour for each m2 of the construction when the
temperature difference between the hot and cold side is 1oK. ( [ W/m2 x K] unit for
the heat transmission).
4.1.15 THE HEAT FLOW
The real transport of heat through a certain insulation material in a

certain insulation situation, where the temperature difference is given is
called the heat flow.
The heat flow is given as W/m2.

in order to calculate real heat loss at an insulation system, we have to know both the
heat transmission figure and the temperature difference.
4.1.16 HEAT RESISTANCE (R)
All materials have a certain resistance against heat transmission.
R=d d = the material layer’s thickness in meter

= the material’s heat conduction coefficient
4.2.1 HEAT INSULATION
Heat insulation is a insulation system that shall hinder heat transport
from one area with high temperature to an area with low temperature.
The most common insulation materials used for heat insulation are mineral wool glass
wool and cellular glass.
Cellular glass can be used up to 430oC,

glass wool up to 500oC (700oC for fire mats) and mineral wool up to 1000oC
Cellular rubber is used for insulation of hot water pipes up to 100oC in sanitary plants.
An insulation system for heat insulation, have no requirement for water vapour shield
in contradiction to frost insulation.
4.2.2 FROST INSULATION

Frost insulation is an insulation system to hinder heat transport from hot surroundings
to colder installations (pipes, tanks etc.) or rooms.
Frost insulation are used to achieve the following:
- Maintain a certain temperature in a production process or a store room.
- Hinder creation of condense
- Environment motives and safety requirements.
Due to water vapour diffusion, the insulation and other parts of the construction will
be exposed to moisture. It is therefore very important to limit the water vapour
diffusion so that moisture damages are hindered.
A system for frost insulation have therefore requirements for vapour shield when the
insulation material is not diffusion tight. Vapour shield is a material that has strong
diffusion resistance.
This shall be placed at the hot side of the insulation system.

It is decisive for an insulation system that the diffusion hindering is correct installed if
it shall function over time.
The success with an insulation work is often dependent on how well you have
achieved to hinder moisture from penetrating into the insulation material.
If for example mineral wool have absorbed 1 volume-% moisture, the heat conduction
are increased with 20 – 30%, while absorption of 5 volume-% moisture to a material
of closed cells will increase the heat conduction with equivalent figure of 5%.
Establishing of an effective moisture barrier is therefore decisive in order to achieve

an insulation work secured a long life time.
The use of diffusion tight materials of the type cellular glass, plastics- or aluminium
foil is common, but here, like many other situations in life, it is the quality of the work
that is the crucial point.
A blockage behind a diffusion tight material needs for example not always to mean
that the moisture shield is established, as movements in the blockage may lead to early
leaking joints.
Cellular rubber has a certain diffusion resistance, and is often installed on cold plants
without diffusion hinders.
Cellular glass is diffusion tight, but the joints here are weak points.
Diffusion hinder consists often of mastic on plastics or bitumen base.

Plastic laminates and metal foils are as well used. Some insulation materials are delivered
with ready installed diffusion hinders from the factory.
For more complete information about materials, see chapter 3 and for workmanship of
insulation, see chapter 4.
For passive fire protection, see 7.5.1

4.3.1 Insulation classes
In the oil industry the insulation sorted into different insulation classes,
and requirements to the insulation are primary governed by the following:
- Safety
- Work environment
- Production regularity
Insulation class Description

1 Heat preservation
2 Frost preservation
3 Personal protection
4 Frost protection
5 Fire protection
6,7 and 8 Acoustic insulation
9 External condense and ice protection
Heat preservation:
Are used to avoid heat loss to the surroundings.
Examples:
1) Process pipes are insulated in order to increase the separation efficiency.

(- Improved separation of gas from oil)
2) By insulating the pipes at sea bed and forward to the platform, it is achieved
higher inflow temperature to the platform and less need for heat in the process.
If relevant, also the danger of hydrate creation is reduced.

(a sort of icing)
Heat loss to the water is much higher than to air.
3) Fuel gas to gas turbine.

Condensation of liquid from the gas in the pipes may lead to problems for the
gas turbine.
Frost preservation:
Are used to avoid heat absorption from the surroundings to systems the normally
operate under ambient temperature.
Examples:
1) Before gas transport is the gas cooled down to –25oC and the condensate is
removed. Granted condensate free gas can thereafter be exported to the
customer/end user.
This is done in order to secure unproblematic gas delivery.
2) Refrigerating and freezing plants.

Personal protection:
Are used on systems operating normally above 70oC and below –10oC in areas
where personal oft are passing and in normal working areas.
Examples:
1) Oil pipes with high operation temperature.
2) Gas pipes with low temperature.

Frost protection:
Are used to avoid freezing or hydrate creation.

Are often used together with heating cables, and especially used on systems not
in continuos operation.
Examples:
1) On water pipes, mainly outdoor.
2) On pipes where the viscosity changes creates operational disturbances.
3) On instruments to avoid faults, where this is of especial importance at

safety instruments.

Fire protection:
The goal is to reduce the heat transport ad to limit the temperature increase to
400o in 30 minutes on pipes, tanks and equipment.
For some applications, will requirements for temperature and time intervals be
relevant
Examples:
1) Gas or oil separators.
2) High pressure flare systems.
Note:
Pipes and equipment designed for high pressure will not always need to be insulated.
This is dependent on risk analysis and determined by acceptable probability and
consequences of faults/damages that can occur.
In some cases will a quick pressure release limit the use of fire insulation.
4.3.1.6 INSULATION CLASS 6,7 and 8
Acoustic insulation:
Are used to reduce noise within an area to an acceptable level.
Examples:
1) Pipes connected to rotating machines or compressors.
2) Valves with high noise level.
3) Pipes with large flow speed.

External condense and ice protection:
Are used to avoid condense and ice.
Examples:
1) Sea water pipes in hot rooms.

4.4 INSULATION THICKNESS
4.4.1 TABLE 1, HEAT PRESERVATION AND IF RELEVANT,

PERSONAL PROTECTION
Mineral wool and cellular glass. Thickness etc.

Nominal diameter Maximum operating temperatures oC
mm 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 420
20 30 30 30 30 50 50 50 50
25 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50
32 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 30 30 50 50 50 50 80 80
65 30 30 50 50 50 80 80 80
80 30 50 50 50 50 80 80 80
100 50 50 50 50 50 80 80 100
150 50 50 50 50 80 80 80 100
200 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
250 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
300 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
350 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
400 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
450 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
500 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
600 50 50 50 50 80 80 100 100
Above 600 an flat 50 50 80 80 100 100 100 150
surface
4.4.2 Table 2, Insulation class 2,
Frost preservation and 9 Condense and Ice protection
Cellular glass, Pur and Pir. Thickness in mm.

Nominal diameter Minimum operating temperatures oC
mm 5 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80
25 30 30 50 60 60 75 75 90 90 100
32 30 50 50 60 75 75 75 90 100 100
50 30 50 50 60 75 90 90 100 100 100
65 50 50 50 60 75 90 90 100 100 125
80 50 50 60 75 75 100 100 100 125 125
100 50 50 60 75 75 100 100 100 125 125
150 50 50 60 75 90 100 100 125 125 125
200 50 50 75 75 90 100 125 125 125 150
250 50 50 75 75 100 100 125 125 150 150
300 50 50 75 75 100 100 125 125 150 150
350 50 50 75 75 100 100 125 125 150 150
400 50 50 75 75 100 100 125 125 150 150
450 50 50 75 75 100 100 125 150 150 150
500 50 75 75 75 100 100 125 150 150 150
600 50 75 75 75 100 100 125 150 150 150

Personal protection.
in this insulation class is mainly used shielding, but in special cases there may be need
for insulation, and then it shall be insulated according to table 1.

Frost protection with heating cable.
For pipe diameter £200 mm, insulation thickness shall be 30 mm.

Above 200 mm, the insulation thickness shall be 50 mm.
Frost protection without heating cable.
For pipe diameter £80 mm, insulation thickness shall be 40 mm.

Above 80 mm, the insulation thickness shall be 30 mm.

Fire protection.
Following factors define shape and insulation thickness for fire insulation.
Temperature shall not supersede 400oC during 30 minutes after normal HC fire
according to ISO 834.
4.4.7 ACOUSTIC INSULATION

4.4.7.1
Insulation class 6, Acoustic insulation – 10dB.
Reduction of noise in the area 500 – 2000Hz with 10dB
4.4.7.2
4.4.7.3
2.5 COMBINATION OF INSULATION CLASSES
A pipe, a tank etc. may have requirements to more than one insulation class,
materials and thickness at the same time. Pipes and tag number at Å&ID indicates
insulation class, thickness and material type.
Example:
Insulation class 1, heat preserving combined with class 5, fire protection.
Fire insulation shall be the outer in a multiple layer system.
Example:
Insulation class 2, frost preserving combined with class 8, acoustic insulation.
Consideration has to be taken to both or possibly all classes when choosing

insulation thickness and materials, and this has to be judged in each case.
PAINT BEHIND INSULATION
Surface treatment of steel surfaces is done in order to prolong the lifetime
of the construction or the materials. The coating for this purpose consists
usually of thermal applied aluminium (TSA) or organically components
that after a hardening process makes a tight form stable film.
The quality of pain film is affected by many factors, of which the applying
technique plays an important role. A good quality follow-up during the
applying is necessary in order to secure a satisfactory quality.
PAINT TYPES
Relevant paint types and coatings used in the industry, are categorised within the
generic types, which in practice means the type of chemicals and substances they are
composed by.
There are two main groups of paint coating used in the industry today, and these are:
Physically drying paint products are characterised by that the paint (firm substances)
is dissolved in a solvent. When the solvent (thinner) evaporate, the firm substances
remain on the surface and makes a tight film.
This is normally paint types that are easy to apply.
The products have oft limited lifetime.
Chemical hardening paints and coatings may be solvent free or solvent based. The
hardening takes place by a chemical reaction between the hardener and base, and results
in a chemical composition, which is almost dissolvable in organically solvents. Due to
the formulas, different characteristics can be achieved. Chemical hardening products are
known to be resistant with long lifetime and good maintenance economy.
It is technically wise advanced paints that requires well-prepared surfaces and with
specific minimum values regarding temperature, air moisture and cleanness for the
surfaces.
Within the two main groups of products there are a number of generic
types, of which the most common are:
Physically drying Chemical hardening

Alkyd
Vinyl Polyester
Chlorinated rubber Epoxy
Acrylic Polyurethane
Siloxan
THE MAINTENANCE CYCLE

Normally the timing for set to work paint maintenance will be evaluated to be at its
technical and economical optimum. From paint maintenance view, this timing will be a
result of maintenance condition. There are different criteria laid down to determine the
maintenance period.
One theory is to define an optimal maintenance condition. This requires a definition and
registration of the maintenance objects and a sorting and categorising of different types
of details.
A predefined status/condition releases a maintenance action.

