Lecture 8 :

Digital instruments

Sunday, February 9, 2020 Dr. Al-Attar Ali Mohamed 1

 Induction Type Instrument
• Induction type wattmeter consists of two laminate electromagnets known as
shunt electromagnet and series electromagnet respectively.
• Shunt magnet is excited by the current proportional to the voltage across
load flowing through the pressure coil and series magnet is excited by the
load current flowing through the current coil.
• A thin disc made of Cu or Al, pivoted at its centre, is placed between the
shunt and series magnets so that it cuts the flux from both of the magnets.
• The deflection torque is produced by interaction of eddy current induced in
the disc and the inducing flux in order to cause the resultant flux in shunt
magnet to lag in phase by exactly 90° behind the applied voltage.
• One or more copper rings, known as copper shading bond are provided on
one limb at the shunt magnet.
• Correct disappointed between shunt and series magnet fluxes may be
attained by adjusting the position of copper shading bonds.
The pressure coil circuit of induction type instrument is made as inductive as
possible so that the flux of the shunt magnet may lag by 90° behind the
applied voltage.
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 Induction Type Single-phase Watt hour Meter
Single phase induction type energy meter consists of four important systems :
• Driving system
• Moving system
• braking system
• registering system
Driving system
Driving system consists of two electromagnets on which pressure coil
and current coils are wounded, as shown above in the diagram. Shading
bands are wounded on as shown above in the diagram so as to make
angle between the flux and applied voltage equal to 90 degrees.
Moving system
In order to reduce friction to greater extent floating shaft energy
meter is used, the friction is reduced to greater extinct because the
rotating disc which is made up of very light material like aluminium is
not in contact with any of the surface. It floats in the air. One question
must be arise in our mind is that how the aluminium disc float in the
air? To answer this question we need to see the constructional details
of this special disc, actually it consists of small magnets on both upper
and lower surfaces. The upper magnet is attracted to an
electromagnet in upper bearing while the lower surface magnet also
attracts towards the lower bearing magnet, hence due to these
opposite forces the light rotating aluminium disc floats.
Braking system
permanent magnet is used to produce breaking torque in
single phase induction energy meters which are positioned
near the corner of the aluminium disc.

Counting system
Numbers marked on the meter are proportion to the revolutions
made by the aluminium disc, the main function of this system is to
record the number of revolutions made by the aluminium disc.
 Digital frequency meter
Digital frequency meter is a general purpose instrument that displays
the frequency of a periodic electrical signal.
It counts the number events occurring within the oscillations during
a given interval of time.
As the pre-set period gets completed, the value in the counter display
on the screen and the counter reset to zero.
Various types of instruments are available which operates at a fixed
or variable frequency. But if any frequency meter operates at a
different frequency than specified range, it could carry out abnormally.
For measuring low frequencies, the deflection type meters are widely
used. The deflection of the pointer on the scale shows the change in
frequency.

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Operating Principle Digital frequency meter
A frequency meter has a small device which
converts the sinusoidal voltage of the input
wave into a train of unidirectional pulses.
The frequency of input signal is the displayed
count, averaged over a suitable counting
interval out of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 seconds. These
three intervals repeat themselves sequentially.
As the ring counting units resets, these
pulses pass through the time-base-gate and
then entered into the main gate, which opens component of digital frequency meter
for a certain period of time interval.
The time base gate prevents a divider
pulse from opening the main gate during
the display time interval.
The main gate acts as a switch when
the gate is open, pulses are allowed to
pass. When the gate is closed, pulses are
not allowed to pass that means the flow
of pulses get obstructed. The functioning
of the gate is operated by the main-
gate flip-flop.
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Operating Principle Digital frequency meter
The gate output counts the number of pulses passed through
the gate while it was open. As the next divider pulse is received
at main gate flip-flop, the counting interval ends and divider
pulses are locked out.
The resultant value displayed on a display screen which has the ring counting units
of scale-of-ten circuits and each unit is coupled to a numeric indicator, which provides
the digital display.
As the reset pulse generator is triggered, ring counters get reset automatically and
the same procedure starts again.

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Synchronies Gating For Counting 8
 Digital frequency meter

The range of modern digital frequency meter is between the range

from104 to 109 hertz. The possibility of relative measurement error
ranges between from 10-9 to 10-11 hertz and a sensitivity of 10-2volt.

Use of Digital Frequency Meter

1. Frequency Counting
2. Precise frequency measurements in radar based application.
3. Pressure, temperature, strain, and weight measurements with
proper transducer.
4. Motor speed measurements are also possible with proper
arrangement.
5. Microwave frequency measurements.

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 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope | CRO
CRO is an instrument use to display, measure and analyze various
waveforms. Actually CRO is very fast X-Y plotters that can display an
input signal versus time or other signal.
It uses luminous spot which is produced by striking the beam of
electrons and this spot moves in response variation in the input
quantity.
The electron beam is used for following the changes in the
instantaneous values of rapidly changing input quantity.
The CRO operate on voltages.
Nowadays, with the help of transducers it is possible to convert
various physical quantities like pressure, acceleration etc to voltage
thus it enable us to have a visual representations of these quantities.

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 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope | CRO
Construction of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
CRO consists of five main
parts as below:
1. Electron gun.
2. Deflection plate system.
3. Fluorescent screen.
4. Glass envelope.
5. Base.

As the beam of electron passes through

plate system, it deflects in the opposite
direction of electric field. The deflection
angle can be easily varied by changing
the potential of the plates.

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