An effective data based system can provide priorities of areas and details to be
maintained in a systematic and efficient way.
It is as well possible to calculate an expected change of status/dilapidation of the

coating. This knowledge is useful, especially when costs in connection with paint
maintenance shall be spread over years. This makes the base for a preventive
maintenance.
A supervision of dilapidation can be used to judge different technically solutions in

connection with return of experience.
PAINT ACTIVITIES
PART- ACTIVITIES
Paint activities consist of several part-activities as described below.
a) Cleaning
b) Pre-treatment
c) A paint system consists of one or more layers

1. layer, primer
2. layer, middle layer
3. layer, top layer
a) Final supervision
Each of the part- activities of the paint maintenance is important, and have influence on
the end-result and the coating’s real lifetime.
CORROSION BEHIND INSULATION
Degradation of coated steel surface can be sorted in to steps, even if these
may go on in parallel.
1. step – degradation of the film.
2. step – corrosion of the steel
Corrosion processes behind insulation materials are complex, and the following main
problem areas set special requirements to the surface coating.
Judgement of coating and steel surface is mainly done visually after removal of
insulation.
Insulation types of fibre types are not hygroscopical, but if water penetrates, there
will be difficult to remove. Lack of drainage and ventilation may cause assembly
of moisture/water behind the encasing.
Most of all, water penetration in “heat insulation” could lead to dramatic

corrosion consequences.
For process pipes is there often needs to add heat by heating cables. Especially
where the heating cable is in touch with the pipe, accelerating corrosion will
appear, if the environment is unfavourable/wet insulation.
Movement in the pipe system may cause friction with mechanical wear of coating
against the insulation material.
PROTECTING COATING BEHIND INSULATION
In order to reduce the affect of these conditions, very strong requirements are stated to
the coating. Today is mainly used paint systems behind insulation consisting of
minimum two layers of paint.
Desirable characteristics for the coatings are the following:
• Tightness that reduces water penetration.

• Temperature resistance – moistures heat – resist crumbling and loss of additive
characteristics between the coating and the surface
• Mechanical strength – stand friction against the insulation material.
• Chemical resistance may in certain cases be required.
These desired characteristics requires advanced pain products where strong

requirements are set to pre-treatment and the coating process.
Such products shall be documented through relevant reference lists, accelerated tests or
other relevant qualification.
Norsok M-K-501 describes the paint system – system no. 2 – for

insulated pipes.
Pre-treatment Sa 2,5 roughness 50 – 85 µm, Ry5

Phenol epoxy 2 x 150 µm dry film thickness for temperatures below 120oC.
Thermal sprayed aluminium (TSA) (min. 200 µm) for temperatures above 120 oC.
Another technical solution for these problem areas within corrosion protecting coat, is
to coat with epoxy based powder paint before installing the pipe systems. These coats
are special systems applied in separate production plants.
Such systems have no relevance in maintenance connections.
Examples:
Three types of insulated objects – choice of paint system (maintenance)
example 1
Insulated pipe “heat traced” medium T<20oC variable.
Cellular glass with mantling AISI 316
Typical paint system: 2 x 150 µm epoxy mastic

(top coat may be skipped)
example 2
Insulated tank w/liquid medium T<70oC Phenol epoxy.
Typical paint system: 2 x 150 µm epoxy mastic

(top coat free choice)
example 3
Insulated pipe medium T<120oC.
Cellular tape mantling
Typical paint system: 2 x 150 µm Phenol epoxy.

(if not TSA can be used)
other relevant systems 200 µm A15Mg metallizing, tie-coat.
For a new installation TSA shall be used at T>120oC and Phenol epoxy
at T<120oC.
For Phenol epoxy, it is necessary to provide final hardening of the paint film at high
temperature. At high temperature it is referred to the paint manufacturer’s
recommendations.
The water resistance increases by increasing hardening temperature.

MATERIALS
CONTENT PIX PAGE
REF.
Definitions Page
Standards Page
Insulation products Page
Cellular glass:
Blocks, bowls, segments etc
Mineral wool:
Glass wool: Page

PIR/PUR (polysocyanurate/polyurethane) Page

XPS (Extruded polystyrene foam) Page

FEF (Flexible elastomer foam) Page

Protection products Page

Aluminium mantling
Steel mantling with aluminium coating
Steel mantling heat galvanised
Steel mantling stainless
Aluzinc
Tape: Dry and wet systems
Pre-fabricated insulated products

Bolsters
Pre-insulated pipes
Accessories
Vapour barriers Page

INSULATION MATERIALS
This part of the manual gives a general view on the most common
insulation products used included accessories.
6.1 General for all products:
Wrapping
The material shall be wrapped in such a way that there will not be damage on the
product during transport or during normal storage.
Follow the supplier’s recommendations.
Wrapping material shall be marked with the following information:

Supplier, material, type, production date, dimension and number of.
Health and safety

Contractor and applying operator shall examine product- and safety data sheets for
all relevant materials before the specified work are to be carried out.
6.2 DEFINITIONS USED IN THE MANUAL
Heat insulation:
Insulation of objects having process temperature > surrounding temperature
Heat insulation is carried out by the reason:
1. Process technical
2. Economical
Frost insulation:
Frost insulation is carried out by the reason:
1. Process technical
2. Economical
3. Defeating condense
4. Frost insulation
Double insulation:
Insulation of objects with variable process temperature above and below the
surrounding temperature.
It must be taken into consideration both maximum/minimum temperature by choice

of insulation material and accessories.
Personnel protection
Shielding/insulation of objects for protection of personnel against risky contact with
pipes and equipment with surface temperature ≥+70oC or £-10oC
Temperature area: [oC ]

The temperature area where the material keeps it’s function without loosing it’s
insulating characteristics.
Volume mass: [ kg/m3 ]
Mass per unit of volume
Average temperature: [oC ]

The arithmetical average figure:
Example:
Operation temperature -120 oC
Temperature at insulated surface +20 oC
Average temperature = (-120 + 20)/2 = -50 oC
Closed cell’s content: [%]

The percentage volume of closed cells.
Fibre dimension: [mm, mm]

Length and diameter of the separate fibres.
Pellet (Particle) content: [%]

The content of un-melted particles, expressed by percentage mass of the total
mass.
Water absorption: [%]

The difference in weight or volume between a test saturated with water and a
dry test.
Water vapour‘s penetration property: [g/(m2 h)]

The amount of water vapours that per time unit pass through a surface unit of a
material at a given temperature and given relative moisture.
Water vapour‘s diffusion resistance property (µ µ) :

A coefficient for resistance to water vapour diffusion on a layer of a diffusion
tight material related to conditions for a firm layer of air.
m-value for air = 1
m- value for vapour tight material = “endless” ( ∝)
Hygroscope property: [ - ]
Ability to absorb water.
Capillary property: [ - ]
The increase of liquid content in the material by suction through channels and
pores.
Pressure resistance: [ MPa ]
For firm materials like cellular glass, vermiculite and firm foam, the strength can
be described as:
The pressure strength is the maximum compression a given material

(cellular/fibres) can stand during gradually added load without damage
occur/deformation.
For soft materials like fibre material and elstomers the strength can be
described as:
The pressure strength is the maximum compression on a soft material,

under gradually added load, leads to 10% of original thickness without
occurrence of damage/deformation.
Dimension stability: [ mm]

The maximum compression a test piece can resist without a permanent dimension
change. Test is carried out according to a given procedure over a certain period at
a specified temperature, in combination with/without a specific moisture change.
Linear expansion coefficient: [ 1/K ]

Reversible increase/reduction of a substance when it is exposed to increse/fall in
temperature.
E.Modul: [ MPa ]
Measure unit for a material’s resistance to deformation.
Effluence of chlorides: [ ppm or mg/kg ]

Water solubility of the chloride content.
pH value: [ - ]
The lower pH value, the higher acid content.
The higher pH value, the higher hydrogen ion concentration.
Exothermal reaction: [ - ]
A reaction where heat is released.
The heat generation in the insulation material may supersede maximum design
temperature in the insulated object.
Endothermic reaction:
A reaction that requires supply of heat in order to run.
Flame spreading:
The spreading of flames on the surface.
6.3 STANDARDS
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation
DIN: Deutshes Institut for Normung
EN: European Standards
NEN: Dutch Standard
AGI: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau e.V
IMO: International Maritime Organization
NORSOK: Norsk Sokkels Konkurransposisjon

6.4 INSULATION PRODUCTS
6.4.1 General about insulation materials
The insulation material shall be incombustible, water repellent, not liberate poisonous
gases at fire or be contributory to corrosion behind the insulation.
For classes where heat preservation/frost preservation is the main task, diffusion tight
materials should preferably be used in order to resist external corrosion at the pipe
surface.
For personnel protection is shield used.
For fire classes are cellular glass, ceramic fibre, mineral fibre etc. used.
For acoustic classes are cellular glass/mineral wool and approved sound insulating
materials used, according to requirements to the need for reduction of dB.
Of corrosion technical reasons, the cellular glass shall have full contact with the pipe’s
surface. The contractor is responsible to that all requirements for HES are fulfilled.
6.4.2 GENERAL ABOUT PROTECTION MATERIAL (MANTLING)

The main objective for external mantling is to protect the insulation materials against
the weather, liquid penetration and to give a good mechanical protection.
For all classes are metal mantling or tape systems used in accordance with
Norsok R-004.
Perforated metal sheets are used for shielding at class 3 when there is only
requirement to personnel protection.
For class 5 is used stainless steel.
Materials not mentioned in Norsok R-004, shall be approved by the companies.

6.4.3 CELLULAR GLASS:
The insulation material cellular glass consists mainly of pure glass.
It is fabricated in a heating process where glass powder, added with carbon, expands
and forms a closed structure of small glass cells.
Cellular glass is produced and delivered as half pipe with outer diameter up to 450
mm. for pipes and equipment with diameter above 450 mm, it is cut segments from
blocks assembled by glue.
The half pipes are delivered in a standard length of 600 mm.
Below are mentioned some of the advantages with cellular glass:
- 100% tight against penetration of water and water vapour

- Constant high insulation ability
- Incombustible
- High compression strength
- Low weight
- Low expansion coefficient
- Long lifetime
- Resist oils, acids and gasses
- Not organic
- Environmentally sound, contains no KFK-gasses, fibres or bindings
- Effective insulation in the temperature area –260oC to +430oC
Disadvantages:
- Large temperature differences between inner and outer side of the

insulation material may cause cracking as a result of thermal stress.
Density:
120 kg/m3 – 165 kg/ m3
Thermal conductivity:
see table below
Example in the table is according to 120 kg/m3

Average temperature in oC
Thermal conductivity coefficient in W/(mK)
+400 max 0,13

+350 max 0,12
+300 max 0,10
+200 max 0,087
+250 max 0,074
+150 max 0,063
+100 max 0,053
+ 50 max 0,044
0 max 0,036
- 50 max 0,029
-100 max 0,023
-150 max 0,018
-200 max 0,016
*The values are measured of an independent institute and are relevant

for this type of material.
Pressure strength:
Is approximately 500 KPa in all directions
Linear thermal expansion coefficient:

at +20oC : max 9.10-6 m/(m.K)
at -160oC : max 7.10-6 m/(m.K)
E.Module:
At +23oC
Max 800 Mpa. in all directions.
Chloride content:
Maximum 45 ppm.
pH values:
Between 6.0 and 10.0
Dimension tolerances
Half pipes / sections

Segments
Block/plate
Length ±2 mm ±2 mm ±2 mm
Width - ±2 mm ±2 mm
Thickness ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Diameter -0/+3 mm -0/+4 mm
PRODUCcT INFORMATION
Standard dimension:
Half pipes: Thickness of 25,4 mm (1”), 38 mm (1 ½”)

50,8 mm (2”), 76,2 mm (3”), 89 mm (3 ½”)
and 101,6 mm (4”) for nominal pipe diameters
from 13,5 mm to 450 mm
Segment: Thickness of 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm,

90 mm and 100 mm diameter from 450 mm increasing
to 7000 mm
Sections/segments: Length 600 mm

Blocs: Thickness from 40 mm increasing to 600 mm length
x width: 300 mm to 600 mm x 450 mm
Friction coating.
It may occur that operation conditions require coating of a friction coat at the half
pipe’s inner surfaces. If it is planned to apply such a coating out at the plant, this has
to be specified when the half pipes are ordered, while the inner diameter has to be
slightly increased in order to compensate for the coating.
The operation temperature has to be given as well at ordering, while the coating type
is dependent of this.
6.4.4 MINERAL WOOL
The insulation material mineral wool is composed of synthetic resin, with diabase and
basalt stone as main raw materials.
Mineral wool are produced and delivered as:

Plates/blocks, mats, with cover and mash, the mat shall be sewed with incombustible
thread 0,8 mm and shall have a mesh width of 25 mm.
Mats with aluminium foil, half pipes, prefabricated elbows and segments, mineral
cord cross wrapped with galvanised thread for thermal insulation of pipes and loose
wool.
Because of the large scope of materials, it must always be checked before start-up of a
work that dimensions and materials are according to specifications and guidance.
Temperature area / volume mass
Temperature in oC Volume mass in kg/m3

Tested according to ASTM C447 Tested according to ASTM C302
300 40
350 50
400 70
600 80
700 90
700 100
750 120
750 150
750 180
First up to 200 oC
Melting temperature: ≥ 800 oC
Thermal conductivity: Tested according to ASTM C-177
Average
temp. in oC
λ in W/mK
40 kg/m3 50 kg/m3 70 kg/m3 80 kg/m3 90 kg/m3 100 kg/m3 120 kg/m3 150 kg/m3 180 kg/m3
400 0,100 0,097 0,088

350 0,099 0,095 0,089 0,082 0,080
300 0,090 0,088 0,083 0,078 0,073 0,071
250 0,100 0,091 0,096 0,077 0,074 0,072 0,068 0,064 0,064
200 0,081 0,075 0,081 0,065 0,063 0,063 0,059 0,056 0,056
150 0,066 0,061 0,068 0,055 0,053 0,052 0,050 0,049 0,050
100 0,053 0,050 0,047 0,046 0,044 0,045 0,043 0,043 0,044
50 0,042 0,040 0,038 0,038 0,037 0,037 0,037 0,037 0,039
Fibre dimension:
Average diameter Length

≥ 5 mm ≥ 50 mm
Water absorption:
according to AGI Q136:£10% volume
Pressure strength:
according to ASTM C-612:
Volume mass in kg/m3 40 50 70 80 90 100 120 150 180

Load stress capacity in Pa 2 3,6 7,1 8 9,4 11,9 10 14 18
at 10% compression
Spill of chloride content: : £ 10 mg/kg
pH values: Between 6,0 and 10,5

6.4.5 GLASS WOOL
Glass wool is composed of synthetic resin with quarts and sand as the main raw
material.
Glass wool are produced and delivered as mats without aluminium foil reinforcement
and/or mesh, half pipes with aluminium foil reinforcement and lamella mats.
Due to the large scope of materials, it must always be checked before start-up of a
work that dimensions and materials are according to specifications and guidance.
Temperature areas/volume mass
Temperature in oC Volume mass in kg/m3 not loaded

Tested according to ASTM C447 Tested according to ASTM C302
250 22
350 35
450 55
Melting temperature: ≥ 500 oC
Average temp. λ in W/mK

in oC
22 kg/m3 35 kg/m3 55 kg/m3
200 0,067 0,062

150 0,064 0,056 0,051
100 0,047 0,044 0,042
50 0,045 0,038 0,035
20 0,040 0,037
Fibre dimension:
Average diameter Length

≥ 5 mm ≥ 50 mm
Water absorption £10% volume
Pressure strength: according to ASTM C-165
Volume mass in kg/m3 22 30 50

Load stress capacity in Pa 0,3 0,6 0,8
at 10% compression
Spill of chloride content: £ 10 mg/kg
pH values: between 6,0 and 10,5

6.4.6 FOAM INSULATION
6.4.6.1 Polyisocyanurate and Polyurethane
PIR- and PUR foam are used for thermal insulation of pipes, equipment etc. in
temperature area +120oC to 200 oC.
Polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam:
Firm cellular like plastic based on Polyisocyanurate with closed cell structure.
Polyurethane (PUR) firm foam:
Firm cellular like plastic based on polyurethane with closed cell structure.
In addition are used Polyisocyanurate (PIR) and Polyurethane as spray foam.

Type Temperature area Density acc. to ASTM D 1622
Polyurethane (PUR)
firm foam +120 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
Polyisocyanurate (PIR)
+100 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
foam
Average temperature in oC Max λ in W/mK
+40 0,023
+20 0,021
+10 0,020
0 0,019
-10 0,019
-20 0,020
-30 0,021
-50 0,022
-100 0,021
-120 0,019
-120 0,016
The content of closed cells: min 88%

Water absorption: max 5% (weight)
Pressure strength at 23 oC 200 kPa in all direction

at -160 oC 280 kPa in all direction
Tension strength at 23 oC 300 kPa in all direction

E- module at -165 oC max 11,25 MPa in all direction
Chloride content: £ 60 ppm
pH values between 6,0 and 7,0
Type Temperature area Density acc. to ASTM D 1622
Polyurethane (PUR)
+120 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
firm foam
Polyisocyanurate (PIR)
+100 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
foam
Product Information
Blocks Half pipes Segments
Length £ 0,3 % ±3 mm ±3 mm
Width ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Standard dimensions:
Blocks Half pipes Pipe Segments Prefabricated
segments units
1 and 2”
Thickness ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20/30 mm
5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals and with
5 mm intervals
Inner ±13,5 up to ±13,5 up to
diameter 386 mm 914 mm
Length 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm, 1000 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm
Width 500 mm, 625 mm From 600 mm
1000 mm and
1250 mm
1 *Prefabricated units: elbows, valve covers, flange covers, reductions etc.
2 *Prefabricated units: Top and bottom segments, 2-3 dimensional formed segments
6.4.6.2 EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE FOAM (XPS).
Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) are used for thermal insulation of pipes,
equipment etc.
Composition of the material
Polystyrene foam is extruded of polystyrene or with one of the copolymers.

The foam has a closed cellular structure.

TYPE TEMPERATURE DENSITY
AREA
ACC. TO ASTM D 1622
Extruded polystyrene
+1750 oC to -500 oC 28 kg/m3
foam (XPS)

+60 0,041
+30 0,035
+10 0,030
0 0,029
-10 0,028
-20 0,026
-30 0,025
-40 0,025
-50 0,030
Content of closed cells: >95%
Twist strength: 390 kPa in all direction
pH value: between 6,0 and 7,0

Blocks Half pipes Segments
Length £ 0,3 % ±3 mm ±3 mm
Width ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Product information
Blocks Half pipes Pipe Segments Prefabricated
segments units
1 and 2”
Thickness ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20/30 mm
5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals and with
5 mm intervals
Inner ±13,5 up to ±13,5 up to
diameter 386 mm 914 mm
Length 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm, 1000 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm
Width 500 mm, 625 mm From 600 mm
1000 mm and
1250 mm
1 *Prefabricated units: elbows, valve covers, flange covers, reductions etc.
2 *Prefabricated units: Top and bottom segments, 2-3 dimensional formed segments
6.4.6.3 FLEXIBLE ELASTOMER FOAM (FEF).
Flexible elastomer foam (FEF) is used for thermal insulation of pipes,
equipment etc. and is a closed cellular structure foam. Processed of
natural or synthetic rubber or in a combination of these.

Type Product Temperature Area Density acc. To Astm D
1622
Flexible elastomer foam Plates and tape +85oC to -40 oC 50 kg/m3
Half pipes and
pipes +105 oC to -40 oC 50 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity:
Tested according to ASTM C-177

+20 0,037
+10 0,037
0 0,036
-10 0,035
-20 0,034
Content of closed cells: >88%
Diffusion coefficient for water vapour: < 0,007 g/( m2.h)
Dimension stability: FEF is not affected by moisture

NOTE. FEF is not resistant against UV
radiation.
Chloride content: < 90 ppm
pH value: between 6,0 and 8,0

Plates Tape Half pipes, pipes

Plates on roll
Length ± 1,5 % (L=2000mm) ±1,5% ± 1,5 % (L=2000mm)

Width ± 2,0 % (B=1000mm) ± 2,0 % (B=1000mm)
Thickness + 1,5 % (d<6mm) ±1,0 mm + 1,0 mm (d ±8mm)
± 1,0 % (d<6mm) ± 1,5 mm (d ±19mm)
± 2,5 mm (d ±32mm)
± 3,0 mm (d ±32mm)
Diameter +0,5 – 4,0mm (<100mm)

+1,0 – 6,0mm (>100mm)
Product Information
Half pipes / pipes Plates
Nominal 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, 13 mm,
Thickness
6 mm, 9 mm, 13 mm, 16 mm, 19 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm,
19 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm 50 mm
Length 2000 mm 2000 mm and rolls
6.4.7 PRE-INSULATED PIPES
Pre-insulated pipes are completed foamed and have a finished outer
protection at delivery.
Pre-insulated pipes are used in the following insulation classes:

1, 2, 4, and in sound classes.
There are suppliers that have documented pre-insulated pipes for the use in fire
classes. Here is the outer mantling of steel or Spiro pipes.
Pre-insulated pipes consist of:
- pipes dimensioned due to type of medium and pressure

- Insulation materials are chosen due to operation temperatures and certain
insulation characteristics
- Possible included ducts for electric hating cables or hot liquid
- covering are dimensioned for necessary insulation capacity, environment
and mechanical requirements to the system
Pipe standard is to the customer’s specifications
Insulation systems consist of a foamed material and an outer shield which is

extruded or spooled.
The insulation material is:
CFC free PUR foam Combustible

CFC free PUR foam + Mineral wool Combustible
Phenol foam Self distinguishing
Encasing/weather protection:
- HDPE (Polyethylene w/high fill mass) Black or white

- steel
- Spiro pipes
There might in addition be included in the insulation material:
- copper pipes for heated liquids for heating

- aluminium ducts for electric cables
- sensors for moisture
Type Product Temperature Area Density acc. To Astm D
1622
Polyurethane (PUR) Foam +120oC to -200oC 40 kg/m3
Phenol Foam +170oC to -190oC 80 kg/m3
Mineral wool / PUR Half pipes /
Foam +140 oC to +300 oC 50 kg/m3
The content of closed cells: min 88%
Pressure strength at 23 oC 200 kPa in all direction

Tension strength at 23 oC 300 kPa in all direction

E- module at -165 oC max 11,25 MPa in all direction
pH values between 6,0 and 7,0
Length/thickness Dimension/thickness
Pipes To the customer’s To the customer’s
requirements/design requirements/design
Insulation material To the customer’s To the customer’s
Outer protection To the customer’s To the customer’s
6.4.8 BOLSTERS
Insulation bolsters are used in all insulation classes, provided that the
characteristics are sufficient documented.
The bolster system consists of:

a thermal- and/or fire insulating material and a outer weather resistant, fire proof or
fire retarding protection.
At start-up/delivery of bolsters there shall be enclosed approved certificates for each

of the classes.
General:
All bolsters shall be adjusted to the individual valve/flange and be secured with
sufficient overlap on adjacent insulated pipes. The design of the bolsters shall be so
that cleaning and at normal weather stresses, the possibility for penetration of water
shall be minimal.
The bolsters shall have drainage holes at the lowest point. The hole shall be protected
with an eye of stainless steel or brass, and it shall be applied with silicone mastic
between the eye and the canvas (both sides).
After sewing, all seams and padding shall be applied with silicone.
The felt shall be applied foil on one side in order to prevent seep of the insulation
material and thereby reduction of the insulating ability.
It is not allowed to use loose insulation material.
The locking mechanism of the bolsters shall be of the velcroue type.

The locking mechanism shall be of double type.
(double leafs with velcroue)
Bolsters shall have tension strips of stainless steel.
Other locking mechanisms may be accepted based on design, documentation and tests.
When steel strips are used for bolsters at installing, there shall always be used
protection between the bolsters and strips.
Bolsters for all classes shall be equipped with identification labels.
The labels shall have information about:
- Supplier
- Line number
- TAG number (for tagged equipment)
- Bolster number
Documentation.
The identification labels shall be easy to read both before and after the installation and
shall resist atmospherically conditions where the bolsters are installed.
The bolsters have to be secured with stainless tension strips.
Thermal bolsters:
Temperature area: between –30oC and +230 oC
Insulation material min. density 70 kg/m3
Outer protection:
Woven glass fibre mat applied silicone on both sides,

if not other is decided.
The outer material shall not be combustible.

Minimum requirement is that the material is self-extinguishing.
The bolster shall be sewed with thread (strengthened steel thread) that resists at least
same temperature as the outer material.
The thread shall have good fatigue characteristics in the offshore environment.
Locking mechanism/installing: velcroue:
Size Velcroue width

£ 75 mm 50 mm
> 75 mm 100 mm
INSTALLING
After adjusting and fastening of the velcroue, the ends overlapping the pipe insulation
shall be fastened with tresses or tension strips in order to obtain a tight overlap.
Insulation for protection against HC-fire and jet fire, must in each case be designed to
the requirements laid down in the fire scenarios for the individual areas/modules.
All constructions that are fire insulated shall have completed tests from independent
societies.
The “specifications” mentioned below make the baseline for design of bolsters.
As an example, the bolsters are built-up as follows:
Fire bolsters:
Insulation material:
Fire resistant insulation material min. density 80 kg/m3
Outer protection:
Stainless foil
Woven glass fibre mat applied with silicon rubber
The bolsters are fastened by stainless tension strips.

JET FIRE BOLSTER:
Insulation material:
Fire resistant insulation material min density 120 kg/m3
Outer protection:
Stainless foil
Carbon mat
Woven glass fibre mat applied with silicone rubber
The bolsters are fastened by stainless tension strips.
SOUND INSULATING BOLSTER:

Bolsters may be used for sound insulation.
The design of the bolsters shall be approved and tested for the relevant classes i.e.
class 6, 7 and 8 before installing.
FASTENING- AND DRAINAGE MATERIAL
6.5 FOR INSULATION PRODUCTS
TENSION STRIPS:
Material: SS316, seawater resistant aluminium
Area for the use: Fastening of insulation material and outer protection
Dimension: 13 x 0,5 mm, 19 x 0,5 mm
LOCK FOR TENSION STRIP:
Material: SS316, seawater resistant aluminium
Area for the use: Locking of tension strip
STORM STRIPS:
Material: SS316, sea water resistant aluminium
Area for the use. Fastening of outer protection
Dimension: 50 x 0,5 mm
FASTENING CORD
Material: SS316
Area for the use. Fastening of mineral wool

Sewing of mesh mats
Note: Shall not be used for Cellular glass,

PIR and PUR.
Dimension: approximately 1 mm
Standard: Din 1548

HOOKS FOR MESH:
Material: SS316
Area for the use. Fastening / joints of mash mats
Dimension: 115 x 2,2 mm
FASTENING TAPE:
Material: Glass fibre synthetic tape
Area for the use. Fastening of insulation material
Dimension: Width x thickness: 15 mm x 0,14 mm
Fastening strength: 200 gr./ 25 mm2
Temperature area: -15oC to +40 oC
SELF DRAINAGE BOLTS:
Material: Stainless, aluminium or galvanised steel
Area for the use. Fastening of mantling
Dimension: 4,8 x 13,0 mm
Standard: ISO 1481 type C
POP RIVETS:
Material: SS316, seawater resistant aluminium or galvanised steel
Area for the use. Fastening of mantling
Dimension: 3,2 x 1 mm, 4,8 x 1 mm
Standard: DIN 7337

DRAINAGE PLUG:
Example:
Material: Thermal plastically Polyamide
Area for the use. Drainage of insulation material
Dimension: Diameter x L: 20 x 100
The plugs shall be of such a character that it can be adjusted/cut for the individual
insulation thickness and done with barb/hole.
MATERIAL PRODUCTS FOR
6.6 WEATHER PROTECTION
This part of the manual contains an overview for the most common
mantling products used, including accessories, and the requirements laid
down to the individual product.
6.6.18 ALUMINIUM MANTLING

Al 99,5 (IS) according to: ASTM B 209M – Alloy 1060
Max. surface temperature is 350oC
NOTE: Surface temperatures superseding 150 oC may cause deformation in the

material.
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 1000 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
6.6.2 STEEL MANTLING WITH ALUMINIUM COATING:
Steel plate with aluminium coating:
Coating thickness: 305 gr./m2 totally on both sides 50 mm
Mechanical characteristics:
The aluminium coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with
minimum radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness 0,56 mm Min. radius: 1 x plate thickness
Plate thickness 0,80 mm Min. radius: 2 x plate thickness
NOTE: Surface temperatures superseding 150 oC may cause deformation in the

material.
Standard dimensions/tolerances
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM A463
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
6.6.3 STEEL MANTLING WITH ALU / ZINC COATING:
Aluzinc coating:
Coating thickness: 185 gr./m2 totally on both sides 50 mm
The coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with minimum
radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness <1 ,25 mm Min. radius: 1 x plate thickness
NOTE: Surface temperatures superseding 315 oC may cause colour changes
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM 792M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM 792M
NOTE: Aluzine mantling is as well available as corrugated plates, if so,

the thickness of the plates may be reduced.
6.6.4 STEEL MANTLING HOT GALVANISED
Steel plate with coating of 275 gr./m2 totally on both sides 50 mm
The zinc coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with
minimum radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness shall be <1 ,25 mm and min. radius 3 x plate thickness
NOTE: Surface temperatures superseding 315 oC may cause colour

changes
PRODUCT INFORMATION:
6.6.5 STAINLESS STEEL MANTLING
Steel plate type 316
NOTE: Surface temperatures superseding 500 oC may cause colour

changes
6.6.6 PVC TAPE
PVC tape may be used for mantling for protection of insulation in well natural
ventilated areas.
PVC shall not be used in areas with sensitive electronic equipment or in the
neighbourhood of electronic switchboards. This has connection with the gasses
released from PVC materials when burning.
The tape may be composed of weather resistant polyvinyl chloride, with outer surface
material with rubber/mastic based glue.
Surface temperature min/max -20oC to +90oC
Temperature area at installing -5oC to +40oC
PVC tape are delivered on rolls in various width and the thickness shall be > 1200µm.
6.6.6 WET SYSTEM BASED ON ACRYLICS
Acrylic dispersion with weather resistant extenders and pigments.
Solvent is water.
Reinforcement is glass fibre mats.
Surface temperature min/max -20oC to +105oC
Temperature area at installing -10oC to + 40oC
In addition to the mentioned tape/lining systems, there exist a number of other systems
in the marked.
Tape- or lining systems shall be approved by customer.
NOTE: It must be taken into consideration at the choice of wet

systems that the drying time is considerable increased at low
temperatures.
MATERIAL PRODUCTS FOR
6.7 WATER VAPOUR ARRESTORS
This part of the manual contains an overview for the most common water
vapour arrestor products used in connection with frost insulation,
including accessories, and the requirements laid down to the individual
product.
6.7.1 FOIL OF ALUMINIUM / POLYESTER

Foil of aluminium/polyester for use on insulation in connection with frost insulation.
MATERIAL COMPOSITION:
The foil is made of: 12 µm polyester film

25 µm aluminium film
12 µm polyester film
Total thickness > 50 µm
Material characteristics
Temperature area:between -60oC and + 120oC
Volume/mass: 1,93 kg/dm3
Tension strength: 100 Mpa
Degradation strength: 70 N/m
Tearing-off: 400 g/mm (Elmendorf)
Chemical characteristics: Fungus resistance: Inactive

6.7.2 TAPE OF ALUMINIUM / POLYESTER
Tape of aluminium/polyester for the use to fasten water vapour arrestor
foil on insulation and for the use as vapour arrestor on elbows etc. in
connection with frost insulation.
MATERIAL COMPOSITION:
The foil is made of: 12 µm polyester film

25 µm aluminium film
12 µm polyester film
Layer of glue:polyacrylate
Total thickness > 50 µm
Temperature area:between -45oC and + 120oC
Volume/mass: 1,93 kg/dm3
Tension strength: 100 Mpa
Degradation strength: 70 N/m
Tearing-off: 400 g/mm (Elmendorf)
Glue layer:
Fastening tape (width 25mm): 19 N
Shear value: 15 kPa
Protection paper: silicone
Chemical characteristics: Fungus resistance: Inactive

6.7.3 MASTIC BASED ON LATEX
Mastic based on latex for the use on insulation in connection with frost
insulation.
Material Composition: Latex and water
Temperature area: between -30oC and + 90oC

Average firm material: 58% volume
Chloride content: maximum 45 ppm
6.7.4 MASTIC BASED ON BITUMEN

Mastic based on bitumen for the use on insulation in connection with
frost insulation.
Material Composition:
Bitumen and solvents according to prevailing product requirements.


6.7.5 MASTIC BASED ON ELASTOMER:
Mastic based on elastomer for the use on insulation in connection with
frost insulation.
The system is used on firm foam insulation materials, except expanded

polystyrene foam.
Elastomer and solvents

6.7.6 MASTIC BASED ON BUTYL RUBBER

Mastic based on butyl rubber for the use on insulation in connection with
frost insulation.
The system is used on insulation materials of cellular glass.
Butyl rubber and solvents


6.7.7 MASTIC BASED ON BUTYL RUBBER
Mastic based on butyl rubber for the use on insulation in connection with
frost insulation.
The system is used on insulation materials of firm foam insulation
materials (PIR/PUR) except expanded polystyrene foam and cellular
glass.
Butyl rubber and solvents

6.7.8 SEALING BASED ON ELASTOMER:

Sealing based on elastomer for the use on insulation in connection with
frost insulation.
The system is used as ends/stop on firm foam insulation materials.
2 component elastomer


6.7.9 SEALING BASED ON EPOXY RESIN
Sealing based on resin for the use on insulation in connection with frost
insulation.
The system is used as ends/stop on firm foam insulation materials.
Polymers and resin.

Chloride content: 0 ppm

GUIDANCE FOR
INSULATION AND MANTLING
PIX PAGE
CONTENTS REF.
GUIDANCE FOR INSULATION AND MANTLING
INSTALLATION OF PROTECTION (MANTLING)
GUIDANCE FOR HEAT INSULATION
INSTALLATION OF METAL MANTLING
GUIDANCE FOR FROST INSULATION
CONDENSE INSULATION
PASSIVE FIRE INSULATION
GUIDANCE FOR SOUND INSULATION
GUIDANCE FOR PRE-INSULATED PIPES
GUIDANCE FOR INSULATION AND HEATING CABLE

GUIDANCE FOR
INSULATION AND MANTLING
7.1 GENERAL
Equipment, receptacles, pipes, etc. shall be insulated according to the
requirements laid down by the Company and authorities regarding
insulation classes and HES.
Detailed drawings and descriptions of design is described in this manual.
Updated Data sheet / certificates (HES / Technical) for the individual insulation materials
shall be available for the Company at any time.
Insulation materials which are with finished shape, shall be in accordance with the
suppliers dimension standards.
Discrepancy shall be handled according to the companies’ procedures.
Are several metal products used, they shall be shielded from each other with electric
conducting material in order to hinder galvanic corrosion.
The individual contractor/supplier and their employees, including hired work forces, are
responsible for that all requirements and guidance related to Health-, Environmental- and
Safety regulations is and will be fulfilled.
The individual supplier and employee have the duty to inform the customer about new
materials/methods that may give improved utilising of materials and execution.
In cases where contractor/company wishes to use other materials, this shall be approved
by customer/companies before execution of insulation.
As a major rule, all insulation shall be completed without stop.

If this is not possible, the insulation material shall be covered/protected so that it not
degraded.
7.1.3 INSTALLATION
OF INSULATION MATERIAL
The insulation material shall be installed to the guidance laid down for
the individual classes.
Below are some guidance:
7.1.3.1 HALF PIPES / SEGMENTS

1 layer:
One layer insulation shall be laid with longitudinal splices, staggered in relation to each
other.
2 or more layers:
At more than one layer of insulation, the splices shall be staggered in relation to the
splices in the previous layer with at least 150 mm.
Half pipes of mineral wool shall be fastened according to specification requirements for
the individual classes. This is independent of whether the half pipes are with/without
aluminium foils.
Half pipes of Cellular glass/PIR/PUR shall be glued/fastened according to the supplier’s

standard and specification requirements for the individual classes.
Segments, (fishes) shall be adjusted so that it not will occur hollows.
Endings against flange:

All endings against flanges shall be coned against the pipe.
The distance from the flange shall be the bolt length + 25 mm to the snipe of the cone.
See drawing no. 9.1.13.
At the use of cellular glass, the contact surface against pipes/equipment shall be applied
friction coat when expansion/contraction is relevant. In addition, there shall be
expansion-/contraction grooves.
Are flexible materials used, the above is not necessary.

7.1.3.2 MATS
1 or 2 layer’s Horizontal: Mats are sewed together with stainless /galvanised tread.
1 or 2 layer’s Vertical surfaces: At installing of mats on vertical surfaces, there shall be

support rings independent of the equipment’s height and temperature.
7.1.4 INSTALLATION OF PROTECTION
(MANTLING):
7.1.4.1 METALLIC PROTECTION

All joints at pipes and equipment shall have 50 mm overlap both vertical and
horizontal.
Longitudinal joints on mantling shall be maximum 60 degrees from the lowest point.
At mantling of tanks, horizontal overlaps shall be 75 mm, and for vertical, 100 mm.
This is as well valid for corrugated/profiled mantling.
All boxes shall be shaped so that liquids are drained.

Lowest point on boxes shall have drainage hole of min. 155 mm diameter.
Number of drainage holes shall be determined according to the size of the boxes.
All joints of removable boxes shall be fastened by self-drained bolts and suitcase lock.
See drawing no. 9.1.00, 9,1.05, 9.1.06, 9.1.08, 9.1.15

7.1.4.2 TAPE SYSTEMS DRY/WET
Tape systems shall be installed according to the applying procedure from the supplier
and shall be accepted by the Companies.
Applying procedures shall cover the most common details as:

Straight parts, elbows, reductions, “T” pieces, “trunnion” and clamps.
If installing of tape is done on details where applying procedures cannot be referred to,
“new” procedure shall be approved by the Companies before installing.
See drawing no. 9.8.00 to 9.8.20
7.1.4.3 INSULATION BOLSTERS

Insulation bolsters’ function are mainly to cover both insulation and to protect the
function.
Weather protection of the insulation bolsters is by fabrication sewed together with

necessary insulation material.
Weather protection shall satisfy requirements according to Norsok R-004.
All seams shall be treated, and there shall be made drainage holes in the bolster at
installing. This is to ensure that the drainage hole is put at the lowest point. The number
of drainage holes will be dependent of the bolster’s size and configuration.
See pictures and measure-table 9.7.

7.1.5 STORAGE AND COVERING
Installation contractor is responsible to that all material is handled in such a way that it
is not damaged or degraded.
The insulation material shall not be used against the weather, wind and moisture during
storage.
All material that is damaged so that it not will fulfil the material supplier’s or the
company’s material requirements/standard, shall be replaced.
7.1.6 START-UP/ENDING OF INSULATION WORK

Insulation work starts normally after the systems are tested and approved.
It is the contractor who is responsible to that the insulation material is covered during
the installing, so that there not will occur damage or degradation.
As a main rule, all insulation shall be completed without stop.
If this is not possible, the insulation material shall be covered/protected so that it is not
degraded.
7.1.7 COMBINATION CLASSES
When it is necessary to combine different classes, the following guidance is
valid:
Insulation class 5, fire insulation, shall always the outer in a multi-layer system.
As examples:
Cl. 5 and 1 Fire protection and Heat insulation

Use the criteria for class 5, but increase the insulation thickness if necessary to
maintain the requirement to class 1.
Cl. 5 and 2 Fire protection and Frost insulation

For hydrocarbon fire protection and cold service are used criteria for class 5
with the use of approved insulation material in order to maintain the
requirement to class 2.
Cl. 5 and 6 Fire protection and Acoustic insulation

Use the requirements for both classes, but the thickness may be judged
according to prevailing requirements.
Cl. 6 and 2 Acoustic insulation and Heat insulation

To be insulated according to acoustic classes, but increase the thickness of the
insulation material if heat insulation requires.
Cl. 6 and 2 Acoustic insulation and Frost insulation

To be insulated according to acoustic classes, but increase the thickness of the
insulation material if frost insulation requires.
Frost insulation needs in addition vapour arresting if this not is taken care of by
choice of material type.
7.2 GUIDANCE FOR
HEAT INSULATION
7.2.1 INSULATION MATERIAL FOR HEAT INSULATION

Pipes, shall if not other is decided, be insulated with prefabricated half pipes of
cellular glass/mineral wool, dependent of prevailing specification.
Mineral wool mats may be used due to a economical judgement, when this is
adequate, and then especially on large dimensions.
Mineral wool mats may be used in accordance to regulations in Norsok R-004.
Pipe transitions/bends shall be insulated with pre-shaped insulation materials, cut

from standard blocks/half pipes and to be fastened with cord/glass fibre reinforced
tape, adequate to the requirements.
Tanks, vessels and heat exchangers shall be insulated with formed block insulation of
cellular glass. Insulation for tank tops shall consist of curved blocks or flat adjusted
standard blocks.
Valves and flanges shall be insulated with pre-formed insulation materials, cut from
standard blocks, if not other is decided.
By the use of insulation bolsters on valves and flanges, the bolsters shall be adjusted
the individual details.
7.2.2 INSULATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR INSULATION CLASS 1.
In class 1, the following equipment shall not be insulated except for vapour service or
when other is decided:
1. Tanks etc: Manhole covers, studs and flanges
2. Heat exchangers: Nozzles and flanges
3. Valve covers and pipe flanges
4. Control valves, line valves and pipe transitions that are removed periodically
5. Expansion- and rotating joints, slide valves and similar equipment
6. Vapour traps (except when they are specified by the companies)

7.2.3 INSTALLING OF INSULATION MATERIAL
ON PIPES AND EQUIPMENT
Insulation of pipes and equipment shall be carried out according to the suppliers’
procedures and drawings in this manual.
When support rings are used on vertical pipes, the distance between the rings shall be
according to chapter 7.2.4.
The shape of the support rings is set by the following:
1) Temperature < 400oC See drawing no. 9.2.15 and 9.2.16
2) Temperature > 400oC See drawing no. 9.2.15 and 9.2.16
Fastening of support rings shall be agreed between the Companies and the installation
contractor. Support ring material shall be compatible with the material in vessel/pipe
in order to avoid corrosion.
At outer layer tension strips shall be placed approximately 30 mm to each side of all
joints with intermediate strips with maximum cc 300 mm.
The inner layer of multi-insulation, shall have tension strips with maximum
cc 450 mm.
Where possibility of expansion/contraction, expansion/contraction grooves shall be

used in accordance with Company and material supplier.
All joints in cellular glass shall be glued, both vertically and horizontally.
It is not allowed with hollows between the joints. The glue joint for the inner layer
shall not have contact with the metal.
When it is not possible to use tension strips, the insulation may be secured by stainless
steel cord or glass fibre reinforced tape.
NOTE: It is not allowed to use steel cord on cellular glass.
In temperature areas where occurring expansion/contraction, firm insulation shall be

applied with friction cover on the material surface that have contact with the metal.
Elbows and irregular surfaces may be adjusted at the work place.

Hollows shall be filled with insulation in order to avoid heat loss.
This concerns especially around supports and rings vertical pipes.
Insulation material used for insulation of valves and flanges shall as a main rule be
fastened to the inside of the insulation boxes, if not other is decided.
See drawing no. 9.1.05, 9.1.06, 9.1.07, 9.1.08, 9.1.15 and 9.1.17.
When there is fitted bellows on the line, there shall always be put a 0.8 mm plate on
the bellow’s upper side in order to avoid that the insulation material sinks against the
bellow and deforms.
7.2.4 INSTALLING OF BLOCK/MAT INSULATION
FOR TANKS AND HAT EXCHANGERS
On vertical tanks the insulation shall have support rings that carries the weight of the
insulation material. Support rings shall as well be fitted around all manholes and
nozzles superseding 200 mm in diameter.
See drawing no. 9.2.15 and 9.2.16.
The distance between distance rings shall be as follows:
Block insulation: approximately cc 5700 mm
Mash mat: cc3800 mm
On horizontal tanks the support rings shall be fitted with cc 900 mm and in addition
around all manholes and nozzles that supersede 200 mm in diameter.
The width of the ring shall be minimum 1/3 of, and maximum 12 mm less than the
insulation thickness.
Fastening of support rings shall be agreed upon between the Companies and the
installation contractor.
The material of the support rings shall be compatible with the material of the
tanks/vessels in order to avoid corrosion.
The insulation material shall be adjusted so that each layer have tight joints.
In temperature areas with expansion/contraction shall firm insulation materials be
made with expansion/contraction grooves.
Joints for block insulation shall be glued according to specification requirements.

Joints between the mats shall be “sewed” with approved steel cord in order to obtain
joints without hollows.
The use of welded studs to fasten mats on spherical vessels/irregular surfaces, must be
approved by the companies.
There shall be minimum 6 studs per. m2 insulation.

The studs shall be evenly distributed on the area.
By the use of snap clips, the studs shall be cut evenly over the clips.
Lock studs shall be divide and bent, and shall end 12 mm into the insulation material.
Block insulation/mats shall be fastened with 3 strips per segment/circumference.
Fastening of insulation on tank tops shall be carried out with crossing strips which
shall be fastened in the strips on the outer insulation.
Fastening of crossing strips shall be carried out with clips of the same metal.
Expansion grooves shall be made between two fixed points. (support rings)
Vessels with diameter < 1500 mm shall be insulated as pipes.
When tanks have skirt, the ventilation opening must not be covered by insulation.
7.2.5 INSTALLATION OF
METAL MANTLING
7.2.5.1 PIPES AND EQUIPMENT

See drawings no. 9.1.00 to 9.1.22.
Flat pipe mantling of metal shall be shrunk in the ends and be grooved in order to
secure a tight surround and tight joints.
Circular joints shall have an overlap with > 50 mm.

Between the metal surfaces in overlap, shall gasket/sealing be applied, and circular
joints shall be secured by strips.
Longitudinal joints shall have an overlap with > 50 mm.
Between the metal surfaces in overlap shall gasket/sealing be applied, and the joints
shall be fastened with self bore bolts or pop rivets with cc 150 mm.
All pipe mantling shall, in addition to strips on joints, have strips with
cc 200-300 mm.
On vertical pipes there shall be used “S” clips, bolts and pop rivets for fastening the
plate sections. On pipes with temperature > 260oC, only “S” clips shall be used.
Minimum 4 “S” clips per circular joint.

7.2.5.2 TANKS AND VESSELS
See drawings no. 9.2.00 to 9.5.09.
Flat or impressed metal mantling shall be shrunk in the ends, and overlap 75 mm on
longitudinal joints, and 100 mm on circular joints.
Corrugated metal mantling shall be overlapped with 2 corrugations on longitudinal

joints.
All mantling on tanks/vessels shall have tension strips with cc 900 mm.
For vessels expanded to expansion/contraction, springs on tension strips shall be

used.
On vertical vessels, “S” clips shall be used between the individual plates in order to
prevent sliding.
Distance “S” clips on circular joint cc 1000 mm, but minimum 4 per circular joint.
7.3 GUIDANCE FOR
FROST INSULATION
7.3.1 FROST INSULATION CL. 2

Insulation of pipes and equipment shall be carried out according to drawings in the
manual.
The thickness of the insulation materials for frost insulation, shall be in accordance
with table 2, chapter 4.4.2 if not other is given in P & ID.
To prevent frost creation or condense, supports on vessels and exchangers shall be

insulated so that thermal bridge is avoided.
It has to be taken into consideration longitudinal contraction for all pipes and vessels
with operation temperature at –50oC and below.
Insulation on vertical vessels shall be supported on rings installed by the

manufacturer.
Maximum intervals cc 2900 mm.

The drawings shall be approved by the companies before the insulation starts.
Note the differences of requirements to support rings of cl.1 and cl.2.
Vessel- and pipe insulation used with factory delivered vapour arrestor, or vapour
arrestor carried out at the construction site, shall be mantled if not other is decided.
If need for shrink joints on vertical vessels, these shall be minimum 25 mm wide and
shall be installed below each of the support rings, except at the bottom end.
At horizontal vessels the shrink joints shall be installed in the firm insulation with
intervals of maximum 3000 mm.
7.3.2 INSULATION MATERIAL FOR FROST INSULATION
For frost insulation is used:
Cellular glass, PIR, PUR and cellular rubber.
Expanding polyisocyanarate foam (XPS) may be used for maintenance after the
Companies approval.
Polyisocyanarate shall only be used when temperature at insulated media is

below –10oC.
Is heating cables used, polyisocyanarate may be used at temperatures

above –10oC.
Groove- and sealing compound shall satisfy HES requirements.
Joint sealing and material mixtures shall be permanent flexible and have a low
vapour permeability in recommended temperature areas.
7.3.3 INSTALLATION OF VAPOUR ARRESTOR
Vapour arrestor shall be installed and sealed instantly after the insulation material is
installed, in order to avoid moisture to penetrate the insulation material.
The vapour arrestor material shall be prolonged minimum 150 mm over metal
coming out. The termination shall be sealed.
Vapour arrestor applied at site (polyester covered aluminium foil) shall have a
smooth surface without wrinkles, and all edges shall have an overlap of 75 mm.
Both factory- or manually installed vapour arrestors shall be completely sealed with
polyethylene or aluminium tape.
Details of frost insulated pipes shall be vapour sealed with cover of aluminium tape
applied with vapour sealing tape or plastic (according to approval).
Vapour arrestor on details shall continue minimum 75 mm over meeting vapour

arrestor on pipes.
7.3.4 INSTALLATION OF INSULATION MATERIAL ON PIPES AND

EQUIPMENT
One layer: Half pipes shall be installed with staggered joints, both circular and
longitudinal. Glue shall be applied at the outer half of the blunt ends in order to
avoid contact with the pipe surface.
Two ore more layers: All joints shall be staggered in relation to the previous layer,
and the joints shall be glued/grooved 100% at the outer layer.
Where several layers of insulation are used, there shall be put a vapour arrestor
between second last and last layer. This is nor required if cellular glass is used.
The insulation material shall be applied with vapour arrestor if the insulation
material and joints are not 100% vapour tight.
By the use of multi-layer insulation, joints in the outer layer shall have vapour
arrestor with 25 mm width of the joint sealing.
On insulation surfaces at multi-layer joints, there shall be joint sealing and slide
joints.
Corners shall be rounded and be filled with mastic.
NOTE: Mastic has to be of the hardening type.
When contraction joint is required, it shall be 25 mm wide and be installed below

each support ring at vertical runs.
At horizontal runs this shall be installed between joints of firm insulation, with
intervals of 6 meters.
At carbon steel the contraction joints may have intervals of 10 meters.
Contraction joints shall be used at every flange and at the pipe ends of every when
flanged details. The width of the compressible insulation must then be increased to
include the length of bolts +25 mm.
Contraction bolts shall be wrapped with glass fibre mats or loose wool which shall
be compressed 50%.
Strips or glass fibre reinforced tape shall be used in order to secure each insulation
layer, included the outer layer.
Strips shall be installed blunt joint cc 30 mm and thereafter cc 250 mm.
At pipe pillars and pipe supports circular joints shall be staggered if practical
possible.
On “trunnion” there shall be 3 x insulation thickness out over support.

From the pillar to the support and against insulation there shall be minimum 300 mm
in order to avoid condense.
7.3.5 INSTALLATION OF INSULATION MATERIAL
ON MACHINERY
Large machinery surfaces shall be insulated with blocks or sectional insulation.
Irregular surfaces may be covered by insulation cement.
The latter shall be agreed upon in each case with the Companies.
Gluing/grooving and shrink joints shall be carried out according to item 7.3
Vapour arrestor shall be carried out according to item 7.3.3
7.3.6 INSTALLATION OF INSULATION MATERIAL

ON TANKS AND VESSELS
The insulation material shall be block shaped if not other is decided.

The insulation material shall be fastened with strips on each block section.
Contraction joints shall when possible be carried out below support rings and be
filled with compressed mineral wool. Contraction joints shall be carried out
according to item 7.3.4.
Vessels with diameter < 600 mm shall be insulated like pipes.
7.3.7 INSTALLATION OF MANTLING ON PIPES AND EQUIPMENT
The mantling shall be done carefully in order to avoid puncture of the vapour
arrestor.
It is not allowed to use pop rivets for securing mantling, except in those cases where
frost insulation material and vapour arrestor are protected by an outer layer of
mineral wool.
All joints in removable boxes shall be overlapped, sealed and fastened.
Where heating cables run through mantling, edge protection shall be fitted.
“Heat traced” pipes or vessels shall be wrapped in aluminium foil before the
insulation is applied, in order to protect heating cable and to improve heat
conduction to the pipe.
7.3.8 INSTALLATION OF MANTLING ON TANKS,

VESSELS AND MACHINERY
The mantling shall be installed in such a way that puncture of the vapour arrestor is
avoided. This concerns especially at installing of man hole covers.
Where heating cables run through mantling, edge protection shall be fitted.
“Heat traced” pipes or vessels shall be wrapped in aluminium foil before the
insulation is applied, in order to protect heating cable and to conduction heat.
Mantling for tank top shall be prefabricated in largest possible plate sections in order
to reduce the number of joints.
7.4 CONDENSE INSULATION
7.4.1 CONDENSE INSULATION, SEE FROST INSULATION (7.3)
7.5 GUIDANCE FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
7.5.1 FIRE INSULATION CLASS 5

Criteria for fire insulation are based on the companies’ accept criteria.
The following shall be taken into consideration by choice of insulation system.
- Fire loads
- Characteristics and dimension for the object to be insulated
- The content in pipes and tanks/vessels
- Pressure release time for the system to be insulated
- The insulation material’s characteristics
Outer mantling shall be of metal, if not other is decided.

There may be applied a weather resistant membrane under the outer mantling in
order to reduce the risk of liquid penetration and corrosion under the insulation.
(for example aluminium foil tapered at the joints)
Fire insulation class 5 covers not requirements set to Jet Fire.
In addition to ordinary fire insulation, class 5 is in extended use as combination class.

See item 7.1.7
Materials For Fire Insulation:
- Cellular glass
- Fibre materials
- Bolster solutions
- Stainless steel mantling
For outer dia. < 150 mm is used 0,5 mm thickness
- Stainless steel mantling
For outer dia. > 150 mm is used 0,7 mm thickness
- Prefabricated fire panels
- Fastening materials like strips, bolts, etc.
shall be of stainless material
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
According to Norsok R-004 “Piping and equipment insulation ” and in
this Insulation manual, there is only one insulation class for fire
protection, namely class 5.
The baseline for class 5 is that the insulation shall limit the temperature increase in the
relevant valve, flange, pipe etc to maximum 400oC in at least 30 minutes when it is
exposed to a fire equal to a temperature progress as when hydro carbonates burn.
The fire testing is carried out to a standard named ISO 834.
The extent of fire insulation is determined by parameters like temperatures, pressure,

media (oil, gas etc.), material qualities, control systems and pressure relief systems
etc.
Further on is dimensioning fire scenario, risk analysis, safety judgements and the
companies’ instructions, and as well minimum requirements from the Petroleum
directorate (Oljedirektoratet) the background for fire insulating.
In “Regulation for explosion and fire protection of devices in the petroleum activity”
determined by the Petroleum directorate (Oljedirektoratet), requirements to passive
fire protection is described.
BELOW IS REFERRED EXCERPTS FROM SOME RELEVANT PARAGRAPHS
§ 19 – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS TO PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
The passive fire protection shall be carried out so that it gives relevant constructions
or equipment components sufficient fire resistance regarding carrying ability, integrity
and insulation ability under a dimensioned fire, and as well contribute to reduce the
consequences as a result of fire generally.
§ 20 – FIRE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO MATERIALS
Materials in the device shall normally be incombustible. If it after a total consideration

appear safety wise justifiable to use materials that not satisfy the requirement to
incombustible, these shall have limited flame spreading characteristics, low smoke
evolving and be of low heat emittance.
It shall be carried out a judgement of the poison degree of the gases that are emitted by
fire. The baseline for decision of choice of materials shall be possible to document.
§ 21 – FIRE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO EQUIPMENT
Equipment that shall function at a dimensioning fire, and equipment of which the
consequences of break down will be unacceptable, shall have sufficient fire resistance.
The use of dimensioning fire scenario and risk analysis have achieved increased
importance for the choice of fire protection.
Equipment are fire insulated according to calculated real fire loads.
An actual example is insulation against jet fires at plants that produces gas. This
brings to that class 5 not longer fully is comprising all fire insulation, so that there
often in addition to class 5 has to be specified what will be dimensioning fire load,
how long the equipment shall be protected and what is critical maximum temperature
for the equipment.
7.6 GUIDANCE FOR
SOUND INSULATION
7.6.1 SOUND INSULATION

Acoustic insulation of pipes and vessels.
The insulation is sorted in several classes in order to divide between the
requirements set to the individual areas.
The Companies follow NORSOK standard.
Class 6 Acoustic insulation – 10 dB

Reduces noise in the area 500 – 2000 Hz with 10 dB


Valves and flanges shall be insulated if this is specified by the companies.
Class 9 External condense and ice protection

To be worked out based on the criteria for frost insulation 7.3.1
7.7 GUIDANCE
FOR PRE-INSULATED PIPES
7.7.1 INSTALLATION OF PRE-INSULATED PIPES

GENERAL:
Pre-insulated pipes are delivered from several manufacturers.

The individual installer shall have the necessary qualifications and approved courses
from the manufacturer for installing.
General about installing:
Sockets shall be put loose (with protection) on the pipe section before weld assembly
of the pipe sections. This is applicable for all types of sockets. I.e. sockets for correct
lengths, bends, end sections etc.
After pressure testing and approval, the sockets shall be installed in the joint zones.
As pre-insulated pipes may as well be equipped with heating cables, moisture meters
etc, it is important that all necessary disciplines are involved during installing.
Supports shall be designed for the individual types of pre-insulated pipes.

7.8 GUIDANCE FOR
INSULATION AND HEATING CABLE
(HEAT TRACE)
7.8.1 RULES
A main rule is that the drain pipe follows the main pipe
concerning insulation and hat tracing.
Exception from the rule is as follows:
- If the main pipe is insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe < 1,0 m:
Only insulation on the drain pipe.
- If main pipe is insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe > 1,0 m:
Insulation and heat tracing on the drain pipe.
- If main pipe is not insulated and the drain pipe is > 1,0 m:
Insulation and heat tracing on the drain pipe.
NOTE: The first valve is considered as a part of the drain pipe at

determination of length.
REQUIREMENT:
- If heat tracing is required, then the heat tracing temperature shall be the
same as the heat tracing on the main pipe.
- The heat tracing temperature for the drain pipe, where the main pipe is not
insulated, will be specified.
- If insulation or insulation and heat tracing is required, then the insulation
and heat tracing shall be to and included the first valve, not collar.
This is valid for all types of insulation. See figure 7.2.1.
NOTE: With the expression “to and included first valve” is meant that it
shall be possible to remove the bolts so that the collar can be turned without
removing insulation and heat tracing.
Bolster solution should be considered here.
7.8.2 DN20 BRANCHES FROM MAIN PIPES
( TYPICAL IS BLEEDING PIPE )
A main rules is that the bleeding pipe follows the main pipe concerning
insulation and heat tracing.
EXCEPTION:
- The bleeding pipe shall not be fire insulated while

the pipe dimension is < 50 mm, even if the main pipe is fire insulated.
Other insulation may be necessary.
REQUIREMENTS:
- The heat tracing temperature for the bleeding pipe shall be the same as the
heat tracing for the main pipe.
- The heat tracing cable shall be fitted as a coil down via the bleed pipe. If
there will be too high temperature, above design, in the bleed pipe,
separate circuit shall be used.
- If the main pipe is insulated/heat traced, then the insulation for the bleed
pipe shall be fitted to and included the valve.
The blind flange shall not be insulated. See figure 7.1.1.
- Insulation symbols are not shown at the P&IDs on the bleeding pipe.
Paste the figure in-between here ?
Figure 7.1.1. Insulation and heat tracing of bleedings when fire insulation
is not included. Bolster solution should be considered here.
7.8. DN50 DRAIN PIPES TO CLOSED DRAIN
FROM MAIN PIPES AND EQUIPMENT WITH DOUBLE BLOCK
AND BLEED.
Paste the figure in-between here
Figure 7.2.1. Bolster solution should be considered here.

7.8.4 DN50 BRANCHES ( VENTILATION PIPES ) FROM
MAIN PIPES /EQUIPMENT WITH “DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLEED”.
A main rule is that ventilation lines not shall be insulated nor heat traced, independent
of possible insulation/heat tracing on the main pipe.
This is not considered as necessary while the lines shall have fall back to the main
pipe.
Figure 7.3.1. Bolster solution should be considered here.

7.8.5 INJECTION POINTS
NOT IN CONTINUOUS USE.
A main rule is that these lines shall follow the main pipe regarding
insulation and heat tracing.
* The heat tracing temperature for the injection point shall be the same as for
heat tracing temperature for the main pipe, provided that the main pipe is
heat traced.
* The heat trace cable shall be fitted as a coil down via the injection point. If
there will be too high temperature, above design, in the bleed pipe,
separate circuit shall be used.
* If the main pipe is insulated, then the insulation in the injection point shall
be fitted to and included the valve. The blind flange shall not be insulated.
This in order to remove the blind flange without insulation/heat trace has
to be removed. See figure 7.4.1
* Insulation symbol is not shown on P&IDs at the injection point, as this
follows the insulation for the main pipe.
Figure 7.4.1. Insulation and heat tracing of injection point.

7.8.6 SAFETY VALVES (PSV).
The main rule is that lines up to safety valves not shall be insulated nor heat traced,
independently of possible insulation/heat tracing on the main pipe, while the lines up
to the safety valves shall have fall back to the main pipe/equipment.
Exception from the rule is as follows:
* If the main pipe/equipment is fire insulated, then the line up to the safety
valve shall be fire insulated.
The fire insulation shall be fitted to and included the flange on the safety
valve, so that the bolts as well are fire insulated. The insulation for the
flanges must be simple to remove, while the safety valves often shall be
tested.
See figure 7.5.2.
* If the pipe out from the safety valve is fire insulated, then shall the flange
on the outlet of the safety valve as well be insulated.
To be insulated the same way as above.
Special for lines up to safety valves in the fuel gas system.
* If the main lines in the fuel gas system is insulated and heat traced in addition to
fire insulation, then the line up to safety valves shall only be insulated related to
heat conservation and fire. The insulation shall be terminated as described
above.
See figure 7.5.1
Figure 7.5.1. Safety valve with fire insulation.

Figure 7.5.2. Safety valve with fire insulation.

7.8.7 BYPASS.
The main rule is that bypass lines follow the main pipe up-stream‘s control-/block
valve. Insulation shall then be fitted to and included the last valve in the bypass.
Bypass around EV/HZVs is in hydro carbon liquid streams shall be heat traced to
40oC (temperature to prevent wax).
EXCEPTIONS:
* If the main pipe upstream’s control-/block valve is insulated/heat traced for

frost protection, shall insulation/heat tracing be fitted to and included the
point where the bypass and main pipe are met downstream’s control-/block
valve.
Heat tracing temperature shall be the same as temperature given for the main
pipe upstream’s control-/block valve.
REQUIREMENTS:
* Bleeding point as in item 7.8.2
* If main pipe and bypass are insulated and heat traced, they should be jointed
so that it is possible to switch off the tracing independently of each other.
This because of maintenance.
Figure 7.6.12. Bypass with frost protection

Figure 7.6.2. Bypass with other protection than frost protection.

Provided that downstream’s pipe is not insulated
7.8.8 BYPASS FOR THE FUEL GAS METRE.
* The fuel gas Metre shall be heat traced.
* The bypass shall be heat traced.
* Main pipes, Fuel gas Metre and the bypass shall be jointed so that it is
possible to switch off the tracing for fuel gas metre independently of main
pipe and bypass. This to obtain continuous operation at maintenance of the
fuel gas metre.
* Maximum temperature in the fuel gas system from the heat tracing shall
not be higher than 60oC, because of choice of material in downstream’s
system.
Figure 7.7.1. Fuel gas bypass.

7.8.9 DN80 DRAINAGE PIPES FOR EQUIPMENT
The main rule is that the drainage pipe follow the trim number for the equipment
regarding insulation and heat tracing.
EXCEPTIONS FROM THE RULE ARE AS FOLLOW:
* If the trim number states insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe < 1,0
m: only insulation of the drain pipe.
* If the trim number states not insulated and the drain pipe is > 1,0 m:
insulation and heat tracing of the drain pipe.
NOTE: First valve is considered as a part of the drain pipe at length determination.
REQUIREMENTS:
* If heat tracing is required, then heat tracing temperature shall be the same
as heat tracing temperature given for the trim number.
* If insulation or insulation and hat tracing is required, then insulation and

heat tracing shall be to and included first valve, not collar.
This is as well valid for all types of insulation.
See figure 7.8.1
Figure 7.8.1. Drainage pipes from equipment

Bolster solution should be considered here..
7.8.10 LEVEL INDICATOR GLASS
The main rule is that level indicator glass in hydrocarbon system shall be
insulated and heat traced without exception.
* As the dimension of the level indicator glasses are DN15/20 they shall not be
fire insulated, even if the trim number states fire insulation in addition to
insulation/heat tracing.
* The stub where the level indicator glass is connected has the dimension DN50
and shall be fire insulated in addition to heat tracing. See figure 7.9.1.
* Heat tracing temperature shall be 25oC (hydrate preventing temperature) for

scrubbers in the gas trail and 40oC for separators and knock-out drummer
(temperature to prevent wax).
* Because of the high set point, the maximum temperature may because of heat
tracing be very high. Temperatures because of heat tracing must be calculated
and checked against acceptable temperatures regarding choice of materials etc.
Figure 7.9.1. Level indicator glass

7.8.11 LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
The main rule is that level transmitters in hydrocarbon systems shall be insulated and
heat traced without exception. The connection points shall be made self draining to
prevent condensing.
* The dimension of the level transmitters are DN80 and follows the trim number
regarding insulation and heat tracing.
* Heat tracing temperature shall be 25oC (hydrate preventing temperature) for

scrubbers in the gas trail and 40oC for separators and knock-out drummer
(temperature to prevent wax).
High temperatures because of heat tracing must be handled like in item 7.8.10.
Figure 7.10.1. Level transmitter

Bolster solution should de considered here.
7.8.11 CHAPTER 8
ACCEPT CRITERIA FOR
ROUTINES/INSPECTION
OF INSULATION WORK
8.0 GENERAL
Before the insulation work starts, there shall be formulated quality
requirements for how the contractor takes care of the requirements set
before, during and after the insulation work.
Quality insurance of the insulation w ork shall apply to receipt control,

storage, transport to the work place, coverage during work, inspection of
the work during the advance, divagation handling, correcting actions,
inspection after completing and storage/ deposit of waste.
All requirements, included HES, laid down by the authorities and customer, shall be
applied to and taken care of.
The contractor is responsible to that all employees are familiar with prevailing
specifications and requirements within the individual project.
Inspections shall be carried out by the contractor’s authorised quality leader/inspector.
Inspections by qualified personnel from the companies/customer will not release the
contractor, material supplier or sub suppliers from guaranties, responsibilities or
obligations to that the material is installed according to approved specifications.
Before start-up, all forms, routines and instructions shall be present and approved by
the customer.
These shall as well be available to any time during the whole work period.
8.1 REQUIREMENTS TO ROUTINES/INSPECTION
OF INSULATION WORK DURING:
START-UP/INSTALLING/
COMPLETION
The contractor shall in connection with quality assurance, cover the

following routines:
PERSONNEL:
The contractor shall set up a register showing that the insulation operators used
have the skill and discipline background for the insulation work to be done.
The register shall contain:

Name, nationality, profession certificate issued date/company, under education
(apprentice), roustabout. See proposal 8.2.1
MATERIALS:
The contractor is responsible to that it is established inspection routines for

reception- and withdrawal control of insulation material at the individual work
place.
Routines shall as well comprise approval of material regarding standard and

requirements for the individual insulation classes.
Form for material shall contain:

Material to be used in the individual work package, classes where it is used, data
sheet, certificates, HES information.
See proposal 8.2.2
This applies as well for materials prefabricated at the work place.

START-UP:
The contractor is responsible to that routines are worked out taking care of that
the individual insulation operator is informed about insulation classes and the
requirements set to these at the individual project.
WORKMANSHIP:
The contractor shall have inspection routines taking care of that the work is done
according to regulations and is according to the specifications/requirements set
for the individual insulation classes
COMPLETION:
The contractor shall have inspection routines taking care of that the completion of
the insulation work will be approved by both the contractor and customer.
Included in this are routines for repairing in connection with dismantling of

scaffolding and clearing up at the work place.
8.2 PROPOSAL FOR REGISTER
FORM FOR ROUTINES
AND INSPECTION
8.2.1 PROPOSAL – REGISTER FOR PERSONNEL

Name Nationality Certificate Company Apprentice Roustabout
Date
1 John Smith Norwegian X R&M-90
2 Dan Johnsen Norwegian X
3 Kurt Hannonen Finnish X
4
5
6
Sum 1 1 1
8.2.2 MATERIAL
Product name Area for use ISO. Data sheet: HES
classes Certificate: considered
Cellular glass Insulation material All Issued date Expire date Approved
Yes
Tape Weather protection in All Issued date Expire date Yes
well natural except 5
ventilated areas
accomplishment A0 Issued date Expire date
Issued date Expire date
8.2.3
START-UP
Before start-up of the work, there shall be a briefing of material handling/equipment,

forms, routines.
Proposal:
X: Responsible for Material Material Material Routines/forms for work
execution arrived Equipment Equipment packages, control plan,
made ready delivered divagation actions,
Approved out covering, waste handling
and clearing up the work
place.
Briefed/Accepted
Material manager X X X
QA responsible X X X
Operator: X X

Insulation Handbook (Statoil)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Insulation Handbook (Statoil)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FRONT SHEET

TROLL TOTAL PAGES:

DOCUMENT TITLE: INSULATION HANDBOOK -

CLIENT LOGO: DISCIPLIN DISCIPLIN CONTRACTOR DISCIPLINE PROJECT COMP.REPR

SUPPLIERS DOCUMENT NUMBER REV CTR NO.: CONTRACT NO.:

Based on spesification: DOCUMENT CATEGORY: RETENTION CODE:

1 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF INSULATION TRADE

Even if insulation was not earlier considered as a trade,

It is established an Isolation specialist/ tinsmith division at the Apprentice Technical school

ASTM- C195 Mineral Fibre Thermal Insulating Cement

ASTM- C449 Insulating/Finishing Cement (Mineral Fibre Hydraulic-Setting)

ASTM- C547 Mineral Fibre Pre-formed Pipe Insulation

ASTM- C552 Cellular Glas Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation

ASTM- C612 Mineral Fibre Block and Board Thermal Insulation

ASTM- C2863 Polyisocyanurat Block and Board Thermal Insulation

ASTM- E84 Standard Test Methods for Surface Burning Characteristics

ASTM- E 162 Surface Flammability of Materials using a Radiant Energy

API-RP-14C Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface

Norsok Standard R C 004

Statoil – Technical Standard L SP 9004

Norsk Hydro – GTS NHT 51 21

Heating cables: Design manual

The letters HES (Norwegian HMS) means:

In addition is packaging residuals from products and insulation materials a

Within the insulation trade there are a lot of working

The damages may be sorted in 2 categories:

Long term and delayed injuries:

Due to their characteristics, the substances/products are sorted in 2 groups:

2 Explosion- and fire risk:

The labelling shall include:

If the products are not labelled, it may be by the following reason:

• Newer work with unknown substances

• The labelling shall be completed before you meet

• Do not take risks – Require correct labelling.

• Read the warning texts and comply with the

• Deposit the material residuals according to

• Take care of safety by complying with safety

• Check if less polluting products can be used

• Be active in organising HES.

This applies as well for marked noise areas.

• Working environment and Safety

• Preventing health injuries or environment disturbance from products or

• Protection of the external environment against pollution and a improved

• Law regarding supervision of electrical plants and electrical equipment.

• Civil defence law § 48 ref. §41

• Law regarding fire risk (law 21 May 1971 no.47

• Law regarding explosive items (law 14. June 1974 no.39)

• Work environment law (law 4. February 1977 no.4)

• Fire protection law (law 5. June 1987 no.26b)

These regulations is not applicable at Svalbard or in establishments mentioned in the work

Health-, environment- and safety regulations.

§ 5 CONTENT OF THE SYSTEMATIC HEALTH-, ENVIRONMENT-

Requirement to the documentation

Internal control leads to that Documentation

Documentation as result of requirements in or in accordance with health-, environment- and

Voluntary certificates may as well be a part of this documentation.

§ 11 COMING INTO FORCE:

From the same date is the regulation of internal control established by

Plan and prioritise:

By using this systematic may:

4.1.14 U- VALUE (HEAT TRANSMISSION FIGURE)

The industrialisation came later to Norway than to other parts of Europe,

The insulation trade carries a number of components from the other

After completed apprenticeship and passed examination, he receive a certificate as